THE RESPIRATORY THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSYSTEM

PENGERTIAN PENGERTIAN

BernafasBernafas mengambil dan mengeluarkan mengambil dan mengeluarkan nafasnafas

Pertukaran gasPertukaran gas antara tubuh (paru-paru) antara tubuh (paru-paru) dengan lingkungan sekitar.dengan lingkungan sekitar.

Reaksi enzimatisReaksi enzimatis penggunaan oksigen dalam penggunaan oksigen dalam sel (=metabolisme) melibatkan enzim sel (=metabolisme) melibatkan enzim pernafasan (sitokrom)pernafasan (sitokrom)

Apa tujuan respirasi?Apa tujuan respirasi?

Respirasi Respirasi adalah proses oksidasi zat makanan adalah proses oksidasi zat makanan (glukosa) oleh oksigen (O(glukosa) oleh oksigen (O22) yang berlangsung ) yang berlangsung di jaringan untuk menghasilkan energi dan di jaringan untuk menghasilkan energi dan membebaskan gas COmembebaskan gas CO22..

Respiration intent on to obtain energi (ATP)Respiration intent on to obtain energi (ATP)

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O + 6 O2 2 6 CO6 CO22+ 6 H+ 6 H22O+ 277 KkalO+ 277 Kkal

What does ATP do?What does ATP do?

ATP supplies energy for all the processes that ATP supplies energy for all the processes that need it. need it.

For example: For example: movementmovement chemical reactionschemical reactions growthgrowth..

slow twitch/fast twitch investigation

Pernafasan langsungPernafasan langsung

Pernafasan tak langsung Pernafasan tak langsung

Berdasarkan tempat terjadinya pertukaran gas Berdasarkan tempat terjadinya pertukaran gas ::

Pernapasan eksternal Pernapasan eksternal pertukaran Opertukaran O22 danCO danCO22 antara darah dengan antara darah dengan

alveoli atau sebaliknya.alveoli atau sebaliknya.

Pernapasan internalPernapasan internal terjadi pertukaran Oterjadi pertukaran O22 dan CO dan CO22 antara darah antara darah

dengan sel-sel tubuh atau sebaliknyadengan sel-sel tubuh atau sebaliknya

Respirasi aerob dan respirasi Respirasi aerob dan respirasi anaerobanaerob

Respiration aerobRespiration aerob = menggunakan = menggunakan oksigenoksigen

Respiration anaerobRespiration anaerob = tanpa oksigen = tanpa oksigen

Aerobic respirationAerobic respiration glucoseglucose + + OXYGEN OXYGEN energy + carbon dioxide + energy + carbon dioxide +

waterwater

(to make ATP)(to make ATP)Process :Process : glycolysis glycolysis = 2 ATP + 2 NADPH= 2 ATP + 2 NADPH22

Dekarboksilasi Oksidatif Asam PiruvatDekarboksilasi Oksidatif Asam Piruvat Krebs Cycles Krebs Cycles = 2NADPH2= 2NADPH2 Electron transfer Electron transfer = 2 ATP + 6 NADH2 + 2 FADH2= 2 ATP + 6 NADH2 + 2 FADH2 Energy which produced are great (38 ATP) Energy which produced are great (38 ATP)

Anaerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration

Process :Process : Glycolysis (+) Glycolysis (+) = 2 ATP + 2 NADH2= 2 ATP + 2 NADH2 Kreb’s cycles (-)Kreb’s cycles (-) Electron transfer (-)Electron transfer (-) Energy which produced are litle (2 ATP)Energy which produced are litle (2 ATP)

Reaksi kimia pada fermentasi alkohol :Reaksi kimia pada fermentasi alkohol :

CC66HH1212OO6 6 2C2C22HH55OH+2COOH+2CO22+ 15 Kkal+ 15 Kkal

Reaksi kimia pada fermentasi asam laktat :Reaksi kimia pada fermentasi asam laktat :

CC66HH1212OO66 2C2C33HH66OO3 3 + 15 Kkal+ 15 Kkal

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION CYTOPLASMCYTOPLASM GG

LYCOLOSIS HAPPENS LYCOLOSIS HAPPENS!HERE!HERE

MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIARERE SPIRATION HAPPENS IN THIS SPIRATION HAPPENS IN THIS

!ORGANELLE!ORGANELLE

PROTEINSPROTEINS ’CARBO S’CARBO S( )SUGARS( )SUGARS

AMINOAMINOACIDSACIDS

FATSFATS( )LIPIDS( )LIPIDS

GLUCOSEGLUCOSECC66HH1212OO 66

-ACETYL CoA-ACETYL CoA

PYRUVICPYRUVICACIDACID

GLYCOLOSISGLYCOLOSIS IN CYTOPLASM IN CYTOPLASM

!NO OXYGEN !NO OXYGEN

KREBS CYCLE KREBS CYCLE AND AND

ELECTRONELECTRONTANSPORTTANSPORT

MAKESMAKES34 ATPS34 ATPS

MAKESMAKES2 ATPS2 ATPS

OO 2 2 ENTERS ENTERS

HEREHERE

COCO 22 IS ISRELEASEDRELEASED

ATP TOTALS ATP TOTALS

= 2GLYCOLOSIS= 2GLYCOLOSIS

= 34RESPIRATION= 34RESPIRATION

=36!BOTH=36!BOTH

Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respirationrespiration

Aerobic respirationAerobic respiration Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

in animalsin animals in plants and yeastin plants and yeast

Oxygen required?Oxygen required? yesyes nono nono

Glycolysis occursGlycolysis occurs yesyes yesyes yesyes

ATP yieldATP yield 38ATP38ATP 2ATP2ATP 2ATP2ATP

Glucose completely broke Glucose completely broke down?down? yesyes nono nono

End productsEnd products Carbon Carbon dioxide and dioxide and waterwater

Lactic acidLactic acid Ethanol and Ethanol and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

1. Nasal cavity1. Nasal cavity

Rambut halus & selaput Rambut halus & selaput lendir lendir penyaringan penyaringan dan pelembabandan pelembaban

konka (banyak kapiler) konka (banyak kapiler) menghangatkan udara menghangatkan udara

Saraf olfaktori proteksi

.When air is breathed in through the nose, it is:

1. FILTERED by the hairs at the entrance to the nose and by mucus.

2.WARMED by blood vessels passing close to the lining of the nose.

3.MOISTENED by water vapour.

2. Pharynx 2. Pharynx

Length 12 – 14 cmLength 12 – 14 cm Crossing between Crossing between

respiratory tract with respiratory tract with digestive tractdigestive tract

3. Larynx3. Larynx

EpiglotisEpiglotis GlotisGlotis Voices bandsVoices bands Adam’s appleAdam’s apple

3. Larynx3. Larynx

4. Trachea4. Trachea

Length Length ++ 11 cm 11 cm

Lapisan luar Lapisan luar jaringan ikat jaringan ikat Lapisan tengah Lapisan tengah otot polos otot polos

(peristaltik), cincin t.rawan (peristaltik), cincin t.rawan hyalin.hyalin.

Lapisan dalam Lapisan dalam mukus mukus – dihasilkan oleh goblet cells, epithelium bersilia (menangkap benda asing))

At the bottom of the TRACHEA are 2 branches called the BRONCHI, through which air passes into either lung.

Smaller and smaller branches, called BRONCHIOLES, extend out from the BRONCHI and at the very ends of these they form tiny sacs called ALVEOLI.

It is these that give the lungs their spongy texture.

The linings of the ALVEOLI are very thin and only work well when they are moist and clean

Lengkapi gambar berikut!Lengkapi gambar berikut!

Mekanisme Pernapasan

Mekanisme pernapasan inspirasi.

Mekanisme pernapasan ekspirasi.

Volume dan Kapasitas Paru-paru

Kapasitas paru-paru

• Kapasitas inspirasi

• Kapasitas residu fungsional

• Kapasitas vital

• Kapasitas paru-paru total

Volume paru-paru

• Volume tidal

• Volume cadangan inspirasi

• Volume cadangan ekspirasi

• Volume residu

-DIAGRAM KAPASITAS PARU -DIAGRAM KAPASITAS PARUPARUPARU

Frekuensi Respirasi

Frekuensi respirasi dipengaruhi oleh:

• Umur

• Jenis kelamin

• Suhu tubuh

• Posisi tubuh

Mekanisme Pertukaran Oksigen dan Karbon dioksida

Reaksi reversibel antara oksigen dan haemoglobin.

Kelainan dan Penyakit pada Sistem Respirasi Manusia:

• Faringitis

• Pneumonia

• Emfisema paru-paru

• Asma

• Dipteri

• Asfiksi

• TBC

• Hipoksia

• Asidosis

• Sianosis

WHAT WE BREATHE

As well as breathing in oxygen, we also breathe out a lot of oxygen.

This is most important when we give mouth to mouth resuscitation.

1.The air we INHALE contains 20% oxygen and 0.4% carbon dioxide.

2. The air we EXHALE contains 16% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.

This is why we can give the “kiss of life”

BREATHING DEFINITIONS

1.TIDAL VOLUME- The amount of air inspired and expired with each normal breath at rest or during exercise.

2.VITAL CAPACITY- The largest amount of air that can be made to pass into and out of the lungs by the most forceful inspiration and expiration.

3. OXYGEN DEBT- You will develop oxygen debt after about 5 minutes or more of constant exercise. This is the point when the exercise becomes ANAEROBIC (without the use of oxygen) and which has to be paid back later- hence OXYGEN DEBT. If the exercise is just AEROBIC (with oxygen) there will be no oxygen debt.

REVISIONREVISION