Sejarah dan Permasalahan Reklamasi Singapura.rtf

5/25/2018 Sejarah dan Permasalahan Reklamasi Singapura.rtf

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Academic Seminar of Indonesian Students Association (PPI) Syamsidik

Universiti Sains Malaysia June 20th

2000

Singapore Coastal Reclamation: History and Problems

Syamsidik!raduate Student at School of Mathematical SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia

""#00 Penan$ %mail&

syamsidik'yahoocom

ABSTRACT. Sin$aore has *een under$oin$ coastal reclamation for four decades As its oulation$ro+s until more than four million, the Sin$aore $overnment faces ro*lem in rovidin$ amle landfor residential, industrial and municial activities Some +aterfronts and offshore islands in Sin$aorehave *een deformed or enlar$ed *y some coastal reclamation ro-ects .he reclamation has *eenarticularly devastatin$ Some ro*lems, namely environmental and territorial ro*lems, have arisensome concerns from its nei$h*orin$ countries Sin$aore coastal reclamations have de$raded someenvironmental /uality arameters Severe de$radation of the marine environment has resulted, either*y direct destruction of coral reef ha*itat, or indirect effects of increased susended sedimentconcentration and fish mortality ecently, the ro*lems aear to *e a re$ional ro*lem since thero-ects receive many concerns, esecially of environmentalists Indonesia, +hich has contri*utedlandfill material for more than t+o decades, has to face some environmental ro*lems due to sands

dred$in$ and e1ortin$ activity .his aer is +ritten to anchor some internal and e1ternal ro*lems$enerated *y Sin$aore coastal reclamation

Reasons of Coastal Reclamation

Sin$aore is located *et+een latitudes

"o03 4 and "

o234 and lon$itudes "0

o#3%

and "05o063% Sin$aore is a hi$hly ur*ani7ed

society and already +ell kno+n as a city8state,share its *orderline +ith Malaysia at its northernart and Indonesia at its southern art (9i$ure ")

.his eu*lic consists of a main islandand over 60 small offshore islands +ith frin$in$and atch reefs Situated in an international+ater+ay, Sin$aore has *een lon$ reco$ni7edas one of international trade hu*s

.he :ritish firstly introduced coastalreclamation in Sin$aore in "#" *y reclaimin$the s+amy art of Sin$aore river mouth (;hiaet al, "##)


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of Ur*an and edeveloment


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Academic Seminar of Indonesian Students Association (PPI) Syamsidik


2000


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9i$ure " Ma of Sin$aore

Authority (UA) has u*lished the latestreclamation lan on 4orth %astern ;oncetlan, revealin$ the reclamation on Pulau.ekon$, ;han$i, and Pulau U*in to *ecomleted in ten years, started in 2000 (9i$ure

2)

Sin$aore e1ects to have >60 km2 in

20"0, +hich is a*out 0? *i$$er than its landrior to "60 Until year 2000, the coastalreclamations have *een carried on Pulau Juron$,.uas, Pasir Pan-an$ ort, Pulau Sentosa, Marina:ay, @ran-i, Pun$$ol, ;han$i and Pulau .ekon$.he ersistence of havin$ more land is not onlyroven *y reclamation *ut also *y removin$a*out 60 shiyards from Sin$aore +aterfront to

some other countries (@omas, 4ovem*er 2th

2002)

In addition, the coastal reclamation atJuron$ is not only aimed to rovide more land

for residential urose *ut also to comete the

nei$*ourin$ ort, .an-un$ Peleas +hich is -ust

oosite of the Juron$ Port Port of .an-un$

Peleas (P.P), +hich *elon$s to Malaysia, are

risin$ as a otential

cometitor for

Sin$aore At this

time, P.P can serve

"= million .%U3s

er year, comared

to Juron$ # million.%U3s er year


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Academic Seminar of Indonesian Students Association (PPI)Syamsidik


2000

9i$ure 2 ;oncet Plan of 4orth %astern Island (+++ura$ovs$)

issolved C1y$en (C) to a severe level ofa/uatic life de$radation (Jinchi and Jin1iu,") Accordin$ to .homann and Mueller("#>), a moderate concentration C in +aterto ersevere a/uatic life is a*out = m$DB

Material of reclamation (landfill) isnot come from Sin$aore itself .he materialis dred$ed from iau islands (Indonesia).herefore, dred$in$ is not a ma-or concern forSin$aore $overnment since the dred$in$ sitesare out of its authority umin$ rocess andthe morholo$y deformation are reserved

tasks for Sin$aore $overnmenteclamation ro-ects have covered

some mudflats, articularly on Pulau .ekon$and Juron$ :ay Juron$ eclamation scheme+as carried out to develo the foreshore toJuron$ Industrial %state, +hich reclaimed",5"6


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tri$$ered declines in coral cover in almost allo*served sites since "#0 Some e1ertsestimate that, comared to conditions =0 yearsa$o, a*out >0? of coral reef in Sin$aore arede$raded .he de$radations sho+ aro$ressive effect, +hich are mostly caused *ycoastal reclamation

;oastal deformation may seriously

affect the marine

environment and

lead to increase

+ater tur*idity,

sediment deosition,

and also distur*ance

to *iolo$ical

or$anisms Bu et al

(2000) has

conducted a research

on Pun$$ol coastal

reclamation (in Selat

Johor channel) .he

three8year annual

survey has


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Academic Seminar of Indonesian Students Association (PPI)


2000

roven that the reclamation has caused +atertur*idity and sedimentation increased .here+as a shar decrease of macro*enthos num*erin the area .he decrement su$$ests thatreclamation has a dama$in$ effect, +hich maylead to the increasin$ of *enthic animal

mortality .he *enthic community may re8coloni7e months

At recent reclamation ro-ect on 4orth%astern eclamation scheme, +hich coversPulau .ekon$ and ;han$i :ay eclamation, hasalso arisen some comlaints includin$ fromMalaysia $overnment .he ro-ect is otential to

lo+erin$ +ater /uality in the area and lacin$navi$ational +ay in a susceti*le condition .hecurrent around the area may rise u to 0># mDs,comared to the condition *efore reclamation,+hich is 0=0 mDs Susended Sedimentconcentration is otential to increase u to 200m$DB, +hich is considered severely olluted(Syamsidik and @oh, 200) e$ardin$ Pulau.ekon$ reclamation, corro*orative evidences areonly found +hen the ro-ects comleted0s


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2000

lose some hundreds kilometer s/uare of its +aterterritory

Pulau 4iah is the closest island toSin$aore, +hich could *e another Sipadan-Ligitan to Indonesia if the matter is notmeticulously investi$ated


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2000

said the restriction +as made *y Indonesia$overnment due to the *order ro*lem +ith

Sin$aore (eu*lika, June 5th

200) .hisclearly imresses that the last Ministry decree on*annin$ sand e1ort is not +ell sociali7ed In thedecree, the *annin$ is imosed not only on

e1ortin$ sands to Sin$aore *ut also to all sanddred$in$De1ortin$ activities, re$ardless thee1orted country tar$ets

Syamsidik

conducted and all marine sources in Indonesian

+aters are rotected It is ossi*le that this

reference +ill $enerate ro*lems to Sin$aore

0dred$in

$comanies,Sin$aore +asreluctantly*ou$htthe

sands atthericemorethanSinF"0D

m

Sin$aorecontrolled thesand

ricesandsometimes theSin$aorean;ontractorslayedonedred$in$comany toanotherIn thissituation, thedred$in$comanies +ereforcedinto a+ar8

ricecondition@a*uaten@arimun,+herethe

mostdred$in$activities +ereconducted, has-ustreceived 2>*illionin 2000

eventhou$hthedred$in$ has*eenracticed in its+atersfordecades

9

la+edla+enforcementhasreflected amismana$ement ofmarineresourc

es inIndonesiaUntilyear2000,Indonesian4avy

hascau$htu to "ille$aldred$in$ shis,+hichsome ofthem+ere@orean8o+ned

shisInaddition,accordin$ to9oodandA$ricultureCr$ani7ation

(9AC),Indonesia is*ein$ro**ed"millionton offisheveryyear.hisroves

thatIndonesia hasnotfully$uardedit+atersterritory


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frommanyille$alactivities

%1ortin$sandsinvolves

someofficialrocedures .herocedures,ideally,shouldcontroltheenvironmental

imactssimultaneously8=#

Jinchi,


11/

Jakarta8Indonesia

Sina$a,M,andSur

ato,%,200".um*aliau

demiSin$aura@ontanMa$a7ine0DG,Jakarta

Syamsidi

k

and

@oh,

Sejarah dan Permasalahan Reklamasi Singapura.rtf

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