avTandil sonRulaSvili

qarTuli ena

da

erovnuli umciresoba

 

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2012

 2

UDC(uak)811.353.1.323.15(47922) s_677

naSromSi axali saarqivo dokumenturi wyaroe-

bisa da mdidari samecniero literaturis gaTvalis-

winebiT, Seswavlilia qarTuli enis roli da adgi-

li sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze.

naCvenebia qarTuli enis mniSvneloba erovnuli

TviTSegnebis formirebaSi. warmoCenilia Sida da ga-

reSe mtrebis brZola qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg.

calke adgili eTmoba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi

erovnuli umciresobis damokidebulebas qarTuli

enisadmi.

naSromi gaTvalisiwnebulia mkiTxvelTa farTo

sazogadoebisaTvis.

redaqtori: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori zurab gamezardaSvili

recenzentebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori igor kveselava

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori murman papaSvili

© a. sonRulaSvili, 2012 

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-17-515-2 

  3

w i n a T q m a

yvelaze didi saocreba, rac kacobriobas

Seuqmnia Tavisi arsebobis manZilze aris ena. ena

is fenomenia, romelmac adamiani gamoyo cxovel-

Ta samyarosagan da amiT dasabami misca msofli-

os dRevandel saxes Tavisi sulieri da materia-

luri kulturis grandiozuli ganviTarebiT.

enam Seqmna adamiani, rogorc gonieri moazrovne

arseba. ,,arc miwisqveS mfrinavi stiqionebi, arc

varskvlaveTis etli me ise ar maocebs, rogorc

enis fenomeni. romelma zenarulma Seqmna ena,

ukeT rom vTqvaT, msoflios enebi? eniT wvdeba

adamianis goneba yovelives samyura balaxidan

dawyebuls vidre varskvlavebis legionebamdis~

– werda enis fenomenis arsiTa da genezisiT ga-

ocebuli konstantine gamsaxurdia.

magram Tu enam Seqmna adamiani, rogorc go-

nieri arseba da sazogadoebis wevri, meore

mxriv adamianma, adamianTa sazogadoebam Seqmna

ena, adamianTa koleqtivis gareSe ena verc war-

moiqmneboda da verc iarsebebda. amdenad, enis

arseboba gulisxmobs sazogadoebas, sazogadoe-

bisa – ki enas. es ori fenomeni dialeqtikur er-

TianobaSi gvevlineba. [1, 6].

,,deda-ena garegnobiT rodia adamianis arse-

basTan SekavSirebuli, igi rodi hgavs tanisa-

mossa, romlis gamocvla advilad da uvneblad

SeiZleba. mas aqvs Rrmad gamdgari fesvebi ada-

mianis tvinSi, nervebSi, xmis organoebSi, Zvalsa

da rbilSi, mTels mis bunebaSi; igi aris uZvir-

 4

fasesi iaraRi, romelic bunebas zed gamouWria

adamianis sulsa da xorczed, mis fsiqologi-

urs agebulebazed~ [2, 207-208] – aRniSnavda didi

qarTveli pedagogi iakob gogebaSvili.

enis Seqmnis procesi aracnobieria, mravali

Taobis fiqrisa da tanjvis anarekli, saukuneTa

wiaRSi danTqmuli, iseve aracnobieri, rogorc

bavSvis mier mSobliuri enis aTviseba. metyvele-

bis unari geneturad aris mocemuli, magram ara

konkretuli enisa. igi iseve Sedis genebSi, ro-

gorc SiSis an siamovnebis grZnoba, feris an ge-

mos SegrZneba, rac cxadyofs, rom ena Zalian

didi xnis win Camoyalibda, mravali aTaswleu-

lis miRma [3, 57].

enis saidumloebis axsnis Sesaxeb azri ada-

mianebs uZvelesi droidanve aReZraT. eZebdnen

pasuxs enis warmoSobis sakiTxze, msjelobdnen

saganTa saxeldebis principebze. am mimarTule-

biT fiqrma Seqmna Zveli ebrauli miTebi enis

warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Semdeg am miTebma erTiani

Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo bibliaSi, sadac

ori gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisia warmodgenili:

pirveli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ,,RmerTma uwo-

da naTelsa dRe da bnelsa uwoda Rame~ e.i. ise

rogorc mTeli samyaro, enac RmerTma Seqmna,

RmerTia yovlis Semoqmedi da maT Soris enisac.

xolo meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ki adamia-

nia enis pirveli Semoqmedi, adamianis winaparma

adamma uwoda sinamdvilis sagnebs saxelebi.

roca bibliis avtorebi enis warmoSobaze

werdnen, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi hqondaT

  5

ebrauli, magram maT aseve mxedvelobidan ar ga-

morCeniaT sxva enebic. bibliaSi mravalenianoba

asea axsnili: warRvnis Semdeg adamianebma Caidi-

nes saZageli argagonili saqme. maT gadawyvites

iseTi simaRlis koSki aegoT, romelic cas mis-

wvdeboda, raTa RmerTTan asuliyvnen. RmerTi

amas rogor dauSvebda da miiRo gadamwyveti zo-

mebi: man auria momuSave adamianebs enebi, ramac

sruli gaugebroba gamoiwvia mSeneblebSi da bo-

los CaSala maTi wamowyeba. ase warmoiSva sxva-

dasxva enebi bibliis mixedviT.

ra Tqma unda, enis Tu enaTa warmoSobis am-

gvar miTologiur axsnas araferi aqvs saerTo

mecnierebasTan, magram aq mTavari problemis ax-

sna ki ar aris, aramed dasma. amitom bibliuri

legendebi enis Tu enaTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb,

miuxedavad maTi aSkara miTologiuri arsisa,

garkveul yuradRebas imsaxurebs da lingvis-

tur moZRvrebaTa istoriaSi gasaTvaliswinebe-

lia [1, 13-14].

enaSi daleqilia xalxis koleqtiuri ga-

mocdileba. igi nacionaluri msoflxedvis gamo-

xatulebaa. erovnul mimarTebaTa ufaqizesi ga-

ma, ukidegano samyaros damtevia. is, rac eniT

ar gamoTqmula, adamianuri cnobierebisaTvis

ararsebulia an dakarguli, maradi wyvdiadiT

moculi. ena aris samyaros cnobierebaSi arsebo-

bis forma. ,,enobrivi sazrisi~ ukavSirdeba

,,eris sazriss~, radgan nacionalobis umTavresi

niSani enaa da amitom aris sityvis Semoqmedi

 6

yvelaze Rrmad SeWrili Tavisi xalxis fsiqiki-

sa da yofis labirinTebSi [3, 48].

eTnikur-erovnuli tradiciebi da m S o b

l i u r i e n a mTlianobaSi Seadgenen erov-

nuli kulturis ZiriTad nawils, romelic gan-

sazRvravs ama Tu im xalxis nacionalur iersa-

xes, mis erovnul fizionomias. am mTavari ele-

mentebis Sesusteba, damcireba nolze dayvana iw-

vevs eris mospobas [4, 7].

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom cnobili mecnieri

v. h u m b o l d t i enis mniSvnelobas eris

ganmartebas ukavSirebda. misi azriT ,,eris cneba

unda daemyaros~ enas. ,,eris~ (xalxis) enobri-

vad gansazRvris principul SesaZleblobas av-

tori ase asabuTebs: ,,ramdenadac enis ganviTare-

biT aris Sepirobebuli adamianebSi adamianuri

bunebis ganviTareba, amdenad uSualod TviTon

enidan unda iqnes miRebuli cneba e r i s a, r o

g o r c g a r k v e u l i azriT, enis Sem-

qmnel adamianTa jgufebisa~.

h. S t a i n T a l i ase ganmartavs am ad-

gils: ,,ramdenadac enam aqcia adamiani adamianad,

amdenad eri miCneul unda iqnas im arsebaTa

jgufad, romlebic adamianebad iqcnen erTsa da

imave enobriv garemoSi, ramdenadac adamianTa

ganviTareba arsebiTad da aucileblobiT mudam

eniT iyo Sepirobebuli, amdenad eri SemdgomSi

ukve gvevlineba iseT adamianTa erTianobad, ro-

melTa sulieri ganviTareba mimdinareobs erTsa

da imave enobriv garemoSi~. aqve unda aRiniS-

  7

nos, rom cnebebi ,,xalxi~ da ,,eri~ humboldtis

dros ar iyo erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli [5, 39].

enac warmoiSoba, viTardeba da zogjer

,,kvdeba~ kidec, magram es ar aris biologiuri

sikvdili, es aris ,,sikvdili~, romelic socia-

lur-ekonomikur xasiaTs atarebs. enis ,,sikvdi-

li~ aris misi xmarebidan gasvla. es ki xdeba ma-

Sin, roca saTanado enobrivi koleqtivi, garkve-

uli socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo, Ta-

vis mSobliur enas iviwyebs da gadadis sxva ena-

ze [1, 122].

 8

S e s a v a l i

adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa. igi urTi-

erTobaSia sxva adamianebTan. maT Soris myarde-

ba kontaqti, romlis mizania urTierTgagebis

miRweva. mas uwodeben komunikacias. es aris pro-

cesi, romlis Sedegad adamianebi erTmaneTs age-

bineben azrebis urTierT gadacemisa da gaziare-

bis meSveobiT.

komunikacia urTierTobis iseTi saxea, ro-

desac adamianebi urTierTgagebas aRweven cnobi-

erebis meSveobiT. igi aris adamianebis erTmaneT-

Tan cnobieri urTierToba, e.i. azrebis Setyobi-

neba da gagebineba. misi safuZvelia ena [6, 136].

ena yoveli xalxis nacionaluri kulturis yve-

laze ufro TavisTavadi da ganuyofeli elemen-

tia. adamiani, xalxi Tavisi nacionaluri TviT-

myofobisa da Semecnebis ideebs yvelaze ufro

srulad Tavisi sakuTari enisa da, maSasadame,

literaturis meSveobiT gamoTqvams. jer kidev e.

s e p i r m a da b. u o r f i m naTelyves,

rom adamianTa azrovneba, msoflmxedveloba da

yofaqceva umniSvnelovanesi zomiT pirobadebu-

lia, gansazRvrulia, TaviseburebebiT im enisa,

romelzedac isini laparakoben da romelic

TviT maTi erToblivi cxovrebis nayofia [7, 23].

ena arc metyvelebaa da arc damwerloba.

pirveli misi gamoTqmis, xolo meore – Caweris

saSualebaa. maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebaa.

metyveleba da ena erTdroulad warmoiSva. ada-

miani metyvelebs garkveul enaze. magaliTad,

  9

qarTveli metyvelebs qarTul enaze. rodesac

daibada pirveli qarTveli, masTan erTad gaCnda

qarTuli metyvelebac da enac. rac Seexeba dam-

werlobas, igi Cndeba mogvianebiT, civilizaciis

ganviTarebis garkveul etapze. damwerlobis

Seqmna kacobriobis udidesi aRmoCenaa, ramac ga-

damwyveti gavlena moaxdina kulturis ganviTa-

rebaze. maSasadame, metyveleba da mwerloba enis

materialuri realizaciaa [6, 137].

msoflioSi 5500-mde enaa. Wirs zusti rao-

denobis dasaxeleba, radgan bevri ena araa saTa-

nadod Seswavlili da Zneli saTqmelia, damou-

kidebeli enaa is Tu dialeqti. zogjer enaTa

dayofas politikuri an religiuri safuZveli

aqvs da ara lingvisturi. magaliTad, Zalian

hgavs erTmaneTs Cexuri da slovakuri, rusuli

da belorusuli, serbiuli da xorvatuli, mag-

ram maT miiCneven ara dialeqtebad, aramed ene-

bad [8, 13]. ernest gelneri SeniSnavs, rom deda-

miwaze arsebobs 8000-ze meti ,,bunebrivi~ ena,

maT Soris 700 mTavari, eri ki 200-ze naklebi.

bevri ufro Zveli erovnuli saxelmwifo, ro-

melSic ori an meti enobrivi jgufi erTiandeba,

rogorc, vTqvaT, espaneTi Tavisi baskuri umci-

resobiT, dRes zewolas ganicdis, raTa yoveli

calkeuli jgufis meoba aRiaros [9, 278].

msoflioSi 200-ze meti qveyanaa da aqedan

100-ze mets saxelmwifo enad ara mSobliuri,

aborigenuli, aramed ucxo qveynis ena aqvs Tav-

smoxveuli. magaliTad, inglisuri ena, garda

sakuTriv inglisisa, saxelmwifo enis statusiT

 10

kidev msoflios erT mesamedze – 68 qveyanaSia

dakanonebuli, maT Soris 12 qveyanaSi – adgi-

lobriv xalxTa enebTan erTad.

inglisuri ena erTaderT saxelmwifo enad

dakanonebulia afrikis iseT qveynebSi, rogori-

caa: tanzania, zimbabve, Uuganda, Lliberia, zam-

bia, mavrikia, botsvana, nigeriis federaciuli

respublika da bevri sxva. CamoTvlili qveynebi-

dan gamorCeulia nigeria, romelic Tavisi mra-

valricxovani mosaxleobiT – 135 milion 560

aTasi – pirvel adgilzea afrikaSi.

nigeriaSi ramdenime eTnikuri jgufis mosax-

leobaa, romelTagan mravalricxovnebiT gamoir-

Cevian h a u s a (26 milioni), i o r u b a (21

milioni) da i g b o (17 milioni). miuxedavad

aseTi didi ricxovnebisa, nigeriis am xalxTa

enebma ver moipoves saxelmwifo enebis statusi.

Zneli saTqmelia, miaRweven Tu ara nigeriis aR-

niSnuli eTnikuri jgufebi, rom axlo momaval-

Si TavianTi enebi TavianTi qveynebis saxelmwi-

fo enebad aqcion.

afrikaSi gamonaklisi mxolod samxreT af-

rikis respublikaa. xangrZlivi brZolis Sede-

gad inglisis am yofil koloniaSi, romelsac

saTaveSi cnobili patrioti nelson mandela ed-

ga, xalxma gadaagdo ingliselebisagan Tavsmox-

veuli aparteidis reJimi da damoukideblobas

miaRwia. Tu adre am qveyanaSi saxelmwifo enad

mxolod inglisuri iTvleboda, dRes inglisu-

ris Tanabrad saxelmwifo enis aRiareba kidev

12 eTnikuri jgufis mravalmilionianma adgi-

  11

lobrivma mosaxleobamac moipova; esenia: seso-

to, kosa, zuli, leboa, siskati da sxvebi.

aziis qveynebidan inglisuri ena saxelmwi-

fo enad dakanonebulia singapurSi, bruneiSi da

indoeTSi hindi enasTan erTad.

amerikis kontinentze inglisur enas gabato-

nebuli saxelmwifo enis statusi miniWebuli

aqvs: aSS-Si, kanadaSi, iamaikaSi, grenadaSi, be-

lizSi, dominikis respublikaSi, bagamisa da

bermudis kunZulovan saxelmwifoebSi da sxv.

avstralia-okeaneTis 17 saxelmwifos samu-

Sao enad aseve inglisuria dakanonebuli. ker-

Zod: avstraliaSi, axal zelandiaSi, papua –

axal gvineaSi, mikroneziaSi, fijis respublika-

Si da sxv.

evropis qveynebidan inglisuri ena saxelmwi-

fo enad aRiarebulia irlandiaSi, gibraltarSi,

maltaSi da ra Tqma unda did britaneTSi.

inglisuri enis Semdeg saxelmwifo enis

rangSi ricxovnebiT meore adgilze franguli

enaa, ZiriTadad, safrangeTis yofil kolonieb-

Si, romlebic dRes damoukidebeli qveynebia;

kerZod: senegali, Cadi, ruanda, mali, nigeri,

madagaskari, mavritania, kot-diuari (yofili

spilos Zvlis napiri), kongos demokratiuli

respublika da sxv.

mTel rig qveynebSi, magaliTad, kanadaSi, ka-

merunSi da sxv. – franguli saxelmwifo enad

inglisur enasTan erTadaaa dakanonebuli. evro-

pis iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa monako, luqsem-

burgi, Sveicaria da belgia franguli ena sa-

 12

xelmwifo enad iTvleba sxva enebis Tanabrad.

sul safrangeTis CaTvliT, franguli ena sa-

xelmwifo enis saxiT msoflios 30 qveyanaSi mu-

Saobs.

mesame adgils saxelmwifo enis ricxovnobiT

arabuli ena ikavebs, romelic saxelmwifo enis

statusiT azia-afrikis 23 qveyanaSi muSaobs. ker-

Zod: alJirSi, marokoSi, tunisSi, libiaSi, egvip-

teSi, iordaniaSi, saudis arabeTSi da sxv. azia-

afrikis xuT qveyanaSi – israelSi, CadSi, eritre-

aSi, somalsa da jibutSi arabuli ena saxelmwi-

fo enis rolSi sxva enebTan erTad gamodis.

meoTxe adgilze espanuri enaa, romelic sa-

xelmwifo enis saxiT msoflios 23 qveyanaSi mu-

Saobs: evropaSi – sakuTriv espaneTSi, afrikaSi

– ekvatoriul gvineaSi. yvela danarCeni qveyana

amerikis kontinetzea (meqsika, gvatemala, venesu-

ela, panama, kuba, ekvadori, paragvai, urugvai,

bolivia, kolumbia, Cile, argentina da sxv).

portugaliuri da germanuli enebi saxel-

mwifo enaTa saxiT 7 qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba, upi-

ratesad – sxva saxelmwifo enaTa gverdiT. ase-

ve, sxva saxelmwifo enebTan erTad.

zemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifo enebidan

dRes yvelaze metad mxolod inglisuri mZlav-

robs, rac pirvel rigSi, inglisurenovani zesa-

xelmwifos – aSS-is msoflio politikaze didi

gavleniT aixsneba [10, 25].

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom msoflioSi ama

Tu im enaze molaparakeTa raodenobis mixedviT

Cinuris Semdeg meore adgilzea inglisuri, ro-

  13

melic 322 milioni adamianisaTvis aris mSobli-

uri ena (amaTgan mxolod 55 milioni adamiani

cxovrobs did britaneTSi). inglisurs, rogorc

meore mSobliur enas, 400 milioni adamiani iye-

nebs, xolo rogorc ucxo enas – 800 milioni.

msoflios mraval qveyanaSi seriozulad

arian SeSfoTebuli isglisuri enis masobrivi

SemoWris gamo, rasac uwodes ,,mondializacia’’

– gamsofliureba; lingvistebi Tu politikuri

moRvaweebi wuxan, rom bevr enaSi saocrad mom-

ravlda inglisuri sityvebi [8, 25].

frangebi uaRresad pativs scemen TavianT

qveyanas, kulturas, istorias, enas. amitom mo-

laparakebas umetesad erovnul enaze warmarTa-

ven. saqmian urTierTobaSi inglisurad an germa-

nulad saubars da mimoweras erovnuli Rirse-

bis Selaxvad aRiqvamen [11, 247].

safrangeTis senatis wamyvani specialisti

benediqt ruJe erT-erT werilSi saubrobda

franguli enis dacvis politikaze. aRsaniSnavia,

rom yoveli wlis 20 marts 50-mde frankofonur

saxelmwifoSi aRiniSneba frankofoniis msof-

lio dRe. ewyoba franguli enis kvireuli (Svei-

cariaSi, kvebeksa da belgiaSic), cdiloben moqa-

laqeTa yuradrebis mipyrobas (e.w. sensibiliza-

cias) franguli enisadmi. ,,TiToeul frangs un-

da davanaxoT~ mravali waxnagi franguli enisa:

is, rom franguli ena warmoadgens pirovnulsa

da koleqtiur kapitals. maT unda gaacnobieron

franguli enis roli sazogadoebrivi urTier-

Tobebis CamoyalibebaSi, misi saerTaSoriso

 14

mniSvneloba, raTa yvelasTvis misaRebi gaxdes

franguli enis sicocxlisa da prestiJis mniS-

vneloba. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom parale-

lurad zrunaven regionaluri enebis ganviTare-

baze (bretonuli, katalonuri, korsikuli, bas-

kuri, oqsitanuri, kreoluri).

marTlac, samagaliToa safrangeTisa da

frangebis damokidebuleba mSobliuri enisadmi [8,

33] da es maSin, rodesac maTi ena isedac daculia

radgan msoflio enad aris aRiarebuli. an kidev

aviRoT espanuri. 1997 wlis 7 aprils meqsikis qa-

laq sakatekaSi gaimarTa espanuri enis saerTaSo-

riso kongresi [12, 182]. servantesis institutis

monacemebis Tanaxnad, dResdReobiT espanurs la-

parakobs 400 milionze meti adamiani da am mxriv

espaneTs meoTxe adgili uWiravs Cinuris, ingli-

surisa da hindis Semdeg [12, 192].

enobrivi pozicia politikis uSualo Semad-

geneli nawilia. eTnokonfliqtebi da erovnuli

dapirispirebani erovnuli enis Cagvrisa da dis-

kriminaciis Sedegia. adamianebi mtkivneulad ga-

nicdian enobriv damcirebas, Seviwroebas, rad-

gan mcirericxovani erebi xSirad idevnebian da

iCagrebian.

kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze

,,Zlierni ama qveynisani’’ enas politikis samsa-

xurSi ayenebdnen, krZalavdnen mSobliur enaze

swavlas da aCeCebdnen misTvis gaugebar ucxour

enas [8, 21].

meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg 1946

wlis 5 marts, CerCilis cnobili gamosvlis

  15

dros fultonSi man ganacxada: ,,Tu inglisureno-

vani xalxebis Tanamegobroba da SeerTebuli Sta-

tebi gaerTiandebian da iTanamSromleben rogorc

mecnierebasa da industriaSi, ise moralis sfero-

Si, maSin msoflioSi saimedo balansi da usaf-

rTxoebis sruli garantia damyardeba~ [13, 175].

CerCilis gamosvlas imave dReebSi mkacri

kritika eloda. misuris auditoriam kargad mii-

Ro, magram meore diliT gamoqveynebul gazeTeb-

ze amas ver vityviT. ,,vol sTriT jernali~ wer-

da: ,,SeerTebul Statebs aliansi ar surs. saer-

Tod, aliansismagvaric araferi surs sxva rome-

lime erTan~. ,,Cikago sani~ acxadebda, rom CerCi-

lis ,,daxuruli sesiis sityvebis~ erTi kviriT

adre SeTavazebul gamocemas auqmebda. londo-

nis ,,Taimsic~, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, civad

gamoexmaura. gansakuTrebiT mtruli pozicia

,,pravdam~ daikava. stalini ,,pravdaSi~ intervius

iSviaTad beWdavda, magram CerCilis inglisure-

novani xalxebis gaerTianebis araerTgzis moT-

xovnas swored ,,pravdaSi~ gamoqveynebuli inter-

viuTi upasuxa da naTlad gamoavlina, rapirasac

da xelketsac erTdroulad da kargad rom xma-

robda:

`batoni CerCili (hitleris ar iyos) rasob-

riv Teoriaze dafuZnebul axal oms iwyebs. ac-

xadebs, TiTqos mxolod inglisur enaze mola-

parake xalxebs aqvT wminda sisixli da mxolod

isini arian mowodebulni, msoflios bed-iRbali

gadawyviton. faqtobrivad, batoni CerCili da

misi amerikeli da ingliseli megobrebi im xal-

 16

xebs, romlebic inglisurad ar saubroben, ul-

timatums gviyeneben – an unda vaRiaroT maTi

upiratesoba, an omi gardauvali iqneba~ [13, 176].

Sin dabrunebul CerCils Tavis gamosvlas-

Tan dakavSirebiT araerTgvarovani reaqcia dax-

vda. etlim ganacxada, rom CerCili fultonSi

parlamentis saxeliT ar saubrobda da ar aris

aucilebeli, misi piradi mosazreba moviwonoT

an ar moviwonoT. leiboristuli partia, CerCi-

lis konservatiuli partiis araerTi wevrisagan

gansxvavebiT, amerikis vizits dadebiTad afaseb-

da; bevins sagareo politika swored fultonis

mimarTulebiT mihyavda. deputatebis erTma na-

wilma ki winadadeba Seitana, CerCilisTvis un-

dobloba gamoecxadebina.

yvelaze saeWvod da damafiqreblad prezi-

denti Trumeni iqceoda. TeTr saxlSi gamarTul

preskonferenciaze prezidentma ganacxada, rom

warmodgena ar hqonda, CerCili fultonSi ra

Temaze apirebda saubars da rom leqciaze misi

daswreba Tanamoazreobas sulac ar niSnavda.

ufro metic, saxelmwifo mdivnis moadgiles,

aCesons aukrZala, erTi kviris Tavze niu-iorkSi

Casul CerCilTan SeerTebuli Statebis mTavro-

bis saxeliT esaubra. saboloo jamSi, am ambebs

CerCilis da Trumenis urTierTobaze ar

umoqmedebia. CerCilma Trumens, rogorc ruz-

veltis memkvidres, ufleba misca, kiborCxalas

nabijebiT evlo didi miznisaken [13, 177].

erovnuli sazRvrebis moSlis da enobrivi

barieris moxsnis meTods mimarTavda uklebliv

  17

yvela imperia mis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze.

e.i. ZiriTadi samizne erovnuli TviTmyofadobis

mospobisaTvis sami ram gaxldaT: teritoria, re-

ligia da ena, anu `ena, mamuli, sarwmunoeba~.

msofliosaTvis cnobili dampyroblebi,

sxvadasxva dros rom idgnen imperiaTa saTaveSi,

TavianT Zlevamosil laSqrobas sxvadasxva miz-

niT niRbavdnen. erTni ambobdnen, rom civiliza-

cia unda SeetanaT naxevrad velur tomebSi da

isini kulturis gzaze SeeyenebinaT, meoreni

sxva saxelmwifoTa egreT wodebuli tiraniisa-

gan gasaTavisufleblad modiodnen, mesameni ki,

da es ki ufro iSviaTad xdeboda, pirdapir re-

ligiur omebSi ebmebodnen, saerTo teritoriis

warTmeviT iwyeboda da mere amuSavdeboda dap-

yrobili qveynis kulturul-religiuri dauTo-

vebis sastiki manqana.

am dauTovebas dampyrobeli axerxebda im

formiT da meTodiT civilizaciis ra donec

TviTon gaaCnda, zogjer SeniRbulad (voronco-

vi) zogjer ki e. w. najaxuri politikiT.

gadavxedoT saqarTvelos istorias da davi-

naxavT ra kirTebiT, cecxliT da maxviliT cdi-

lobdnen arabebi, sparselebi, Turqebi da sxvani

saqarTveloSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis aRmof-

xvras. eris ganadgurebis maxvili teritorias-

Tan da religiasTan erTad enas daatydeboda

xolme Tavs.

dampyrobeli Tvlida, rom damoukidebloba

dakarguli saxelmwifos ena imperiisTvis sru-

liad zedmeti bargi iyo da am enaze kulturis

 18

ganviTareba imperiis momaval mdgradobas saf-

rTxes Seuqmnida. Sors rom ar wavideT axlo

warsulis magaliTic ikmarebda. rakiRa dampyro-

belma rusma saqarTveloSi mefoba gaauqma, amis

Semdeg faqtobrivad kulturis upirvelsi niS-

nis – enis mospoba gaxda saWiro [14, 526]. swo-

red amitom gadairecxa gacrecili palimfseste-

bi. masze ki axali warwerebi gaCnda. gaismoda

qoraluri glovis xmebi. drom Tanabrad waSala

laCrebisa da gmirebis safexurebi, JamTa denam

gaaniava xmliT mogebuli saganZuri, gaaqro fo-

liantebi, daangria sasaxlebi. qveyanas warRvnam

gadauara da TiTqos yvelaferi waritaca. ami-

tom qviTinebda damarcxebuli istoria poetis

SemoqmedebaSi:

SoTas meore, SoTas mesame, SoTas meoTxe

wigni sad aris!

an is – daviTi! daviT meoTxe! vis jars mi-

uZRvis gmiri sardali.

visi Toria uumtkicesi – aTas adgilas Sub-

naZgerebi! wyvdiadisferad vin gadaReba uspeta-

kesi maTi cxenebi!

Tumc... ara skiptra bagratovanTa, an sefe

droSa amilaxvaris, Salvas, biZinas da eliz-

baris suls enatreba sami laxvari!

magram sad aris xmali, – is xmali!

anda sad aris fari – is fari!

ukve gaWrili sami tuzia Salva, biZina da

elizbari.

maTTvis parakliss ar gadaixdis tyeSi Cad-

gmuli cicqna saydari!

  19

aRar frutunebs – beri Tevdores gamxdari

jori aRarsad ari.

(t. W a n t u r i a) [3, 248].

dReisaTvis 200-mde saxelmwifos Soris te-

ritoriis sididiT saqarTvelo okupirebuli te-

ritoriebis CaTvliT (70 aTasi kv. km.) 118-e ad-

gilzea msoflioSi, e. i. msoflios 74 suvere-

nul saxelmwifoze didia, maT Soris: daniaze,

niderlandebze, belgiaze, Sveicariaze, israel-

ze da a. S.

mosaxleobis raodenobiT Cveni samSoblo

planetaze 97-e adgilzea, e.i. msoflios 96 suve-

renul saxelmwifos aRemateba, maT Soris: axal

zelandias, TurqmeneTs, irlandias, norvegias,

slovakeTs, fineTs, yirgizeTs, Cads da sxv. mo-

saxleobis simWidrovis mixedviT ki saqarTvelo

me-80 adgilzea msoflioSi [15, 103-104].

yovel qarTvels unda axsovdes, rom msof-

lioSi ar arsebobs sxva qveyana, sadac qarTu-

lad weren da metyveleben, rom mxolod Cven

varT did qarTvel moazrovneTa, moRvaweTa mem-

kvidreni. amitom gvmarTebs kargad vicodeT Cve-

ni dedaenis istoria, misi adgili da mniSvnelo-

ba msoflio enaTa Soris. unda gavacnobieroT,

rom dedaenis gareSe Cveni azrovneba ver ganvi-

Tardeba da sxvagvarad Cveni sazogadoebis win-

svla SeuZlebelia.

 20

mSobliuri enis madli

lev tolstoi moTxroba `Набег~ –is sqolio-

Si SeniSnavs – Лягушки на кавказе производят звук, не имеюший  обшего  с  кваканием  русских  лягушек~. Tuki

sacxovrebeli adgilisda mixedviT, bayayebic ki

sxvadasxva `enaze~ yiyineben, ra didi unda iyos

adamianTa Soris sxvaoba? mwuxareba mwuxarebaa,

siyvaruli siyvarulia, sixaruli sixarulia,

magram sxvadasxva eris kaci sxvadasxvagvarad

ganicdis da gamoxatavs am grZnobebs. swored es

Taviseburebania mimzidveli da saintereso. ami-

tom ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas sxvadasxva xal-

xis mwerloba da xelovneba. Tu es Tavisebureba

davkargeT, davkargavT im andamats, uromliso-

bac erTferovans, mosawyens, uRimRamos xdis

mwerlobas da xelovnebas, ufro metic saerTod

adamianis suls [16, 48].

yovel adamians erTi dedaena aqvs, romelze-

dac deda esaubreba, romelzedac enas aidgams.

aRsaniSnavia, rom fereidneli qarTvelebidan

qarTuli ena mxolod im ojaxebma SeinarCunes,

sadac bavSvebs deda qarTveli hyavdaT! esaa misi

eris mSoblebis ena. rogorc wesi, adamiani

mxolod dedaenaze azrovnebs, fiqrobs (cxadia,

arian gamonaklisebic, romelTac SeuZliaT ram-

denime enaze azrovneba, magram enis yvela niuan-

sisa da siRrmis wvdoma mxolod dedaenazea Se-

saZlebeli). TiTqmis yvela genialuri nawarmoe-

bi dedaenaze SeuqmniaT, radgan mxolod mSob-

  21

liur enas aqvs ganumeorebeli xibli da adamia-

nis Sinagan samyarosTan dakavSirebulia uxi-

lavi simebiT. dedaenaze naTqvami TiToeuli

sityva uCveulo feriT, surneliT gamoirCeva,

rac gvagonebs ubednieres xanas – yrmobas, de-

dis alerssa da mSobliuri kuTxis koloritul

xmebs [8, 28].

cnobilma eqimebma gamoikvlies, Tu ra gav-

lenas axdenda janmrTelobaze aramSobliur

skolebSi swavla. magaliTad, pediatrma sikor-

skim Caatara eqsperimenti poloneTSi germanu-

lenovan skolebSi (msgavsi cda Caatares iaponi-

aSi inglisurenovan skolebSic), profesorma

irakli faRavam ki – saqarTveloSi. aRmoCnda,

rom aramSobliur skolebSi bavSvebs arteriu-

li wneva ufro maRali hqondaT (kvira dRes ki

wneva normaluri aRmoaCndaT).

didi pedagogisa da moazrovnis k. uSinskis

azriT, aramSobliur enaze bavSvis aRzrada-ga-

naTleba uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mis goneb-

riv ganviTarebaze. iakob gogebaSvili dedaenas

uwodebda ,,gonebis bunebiTs iaraRs~. a.wereTe-

li werda, rom XIX saukuneSi pedagogebma SeniS-

nes, vinc dedaena da qarTuli wera-kiTxva ico-

da rusuls ukeT swavlobda, rusulad swavlis

dros ki bavSvebs goneba uClungdebodaT. ,,es

rom gaigo voroncovma, brZana, qarTveli ymawvi-

lebisTvis jer, pirvel xanebSi, dedaena eswav-

lebinaT da mere gadaeyvanaT ucxoze~. ilia Wav-

WavaZe Tavis publicictur werilSi ,,b-n ianov-

skis werilis gamo~ werda: ,,udedaenod gonebis

 22

gaxsna bavSvisa yovlad SeuZlebelia. maSin sko-

la gonebis gaxsnis saxsari ki ar aris, gonebis

daCagvrisaa, gonebis daxSvisa da daTrgunvisa,

gaTaxsirebisa~.

ufro metic, qarTvelma lingvistma, fone-

tistma prof. z. jafariZem eqsperimentulad daa-

dastura, rom adamianis metyvelebis pirveli

niSnebi Cvil bavSvebSic arsebobs. sxvadasxva

erovnebis (kerZod, qarTvel da rus) axalSo-

bilTa tirilis SedarebiT man gamoavlina sru-

liad moulodneli da sensaciuri faqti: maTi

tirilis maxasiaTeblebSi gansxvaveba yofila,

e.i. Turme isini gansxvavebulad tirian. es daa-

dastura specialurma aparaturamac da xan-

grZlivma auditorulma analizma. mecnierma es

faqti axsna qarTulisa da rusulis cnobili

fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT da gamoitana eWvmi-

utaneli daskvna, rom mSobliuri enis sawarmoT-

qmo CvevaTa Canasaxi axalSobilsac aqvs.

aSS-Si, SvedeTsa da ruseTSi fsiqologebi-

sa da lingvistebis cdebiT dadasturda, rom

dedis namReri `iavnana~ da bavSvTan specialu-

rad moCleqiT, alersiT laparaki xels uwyobs

misi Semecnebis ganviTarebas, dedaenis foneti-

kuri struqturisa da saerTod unar-Cvevebis

swraf aTvisebas. ucxoeTSi Caatares cda, Tu ra

zegavlenas axdens ZuZumwovara bavSvze dedaena-

ze saubari. aRmoCnda, rom bavSvi gacilebiT in-

tensiurad wovs ZuZus, roca mas deda esaubreba

dedaenaze da ara – romelime ucxo enaze [8, 32,

33].

  23

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs dedaenis mov-

las, masze zrunvas. zogma adamianma, poliglot-

ma, SeiZleba icodes 8, 10, 20, 40 an meti enac ki,

magram dedaenis msgavsad verc erTs ver daeuf-

leba, siRrmiseul niuansebs ver Caswvdeba da Zi-

riTadad mainc mSobliur enaze iazrovnebs. di-

di ilia ambobda: `ena adamianisa, misi sityviere-

ba mTeli xelTuqmneli istoriaa, erisa calke

da kacobriobisa sazogadod~. marTlac qar-

Tveli xalxis istoria, erovnuli fsiqologia

da uZvelesi tradiciebi ukufenilia qarTul

enaSi. masSi gamoxatulia Cveni xalxis suli, ig-

rZnoba gardasul saukuneTa sunTqva, Cans Sore-

ul winaparTa msoflaRqma, radgan enaSi Cadebu-

lia qarTveli eris genetikuri kodi, romelic

memkvidreobiT gadaecema.

absurdulia ori mSobliuri enis qadageba.

sxva ena adamianisaTvis verasodes gaxdeba deda-

ena. rac unda srulyofilad da zedmiwevniT

flobdes adamiani ucxour enas, is verasodes

Seucvlis dedaenas, romelic erovnebis burjad

iTvleba. dedaenaze didadaa damokidebuli ada-

mianis xasiaTis formireba da pirovnebis Camoya-

libeba [8, 34].

`qarTuli ena iseTive mdidaria da mraval-

ferovani, rogoric aris buneba kavkasionisa, sa-

dac erTs patara manZilze polusi, tropiki da

zomieri sartyeli erTad Seyrilan, sadac sau-

kuno TovliT Semosili mTis wverebi zevidan

dascqerian: broweuls, leRvs, vazs, limons,

forToxals da sxva tropikul mcenareulobas

 24

da sadac ramdensac nabijs gadasdgam, imdens

axal suraTs Sexvdebi. qarTuli ena iseTive

mravalferovania, rogoric aris Cveni eris is-

toria, warsuli cxovreba, savse mravalgvaris

moqmedebiTa, TvisebiTa, azrovnebiTa, didi sixa-

ruliTa, Zlieri mwuxarebiTa, da romelic war-

moadgens imgvars Rrmas da dausrulebels dra-

mas, rom asi Seqspiric ver amoswuravda mas Zi-

ramdis~.

amas werda iakob gogebaSvili XIX saukune-

Si da mouwodebda xalxs wmindad daecvaT es

burji erovnebisa. maSin Cveni ena autanel devna-

sa da Seviwroebas ganicdida. dauRalavi brZo-

liTa da mondomebiT rom ar exsnaT Cvens did

mwerlebs, vin icis, iqneb saSinel safrTxeSic

Cavardniliyo. aseTi didi brZoliTa da saTuTi

movliT gamoutarebia Cveni ena saukuneebis man-

Zilze, saSinel qarcecxlsa da gaWirvebaSi. Cve-

ni mravaltanjuli mSromeli xalxi zepirsit-

yvaobiT gadmoscemda xolme Taobebs saocari

sxartulobiTa da iumoriT momxiblav zRapreb-

sa da gmirul Tqmulebebs, Cveni didi mwignobre-

bi Rameebs texdnen da mbJutavi sanTlis mqrqal

Suqze sasoebiT gamohyavdaT lamazi qarTuli

anbani, qmnidnen udides erovnul sibrZnes; er-

Txel gadawerils kidev aTasjer werdnen da

mkacri saukuneebis wyvdiadSi, – rogorc erTa-

derT Svebasa da nugeSs, gawamebuli sulis ma-

lamosa da vaJkacuri simxnis wyaros, romelic

gaurkveveli momavlis gzas unaTebdaT, – Taobi-

  25

dan Taobebs gadascemdnen xolme am sanukvar Ci-

raRdans [17, 381-382].

qarTulma Semogvinaxa da gadaarCina berZnu-

li, bizantiuri, sparsuli da arabuli mwerlo-

bis ZeglTa Targmanebi, romelTa dednebic da-

kargula (ipolite romaelis, mitrofanes da

sxv.). magaliTad, sparsuli romanis `vis o rami-

nis~ sparsuli teqstis dasadgenad iSvelieben

mis brwyinvale Targmans qarTulad (`visrami-

ans~).

da kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom veraviTar ucxo

enas ver iswavlis kaci ise srulyofilad, ro-

gorc dedaenas, e.i. im enas romliTac metyvele-

bas iwyebs. amitomac ar aris marTebuli zogier-

Ti mSoblis gadawyvetileba, rom Svili araqar-

Tul skolaSi miabaros, im motiviT, TiTqos

qarTuls isedac iswavlis, da kidev erTi zedme-

ti ena ecodinebaT. faqtiurad bavSvi verc erT

enas ver iTvisebs safuZvlianad, mas aRarc erTi

dedaena ara aqvs. ucxo enis swavla saWiroa da

aucilebeli. uamisod adamiani ver miiRebs

srulyofil ganaTlebas. magram ucxo enis Ses-

wavla unda xdebodes paralelurad, mSoblebisa

da maswavleblebis didi mecadineobiTa da gul-

modginebiT [17, 480-481].

rogorc didi indoeli moRvawe m a h a T m

a g a n d i miuTiTebs: mSoblebi, romlebic

TavianT Svilebs dabadebidan ucxo enaze `az-

rovnebasa da laparaks aswavlian, Svilebsac Ra-

latoben da samSoblosac. isini Svilebs Tavian-

Ti eris sulier da socialur memkvidreobas

 26

akargvineben da, amdenad, qveynis samsaxurisaT-

vis gamousadegars xdian~ [18, 278]. didi mamuliS-

vili aseve aRniSnavda: `ramxela tragediaa qvey-

nisTvis, rom ucxo ena misi oficialuri enaa,

xolo mSobliur enas tabu adevs da viRac Sem-

TxveviTi adamianis mier oficialur viTarebaSi

mSobliur enaze sityvis warmoTqma misaloci

xdeba~ [18, 389].

Cveni didi winaprebi SesaniSnavad xvdebod-

nen dedaenis mniSvnelobas erovnuli TviTmyofa-

dobisa da meobis SesanarCuneblad, erTianobis

gansamtkiceblad. uZveles qarTvelebTan Cven

gvakavSirebs mxolod ena, romelic Cvens Tavze

datrialebuli mravali qartexilisa da ubedu-

rebis mowmea. varlam Tofuria werda: `qarTul

enaSi asaxulia, rogorc es yvela enaSi xdeba

xolme, misi Semqmneli eris warsuli, awmyo da

momavali, misi zneobrivi da gonebrivi cxovre-

ba~, radgan `ena aris xalxis meobis ZiriTadi

niSani~ (arn. Ciqobava). TiToeulma dampyrobelma

Semoitana enaSi Tavisi sityvebi (romauli, ber-

Znuli, sparsuli, arabuli, Turquli...), magram

qarTulma SeZlo am zewolis mogerieba, ar ga-

dagvarebula, SeinarCuna Tavisi saxe da funqcia.

marTlac, qarTul enaze ufro Zvirfasi sa-

unje qarTvel kacs ar gaaCnia. erTi ubralo

sityvis sikvdilic ki, misi gadagvareba da gada-

Seneba, kacis sikvdiliviT aris... rioni ra rioni

iqneba, an ra iqneba kaxeTis zvari, Tu iq rusTa-

velis enas ver gaigoneb.

  27

muxran maWavarianis sityvebi gavixsenoT:

`qarTuli marto enaa?!

qarTuli qarTvelT rwmenaa,

RmerTia! bedisweraa!

zRva roa! –

imodenaa!~

didi xani araa, rac gangaSis zarad gaisma

am SesaniSnavi poetis sityvebi:

`ki magram...

RmerTi aRaraa?!

bnela? –

qarTuli iqneb vinmes norCi hgonia ena!!~ [19,

88].

iakob gogebaSvilis `ai iaTi~ aRzrdilebs

TiTqos aRar unda gvWirdebodes gamofxizleba

da imis Sexseneba, rom moyvrad mosuli mteri

ufro saSiSia!

sityva `ucxo~ ar unda gvxiblavdes da gvab-

rmavebdes, rom ar wagvlekos inglisurma sit-

yvebma, rusicizmebma, vulgarulma gamoTqmebma,

Jargonma da bilwsityvaobam. ucxouri enebiT

modurma gatacebam mSobliuri ar unda dagva-

viwyos da udierad mopyroba ar gagvabedvinos.

didma iakobma dedaenas uwoda `burji erov-

nebisa~, amitomac aRmarTes `dedaenis~ Zegli sa-

qarTveloSi, magram qarTuls sWirdeba movla,

patronoba enis winaSe, rom vweroT da vimetyve-

loT daxvewili qarTuliT, vikiTxoT bevri da

gavamdidroT sityvaTa maragi [8, 4-5].

 28

gogebaSvilis `dedaena~ saqarTvelos Sem-

kvreli wigni aRmoCnda. man Tavis droze mTeli

amer-imeri gaaerTiana. mas Semdeg ki, rac misi

saswavlo programidan amovardna daiwyo, dedae-

nam aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia dakarga. iuneskos

monacemebiT `dedaena~ safrTxis winaSea. marTa-

lia, qarTul enas gaqrobis safrTxe jerjero-

biT ar emuqreba, magram, roca ena tradiciebs

Sordeba da ucxour gamoTqmebs iTavsebs, sakon-

taqto enad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos missave te-

ritoriaze. swored amitom iuneskom 2003 wels

konvencia miiRo aramaterialuri kulturuli

memkvidreobis dacvis Sesaxeb. metad mniSvnelo-

vania, rom `ai ias~ principma 1960 wels qalaq ka-

rakasSi aRiareba miiRo, rogorc erT-erTma sau-

keTeso modelma.

rac Seexeba axal saanbane wignebs, isini uc-

xo enis swavlebis meTodzea gaTvaliswinebuli

da Zaladobis faqtebs Seicavs. maTi Sinaarsi

qarTul mentalitets ar miesadageba. es fsiqo-

logebma, lingvistebma da pedagogebma daaskvnes.

swored am daskvnis Semdeg mimarTes ganaTlebis

saministros, rom `deda ena~ skolebSi dabrune-

buliyo rogorc saxelmZRvanelo da rogorc

swavlebis meTodi. dRes gavrcelebul saanbane

wignebSi xan asoa gamotovebuli, xan 12-is nac-

vlad 32 weria da a.S.

`rwyili da WianWvelac~ ki sapirispiro men-

talobiT iswavleba, Tuki originali nawarmoebi

bavSvebs megobrobasa da gaWirvebulis gverdSi

dogmas aswavlis, gadakeTebuli nawarmoebi sru-

  29

liad sapirispiros unergavs maT. magaliTad,

ormoSi Cavardnili adamianisa da gamvlelis

dialogi aseTia: gciva? – mciva. geSinia? – meSi-

nia. xeli gaqvs? – maqvs. Tvali gaqvs? – maqvs. ma-

Sin Sen TviTon amodio. faqtia, mozardebs gan-

sacdelSi myofi adamianis mitovebas unergaven.

Zaladobis Semcvel nawarmoebebSi, magaliTad,

aRwerilia, bavSvebma rogor dalies limonaTi

daukiTxavad, rogor Caasxes masSi wyali, rogor

gauries wiwaka da daalevines mamas, romlis re-

aqciazec isini xalisoben.

fsiqologebis SefasebiT, zemoxsenebuli na-

warmoebebi bavSvebze uaryofiT fsiqologiur

zewolas axdens da maT mcdar aratradiciul

mentalobas uyalibebs. maSin, roca iakob goge-

baSvilis `deda ena~ mozards cnobierebasa da

msoflmxedvelobas qarTul tradiciebze, qar-

Tul mentalitetsa da Rirebulebebze dayrdno-

biT uviTarebs [20, 10].

Tbilisis mosaxleoba mudam Wreli da mra-

valferovani iyo, magram igi yovelTvis Tavisi

eniT metyvelebda: es iyo qalaquri ena. qarTuli

enis bgeraSi xSirad ismoda arabul-sparsuli,

somxuri sityvebi, magram es sityvebi yovelTvis

Sesisxlxorcebuli iyo qarTuli enis cocxal

gamoTqmasTan. Tbilisma frTxilad `moanaruqa~

sxvadasxva eris waxnagovani sityvebi da misca

Taviseburi eSxi da mzeosnoba. TandaTanobiT es

sityvebi imdenad Secvlila da xSirad qarTuli

gamoTqmisaTvis ise Snoianad gakeTebula, rom am

leqsikas verc sparsuli da verc sxva romelime

 30

eri mxolod Tavis sakuTrebad veRar miiCnevs

[21, 132]. magram dRes ra xdeba dedaqalaqSi? ai,

ramdenime magaliTi:

,,marSrutkaSi~ ori Tineijeri erTmaneTs

emSvidobeba

– damiqolinge, ra!

– ofkorsunebii!

mZRoli Suaxnis mamakacia, aSkarad Semcbari

da gaognebuli Cans, verafers xvdeba. TargmanSi

misTvis nacnob enaze asea: amerikuli ,,damiqo-

linge” rusul – qarTul slengze ,,damizvano-

ke~, xolo ,,ofkorsunebi~ – ,,kaneSna, to~.

mTlianobaSi ki slengis pirveli nawili

qarTulad ,,gTxov, damireke~ – d iTargmneba, me-

ore ki – ,,ra Tqma unda~ – d.

Suaxnis mZRolebi iqiT iyos da, erT-erT in-

ternetforumze axalgazrda avtomoyvarulebs

didi msjeloba hqondaT gamarTuli – ra hqvia

,,pavarotniks~ qarTulad. zogi werda, rom –

cimcima, zogi – moxvevis maniSnebelio. avtosag-

zao moZraobis wesebis TeoriaSi ,,pavarotniki~

moxvevis Suqura-maCvenebelia. avtosaxelosnoSi,

anu ,,profilaktikaSi~ ki ,,JeStianCiks~, ,,eleq-

triks~, ,,xadaviks~ da ,,dverSiks~ ufro advilad

miagnebT, vidre meTunuqes, eleqtrobis an sava-

li nawilebis SemkeTebels. iqneb ukanac gamo-

gabrunon: ,,ara genacvale, me JeStianCiki var, me-

Tunuqe aq saerTod ar gvyavso~.

Cvens realobaSi damkvidrebuli slengebis

aseTi simravle rusulis an CvenSi esoden ase

gapopularebuli inglisuris codniT ganpirobe-

  31

buli araa. qarTuli enis mesveurni amas mSob-

liuri enis mimarT upativcemulobas uwodeben.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi, raRa Tqma unda, loka-

luri sulac ar aris da mxolod avtomoyvaru-

lebiT, mgzavrebiT, TineijerebiTa da avtoSemke-

TeblebiT ar Semoifargleba. Cvens sinamdvileSi

es ufro globaluri sakiTxia.

am Temaze Jurnalistebic sakmaod xSirad

scodaven (gnebavT – presisa, gnebavT – televi-

ziis).

magaliTisTvis, ratom ,,musirebs~ qarTul

telesivrceSi yoveli siuJetis nabijze sityva

,,musirebs~?

an ras niSnavs sruliad gaumarTavi da

alogikuri fraza – `arc uaryofs da arc adas-

turebs~? mxolod qarTul telearxebze SeiZle-

ba Sexvde avtomanqanis markas ,,biemdabliu~, xo-

lo ruseTis premiers yovelgvari Radaobis ga-

reSe ,,puwini~ uwodo [22, 15].

presa udidesi zemoqmedebis mqonea, magram

rogorc adidebuli mdinaris niaRvari STan-

Tqavs da anadgurebs napirze yvelafers, zustad

aseve, emsaxureba ngrevas Tavis nebaze miSvebu-

li Jurnalistis kalami, magram kidev ufro me-

ti zianis motana SeuZlia, Tuki mas vinmes kar-

naxiT marTaven [18, 254].

,,mteroba enis, ars mtroba qveynis” – wminda

ilia marTalma brZana da ra gamodis? yoveli

fexis nabijze sakuTari qveynis ,,mtroba~ gvi-

wevs. amis dasamtkiceblad rusTavelis gamzirze

erTi uwyinari gaseirnebac sakmarisia. dawvri-

 32

lebiT ar CamovTvliT im maRaziebsa Tu kompani-

ebs, romelTac sakuTar abrebze mxolod ingli-

surenovani warwerebi amSvenebs.

kidev erTi kuriozuli faqti: samuSaos maZe-

barTaTvis aseTi gancxadeba iyo gamokruli –

maSveli sWirdebodaT, romelmac wyalSi dasax-

rCobad ganwiruli unda gadaarCinos. moTxovnebi

Sesabamisi iyo – 100 metris umokles vadaSi ga-

curva, sportuli aRnagoba, gamocdileba da... in-

glisuri enis srulyofili codna (?!), ese igi,

maSveli xedavs wyalSi mofarTxale subieqts,

romelsac wyali aqvs blomad naylapi, sawyalob-

lad iqnevs xel-fexs da yviris `helf, helf~!

qarTvelma maSvelma, inglisuri Tu ar icis, arc

xels gaanZrevs da yursac ar gaabartyunebs, sa-

napirodan fexsac ar moicvlis [22, 15].

rogorc gvaxsovs rusuli enis codnisTvis

msgavsi araferi gaukeTebiaT bolSevikebs [10,

25].

dimitri yifiani enas eris upirveles niSnad

Tvlida. misi azriT `ukeTu romelime xalxi

enas kargavs, amiT kargavs Tavis saxesa da arse-

bobas. mSobliur ena miviwyebul xalxs ar SeiZ-

leba xalxis saxeli ewodos~ [23, 26-27].

cxadia, `mTeli tragizmi da saSineleba im

erovnebis mdgomareobisa, romelsac aZaleben mi-

si fsiqiuri bunebisaTvis sruliad ucxo da Se-

usabameli enis terminebSi iazrovnos. tragizmi

norCi Taobisa, romelic iZulebulia Tavisi

axali frTagaSlili azrovneba sxvis mier Seq-

mnils kalapotSi Casvas~ [24, 160].

  33

dRes msoflios bevr universitetSi SemoRe-

bulia qarTuli enis kursi, aswavlian Zvel qar-

Tul literaturas, eTnografias. yovelive es

mowmobs, rom sakmaod didia interesi qarTuli

enisadmi msoflioSi da cdiloben Rrmad Cas-

wvdnen am uaRresad rTul, magram Zalze sainte-

reso da enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT metad

mniSvnelovan enas [8, 114]. gavixsenoT, rom XIX

saukunis 40-iani wlebidan ruseTSi saintereso

movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme. garkveuli politiku-

ri mosazrebiT, mTavrobis dadgenilebiT 1848-

1867 wlebSi peterburgSi qarTuls aswavlidnen

yvela saswavlebelSi., sadac ki kavkasielebi

iRebdnen ganaTlebas.

peterburgis da saerTod, ruseTis pirveli

qarTveli profesori iyo daviT CubinaSvili,

leqsikografi, enaTmecnieri, literaturaTmcod-

ne, romelic iqve ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, 27

weli kiTxulobda leqciebs mis mier daarsebul

qarTuli enisa da sityvierebis kaTedraze. imave

kaTedris Semdegi gamge iyo a. cagareli, rome-

lic 46 weli msaxurobda [25, 44-45].

metad mniSvnelovania, rom iseT zesaxelmwi-

foSi, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia

qarTuli enis swavleba 1986 wlidan daiwyo. man

amde igi iswavleboda sporadulad, erTi an ori

semestris ganmavlobaSi da, rogorc wesi, am

kursebis msmeneli iyo TiTo-orola, umTavresad

lingvistikiT dainteresebuli studenti.

1971-1972 saswavlo wels Camoyalibda qarTu-

li enis Semswavleli pirveli jgufi indianis

 34

universitetis mTavar filialSi, romelic am

Statis qalaq blumingtonSi mdebareobs. am saq-

mis iniciatorad mogvevlina slavuri enebisa da

literaturis ganyofilebis dekani, profesori

uiliam ejertoni. pirvel jgufSi Sediodnen

ara ubralod damwyebi studentebi, aramed sami

profesori, batoni ejertonis CaTvliT da ori

aspiranti [26, 80]. qarTuli enis Seswavlas ar-

Tulebda is garemoeba, rom specialurad ingli-

surenovani msmenelisTvis gaTvlili raime sa-

xelmZRvanelo ar arsebobda. es, bunebrivia, ar

iyo gasakviri, vinaidan dasavleTSi qarTuli

enis akademiuri formiT swavlebis precedenti

TiTqmis ar yofila. erTaderT gamonakliss war-

moadgenda XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolos,

SveicariaSi, ciurixis universitetSi, moRvawe

SesaniSnavi lingvistis, kita Cxenkelis mier

Seqmnili qarTvelologiuri centri. misi sami

erTguli studenti qalis monawileobiT man Se-

adgina da 1958 wels germanul enaze gamosca

dRes ukve kargad cnobili qarTuli enis saxel-

mZRvanelo or tomad [26, 81].

sabednierod, amerikaSi qarTul enas moev-

lina energiuli da WeSmaritad Tavdadebuli

propagandisti, Cikagos universitetis profeso-

ri, h a u a r d a r o n s o n i, romlis damsa-

xureba amerikeli studentebis qarTuli eniT da

saqarTveloTi dainteresebaSi fasdaudebelia.

swored man Cauyara safuZveli qarTuli enis

sistematur swavlebas amerikis SeerTebul Sta-

tebSi. profesor aronsons indianis universi-

  35

tetSi hqonda miRebuli diplomi da Semdgom, sa-

mociani wlebis bolos, ukve aspirantma, erTi

saswavlo weli moskovSi gaatara da saqarTve-

losac estumra. aqedan iwyeba mis mier qarTuli

gramatikis fundamenturi Seswavla da Semdgom,

samocdaaTian wlebSi misi lingvistur-Teoriu-

li kuTxiT swavleba Cikagos universitetis

slavuri enebisa da literaturis kaTedraze. mi-

si studentebi iyvnen dRes kargad cnobili qar-

Tvelologebi: alisa harisi, qevin tuiti da di

holiski, romlebsac dResac mWidro kavSiri

aqvT saqarTvelosTan.

ukanaskneli 7-8 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTu-

li eniT daintereseba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.

dRes igi iswavleba amerikis ramdenime universi-

tetsa da kolejSi, agreTve specialuri daniS-

nulebis saxelmwifo saswavleblebSi; magram ne-

bismier am dawesebulebaSi qarTuli enis kursi

ar aris stacionaruli; kursis gaxsna damokide-

bulia studentebis dainteresebaze da amitom

mas umTavresad droebiTi xasiaTi aqvs. sistema-

turad ki, ukve oc welze metia, rac igi mxo-

lod indianis universitetis sazafxulo skola-

Si iswavleba [26, 83].

qarTul enas ukvdavebis garantias is gare-

moebac aZlevs, rom am enaze werdnen rusTaveli,

sulxan-saba, daviT guramiSvili, ilia, akaki, va-

Ja, galaktioni, gamsaxurdia. Cveni eris am wmin-

da mamaTa Txzulebebis originalSi wakiTxva

yovelTvis iqneba civilizebuli moqalaqis sur-

vili da ocneba [14, 636].

 36

dasavleT evropaSi, mxolod renesansma ga-

moaRviZa erovnuli TviTSegneba. warmoSva lite-

ratura xalxur enaze da laTinuri enis bato-

nobam Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba [27, 15]. swored

renesansis epoqaSi warmoiSva erovnuli enebi da

adgilobrivi dialeqtebisa da laTinuris nac-

vlad, gaformda xalxuri literaturuli enebi.

XVI saukunis pirveli naxevris dasasruls daiw-

yes am enebis gamarTleba da qeba. J. diu belem

dawera traqtati `dacva da qebai frangulisa

enisa~ [27, 38]. sagulisxmoa, rom pirvelad in-

glisuri sityva inglisis parlamentSi 1362

wels gaisma. 1731 wlamde ki sasamarTlo proce-

si laTinur enaze mimdinareobda [28, 65]. jorj I

inglisuri ena ar icoda da Tarjimanis saSua-

lebiT amyarebda urTierTobas Tavis ministreb-

Tan. misi Svilic, jorj II (1727-1760) inglisSi

Tavs ucxoelad grZnobda. enis ucodinarobis

gamo, mefe ver Tavmjdomareobda saidumlo sab-

Wos, Semdeg ki saerTod ar eswreboda mis sxdo-

mebs [28, 73-74).

Tu me mxolod saxlSi an metad viwro wre-

Si vlaparakob Cems enaze da vcxovrob Cemi kul-

turis principebiT (matriciT), xolo arsad

sxvagan ar mWirdeba, arcerT socialur, ekono-

mikur Tu politikur doneze, ramdenime Taobis

Semdeg am enaze aRaravin ilaparakebs. amis maga-

liTi mravlad arsebobs istoriaSi [29, 110].

Cven rodesac viyaviT imperiis nawili, impe-

riaSi ki iyo ena, romelic iTvleboda sakavSiro

komunikaciis enad, maSin qarTul enas Cven rusu-

  37

lis eqspansiisagan vicavdiT. im dros ruseTSi

wignebic ki gamodioda imis Sesaxeb, rom saqar-

TveloSi rusuli enis gavrcelebasa da damkvid-

rebas xels is uSlis, rom qveyanaSi Zalin Zlie-

ria qarTuli enis poziciebi. qarTulad iTar-

gmneboda sazRvargareTis klasikosi mwerlebis

nawarmoebebi. specialuri mTargmnelobiTi ko-

legia iyo Seqmnili amisTvis. gamdioda uamravi

leqsikoni. es ki aZlierebda qarTuli enis dac-

vas imperiis e.w. xalxTaSorisi enis winaSe. ga-

suli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan viTareba icvle-

ba. saqarTvelo xdeba damoukidebeli qveyana.

aRaravis eSinia, rom romeliRac ena saqarTve-

loSi qarTul enas daCagravs da konkurencias

gauwevs. magram globalizaciis pirobebSi dadga

sakiTxi – qarTvel kacs ra enaze hmarTebs komu-

nikacia gare samyarosTan. daiwyo procesi, rome-

lic TandaTan rusuls saqarTveloSi anacvlebs

inglisuriT. amaSi araferia sagangaSo, Tu ki am

mimarTulebiT Cven TviTonve ar wavalT ise

Sors, rom qarTuli Cvens qveyanaSi ukana planze

gadaiwevs. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam ki

zogierTebisTvis qarTul enaze sagangebo zrun-

va saeWvodac ki SeiZleba gaxados.

yuradReba unda mieqces erT garemoebasac.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens qveyanaSi inglisu-

ris sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebis gamomyene-

belTa raodenoba ganuxrelad izrdeba, dRes

qarTvelebis absoluturi umetesoba am enas ar

flobs imdenad, rom inglisuri teqstis kiTxvi-

sas, anu inglisurenovani mwerlis nawarmoebis

 38

mxatvrul Rirsebebs eziaros. Sesabamisad, sazo-

gadoebis didi nawilisaTvis inglisurma rusu-

li mxolod elementarul, praqtikul-gamoyene-

biT doneze Caanacvla.

inglisuris aRzeveba qarTulis uflebebis

SezRudvis xarjze erisTvis damRupvelia. mar-

Talia, dRes inglisuri ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso

enaa, magram veravin ityvis, ra iqneba naxevari an

erTi saukunis Semdeg. gamoricxuli araa misi

adgili Cinurma an romelime sxva aziurma enam

daikavos. amitom movuaroT qarTul enas, romel-

mac aTaswleulebis manZilze mravali saerTaSo-

riso enis konkurencias gauZlo da dRemde qar-

Tvelobis burjs warmoadgens [30, 17].

  39

qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis

saTaveebTan

qarTuli ena cocxal enaTa Soris erT-erTi

uZvelesia msoflioSi, am sityvis pirdapiri da

ara metaforuli gagebiT: saerTo-qarTveluri

fuZe-ena Tanaarsebobda sivrcesa da droSi sa-

erTo-indoevropul da saerTo-semitur fuZe-

enebTan, razedac cocxlad metyvelebs enobrivi

kontaqtebis Sedegad urTierTnasesxobaTa pov-

niereba fuZe-enaTa qronologiur doneze; saer-

To-qarTveluri fuZe-enis istoriulad dadastu-

rebul enebad diferenciaciis, ufro zustad,

saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan qarTuli enis

gamoyofis TariRad, enobrivi monacemebis, maT

Soris enobrivi kontaqtebis kvalis mixedviT, Zv.

w. V-IV aTaswleulebis mijna unda iqnes miRebu-

li. am periodidan iwyeba sakuTriv qarTuli

enis damoukidebeli istoria. qarTuli enis gan-

sakuTrebul siZveleze metyvelebs enobrivi kon-

taqtebis mravalricxovani faqtebi [31, 9].

qarTuli ena Tavisi leqsikuri Semadgenlo-

biT da wyobiT, mis monaTesave sxva adgilobriv

kavkasiur enebTan erTad, gansxvavdeba yvela Ta-

namedrove evropuli da aziuri enebisagan. gamo-

nakliss warmoadgens mxolod baskuri ena bas-

koniaSi.

qarTuli ena xasiaTdeba Semdegi niSnebiT: 1.

konsonansebis siWarbe; 2. gramatikuli sqesis

uqonloba. qarTulma, iseve rogorc zogierTma

sxva kavkasiurma enam (afxazuri da yabardouli)

 40

klas-kategoriebad dayofa ar Semoinaxa; 3. sa-

xelTa brunvis formebi aRiniSneba damatebiTi

marcvliT; 4. zmnebi iyofa subiqturad da obieq-

turad; arsebobs pasiuri konstruqcia; 6. zmnis

saxe, ricxvi, dro, piri gamosaxuli prefiqsebi-

Ta da sufiqsebiT; 7. zogierTi zmniszeda ib-

runvis. qarTvelur enaTa jgufSi Sedis: sakuT-

riv qarTuli, megrul-lazuri (Wanuri) da svanu-

ri, romelTac aqvT rigi dialeqtebi. enaTa am

jgufs enaTesaveba wina aziis mravali Zveli ena

da xmelTaSua zRvis auzis enebi [32, 16-17].

varaudoben, rom qaTul fuZeenas (preqar-

Tuls anu winareqarTuls) pirvelad gamoeyo

svanuri, daaxloebiT aTasi wlis Semdeg ki gai-

yo megrul-Wanuri da qarTulic. es dadasturda

leqsikur-statistikuri anu glotoqronologiu-

ri meTodiTac.

qarTvelolog giorgi klimovis azriT, sva-

nuris gamoyofa saerTo qarTveluri fuZeenidan

dawyebula Zv.w. II aTaswleulis Semdeg, qarTu-

lisa da zanuris diferenciacia ki – Zv.w. III sa-

ukuneSi.

Tamaz gamyreliZe da givi maWavariani pir-

vel movlenas aTariReben Zv.w. X saukuniT, qar-

Tul-zanuris gayofas ki axali welTaRricxvis

mijniT.

varaudoben, rom 4-5 aTasi wlis winaT qar-

Tuli, megrul-Wanuri da svanuri qarTveluri

fuZeenis dialeqtebi yofilan, Semdeg ki Camoya-

libebulan enebad. Zveli qarTuli ufro axlo-

saa fuZeenasTan, vidre dRevandeli qarTveluri

  41

enebi. arqauli formebis rekonstruqciisaTvis

Zalze faseulia zanurisa da svanuris monaceme-

bi. samwuxarod, werilobiTi Zeglebis ararsebo-

ba am enebze SeuZlebels xdis maTi arqauli sa-

xis aRdgenas [8, 49].

qarTuli kultura da ena saqarTvelos yve-

la mkvidrisTvis saerToa. qarTveluri enebis

naTesaoba, erTiani warmomavloba damtkicebulia

regularuli kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyviso-

biT, rac TvalsaCinoa aramecnierisTvisac ki.

qarTveluri tomebis naTesaobis dasadgenad gan-

sakuTrebiT faseulia toponimika, gasaTvaliswi-

nebelia am enebis fonematuri, morfologiuri,

sintaqsuri sistemebi, leqsikuri masala [8, 50].

qarTuli enis fiqsirebuli istoriis peri-

odizaciaze aris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romlis

mTavari mizezi qarTuli saliteraturo enis up-

recedento konservatulobaa. Zveli qarTuli da

axali qarTuli ar warmoadgenen or sxvadasxva

enas, rogorc magaliTad Zveli berZnuli da

axali berZnuli, laTinuri da italiuri an Zve-

li somxuri (grabari) da axali (aSxarabari) da

sxv. q a r T u l i s a l i t e r a t u r o

e n a e r T i e n a a: saukuneTa manZilze Zve-

li qarTuli axali qarTuliT Seicvala: cvla

daetyo leqsikasa da gramatikas, magram es

cvlileba, metadre gramatikuli sistema mosa-

lodnelze mcirea: ara Tu vefxistyaosani, ara-

med ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” da ,,SuSani-

kis wameba” (XI saukunis teqsti) TiTqmis sru-

lad gasagebia axlandeli kulturuli mkiTxve-

 42

lisaTvis. magram periodizacia xom swored er-

Ti enis istorias sWirdeba. ori sxvadasxva enis,

magaliTad, laTinurisa da italiuris istori-

ebs, cxadia, erTi, saerTo periodizacia ver eq-

neba [31, 13].

qarTuli saliteraturo enis safuZveli

gaxda qarTuli zedialeqtikuri koine – dedaqa-

laqis metyveleba. sruliad saqarTvelos pirve-

li dedaqalaqi – mcxeTa – koine – dedaqalaqis

metyveleba. sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli de-

daqalaqi – mcxeTa – Tavisi mdgomareobis stra-

tegiuli mniSvnelobis gamo, jer kidev farnava-

zis mier calkeul qarTul politikur erTeul-

Ta erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebamde, kavkasiis

umniSvnelovanes ekonomikur da kulturul

centrs warmoadgenda, is akontrolebda samxreT

kavkasiaSi gamaval saqaravno gzaTa umravleso-

bas, maT Soris e.w. ,,abreSumis gzas”, romlis

funqcionirebac, rogorc savaWro-satranzito

magistralisa, arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanax-

mad, jer kidev brinjaos xanaSi unda dawyebu-

liyo; akontrolebda agreTve, zafxulisa da

zamTris saZovrebze cxvris gadasarek trasebs,

rasac kavkasiis ekonomikisTvis tradiciulad

hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. am mizezTa ga-

mo xalxmraval antikur da elinistur mcxeTaSi

qarTvelebTan erTad ramdenime angariSgasawevi

diaspora binadrobda: ebraelTa, sparsTa, ber-

ZenTa, somexTa da sxv. mcxeTaSi isini kompaqtu-

rad, ubnebad iyvnen dasaxlebulni. mcxeTeli

qarTvelebi, da es bunebrivia dedaqalaqisTvis,

  43

sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis konglomerats war-

moadgendnen, da mcxeTis metyvelebac, aqedan ga-

momdinare, erT romelime, maT Soris arc adgi-

lobriv dialeqts ar emTxveoda arc fonetiku-

ri Sedgenilobisa Tu procesebis, da arc leq-

sikis TvalsazrisiT. masSi warmodgenili iyo

mxolod is bgerebi, fonetikuri procesebi da

leqsika, rac saerTo iyo yvela imJamindeli qar-

Tuli dialeqtisTvis, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

dedaqalaqis metyvelebaSi calkeul dialeqtTa

specifika nivelirebuli iyo, anu mcxeTis met-

yveleba zedialeqtur Tu interdialeqtur koi-

nes warmoadgenda.

magram Tundac zedialeqtikuri, rogori

mdidari leqsikac ar unda hqondes mas, ver it-

virTavs saxelmwifo enis funqciebs, radgan mas-

Si ar moipoveba sakmarisi terminologiuri ba-

za, saxelmwifos funqcionirebis sakancelario-

administraciuli, diplomatiuri, samxedro, eko-

nomikuri, saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da sxva

sferoebisaTvis. marTalia qarTul enaSi moipo-

veba socialur struqturaTa Tu dasaxlebaTa

tipebis araerTi termini namemkvidrevi jer ki-

dev saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan, magram ter-

minTa es baza principuli xasiaTis Sefasebasa

da gadaxalisebas moiTxovda Tvisobrivad gan-

sxvavebuli epoqis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. qar-

Tuli enis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebas win

uZRoda misi terminologiuri uzrunvelyofis

intensiuri procesi, romelic misi funqcionire-

 44

bis yvela etapze Tansdevda mas da dRemde

grZeldeba [31, 9-10].

evropeli mecnierebi ukve XIX saukunis pir-

vel naxevarSi dainteresdnen kavkasiuri, kerZod,

qarTveluri, enebiT. cnobili enaTmecnieri

franc bopi (1791-1867ww.), 1847 wels gamoqveyne-

bul naSromSi ,,kavkasiis wevrebi indo-evropul

enaTa ojaxisa”, qarTvelur enebs (sakuTriv qar-

Tuls, megruls, lazurs da svanurs) uwodebs

,,iberiuls anu qarTuls”. avtori Sesaval na-

wilSi gadmogvcems rozenis, klaproTis, senmar-

tenis, broses Sexedulebebs qarTvelur enaTa

Sesaxeb da Semdeg asabuTebs sakuTar Tavlsaz-

riss.

franc bopis Sromis mizania cxadi gaxados,

rom enobrivi organizmis yvela nawilSi – sa-

xelTa fleqsiaSi, zedsarTavebSi, nacvalsaxe-

lebis fuZeebsa da brunebaSi, ricxviT saxeleb-

Si, agreTve zmnis uRvlilebaSi – pirTa, ric-

xvTa, droTa da kiloTa mixedviT – qarTuli

ena indoevropul enebTan naTesaobas avlens

(sanskritTan da sxv.).

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, bopis aRniSnul

naSromSi ar aris laparaki f o n e t i k u r

S e s a t y v i s o b a T a S e s a x e b; sa-

kiTxi ganxilulia mxolod m o r f o l o g i

i s a da l e q s i k i s CvenebaTa mixedviT.

miuvedavad imisa, rom bopis wignSi warmod-

genili enobrivi masala da Sedarebebi Tavis ar-

sebiT nawilSi damarwmunebeli ar aris, mainc

unda iTqvas, rom man gamoTqva rigi saintereso

  45

da udavod swori dakvirveba, rasac garkveuli

mniSvneloba aqvs qarTuli enis morfologiis

kvlevis dargSi. bopis naSromis kritikuli ana-

lizi mogvca akademikosma mari brosem, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom isic qarTuls indoevropuli ene-

bis monaTesaved Tvlida.

qarTuli enis genezisuri urTierToba sxva

ojaxis enebTan, ase dawvrilebiT, rogorc bopma

ganixila, arc adre ganuxilavs vinmes da arc –

Semdeg; am mxriv bopis cdas gansakuTrebuli ad-

gili uWiravs [1, 93]. rogorc davinaxeT, gar-

kveulwilad analogiuri debuleba warmoadgina

jer kidev 1834 wels didma frangma qarTvelo-

logma mari brosem. samagierod m. miuleri 1855

wels amtkicebda, rom kavkasiuri enebi Turanu-

li (e.i. Turqul-TaTruli) enebis Soreuli mo-

naTesaveni arian, xolo 1888 wlidan niko mari

cdilobda qarTveluri enebis semitur enebTan

monaTesaoba daesabuTebina. Semdgomma kvleva-Zie-

bam uciloblad gviCvena yvela am mtkicebis usa-

fuZvloba. ufro sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda

jer kidev 1864 wels gamoTqmuli debuleba (fr.

miuleri), rom kavkasiuri (,,iberul-kavkasiuri~)

enebi ar enaTesaveba arc indoevropulsa da arc

uralur-alTaur (Turqul-TaTrul) enaTa oja-

xebs, isini, baskurTan erTad, narCenia odesRac

mravalricxovan enaTa ojaxisa, romelic gav-

rcelebuli iyo kavkasiis miwa-wyalze da mis

samxreTiT jer kidev manam, sanam aq indoevropu-

li, semituri Tu uralur-alTauri enebi gav-

rceldebodnen. qarTveli mecnierebidan indoev-

 46

ropulTan an TuranulTan naTesaobis winaaR-

mdeg erT-erTma pirvelma gailaSqra profesorma

aleqsandre cagarelma, romelmac qarTuli ase-

ve, calke gansxvavebuli jgufis naSTad miiCnia

[33, 327-328].

dRes gaziarebuli mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad,

qarTvelurs akuTvneben iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa

ojaxs. TviT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli zogi

ena sxva enaTa ojaxs ekuTvnis. amitom geografi-

uli cnebaa kavkasiis enebi, xolo genealogiuri

– kavkasiuri (an iberiul-kavkasiuri) enebi sadac

40-mde ena Sedis. mag., kavkasiaSi indoevropulia

somxuri (armenuli jgufis), osuri (iranuli

jgufis), rusuli, ukrainuli (slavuri jgufis),

berZnuli; Turqul – alTauria – azerbaijanu-

li [8, 20].

iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi Sedis ena-

Ta oTxi jgufi:

1. qarTveluri (qarTuli, zanuri anu meg-

rul-Wanuri, igive megrul-lazuri da

svanuri.

2. afxazur-adiReuli anu afsuur-adiReuri

(afxazuri qvejgufi: afxazuri anu afsu-

uri da abazuri; adiReuli qvejgufi:

adiReuri anu Cerqezuli, yabardouli da

ubixuri)  3. naxuri anu veinaxuri (CeCnuri, inguSuri,

qisturi, bacburi anu wovaTuSuri 4. daRestnuri (30-mde ena); daRestnurSi gamoiyofa oTxi qvejgufi:

  47

a) xunZur-andiur-didouri; b) darguuli; g)

lakuri; d) lezgiuri.

daRestnuri enebia aseve: arCiuli, aRuluri,

axvaxuri, boTlixuri, bagulaluri, kapuWuri,

kartauli, kriwuli, kubaCuri, rutuluri, udi-

uri, tabasaranuli, waxuruli da sxv.

iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi yvelaze

Zveli da kulturuli enaa qarTuli, romelsac

werilobiTi Zeglebi moepoveba V saukunidan da

Teqvsmetsaukunovani literaturuli tradiciebi

aqvs.

kavkasiuri enebidan mxolod cxra enas aqvs

damwerloba, Seqmnili rusuli (slavur-kirilu-

ri) anbanis safuZvelze: afxazurs, abazurs, CeC-

nurs, inguSurs da xuT daRestnur enas – xun-

Zurs (avaruls), darguuls, lakurs, lezgiurs,

tabasaranuls. danarCeni umwerlobo enebia. ena-

Ta mravalricxovnobis gamo kavkasias ,,enaTa

mTas~ uwodeben [8, 47-48].

qarTuli anbani erT-erTi uZvelesi da

srulyofilia rogorc bgeraTa satyvisobis, ise

grafikuli moxazulobis TvalsazrisiT msof-

lios damwerlobis sistemaTa Soris. amas xazs

usvamdnen ucxoeli mecnierebi: ingliseli devid

marSal aleni, germaneli baron fon lixtenber-

gi, rusi petre uslari da sxv. anbanis daxvewi-

loba da srulyofileba ar gulisxmobs grafi-

kuli niSnebis garegnul silamazes. mTavari

isaa, rom qarTul anbanSi Tavidanve TiToeuli

aso Seesabameba calkeul sametyvelo bgeras –

fonemas da yvelgan erTnairad ikiTxeba.

 48

Tanamedrove qarTulSi 33 aso da 33-ve bge-

raa, e.i. anbanSi srulyofiladaa asaxuli qar-

Tuli warmoTqmis (artikulaciis) mTeli simdid-

re. am mxriv arc erTi sxva anbani araa msofli-

oSi ase srulyofili [8, 84].

erovnuli damwerlobis kvlevisas gverdi

ar unda avuaroT umniSvnelovanes arqeologiur

masalebs, mopovebuls rogorc aRmosavleT sa-

qarTveloSi, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebuli

eneoliTuri da brinjaos kulturebis maRali

mxatvruli done, Salva amiranaSvilis azriT,

,,uTuod amtkicebs im garemoebas, rom Cveni qvey-

nis mosaxleobas damwerloba unda hqonoda~.

igive avtori Tvlis, rom amiranis goraze napov-

ni Tixis WurWeli, romelic zustad Zv.w. III

aTaswleuliT TariRdeba, Seicavs yuris qveS

amokawvris wesiT Sesrulebul aT gansxvavebul

niSans, WurWelze simetriulad gars Semovle-

buls, romlebic piqtografiuli xasiaTisaa da

adreuli xanis namdvili damwerlobis nimuSs

warmoadgens.

saqarTveloSi uZveles periodSi piqtogra-

fiuli damwerlobis arsebobas adasturebs ar-

qeologi boris kuftinic. igi ambobs, rom Tria-

leTis sifel oznSi napovni fiala Seicavs sim-

bolur niSnebs, romlebic warmoadgens piqtog-

rafiul damwerlobas da emsgavsebao proto-

elamur niSnebs. v. gobejiSvilis azriTac, es

niSnebi uZvelesi qarTveluri tomebis tabale-

  49

bis (RESP. tibarenebis, iberebis) mier Seqmnili

xatovani damwerloba ariso [34, 34].

Zveli civilizaciis moTaveni – berZeni av-

torebi, romlebic erovnuli inteleqtis Zalmo-

silebiT galaRebulni, yvela araberZens barba-

ross uwodebdnen – maT gansakuTrebiT gamoarCi-

es kolxeTi da kolxebi. Cans, misi realuri sa-

fuZveli ucilod arsebobda. Tanac Zneli war-

mosadgeni iqneboda, rom berZen avtorTa mxriv

warmoCenili kolxuri kulturis umaRlesi do-

ne ar ganesazRvra sakuTriv samwerlo kultu-

ras. etyoba, faqtiurad es asec yofila. amas

kolxuri oqros sawmisis uZvelesi da adre Sua

saukuneebis berZnuli interpretaciebi amxels.

evstaTi Tesalonikelma (XII s.), romelmac

dionisios periegetis erT-erTi Txzuleba gan-

marta, xazgasmiT aRniSna: i x a r q s i [perga-

moneli] a m b o b s, rom oqros sawmisi iyo et-

ratebze aRnusxuli x e r x i o q r o d a m w

e r l o b i s a, romlis gamoco, amboben, ro-

gorc Rirssarwmunoa, ,,argos~ laSqroba moewyo~

[34, 27].

sxva berZen avtorebs, paralelurad, moepo-

vebaT iseTi cnobebi, romlebic ganamtkiceben

azrs kolxuri damwerlobis arsebobis Sesaxeb

TviT winaberZnul, kreta-mikenis zeobis xanaSi.

ase, magaliTad, apolonios rodoselis ,,argo-

navtikis” IV wignSi argosi, Ze friqsesa da aie-

tis asulis qalkiopesi, eladaSi mimaval argo-

navtebs mouTxrobs gadmocemas aia-kolxeTis da-

arsebis Sesaxeb da mis awindel viTarebasac uT-

 50

valiswinebs, kerZod imas, rom kolxebs dResac

ki ,,Senaxuli aqvT TavianT mamapapaTagan n a w

e r i k v i r b e b i, romlebzec irgvliv mog-

zaurTaTvis naCvenebia zRvisa da xmeleTis yve-

la gza da sazRvari. cnobili mecnieri k.rite-

ri SeniSnavs, rom `kartografiuli xelovnebis

gamogonebis pativ-dideba sruliad ar ekuTvnis

mcire aziis berZnebs. igi, bevrad ufro adre,

xmarebaSi yofila kolxidelTa mogzaur vaWar-

Ta Soris~ [34, 29].

mkvlevarma vl. siWinavam `kirbebi~ (kvirbe-

bi), igive `kiribiSi~, daukavSira megrulSi Se-

morCenil leqsemas `kiribi~, rac `cxvars~ niS-

navs. am mosazrebas amagrebs Zv. w. IV-III ss. ber-

Zeni avtoris palefates Txzulebidan momdinare

cnoba, romelsac gadmogvcems anonimuri avtori

miTografiuli traqtatis erT-erT TavSi: `oq-

ros sawmisisaTvis~. aq naTqvamia, rom kolxeTSi

daculi iyo ara oqros sawmisi, aramed tyavze

naweri wigni, romelSiac aRwerili iyo qimiis

saSualebiT oqros miRebis SesaZleblobani.

kolxeTis oqros sawmisis analogiuri ganmarte-

baa Semonaxuli ioane antioqelTanac (VIIs.) da s

v i d a s (Is.) leqsikonSiac. am cnobebSi gansa-

kuTrebiT sayuradRebo isaa, rom berZenTa war-

modgeniT qarTul (kolxur) damwerlobas ase

Zveli fesvebi aqvs [33, 767-768].

Teimuraz bagrationi qarTuli anbanis war-

moSobas farnavazis winare xanaSi varaudobs,

romelsac qurumebi iyenebdnen. am versias zogi-

erTi somxuri wyaroc uWers mxars. magaliTad,

  51

XIII saukunis somexi mematiane mxiTar airivaneci

naSromSi `qronografiuli istoria~, romelic

sxvadasxva mematianeTa monacemebzea agebuli

(samuel aneci, vardan aRmosavleli, kirakos

ganZakeci da sxv).

qarTuli anbanis warmoSoba warmarTul

epoqaSi gadaaqvs sulxan-saba orbeliansac. amave

azrs icavs batoniSvili vaxuSti [1, 178-179].

da mainc, qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneobis

fuZemdeblad iTvleba iv. javaxiSvili (`qarTu-

li paleografia~), romelic qarTulis warmoSo-

bis TariRad asaxelebda ara ugvianes VII sauku-

nes. qarTul anbans Z.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT aTa-

riRebda p. ingoroyvac.

r. patariZis azriT qarTuli asomTavruli

igive unikaluri warmarTuli kalendaria, ro-

melSic daculia mzisa da mTvaris kalendaru-

li sistemebi, TiToeuli aso-niSani ideograma-

caa, aqvs ricxviTi mniSvneloba, astronomiuli

da kalendaruli daniSnuleba.

`qarTul asomTavrulSi~ (1980w.) r. patariZe

qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad asaxelebs:

ara uadres Zv. w. 403 wlisa da ara ugvianes Zv.

w. 284 wlisa (qarTuli asomTavrulis saxelmwi-

fo damwerlobad gamocxadebis weli).

Semdeg naSromSi (`qarTuli mwignobroba~,

1989w.) r. patariZem daazusta es TariRebi da aR-

niSna: qarTuli asomTavruli Seiqmna Zv. w. 415

wels, 412 wels man daiwyo mzis kalendaruli

epoqa, Zv. w. 284 wels farnavaz mefem SemoiRo

 52

sruliad saxelmwifo qarTuli mwignobroba da

erovnuli welTaRricxvao.

qarTuli anbani unda Seeqmna aRmosavluri

da dasavluri kulturebis zedmiwevniT mcodne

pirovnebas, qarTvel qurums (egeb qarTvel piTa-

gorels), romelmac mTeli am codnis sinTezi

moaxdina.

anbansac da kalendarsac qurumTa wre ina-

xavda, rogorc saidumlo codnas, sanam farna-

vazma ar gamoacxada is saerTo qarTul saxel-

mwifo damwerlobad.

qarTuli enisa da mwignobrobis aRorZine-

bis dawyebad samecniero literaturaSi miCneu-

lia ax. w. 311 weli, rasac gvauwyebs davaTis

stelac (367w.) [8, 91].

asomTavrulis uZvelesi nimuSebi aRmoCeni-

lia nekresis warwerebSi (I-IIIss.), manmade ki uZ-

velesad iTvleboda palestinisa da bolnisis

warwerebi [8, 95].

somexi istorikosis koriunis (Vs.) naSromSi

da somxur `epistoleTa wignSi~ aRniSnulia,

TiTqos qarTuli anbani Seqmna somexma ganmanaT-

lebelma mesrop-maStocma V saukunis 20-ian

wlebSi somxur da albanur enebTan erTad. mes-

rop-maStoci (361-440) moRvaweobda maSin, roca

qarTlSi mefobda bakur mefe. koriunis cnobas

imeorebs mose xoreneli (Vs.), magram imave sau-

kunis somexi istorikosi lazare farpeli maS-

tocs miawers mxolod somxuri anbanis Seqmnas.

mecnierebaSi didi xania dokumenturad damtki-

cebulia mesropis mier qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis

  53

usafuZvloba. miuxedavad amisa bevr ucxour da

sacnobaro literaturaSi swored somxuri ver-

siaa dafiqsirebuli.

aRiarebulia, rom qarTuli mxedruli dam-

werloba unikaluria msoflio ambanur damwer-

lobaTa sistemebSi. amisi mtkicebisaTvis arse-

bobs obieqturi, gramatologiuri kriteriumi:

mxedruli warmoadgens fonologiuri damwerlo-

bis idealuri formulis `e r T i f o n e m a:

e r T i g r a f e m a~ realizaciis erTaderT

povnier nimuSs kacobriobis damwerlobaTa Soris

[31, 19]. es maSin, roca sakuTari anbani ar gaaCniaT

iseT ukvdav enebs, rogoricaa inglisuri, frangu-

li, germanuli, espanuri da sxv. 

qarTuli enis statusi

qarTuli ena qarTveli eris, yovelTa qar-

TvelTa erovnuli ena –saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fo enaa. saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli pirveli

mefis farnavazis Sesaxeb mematiane aRniSnavs,

rom `da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qar-

Tlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani~ [35, 17]. am

faqts avtori ramdenjerme aRniSnavs. SeiZleba

gavikvirvoT: kacma rom Tqvas, ramdenjer unda

ganmeordes erTi da igiveo. ara, es gameoreba

araa, esaa erTi saTqmelis gabmulad, gaxan-

grZlivebulad Tqma, axal-axali feradovnebiTa

da surnelebiT aJRereba, raTa Rrmad da samuda-

mod CaebeWdos mkiTxvels da aki TiTqmis ocda-

 54

oTxi saukunea, rac SegvenivTa `almasiviT gam-

kveTavi da gamomafxizlebeli fraza~ – mauwye-

beli qarTveli mefis zeobisa. axla isic gavix-

senoT, Tu rogor amTavrebs avtori Txrobas: `a

m a n (farnavazma–a.s.) g a n a v r c o e n a q

a r T u l i, d a a r R a r a i z r a x e b o

d a s x u a e n a q a r T l s a S i n a T

v i n i e r q a r T u l i s a, d a a m a n S

e q m n a m w i g n o b r o b a q a r T u l

i~ [35, 17]. Txrobis aseTi dasasruli warmoad-

gens erTgvar Sejamebas, kvintesencias farnava-

zis saqmianobisas; amasTanave, esaa apoTeozi mi-

si moRvaweobisa. am frazaSi Caqsovilia ara mar-

to informaciuli, SemecnebiTi funqcia, aramed,

upirveles yovlisa, TvalSi sacemia mTqmelisa

Tu mwerlis emociuri damokidebuleba faqti-

sadmi. aSkaraa, rom amas ambobs adamiani, rome-

lic piradad itanjeba da mwvaved ganicdis, rom

mis qveyanaSi mSobliur enas dakarguli aqvs mo-

qalaqeobrivi ufleba, saxelmwifoebrivi fun-

qcia da ai, moxda saswaulebrivi gardatexa.

mSobliuri enis devniT ganawamebi da Seurac-

xyofili adamiani moeswro im saocnebo dRes,

rodesac farnavazis sibrZniTa da qvelobiT mi-

si qveyana imdenad gaZlierda, rom qarTuli ena

saxelmwifo enad dakanonda. mSobliurma enam

Tavisi Rirseba da pativi, aRiareba da uflebebi

moipova da am didi erovnuli da moqalaqeobri-

vi aRiarebiT aRzevebuli mamuliSvili aRtace-

biTa da TavSeukavebeli bednierebiT saqveynod

RaRadebs – ,,arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qar-

  55

Tlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa~. esaa faqtiT ga-

mowveuli uSualo reaqcia im mamuliSvilisa,

romelic swored im cxovrebiT cxovrobs, im at-

mosferoTia gaJRenTili, rodesac mis qveyanaSi

xdeba es didi istoriuli Zvrebi. Zvrebi, romel-

Tac saZirkveli daudes erisa da enis simtkice-

sa da ganviTarebas.

farnavazisa da misi epoqis Sesaxeb Cvenamde

rom araviTar cnobas ar moeRwia da es bolo

sami striqoni SemorCenoda istorias, esec sru-

liad sakmarisi iqneboda farnavazis Rvawlisa

da epoqis grandiozuli SemoqmedebiTi masStabe-

bis gasaTvaliswineblad. saqme isaa, rom mwig-

nobrobis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas eri mxolod

maSin aRwevs, rodesac uamravi socialuri da

saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri problemebi warma-

tebiT aqvs daZleuli, rodesac cxovrebis sxva-

dasxva sferoSi did aRmavlobas ganicdis da

yovelive amis Tanmimdevruli da logikuri dag-

virgvinebaa sulieri saganZuris, mwignobrobis

dafuZneba da ganviTareba. mwignobrobis damam-

kvidrebelni ar etevian mxolod saxelmwifo

moRvaweTa ,,rubrikaSi~, aseTi adamianebis Sesa-

xeb konstantine gamsaxurdia wers, rom isini an

beladebi arian, an winaswarmetyvelnio. WeSmari-

tad rom asea! da swored am rangSi gaiazra

STamomavlobam farnavazi [36, 12-13].

diax, farnavazma brZoliTa da sibrZniT

SeZlo calkeuli kuTxeebis Semomkvidreba da

erTiani, mTliani saqarTvelos saxelmwifos

Seqmna. am didi mTlianobis xerxemlad man mSob-

 56

liuri qarTuli ena aqcia; saqarTvelos mTel

teritoriaze saxelmwifo enad qarTuli daaka-

nona, udidesi erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvnelobis faqti da Wkviani mmarTvelis Sors

gamiznuli nabijia. amiT man safuZveli Cauyara

qarTveli tomebis gaerTianebisa da SemWidrove-

bis saqmes. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji

swored es unda yofiliyo. es aris farnavazis

mTeli moRvaweobis amosavali wertili, misi me-

fobis mTavari arsi [37, 177].

amdenad, farnavazis mier saxelmwifo enad

gamocxadebuli qarTuli – gaxda saxelmwifo ena

ara mxolod am sityvis viwro mniSvnelobiT, anu

samefo kancelariis ena, aramed is aRiWurva po-

livalenturi funqciiT da gaxda ganaTlebis,

mecnierebis, literaturis, kulturisa da reli-

giis erTaderTi ena qarTul saxelmwifoSi [31, 6].

Zv.w. II-I saukuneebSi garesamyarosTan gacxo-

velebuli urTierTobis da ucxoelTa eqspansi-

is Sedegad, saSiSroeba Seeqmna saxelmwifo enas.

antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi zewolis Sedegad

farTo gamoyeneba pova damwerlobis ucxourma –

berZnulma da arameulma sistemebma. rogorc

cnobilia, am damwerlobiTa da am enebze Cvenam-

de moaRwia antikuri saqarTvelos araerTma sa-

yuradRebo Zeglma.

aRmoCenil warweraTa Soris gvxvdeba ber-

Znuli, arameuli da, agreTve, zogjer ebraulic.

gamoirCeva samSeneblo warwerebi, epitafiebi,

warwerebi xelisuflebis niSnebze (insigniebze),

samkaulze da vercxlis WurWelze [33, 768].

  57

oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi, pirvelidan me-

oTxis CaTvliT, miuxedavad xanmokle warmatebe-

bisa, qveyanaSi Rrma politikuri krizisia, ramac

pirvel rigSi qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwi-

fo enis statusze imoqmeda. marTalia qarTvel

mefes romSic epatiJebian da biustsac udgamen,

magram gaurkvevelia ra konfesiis farglebSi

swiravs msxverpls kapitoliumSi. am xnis ganmav-

lobaSi orjer, pirvelsa da meoTxe saukuneSi,

samefo Suaze iCexeba, dgindeba orxelisuflebi-

anoba. armazis kerZ samefoze sparseTi bato-

nobs, muxranis kerZs–romi ganagebs. aRrevaa re-

ligiuri TvalsazrisiTac. mcxeTaSi wamyvani

mazdeanoba Cans, es kargad aris asaxuli arma-

zisxevis samarovnis masalebiT da im socialu-

ri siWreliT, romelic aq aris warmodgenili

samefo elitaSi. vin arian eseni – pitiaxSi,

ezosmoZRvari, an saxeldebiT – serafita, zeva-

xi, iodmangani, xsefarnugi, agripa. niSneulia,

rom Tu ara berZnul teqstSi naxsenebi `iberiis

mefe~, arameuli teqstiT verc SevityobdiT, rom

saqme iberiis samefo kars exeba da mis karze

damkvidrebul ucxo institutebis patronebs.

arameuli da berZnuli teqstebi uciloblad mi-

uTiTebs saxelmwifo aparatis da kancelariis

samuSao enaze. q a r T u l i a r a T u d a

m w e r l o b a, a r a m e d m e t y v e l e

b a c g a m o d e v n i l i a. qarTuls iyenebs

albaT dabali fenebi, masa. Cans, rom mcxeTa

kvlav mravalenovani qalaqia, SeiZleba nomina-

lurad, magram mainc, qarTveli mefis xelSi im-

 58

yofeba. tomTa aRrevas swored mcxeTis qveyanaSi

aqvs adgili. aq aris dadasturebuli TiTqmis

yvela, arameuli, falauri, berZnuli damwerlo-

bis nimuSi, romelTa TariRic, ZiriTadad,

ax.w.aR. I-III saukuneebze modis (mcxeTa, urbnisi,

ufliscixe, dedoflis gora. . .). rogori SeiZ-

leboda yofiliyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis

damokidebuleba ucxo kulturuli eqspansiisad-

mi, im mosaxleobisa, romelsac warmarTobidan

gaaCnda sakuTari erovnuli damwerloba da sa-

kuTari erovnuli kultura. warmovidginoT pi-

tiaxSTa gansasvenebeli II-III saukuneebSi. samTav-

ros samarovani damSvenebuli iyo ebrauli da

berZnuli epitafiebiT, armazisxevSi ki aRmarTu-

li iyo arameul-berZnuli bilingva, mis axlos

ki e.w. Saragasis ,,gamarjvebis stela~, romlebic

elitarul gansasvenebel adgils gamorCeul sa-

xes aZlevda. es iyo silueti qarTlis samefos

socialurad da politikurad dakninebuli ga-

remosi. magram rogori ganviTareba miiRo yove-

live aman, ra suraTi gvaqvs ori saukunis Sem-

deg: ebrauli warwerebi ayrilia saflavebidan

da samarxis kedlebad aris gamoyenebuli. ber-

Znuli warwera, sadac qalaqis mTavari mxatvris

Tu arqiteqtoris saxeli aqolisi iyo aRniSnu-

li, isic saflavis qvad gamouyenebiaT. meore

berZnulwarweriani qvac, sadac igive aqolisi

iyo moxseniebuli, eklesiis SesasvlelSi dades

warweris nawiliT qveviT. rac Seexeba arameul

warwerebs – bilingvas da e.w. Saragasis stelas,

isini mouglejiaT adgilidan da imave samaro-

  59

vanze qvis samarxis kedlebad gamouyenebiaT. es

iyo mcxeTelebis protesti qarTlis damouki-

deblobisTvis brZolis gzaze. es gza ki I-II sau-

kuneebidan unda dawyebuliyo, rodesac qarTlis

sazogadoebas axli socialuri fena moevlina

feodal aznaurebis saxiT, romlis istoriuli

misiac, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, erovnuli TviT-

myofadobis aRdgena iyo. swored es iyo ganmsaz-

Rvreli, rodesac isini samefo karTan erTad, ar

eridebian sisastikes, sparsuli ideologiis –

mazdeanobis gansadevnad, da axali ideologiis,

qristianobis dasamkvidreblad [38, 102-103].

arabTa batonobis dros axali ZaliT iwyeba

brZola qarTuli enisa da qristianuli sarwmu-

noebis statusis aRsadgenad. VIII-IX saukuneebSi,

axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Camoyalibe-

bis periodSi, rodesac paralelurad mimdinare-

obs moZraoba feodaluri saqarTvelos politi-

kuri gaerTianebisaTvis bizantiis mxridan didi

winaaRmdegoba aRimarTeba. gaerTianebuli saqar-

Tvelo bunebrivia sruli damoukideblobisaT-

vis yvela Rones mimarTavda. aseve bizantiac yve-

la Rones xmarobs sxvadasxva saSualebebiT Sei-

narCunos Tavisi gavlena kavkasiaSi. aq ukve yu-

radReba gamaxvilebulia, rogorc religiur

faqtorze, aseve qarTuli enis statusTan dakav-

SirebiT.

,,ukve IX saukuneSi, rogorc qarTlSi, ise

tao-klarjeTSi, kaxeTSi, hereTsa da afxazeTis

samefoSi qarTuli ena iyo mwerlobis, saxelmwi-

fo marTva-gamgeobis, samoqalaqo urTierTobisa

 60

da eklesiis erTaderTi ena. qristianobis saSua-

lebiT qarTuli ena gadavida Crdilo kavkasia-

Sic. upirveles yovlisa – Cerqezebsa da alaneb-

Si~ [39, 133].

rogorc cnobilia, dasavleT saqarTveloSi

Tavidanve berZnuli eklesia gabatonda. saekle-

sio mRvdelmsaxurebac berZnul enaze mimdinare-

ibda. magram dasavleT saqarTveloSi berZnul

eklesiasa da berZnul enas imTaviTve upirispir-

deboda qarTuli eklesia mcxeTis sakaTaliko-

sos saxiT [40, 511].

mniSvnelovnad angariSgasawevi faqtoria,

rom saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas win

uswrebda saeklesio gaerTianeba. im dros, tao-

klarjeTi, kaxeTi, hereTi jer kidev damoukide-

bel politikur erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, ek-

lesiurad imTaviTve yuvela eseni mcxeTis

taxts eqvemdebarebodnen, xolo dasavleT saqar-

Tvelos eklesia, Tu ufro adre ara, X saukunis

Sua wlebSi, ukve gaerTianebulia sruliad sa-

qarTvelos eklesiasTan [40, 512].

amitom iyo, rom egris-afxazeTis mefeebma

eklesiuri gamoyofis mopovebisTanave daiwyes

Zveli (bizantiuri) saepiskoposo kaTedrebis

moSla dasavleT saqarTveloSi da maT sapiris-

pirod axali qarTuli kaTedrebis daarseba. X

saukunis manZilze moiSala gudayvis (ZiRanevis)

kaTedra, foTis kaTedra, xolo aSenda Wyondi-

dis, moqvis, bediisa da sxva saydrebi, sadac Se-

iqmna axali, qarTuli saepiskoposo kaTedrebi.

ase TandaTan idevneboda bizantiis eklesiis

  61

gavlena. bizantiis eklesia RvTismsaxurebas da-

savleT saqarTveloSi berZnul enaze awarmoeb-

da. mcxeTis taxts ki qarTuli ena Semohqonda.

aRniSnuli garemoeba didad uwyobda xels mcxe-

Tis taxtisa da egris-afxazeTis mefeebis er-

Tobliv saqmianobas, radgan dasavleT saqarTve-

los mosaxleobis didi umravlesobisaTvis qar-

Tuli erovnulo ena iyo da amdenad bevrad uf-

ro misaRebi, vidre berZnuli [40, 425-426].

aseT viTarebaSi SemuSavda ,,qarTlis~ poli-

tikuri mniSvnelobis is farTo gageba, romelic

gvamcnobs, rom ,,qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRi-

racxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami

Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis...~ [41,

279-280]. niSandoblivia, rom giorgi merCules es

formula IX saukunis Sua wlebis movlenebs

asaxavs. saqme imaSia, rom IV msoflio saeklesio

krebis kanonis Tanaxmad adgilobrivi eklesiis

sazRvrebi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs unda damTxve-

oda, qarTulenovani liturgiis funqcionirebis

arealis, anu saqarTvelos eklesiis iurisdiqci-

is sazRvrebic erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos sazRvrebad aRiqmeboda.

swored am faqtorebma gamoiwvies bizantiis

saimperatoro karis gaRizianeba. diplomatiuri

lavirebis moSveliebiT berZenTa Soris xSirad

ismeboda kiTxva – SeZlebda Tu ara qarTuli

ena mecnierebisa da azrovnebis enad gadaqceu-

liyo? hqonda Tu ara mas TavisTavadi mniSvne-

loba? aqvT Tu ara qarTvelebs ufleba da sa-

Sualeba RvTis msaxureba dedaenaze Seasrulon?

 62

da maT mohyavdaT bizantiaSi ganmtkicebuli Se-

xeduleba, rom mwerloba SesaZlebelia Turme

im sam enaze, romlebzedac aRniSnuli iyo

braldeba jvarcmuli qristesi, ese igi – ber-

Znul, laTinur da ebraul enebze. amitom isini

aRniSnuli argumentis moSveliebiT eWvis Tva-

liT uyurebdnen sxva enaze arsebul qristia-

nul literaturas. erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad

sinas mTis gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawis, ioa-

ne-zosimes piriT X saukuneSi qarTvelebma aseTi

Sexedulebis winaaRmdeg wamoayenes Teoria, rom-

lis mixedviT, qarTuli ena savsebiT gaTanaswo-

rebulia berZnulTan iqamdis, rom isini ,,orni~

dani arian, viTarca mariam da marTa, da mego-

barni, viTarca nino da helene ,,dedofali~. uf-

ro metic, avtori ayenebs qarTuli enis mesianu-

ri daniSnulebis ideas. qarTuli enis saqebrad

gasaocari eqspresiiT daweril himnSi avtori

aviTarebs im azrs, rom qarTul enas aqvs ufle-

ba da SesaZlebloba ara mxolod originaluri,

adgilobrivi kulturis Seqmnisa, aramed SeuZ-

lia msoflio enad gadaiqces, msoflio kultu-

ris mesaWeoba qarTulma enam ikisros: ,,damar-

xul ars enai qarTuli dRemde meored mosvlisa

mesiisa sawameblad, raTa yovelsa enasa Rmer-

Tman amxilos amiT eniTa... rameTu yoveli sai-

dumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul ars... da es

enai, Semkuli da kurTxeuli saxeliTa uflisai-

Ta, mdabali da dawunebuli – moelis dResa mas

meored mosvlasa uflisasa...~ [42, 47, 48]. …

  63

aRniSnuli Zegli, romelic ,,qebai da dide-

bai qarTulisa enisai” anu mokled ,,qebais~ sa-

xelwodebiT aris specialur literaturaSi

cnobili, mcire moculobis natifi stiliT Ses-

rulebuli nawarmoebia. Zeglis dedaarss qarTu-

li enis gansakuTrebulobis mtkiceba warmoad-

gens, rac Txzulebis mixedviT gamovlindeba mo-

mavalSi, meored mosvlis Jams: maSin qarTuli

mesiis ena iqneba.

ufalTan qarTuli enis sxvebze meti siax-

love rom TvalsaCino gaxados, avtori eZiebs

analogias da ,,saxarebaSi~ mis Sesatyvisad qris-

tes usayvarles mowafesa da megobars lazares

saxavs.

,,qebaiSi~ xazgasmulia, rom qarTuli enis

arseba cxadyofili ar aris, amis gamo is arc

saTanadod dafasebulia, magram qarTuli rom

namdvilad uflis mier rCeuli enaa, amis dama-

dasturebeli faqtebi awmyoSive gveZlevian sas-

waulebis saxiT.

Txzuleba eldasaviTaa. mkiTxvels saxtad

tovebs Zveli qarTveli mwerlis Camoyalibebu-

li erovnuli TviTSegneba, eTnikuri kuTvnile-

biT gamowveuli daufaravi siamaye mis xmaSi. ase

mkafiod, ase Zlierad, aseTi RirsebiT qarTul

literaturaSi mSobliuri enis siyvarulis Se-

saxeb arasodes Tqmula. amitom sruliad buneb-

rivia: qarTveli eris istoriisaTvis ,,qebais~ av-

tori ar aris martooden konkretuli mwignoba-

ri, igi aRiqmeba rogorc zogadi ,,cxovelyofi-

li saxe qarTvelobisa~ [43, 40].

 64

ZeglTan da misi avtoris vinaobasTan dakav-

SirebiT gamoTqmulia ramdenime mosazreba. erTi

ekuTvnis korneli kekeliZes, romelic Tvlida,

rom ,,qebais” avtori X saukunis sabawmindelsi-

neli mwignobari ioane-zosimea.

pavle ingoroyva ki Txzulebis savaraudo

avtorad giorgi merCules asaxelebda. misi az-

riT: `es Zegli gamosulia giorgi merCulis sa-

literaturo skolidan. araa gamoricxuli isic,

rom avtori iyos TviT giorgi merCule~.

pavle ingoroyva `qebais~ wyobilsityvaobis

nimuSad miiCnevda, iseve rogorc identifikacii-

saTvis moxmobil giorgi merCulis `grigol xan-

ZTelis cxovrebidan~ amoRebuli teqstis naw-

yvets. magram `qebai~ ar aris leqsi. marTalia,

masSi SeiniSneba garkveuli ritmi, mTlianobaSi

Zegli ar warmoadgens ritmulad organizebul

sistemas. metic, `qebai~ araTu leqsi ar aris

formiT, igi SinaarsoblivaTac ar aris poezia.

Tavisi struqturiT es teqsti mecnieruli msje-

lobis analogiuria. masSi gamoiyofa logiku-

rad erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli ram-

denime mikroteqsti: pirveli mikroteqsti warmo-

adgens debulebas (qarTuli enis gansakuTrebu-

lobis maCvenebelia misi damarxuloba); meore

mikroteqsti aris debulebis sazrisis ganmarte-

ba (qarTuli ena lazarea, nino ganmanaTlebeli

da elene dedofali igiveni arian misTvis, rac

lazaresTvis debi mariam da marTa, romlebic

Zmis aRdgnisaTvis qristes winaSe Suamdgomlo-

ben); mesame mikroteqstiT xdeba debulebis argu-

  65

mentireba (qarTuli ena rom 4 dRes damarxuli

lazarea, amas aCvenebs qarTuli saxareba, ker-

Zod ki, misi pirveli aso `w~, romlis ricxviTi

mniSvnelobacaa 4000; es ki igivea, rac 4, radgan

wminda weriliT 1000 weli udris 1 dRes, e.i. 4

udris 4000); momdevno mikroteqsti warmoadgens

daskvnas (qarTuli ena qristes dabrunebiT, e.i.

meored mosvliT, viTarca uflis rCeuli, laza-

resaviT aRdgeba); meoTxe mikroteqsti ki damate-

biTi argumentia (qarTuli enis rCeulobas, la-

zareobas misi sxvebze adre moqceva, qarTuli

qristianobis sxvebTan SedarebiT xandazmuloba

adasturebs) [43, 42].

Zeglis daTariRebas da realuri avtoris

Ziebas saintereso da angariSgasawevi naSromebi

miuZRvnes mecnierebma e. WeliZem da m. CxartiS-

vilma. axali varaudiT Zegli unda Seqmniliyo

IV saukunis Sua xanebSi, xolo misi avtori un-

da iyos rev mirianis Ze.

aRniSnuli varaudis sasargeblod mariam

CxartiSvils mohyavs Semdegi argumentebi: IV sa-

ukunis damdegisaTvis qarTls Seeqmna metad

rTuli sagareo-politikuri pirobebi. sasanuri

iranis agresiis gardauvalobam igi daRupvis

safrTxis winaSe daayena. aseT dros mefe miria-

ni atarebda erovnuli meobis SenarCunebisaTvis

gamiznul politikas. mis mier qarTuli saxel-

mwifos damaarseblis, qarTuli enisTvis saxel-

mwifoebrivi statusis mimniWeblis farnavazis

saflavis `Semkoba~, ris Sesaxebac sagangebod

gvamcnobs leonti mroveli, swored am kursis

 66

maCvenebelia. qristianobis miRebac erovnuli ga-

darCenis swrafviT gamowveuli aucilebloba

iyo. magram axali sarwmunoebis aRiarebas qar-

Tveli moazrovneni qarTvelobis SenarCunebis

fiqrisagan ar SeiZleboda gaeTavisuflebina. pa-

radoqsia, magram faqtia, rom pirvel etapze

qristianoba, rogorc kosmopolitiuri sarwmu-

noeba, romelsac qarTvelTa TvalsawierSi Se-

mohyavda sxva erebic, zogadsakacobrio kultu-

ruli faseulobani, erovnul meobas uqmnida

aranakleb safrTxes, vidre iranis samxedro ag-

resia. amas unda gaemZafrebina zrunva yovelive

qarTulisaTvis. am procesisgan ganze ar SeiZ-

leba darCeniliyo mefis Ze [43, 47-48].

bizantielTa siamayis grZnobas imis gamo,

rom maTi sataxto qalaqi RvTismSoblis sagange-

bo mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba, qarTulma erov-

nulma TviTSegnebam upasuxa swored am dros IX

saukuneSi Casaxuli azriT, rom qarTlis qveyana

`wilxvdomilia~ imave RvTismSoblisa. es azri, X

saukuneSi mTlian sistemad Camoyalibda da Tavi

iCina ilarion qarTvelis `cxovrebaSi~. ZeglSi

aRniSnulia: rodesac ilarioni mivida ulumbos

mTaze, adgilobrivi berZnuli lavris mamasax-

lisma moindoma misi da misi mowafeebis iqidan

gaZeveba. amisaTvis daimsaxura kidec RvTismSob-

lis mxileba: `ubadruko! – raisa inebe ganZebai

ucxoTa maT, romelni mosrul arian siyuaruli-

saTvis Zisa da RmrTisa Cemisa? anu ara uwyia, vi-

Tarmed mravalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas

m a T i s a e n i s m e t y v e l n i? da ro-

  67

melni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian, ra-

meTu Cemda miniWebul ars Zisa mier Cemisa naTe-

savi igi Seuryevlad marTlmadideblobisaTvis

maTisa, vinaidan hrwmena saxeli Zisa Cemisai da

naTel iRes~ [44, 517].

qarTuli enis dacvas bizantiis berZnule-

novani gavlenisagan exeba giorgi mTawmindeli

,,iovanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~, sadac mog-

viTxrobs patara eqvTimes mZime avadmyofobis am-

bavs ucxoeTSi. mamas misi gadarCenis imedic ki

gadaewura da yovel wams eloda Svilis sik-

vdils. sasowarkveTili mSobeli RvTismSoblis

wminda taZarSi wavida da wminda mariamis xats

evedreboda Semweobas. senakSi dabrunebulma io-

vanem igrZno sakvirveli surneli da dainaxa eq-

vTime, romelic RvTismSoblis madliT wamoweu-

liyo da sawolze sruliad gamojanmrTelebu-

li ijda. gaxarebul mamas eqvTimem uambo wminda

mariamis gamocxadebis ambavi: ,,awRa warmomidga

vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqva q a r T u

l i T a e n i T a: – rai ars, rai gelmis, ef-

Tvime? – xolo me varqv, viTarmed: – movkvdebi

dedofalo! – ararai ars vnebai Sen Tana, aRdeg,

nu geSinin, da q a r T u l a d x s n i l a d

u b n o b d i~ [45, 390].

marTlac eqvTime ganikurna. manmade Tu qar-

Tulad Zlivs laparakobda, axla wyarosaviT

gadmosCqefda misi piridan uwmindesi qarTuli:

,,viTarca wyaro aRmodian uwmides yovelTa qar-

TvelTasa~. igi qarTvelebs moevlina axal oq-

 68

ropirad da wignTagan didad naklovani qveyana

gaamdidra sulieri saunjiT.

qarTuli enis Rirseba da berZnul enasTan

sworuflebianoba xazgasmulia kvlav ilarion

qarTvelis ,,cxovrebaSi~, sadac gadmocemulia,

rom imperatorma basil II makedonelma (976-1025

ww.) Tavisi ori vaJis, aleqsandresa da leonis

aRzrda miando ara berZnebs, aramed ilarionis

qarTvel mowafeebs, romelTac uTxra: ,,locva

yavT amaTTvis, wmidano mamano, da aswaveT amaT

enai da wigni Tqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa

Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni~ [44, 524].

saerTod, mas Semdeg, rac wera-kiTxva, yve-

lasaTvis Tu ara, bevrisTvis misawvdom da gasa-

geb xelobad da codnad iqca, saidumlo poli-

tikuri da samxedro cnobebis Sesatyobineblad

gansakuTrebuli, gareSe pirisaTvis srulebiT

waukiTxav-gaugebari, anbanis Seqmna aucilebeli

gaxda. amitomaa, rom yvela kulturul ers, Cve-

ulebrivs garda, saidumlo mravali sxvadasxva-

nairi anbanic hqonda xolme. qarTulad, saidum-

lo anbanis garda, saidumlo enac, metyvelebac

arsebobda, romlis mTavars, sityvaTa saxis Sem-

cvlel elements marcvalsa da marcvals Sua

ganzrax CanarTi marcvali, magaliTad ,,w” Se-

satyvisi xmovniTurT Seadgenda. amis wyalobiT

,,Sikriki movida~ –s magier gamodioda ,,Sikwiri-

wikiwi mowoviwidawa~.

saqarTveloSi aseve scodniaT kriptografi-

is xeloba. akad.m. broses naTqvami aqvs, rom bev-

  69

ri sxvadasxva qarTuli saidumlo anbanis nimu-

Si hqonia xelT.

uZveles nimuSad jerjerobiT mainc pavle

ingoroyvas mier ganmartebuli X saukunis xel-

nawerSi Senaxuli sagalobelTa krebulis Sem-

dgeneli miqael modrekilis ,,miqaelis~ krip-

togramaa, romelSiac asoebis magier ricxviTi

mniSvnelobaa gamoyenebuli: ,,ormoci aTi equsa-

si erTi xuTi da ocdaaTi~. raki 40 Zvel qar-

Tul mwerlobaSi aso ,,m~ – aniT, 10 ,,i~ – niT,

600 ,,q~ – aniT, 5 ,,e~ – niT, 30 ,,l~ – asiT aRiniS-

neboda. amitom am saidumlo anbanis mcodne pirs

zemomoyvanil ricxvTa krebuli ,,miqael~ – ad

unda waekiTxa.

Zvelad ras uwodebdnen CvenSi saidumlo an-

bans, jer ar viciT, magram XVII saukuneSi ,,anja-

nis anbani~ –s saxeliT yofila cnobili. es

termini gorgijaniZes aqvs naxmari, romelsac

Tavis TxzulebaTa krebulSi saidumlo anbanze

aqvs saubari da erTi amgvari nimuSic aqvs moy-

vanili [46, 134, 136].

xazgasasmelia, rom sruliad qarTuli sa-

xelmwifos calkeul samefo-samTavroebad dana-

wevrebis periodebSi, ugamonaklisod yvela am

politikur erTeulSi qarTuli inarCunebda sa-

xelmwifo enis statuss da, amdenad, qarTuli

enis oficialuri funqcionirebis arealis saz-

Rvrebi erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saz-

Rvrebad aRiqmeboda; magaliTad: ,,iverielTa er-

Tobis traxtati~, xelmowerili 1790 wels qar-

TvelTa mefe-mTavrebis mier, Tavis preambulaSi

 70

gvamcnobs ,,erTobis~ safuZvels: ,,vinaidan yovel-

Tave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa samefosa Sina qar-

Tlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisaTa

aqvsT erTmorwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa ka-

Tolike eklesiisagan Sobilni da e r T i s a e

n i s a m q o n e b e l n i, aqvsT mavasaxelobi-

Tica siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da

moyvrobiT SekrulTa urTierTTa Soris~ [31, 5].

imperiis marwuxebSi

rogorc davinaxeT, mTeli Sua saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli Cven-jgufis wevrebi er-

Tobad Tavs moiazrebdnen iseT faseulobebze

dayrdnobiT, rogoricaa qarTuli ena, qristia-

nuli sarwmunoeba da mefobis instituti [47, 14].

swored amitom XIX saukunis dasawyisidan

moyolebuli ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTve-

los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gauq-

mebis Semdeg mTavari Zala mimarTa qarTuli er-

Tobis arsebobis tradiciuli elementebis, me-

fobis institutis, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli

eklesiis da qarTuli enis Sesusteba-gauqmebis-

ken [47, 15].

enis warTmeviT qarTvel xalxs, mozard Ta-

obas erTmeoda Tavis qveyanaSi sulieri kontaq-

tis yvelaze efeqturi iaraRis gamoyenebis – az-

ris, Wkuis, erovnuli meobis, TavisTavadobis, pi-

rovnuli Rirsebisa da Tavisufali Semoqmedebis

saSualeba [48, 24].

  71

carizmisaTvis da misi swavlulebisaTvis

naTeli iyo, rom saerTo qarTuli enis daSliT

da odindeli gvar-tomobrivi qarTveluri enebis

aRdgeniT qarTvelebs daqucmacebisa da Suasau-

kuneebrivi sibnelisaken miaqanebda, rac TavisTa-

vad erTian qarTul sxeuls klavda. carizmma

icoda, rom saerTo qarTuli damwerlobisa da

misi mdidari literaturis waqceva ioli rodi

iyo, amitom SeniRbuli gziT jer qarTveluri

enebi unda gaerusebina. am mizniT kidevac Sedge-

nil iqna rusuli grafikuli anbani – `deda ni-

na~ da `luSnu abaan~. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo,

rom samegrelos mosaxleoba megrul enaze, xo-

lo svaneTis – svanurze unda gadaeyvanaT, raTa

Semdeg isini iolad gaerusebinaT (aba ra lite-

raturiT gaumklavdebodnen isini rusuls?). amis

Semdeg ki ruseTs Seteva qarTulze unda gadae-

tana [49, 35].

es amocana garkveulwilad saTaves iRebs

dekabristTa programidan. kerZod p. pestelis

mier dawerili konstituciis proeqti, romel-

sac `ruskaia pravda~ uwoda. am saprogramo do-

kumentis mixedviT ruseTis dedaqalaqi niJni-

novgorodi unda yofiliyo, axali saxeliT–vla-

dimiri. aqedan Cans dekabristebis miswrafeba

msoflio batonobisaken. `ruseTis saxelmwifo-

Si mcxovrebi yvela eri da tomi unda garusdes,

– naTqvamia `ruskaia pravdaSi~ – ruseTis sa-

xelmwifos mTel sivrceze mxolod erTi – ru-

suli ena unda batonobdes. erT enaze molapara-

ke xalxi mtkice kavSiriT Seikvreba da erT

 72

erad Camoyalibdeba. yvela erisa da tomis gan-

sxvavebuli saxelwodeba unda moispos da saer-

To rusul saxelwodebaSi Seirwyas. ruseTis

mTel teritoriaze unda moqmedebdes erTi da

igive kanonebi da mmarTvelobis erTnairi for-

ma~.

rogor unda moxvedriliyvnen rusebi saqar-

TveloSi da an saerTod kavkasiaSi? aq ukve sxva

anderZi moqmedebda. amis dasturia petre pirve-

lis politikuri anderZi, romelic 1812 wels,

ruseTTan omis dros xelSi CauvardaT frangebs.

swored es dokumenti warmoadgens ruseTis saga-

reo politikis eqspansiur miswrafebaTa safuZ-

vels. kerZod, petre pirveli werda: `konstanti-

nopolisa da indoeTisaken waviwioT. am mizniT

SevqmnaT saomari viTareba, xan TurqeTTan, xan

sparseTTan. erTmorwmune kavkasieli ZmebisaTvis

gavisarjoT. SevecadoT, rom ama Tu im mxarem

mfarvelobis TxovniT mogvmarTos, mere ki maT

srul damorCilebas mivaRwioT. SeviyvanoT jari

droebiT da manmade davtovoT, sanam sabolood

iq ar davrCebiT~ [50, 72].

imperiuli gegmis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT sa-

qarTvelos yofdnen qarTvelebis, rusebis, TaT-

rebis, somxebis, germanelebis da malaknebis mo-

saxleobis Sesabamisad. Tbilisic aseve narev qa-

laqad unda gamocxadebuliyo. yvela am nawilSi

mmarTvelobac eTnikuri mosaxleobis enebis mi-

xedviT unda warmoebuliyo Sereulad – Tanas-

woruflebianobis principze (?!). Tu am mxriv ra-

ime garTuleba da gaugebroba warmoiSoboda, ma-

  73

Sin arbitris (msajulis) rolic ruseTs unda

Seesrulebina (rac rusuli enis `udidesi avto-

ritetiT~ aixsneboda!) [49, 37].

amdenad, koloniuri batonobis ganmtkiceba-

Si, uwinaresad, igulisxmeboda rusuli enis,

fsiqologiis, wesebis damkvidreba. rusuli

axalSenebis mowyobiT saqarTveloSi demografi-

uli situacia mkveTrad Seicvleboda. aseT pi-

robebSi ukiduresad Seviwrovdeboda qarTuli

enis moqmedebis areali, mkvidri erovnebis wina-

aRmdegobac Zalas dakargavda da maTi damorCi-

leba advilad moxerxdeboda [51, 85].

is vinc ruseTis xelisuflebis samsaxurSi

Cadga TiTqmis yvela daupirispirda qarTul ena-

sa da erovnul kulturas. ase magaliTad, 1804

wlis 29 maiss, imperatorisadmi wardgenil pa-

takSi, cicianovi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom vax-

tang orbeliani rusuli mmarTvelobis mimarT

gansakuTrebul erTgulebasa da Tavdadebas

iCenda. amis gamo mas polkovnikoba misces da

750 maneTi wliuri jamagiri dauniSnes. am ambav-

ma igi metad gaadidgula. mas auTvalwunebia

qarTuli ena da saerTod qarTveloba. javrob-

da, roca bavSvebi qarTul wera-kiTxvas swav-

lobdnen. Turme fiqrobda: Cemma Svilebma Tu

qarTuli ena ar daiviwyes uimisod ruseTSi sa-

swavleblad ver gamodgebiano. ruseTis erTgu-

lebisaTvis sakuTari enis uarmyofeli vaxtang

orbeliani amaxinjebda axalgazrdobis sulier

ganviTarebas [52, 56-57].

 74

swored vaxtang orbelianis msgavsi qarTve-

lebis gasagonad brZanebda didi ilia: `Cven rom

erTmaneTs gadavudeqiT, Tavi SevyaviT Cvens pa-

tara xuxulebSi... rasakvirvelia, enac, dagvimun-

jdeboda da dagvikoWldeboda... Cven TviTon dav-

carieldiT gudafSutasaviT da enac gaRatakda,

calieri sityvebiRa gvinda, calieri xmebi, rom

enam pirSi iStvinos... sxva risTvis gvinda ena?

– saerTo saxeli `qarTveli~ kerZoobiTi gavxa-

deT, `mamuli~ – danexvil nafuZrad, `pativi~ –

nexvad, `Tavi~ – gograd, da Cveni kacoba iqamdin

miviyvaneT, rom `kaci~ kacs aRar niSnavs, Tu

zed `kacuri~ ar davumateT... [53, 94].

ganvlili wlebis gacnobierebas dro da

manZili sWirdeba, raTa perspeqtivaSi mTelis

sisruliT aRiqva warsuli movlenebis mniSvne-

loba. yoveli eris istorias Tan axlavs Wri-

lobebi, romelTac gaqroba da daviwyeba araso-

des uweria, magram usaTuod unda moSuSdes,

rom masze dinjad da obieqturad ilaparako.

XIX saukunis Cvenma didma winaprebma Tavian-

Ti madliani moRvaweoba, romelic qveynisa da

xalxis cxovrebis yovel dargs swvdeboda, enis

siwmindis dacviT daiwyes: ilia WavWavaZem pirve-

lad qarTuli enis barbarosulad dammaxinje-

belTa winaaRmdeg aRimaRla xma da TaobaTa So-

ris cnobili brZolac CvenSi enis sakiTxebiT

daiwyo. es ar aris SemTxveviTi movlena. es,

upirveles yovlisa, imas amtkicebs, rom Cveni

sasiqadulo qarTuli ena, romlis adgili (Tuki

saerTod SeiZleba enebis Sedareba) iqneb bevri

  75

ar aRmoCndes qveyanaze, udidesi mzrunvelobiT

movlili gadaecemoda xolme Taobidan Taobebs

[17, 459].

qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg brZolas win

aRudga gamoCenili sasuliero da sazogado

moRvawe Ggabriel episkoposi. igi erT-erTi pir-

veli, mtkiced da mkacrad gamoeqomaga enasac da

erovnul Tavmoyvareobasac. yvelasaTvis cnobi-

lia mefis maRali moxelis giorgi muxranbato-

nis antierovnuli broSura, romelic kacobrio-

bis progresad patara erebis mospobisa da didi

erebis gabatonebas Tvlida, gardauvalad miaC-

nda mcire erebis gaqroba. gabriel episkoposi

aRaSfoTa am didmpyrobelurma `Teoriam~, igi

maSinve gamoexmaura mkacrad da dasabuTebulad.

`ori sruliad sxvadasxvagvari ena SeerTdes,

Tan mcire xalxi... gareSe yovlisa iZulebisa,

ganqardes da mis magierad sruliad sxvagvari

ena miiRos, rac gind mcire iyos is xalxi, es

SeuZlebelia~. mometebul decentralizacias iq-

neb Tavisi uaryofiTi mxare hqondes, wers igi,

,,magram isev isa sjobia pirvels, e.i. centrali-

zacias~. Sen amtkiceb, ,,suyvela mcire xalxis

enebi ganqardes, mxolod saxelmwifo gamagrde-

so. magram saxelmwifo amiT ver gamagrdeba~. da

jon milis Txzulebas Seaxsenebs Tavisufleba-

ze: gaixsene ,,mesame Tavi, sadac is ucxoT amtki-

cebs, rom individualoba, e.i. yoveli sakuTari

ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba, xasiaTi – saWironi ari-

an yoveli kacisa (maSasadame xalxis) keTil-

mdgomareobisa da bednierebisaTvis. Tu es asea,

 76

maSin enis gamocvla arc mcire xalxs argebs da

arc didi xalxisaTvis aris sasurveli...~.

gabriel episkoposis pasuxma didi gamoxmau-

reba hpova. ,,... gmadlob Sen enaca mSobliuri,

ena, romelic mdidari hyav Sen qadagebiTa Seni-

Ta, romlisTvisaca ebrZodi Sen medgrad im ga-

nusjelTa pirTa, romelTaca ena petriwisa, gi-

orgi mTawmindelisa... uarhyves... Sen gamoesarCle

Cvens enas, rodesac erTma didma pirma uqadaga

am enas sikvdili...~ ase mimarTavdnen mas gamoT-

xovebis Jams 1896 wels, Tumca im paeqrobis Sem-

deg meoTxedi saukune iyo gasuli [17, 51-52

qarTuli enis devnis gamo rusi moRvawe nik.

durnovic ki aRSfoTebiT aRniSnavda: ,,ruseTis

saeklesio ierarqias didi msxverpli moaqvs da

ufro metad Rupavs marTlmadidebel qarTve-

lebs, vidre saracinelebi, sparselebi, Turqebi,

romlebic enas mainc ar glejdnen maT “ – o.

oficialuri rusuli eklesia sdevnida yo-

velive qarTuls. qarTvelTa taZrebSi wirva-

locvis dros episkoposebi, qarTvel morwmune-

ebs Tarjimnis meSveobiT uqadagebdnen. sagulis-

xmo faqti, romelic bodbis monasterSi moxda,

monasterSi, sadac qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli

wm. ninoa dakrZaluli... moxucebulma qarTvelma

qalebma episkoposs mimarTes TxovniT – weli-

wadSi erTxel mainc qristes aRdgomis Rames,

wirva-locvis qarTulad mosmenis saSualeba

mogveciTo... episkoposma ki maT `brZnulad~ ur-

CiaT: umjobesi iqneba rusuli ena SeiswavleTo...

  77

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT qarTvel episkoposTa

devnis faqtebze [54, 165].

amitomac ambobda vaJa-fSavela, rom `iq vin

naxa Tavisufleba, saca me Cems dedaenaze lapa-

raks miSlian: arc maswavlian, arc maubneben,

arc mamRereben, arc magalobeben?! ra guli un-

da mqondes maSin? ras unda vgrZnobdeT?! –

sxvas arafers, garda zizRisa, mZulvarebisa. mo-

wamlulmoSxamulia Cemi sicocxle, vgrZnob mxo-

lod usiamovnebas, siZulvils da vwyevli im Za-

lebs, im mglebs... da vucdi marjve SemTxvevas

Sevmusro isini... roca es dro dadgeba da mec

moqmedebas viwyeb am ZalTa Sesamusravad, dasaT-

rgunad, maSinve iwyeba Cemi Tavisufali cxovre-

ba; aq aris dasawyisi Tavisuflebisa...~ [55, 409].

imperiis skolebSi, gansakuTrebiT XIX sau-

kunis 70-iani wlebidan, rodesac ruseTis ganaT-

lebis beds ganagebdnen mefis satrapebi tol-

stoi da pobedonoscevi skolebSi gamefebuli

iyo e.w. `klasicizmi~, e.i. laTinuri da berZnu-

li enebi. mowafeebs suls uxuTavdnen da tvins

ufitavdnen, raTa arsebiTi saxelebi da Tande-

bulebi mtkiced da samudamod CabeWdiliyo mex-

sierebaSi. es yvelaferi leqsebad iyo dawyobi-

li da TuTiyuSebiviT azepirebinebdnen. iakob

mansvetaSvili geografiis swavlebasTan dakav-

SirebiT Semdegs igonebs: `mogexsenebaT, rom ia-

ponia kunZulebze sZevs, romelTagan samia moz-

rdili da aRsaniSnavia, saxeldobr: niponi, iezo

da kiusiu. da ai rom, – RmerTma nu qnas – aramc

da aramc Cven sicocxleSi ar dagviwyeboda es

 78

didad mniSvnelovani sami saxeli, ase galeqsi-

lad gvaswavlidnen:

`nipon, iezo–sikoko,

kiu-siu drikoko!~

an kidev Crdilo amerikis axlos mdebare

kunZulebi: kuba, iamaika, portoriko, gaiti, –

rusulad ase iyo galeqsili:

`Куба, ямайка, _ знай _ ка   Порторико, Гайти, _ не забивайте~ [56, 13].   1871 wlis 14 maiss gamoica saimperatoro ka-

ris gadawyvetileba, romlis ZaliTac qarTuli

ena uqmdeboda yvela tipis saswavlebelSi. di-

daqtikuri mosazrebiT, qarTuli ena mxolod sa-

suliero saswavleblis mosamzadebel ganyofi-

lebaze datoves. mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebam

qarTveli sazogadoebis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiw-

via. qarTul presaSi imperatoris dadgenilebis

sawinaaRmdegod araerTi publikacia gamoqvey-

nda, ramac xelisufleba aiZula, droebiT ukan

daexia. ruseTis sinodma, qarTvelebisTvis Tva-

lis axvevis mizniT, saimperatoro gadawyvetile-

ba odnav saxecvlili formiT Camoayaliba, rom-

lis mixedviTac sasuliero saswavleblebSi

qarTli enis swavleba daSvebul iqna, rogorc

damxmare saSualeba rusuli enis Sesaswavlad,

qarTuli enisa da literaturisaTvis calke sa-

aTebi ar gamoyofila. igi sxva sagnebTan erTad

gaaerTianes. dadgenilebis Sesabamisad, sasulie-

ro saswavleblebSi swavleba rusul enaze unda

ganxorcielebuliyo. qarTuli literatura da

  79

saqarTvelos istoria iswavleboda rusuli li-

teraturisa da istoriis kursTan erTad.   SezRudvis miuxedavad, i. gogebaSvili da

sxva qarTveli pedagogebi kvlav Zveleburad ag-

rZelebdnen moRvaweobas. saswavleblis adminis-

traciis mxridan maTze mkacri zedamxedveloba

iyo dawesebuli. 1873 wels ruseTis sinodma i.

gogebaSvilisa da sxva qarTveli pedagogebis

saqmianobis Sesaswavlad gamogzavna specialuri

komisia. komisiis moxsenebis safuZvelze i. goge-

baSvili da sxva qarTveli pedagogebi gaaTavi-

sufles Tanamdebobidan. amis Semdeg didi peda-

gogi saxelmwifo samsaxurSi arasodes Camdgara

da mTeli Tavisi moRvaweoba pedagogiuri mecni-

erebis ganviTarebas moaxmara [57, 326]. quTaisis progimnaziis yvela klasSi qarTu-

li, rogorc sagani iswavleboda, magram, moswav-

leebs Sesvenebaze sastikad ekrZalebodaT er-

TmaneTSi qarTulad saubari. is, vinc qarTulad

dailaparakebda, mas zedamxedveli ajarimebda

da sajarimo baraTs gadascemda. dajarimebuls

unda moexerxebina baraTis sxvisTvis gadacema.

visac dRis bolos sajarimo baraTi aRmoaCnde-

boda, usadilod tovebdnen [58, 201]. aleqsandre II-is mkvlelobis (1881 wlis 1

marti) Semdeg reaqciam kulminacias miaRwia. gam-

kacrda cenzura. carizmi imperiis sruli rusi-

fikaciis gzas daadga. gansakuTrebuli samizne

qarTuli ena gaxda. saxalxo skolebSi qarTul

enaze ara Tu swavla, laparakic ki aikrZala da

mis nacvlad rusuli ena SemoiRes. saqarTvelos

 80

erovnuli mTlianobis sazianod, samegreloSi

megrul, svaneTSi svanur da aWaraSi Turqul

enebze swavlebis danergva gadawyvites [59, 50]. 1884 wlis ianvarSi kavkasiis saswavlo ol-

qis mzrunvelma k. ianovskim gamosca sagangebo

dadgenileba samgrelo-samurzayanos skolebSi

qarTuli enis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. Catarda winas-

wari samuSaoc. xelisufleba imdenad did mniS-

vnelobas aniWebda am aqcias, rom peterburgidan

specialurad gamogzavnes mecnierebaTa akademi-

is warmomadgeneli profesori greni [60, 7], ro-

melsac rusuli damwerlobis safuZvelze meg-

ruli enis anbanis Seqmna daevala. aseve gadaw-

yvites religiuri literaturis megrulad Tar-

gmna da RvTismsaxurebis am enaze gadayvana. xe-

lisuflebis wamowyebebs adgilobrivi elitis

da sazogadoebis mxridan seriozuli winaaRmde-

goba Sexvda. rusulis bazaze Seqmnili megruli

da svanuri anbani da am enebze gamocemuli daw-

yebiTi skolis saxelmZRvaneloebi praqtikulad

gamouyenebeli darCa. unda aRiniSnos, rom ilia

WavWavaZe sagangebod ewvia samegrelos, sadac

warmoTqva cnobili sityvebi `samegreloSi move-

di da saqarTvelo vnaxeo.~ [59, 50].     1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis Sem-

deg gansakuTrebiT mizanswrafuli xdeba imperi-

is koloniuri politika afxazeTSi. am politi-

kis umTavresi mizani iyo: saqarTvelos nawilis,

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis teritoriis nawilis –

afxazeTis – Camocileba saqarTvelodan; adgi-

lobrivi, mkvidri, qarTuli mosaxleobis maqsi-

  81

maluri Seviwroveba; afxazeTis asimilacia. es

yoveli SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda kerZod, maSin,

Tu afxazeTidan ganidevneboda q a r T u l i e

n a, q a r T u l i e k l e s i a, q a r T u

l i k u l t u r a, e.i. afxazebi da iqauri

qarTvelebi moswydebodnen qarTul samyaros. afxazeTis kolonizaciis daCqarebuli tem-

pebiT ganxorcieleba daemTxva ruseTSi poli-

tikuri reaqciis dasawyiss, romelic dakavSire-

buli iyo imperator aleqsandre meoris mkvle-

lobasTan da aleqsandre mesamis mefobis dasaw-

yisTan. koloniuri politikis umTavres praqti-

kul mizans warmoadgenda: pirveli – situaciis

Secvla afxazeTSi, ucxotomelTa Camosaxlebis

kvalobaze qarTuli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wi-

lis Semcireba; meore – eklesiidan qarTuli

enis gandevna; mesame – saeklesio samrevlo da

saero skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis ak-

rZalva. meoTxe – qarTuli mosaxleobis yovel-

mxrivi Seviwroeba; mexuTe – afxazebis garuseba,

maTi asimilireba.   am miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis koloniurma

xelisuflebam konkretuli nabijebi gadadga.

kerZod, 1898 wlis 3 seqtembris brZanebulebiT,

afxazeTis im eklesiebSi, romelTa mrevls afxa-

zebi Seadgendnen, RvTismsaxureba saeklesio

slavur enaze unda aResrulebinaT. saqarTvelo-

imereTis sinodaluri kantoris 1898 wlis 17

martis brZanebulebiT, afxazeTisa da samurza-

yanos skolebSi aikrZala qarTuli enis swavle-

ba; RvTismsaxurebis saeklesio-slavur enaze aR-

 82

srulebis da skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis

akrZalvis ganxorcielebaze sasuliero da admi-

nistraciulma xelisuflebam umkacresi kontro-

li daawesa [61, 92-93].   cxadi iyo, rom afxazeTis saqarTvelodan

Camocileba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimi-

lacia SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mxolod qarTu-

li enis gandevnis Semdeg. es ar aris gadaWarbe-

buli mtkiceba – qarTuli ena da misi funqcio-

nireba gadamwyveti Zalis iaraRi iyo, rasac kar-

gad acnobierebdnen mefis satrapebi.    afxazeTis eklesiidan da skolebidan qar-

Tuli enis gandevnis aucileblobaze mTeli Se-

saZleblobiT ibrZoda quTaisis general-guber-

natori [61, 94].   cnobilia, rom rusma kolonizatorebma qar-

Tveli eri dahyves xalxebad: `megrelebi~, `gu-

rulebi~, `svanebi~, `imerlebi~, `aWarlebi~, da

sakuTriv `qarTvelebi~ (qarTvelebi da kaxele-

bi). mizani naTeli iyo: Tu aRar iarsebebda er-

Tiani qarTveli eri, maSin aRarc erTiani saqar-

Tvelos moTxovna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. maSin

afxazeTis saqarTvelodan `gayvanac~ ganxorcie-

lebadi saqme iqneboda. koloniuri politikis am

miznis xorcSesxmas win eRobeboda, pirvel rig-

Si, qarTuli enis faqtori. `megrelebad~, `guru-

lebad~, `svanebad~, `imerlebad~ da `qarTvele-

bad~ `daSlili~ qarTveli eri mainc erT erad

– qarTvel erad darCeboda, sanam megrelic, gu-

rulic, svanic, aWarelic, imerelic, qarTlelic

da kaxelic erT enaze – q a r T u l e n a z e

  83

i l a p a r a k e b d a, sanam eklesiaSi RvTis-

msaxureba q a r T u l e n a z e a R e s r u

l e b o d a, sanam skolebSi bavSvebi q a r T

u l e n a z e iswavlidnen... [61, 96].

soxumis okrugSi mcxovrebi ,,afxazebis~ ab-

soluturma umravlesobam rusuli ar icoda,

ris gamoc maT hqondaT ufleba, moeTxovaT

RvTismsaxurebis aRsruleba im enaze, romelic

maT ufro esmodaT. am moTxovnas mosaxleobis

didi nawili uWerda mxars, rac, ra Tqma unda,

aSinebda koloniur xelisuflebas.

quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris fraza –

`Абхазцы не имея своей письменности, одинакого грузинского и славянского языков~ – aradamajerebe-

lia. Tu afxazebma qarTuli ena ar icodnen,

qarTuls da megruls ki tradiciulad flob-

dnen da amitomac arsebobda moTxovna eklesieb-

Si RvTismsaxurebis qarTul enaze aRsrulebis

Sesaxeb...

ruseTis eklesiis sinodis 1898 wlis 3 seq-

tembris brZanebulebiT, im eklesiebSi, romlis

mrevls megrelebi (e.i. qarTvelebi) Seadgendnen,

RvTismsaxureba qarTul enaze unda aResrulebi-

naT. soxumis mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgen-

lobis statistika, TviT quTaisis samxedro gu-

bernatoris cnobiT, aseTi iyo: soxumSi 1900

wlisaTvis cxovrobda 1658 megreli (e.i. qarTve-

li), 1300 imereli (e.i. qarTveli), 200 qarTveli

da 100 afxazi, e.i. sul soxumSi 3158 qarTveli

da 100 afxazi cxovrobda. maS visTvis aRasru-

lebdnen soxumis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebas

 84

rusulad, Tu ki soxumSi araqarTveli mosaxle-

oba absolutur umciresobas warmoadgenda (100

kaci)? soxumis eklesiebSi RvTismsaxurebis ru-

sul enaze aRsrulebis Taobaze gadawyvetileba

arc ruseTis eklesiis uwmindes sinods da arc

saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodalur kantoras ar

miuRia, soxumis episkoposi aSkarad TviTnebobda

[61, 102-103].

mefis xelisufleba aseve energiulad ib-

rZoda, raTa mahmadiani qarTvelebisaTvis qarTu-

li ena ucxo yofiliyo. mTeli misi mcdeloba

iqiTken iyo mimarTuli, rom adgilobrivi mosax-

leobisaTvis rusuli ena gamxdariyo erTaderT

sasaubro enad.

carizmi aviwroebda agreTve progresulad

moazrovne qarTvel pedagogebs, romlebic erov-

nul suls aRvivebdnen adgilobriv mosaxleoba-

Si. Sovinisturi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo swo-

red aseT erovnul niadagze mdgari maswavleb-

lebis winaaRmdeg. carizmis Cinovnikebis Sefase-

biT qarTveli pedagogebi ,,ubnelebdnen moswav-

leebs gonebas, araswori mimarTulebiT mihyav-

daT maTi aRzrdis saqme, unergavdnen qarTul

nacionalizms~!

ai, rogori xasiaTis werili gaugzavna baTu-

mis olqidan kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrun-

vels adgilobrivma gubernatorma. werili exebo-

da qarTvel pedagogs mirian ramiSvils, romlis

daniSvna Turme baTumis olqis skolaSi yovlad

miuReblad CaTvales. werilSi xazgasmulia: ,,me

iZulebuli var gTxovoT Tqven miaqcioT yurad-

  85

Reba baTumis olqSi isedac Semcirebul raode-

nobas... adgilobrivi mosaxleoba religiuri Se-

xedulebebis gamo iribad uyurebs rusul sko-

lebs da aseT skolebSi maswavleblebad qarTve-

lebis daniSvna da Tanac iseTebis, romlebic po-

litikurad arasaimedoa, namdvilad arasasiamov-

noa. amas isic emateba, rom qarTveli pedagogebi

yovel Rones xmaroben gaavrcelon TavianTi po-

lotikuri Sexedulebebi mahmadianebze da maTSi

Seitanon qarTuli wigniereba. vimeoreb ,,qarTu-

li wigniereba~. Semdeg gubernatori ganagrZobs,

rom qarTvelebs ara Tu SeuZlia saskolo qse-

lis gazrda olqSi, aramed Tavis SemoqmedebiT

musulmanebis TvalSi amcireben skolebis mniS-

vnelobas da amitom qarTvelebi ar unda iqnan

daSvebuli skolebSi pedagogebad, es saxifaToa,

rogorc politikurad, aseve zneobrivad. unda

vecadoT pedagogebad iyos mxolod da mxolod

rusebi imisaTvis, rom mZlavri tempiT daiwyos

olqis skolebSi rusifikaciis procesi~. amisaT-

vis ki aucilebelia – rogorc miuTiTebda gu-

bernatori – rusuli skolebis gaxsna. saWiroa

pedagogebad imuSaon rusebma, somxebma da Tu-

gind musulmanebmac, garda qarTvelebisa, rom-

lebmac kargad ician rusuli ena. amiT es mxare

(baTumis olqi) kidev ufro Seezrdeba rusul –

nacionalur kulturas~ [62,40-41].

rac Seexeba samcxe –saaTabagos, jer kidev

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi osmaleTis klanWebSi Ca-

vardnili mosaxleoba nel-nela stovebda Tavis

erovnul sarwmunoebas. marTalia, mesxeTis qar-

 86

TvelTa erTma nawilma mahmadianoba miiRo, Tavs

Turqad acxadebda, magram iyo meore nawili –

qarTveli kaTolikebi, romlebic Tavs ,,frange-

bad~ acxadebdnen da amitom Turqebma ver SeZ-

les qarTuli enis amogdeba. carizmis batono-

bis periodSi, qarTuli ena gaxda saerTo dama-

kavSirebeli ,,Turqi~ qarTvelebisa da kaTolike

(,,frangi~) qarTvelebisaTvis, e.i. qarTuli ena

aerTianebda samcxe-saaTabagos qarTul mosaxle-

obas [63, 82]. da mainc, qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg

brZolis mTavari ,,poligoni” Tbilisis sasuli-

ero seminaria iyo. XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebi

is periodia, rodesac antiqarTuli ,,triumvira-

ti~ gaafTrebiT ebrZvis qarTul enasa da qar-

Tul TviTSegnebas. eseni iyvnen egzarqosi pavle,

kavkasiis saswavlo olqis ,,mzrunveli~ ianovski

da seminariis reqtori Cudecki. 1886 wlis 24 ma-

iss, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariidan garic-

xulma axalgazrdam, 20 wlis ioseb laRiaSvil-

ma, xanjliT mokla amave seminariis reqtori

pavle Cudecki! oficialuri, anu sasamarTlosa

da maSindeli presis versia am mkvlelobisa ase-

Tia: seminariis zedamxedvelma laRiaSvils qar-

Tulad dawerili dRiuri aRmouCina, amisTvis

stipendiac moexsna da pansionidanac daiTxo-

ves... [64, 51]. momxdari faqtis Semdeg kidev ufro

gaZlierda reaqcia xelisuflebis mxridan. mog-

vianebiT, 1896 wlis 16-24 ianvars seminariis pe-

dagogiuri krebis gadawyvetilebiT miiRes dad-

genileba: ,,moswavleTa Soris rusuli sametyve-

lo enis xmarebis gaZlierebis Sesaxeb~. dadgeni-

  87

leba moiTxovda seminariis SenobaSi da mis

farglebs gareTac ki qarTul enaze metyvele-

bis faqtebis ara marto akrZalvas, aramed qar-

Tulad dalaparakebis sababis warmoSobasac ki.

qarTulad metyveleba sruliad aekrZalaT mo-

samsaxureebs [65, 110].

aRniSnuli politikis Sedegad XX saukunis

dasawyisSi Tbilisis quCebSi iSviaTad gaismoda

qarTuli laparaki. dawesebulebebSi ucxo ena

batonobda, ucxo enaze unda miemarTaT kerZo

savaWroebSic. rogorc cnobili moRvawe samson

fircxalava igonebs: ,,saqarTvelo gaZevebuli

iyo Tbilisidam da yovelgvari zoma iyo miRebu-

li, rom Tbiliss dahkargoda sruliad qarTu-

li ieri~. qarTvels angariSs ar uwevdnen. ofi-

cialuri gamosvlebis dros qarTvelTa warmo-

madgenlebs ukan ayenebdnen. aseTi mopyroba fsi-

qikurad moqmedebda qarTvelebze, isini TavisTa-

vad gaubedavni gaxdnen, Tavis gamoCenas eride-

bodnen [66, 39]. 1902 wels dekanozma vostor-

govma saswavlo olqis mzrunvelTan da egzar-

qosTan SeTanxmebiT saeklesio-samrevlo skole-

bisaTvis Seadgina axali saswavlo programa,

romlis mixedviTac yvela saxis skolaSi swav-

lebis enad aRiarebul iqna rusuli ena. zogad-

saganmanaTleblo skolebidan iTxovdnen ,,nacio-

nalist” maswavleblebs da maT adgils rusi da

sxva araqarTveli maswavleblebi ikavebdnen. ga-

naTlebis sferoze rusifikatorTa farTo Semo-

tevam saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mosaxle-

obis didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. samegreloSi,

 88

aWaraSi, imereTSi da a.S. saprotesto gamosvleb-

sac ki hqonda adgili. bevrgan moswavleebi uars

ambobdnen sagnebis rusulad swavlebaze da to-

vebdnen skolebs. moTxovnileba erovnul sko-

lebze kidev ufro izrdeboda [67, 86]. ruseTis

saxelganTqmuli msaxiobi aleqsandre sumbaTaS-

vili (iuJini), romelic TviTon swavlobda garu-

sebul skolaSi, wers: `maswavleblebs ar SeeZ-

loT aexsnaT, rom бык aris xari an дом – saxli,

aramed unda eCvenebinaT xari da saxli. ufro

ganyenebuli axsna-ganmartebisaTvisac es meTodi

ixmareboda. maswavlebeli ver gabedavda gadae-

Targmna qarTulad, magaliTad fraza:  `курица снесла яйцо.~ is cucqiT unda damjdariyo, qaTmi-

seburad daekakanebia da gamoeRo qvemodan kver-

cxi, eCvenebia is klasisaTvis da Semdeg daeval-

debulebina mowafeebi, rom motanili fraza da-

eswavlaT~ [68, 331].

sagulisxmoa sacenzuro komitetis Tav-

mjdomaris werilis Sinaarsis is adgili, rome-

lic gaugzavna beWdviTi sityvis mTavari sammar-

Tvelos ufross peterburgSi: ` ... quTaisSi ad-

gilobrivi ena megrulia, romelic qarTul, la-

zur da svanur enebTan erTad egreTwodebul

avariuli enebis (!) jgufs ekuTvnis. maT ara

aqvT TavianTi mwerloba da xmaroben qarTul

anbans~.

motanili cnoba cxadad mowmobs mefis am

ubadruki moxelis namdvil ganzraxvas [68, 333].

  89

saqarTveloSi bevri gamoTqvamda wuxils,

rom deda-ena ekargeboda, magram ubedureba is

iyo, rom am savalalo procesSi TviT qarTveli

sazogadoebis erT nawilsac miuZRoda brali.

magaliTad, am SemTxvevaSi arCil jorjaZe gu-

lisxmobda sazogadoebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Ta-

vadaznauruli inteligenciis im nawils, rome-

lic nebayoflobiT ugulvebelyofda mSobliu-

ri enis xmarebas da rusulad metyvelebda iqac,

`sadac qarTuli enis xmareba kanoniT ar iyo

aRkrZaluli~. am e.w. sazogadoebis ganaTlebul

`mowinave klass~ mSobliuri enis gareSec io-

lad SeeZlo cxovreba, ucxo enis codniT, mag-

ram mas unda Seegno, rom danaSauls sCadioda

qarTveli xalxis winaSe, roca mSobliur enas

iviwyebda [69, 59].

ilia aRniSnavda, rom egreT-wodebuli maRa-

li sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Taki-

lobda mSobliur enaze saubars. `naTqvamia, Tev-

zi Tavidam yroldebao, swored egre mogvdis

Cvenc; Tu Cvens egreT-wodebul maRal sazoga-

doebas davakvirdebiT~. aristokratiul fenas

ar esmis qarTuli sityvierebis simdidre da yo-

velive gadaaviwyda, rac enis Rirsebas warmoad-

gens. `Cveni azri Cvenis eniT aRar moZraobs, Cve-

ni guli Cvenis eniT aRar Tbeba~ [59, 70-71].

qarTuli enis Seviwroebam da SebRalvam,

Sin da gareT abuCad agdebam kulminacias miaR-

wia. radganac skolaSi ar iTvleboda savalde-

bulo sagnad, ris gamoc `qarTul enas `sxvaTa

 90

Soris~ misCerebia qarTveli mowafe da qarTve-

li mSobeli...~

qarTuli enis daviwyeba ki xels uwyobda

axalgazrdebSi sakuTari qveynis istoriis ar-

codnas, erovnuli cnobierebis gadagvarebas: `is

ena, romelzedac bavSvobis xanaSi, mSobeli de-

da gvimReroda tkbil iavnanas, gvinergavda spe-

tak siyvaruls samSoblosadmi, warsulis Rrma

pativiscemas, is ena, romelzedac deda mogviT-

xrobda saqarTvelos Tavgadasavals, bed-iR-

bals, warsuls da mTel mis istorias, dRes is

daviwyebia qarTvel mowafes da gadagvarebis

gzas damdgara~ – gulistkiviliT aRniSnavda ga-

zeTi `Temi~ [47, 65]. modas ayolili `vai-qarTve-

lebi~ skolaSi mibarebamde bavSvs uazrod atik-

tikebdnen rusul enaze da vinicobaa qarTuli

wamocdebodaT, yursac auwevdnen [47, 68]. bavSvs

aRar esmoda ojaxSi qarTuli ena, qarTuli la-

paraki. qarTuli `ailufxa~ sxva enaSi. qarTveli

inteligenciis didi nawili qarTulad Zlivs

axerxebda saubars, `wamdauwum waurusulebda~.

qalebi, Cveni momavali dedebi xom sul `parus-

kobdnen~ [47, 71].

gazeT `imereTis~ 1913 wlis #4-Si gamoqvey-

nebul publicistur narkvevSi – `Cven da ucxoe-

lebi~, vxvdebiT erovnuli problemebis sainte-

reso axsnas da warmoCenas. kerZod, avtori wers:

`metad kritikul mdgomareobaSia dRes Cveni

qarTveli eri, igi kargavs enas, xelidan ecleba

teritoriebi, kargavs da iviwyebs erovnul kul-

turas, magram mkvdari mainc ar aris, maS riT

  91

mogvagonebs igi mkvdars? imitom rom karga xa-

nia man ufleba dakarga da am uflebisaTvis

jer kidev ar amouRia xma, brZola ar dauwyia.

sanam qarTveli eri namdvil erovnul uflebas

ar moipovebs, im uflebas, romlis farglebSic

ganviTardeba, frTebs gaSlis da ayvavdeba Cveni

erovnuli kultura, manam veraviTari Zala ver

ixsnis gaqrobisagan. Civili, godeba, cremlis

Rvra, Tundac wyevla-krulva veras uSvelis

Zvel ers, romelic TandaTanobiT istoriuli

pirobebiT gaqrobis gzas adgas, sanam qarTvel

ers iseTive ufleba ar eqneba mopovebuli, ro-

goriTac sxva erebi sazrdooben, manam misi

aRorZineba gazafxulis zRaparia.

vin unda moupovos ers es ufleba, cxadia

TviTon erma, Torem ucxoeli ityvis ra menaRve-

leba da Tu xsna aRaraa dae gaqres, vinaidan

sxvebi aRmocendebian ufro turfa da Zvirfasi,

maTgan TanagrZnobis garda arafers ar unda ve-

lodeT.

aba sxvam rogor unda izrunos SenTvis, Tu

TviTon Sen ar scem pativs Sens Tavs da sxvas

SesaWmelad nebdebi. ai amitom aris rom ucxoe-

lebi jer kviroben Cvens umoqmedobas da bolos

Cveni dapatronebis survilic aRiZreba maTSi~

[70, 213].

imave gazeTis furclebze, ucnobi avtori

,,farcxanelis~ fsevdonimiT gamoTqvams Semdeg

mosazrebas: qarTveli eris saWiroebisaTvis au-

cilebelia enis, teritoriis, saxelis da gvaris

SenarCuneba, rasac sami umTavresi mteri hyavs,

 92

gareSe uxeSi Zala, nacionaluri Seuguebloba,

mamulis ,,usiyvaruloba~ da Tu ,,mTavrobis Sko-

lebSi enas saTanado adgili ar uWiravs, Cven

Cveni moqmedebiT ojaxSic, sadac aravin Semog-

vxtomia da ar aukrZalavs laparaki qarTulad,

Cveni inteligenciis umravlesoba rusulad

JRurtulebs Tavis col-SvilSi, ityvian es aR-

zrdis braliao, magram saqmec is aris, rom Cven

Cvens Svilebs ise ar vzrdiT, rogorc amas na-

cionaluri Segneba moiTxovs~ [70, 215].

ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom yvela imperiis um-

Tavres amocanas Seadgenda adgilobrivi enis ak-

rZalva, an SeZlebisdagvarad, mospoba da gaday-

vana imperiis enaze. ,,rusifikacia~, pirvel rigSi

politikuri strategia iyo, romelic enobriv

gardaqmnas gulisxmobda da gulisxmobs. kolo-

niebis mosaxleoba, bunebrivad, kolonizatore-

bis enaze iwyebda laparaks. marTalia, ZiriTa-

dad cudad da sakuTar enasTan ,,nazavis~ saxiT,

magram garkveuli ,,maRali~ fenebi, romlebic

swavlas axerxebdnen metropoliaSi, bunebrivad

iqceodnen ,,germanofonebad~, ,,frankofonebad~,

,,anglofonebad~, ,,rusofonebad~ da a.S. [29, 266-

267]. giorgi lasxiSvili igonebs, rom odesaSi

myofi qarTveli studentebidan ,,zogma maTganma

qarTuli laparakic ar icoda~ [71, 20].

ilia WavWavaZe erT-erT polemikur werilSi

miuTiTebs, rom ruseTis sazRvrebSi, yovel ara-

russ (,,inorodecs~) rwmenis sakiTxebSi qonda

sakuTari, damoukidebeli mmarTveloba; somxebi,

mahmadianebi, ebraelebi da sxvebi aRmsareblobis

  93

saqmeSi Tavad iyvnen uflebamosilni. aseve gaaC-

ndaT sakuTari saswavleblebi, sadac swavla

maT mSobliur enaze mimdinareobda. maTi sasu-

liero wodebac TiTqmis sruliad damoukidebe-

li iyo raime zewolisagan. rogori paradoqsu-

lic ar unda iyos, yovelive am sikeTes mokle-

buli iyvnen mxloddamxolod marTlmadidebeli

qarTvelebi [72, 41].

pirveli msoflio omis win naTeli gaxda,

rom carizmis rusifikatorulma politikam, ro-

melsac imperiis ganapira mxareebSi axorcieleb-

dnen, saerTo marcxi ganicada. reaqciis ukan da-

xeva daadastura sruliad ruseTis saxalxo

maswavlebelTa pirvelma yrilobamac, romelic

1913 wlis dekembersa da 1914 wlis ianvarSi mim-

dinareobda. aRniSnuli yrilobis muSaobaSi mo-

winave qarTvel pedagogTagan arsebuli saganma-

naTleblo sistemis mkacri kritikiT gamovidnen

ivane gomarTeli da dimitri uznaZe. imperiis

mowinave inteligenciis Zalisxmevis Sedegad

yrilobam miiRo umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetile-

ba, romlis ZaliTac dawyebiT da saSualo sko-

lebSi swavleba erovnul enaze unda warmarTu-

liyo [67, 88].

da mainc, qarTveli eris ,,gamoRviZebaSi~

udidesi roli Seasrules Cvenma ,,samocianeleb-

ma~. i. gogebaSvilis dedaenis gamocema (1876w.),

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoebis Seqmna (1879w.) da a.S.

umniSvnelovanesia qarTuli (qarTulenova-

ni) Teatris garSemo mimdinare movlenebi. qar-

 94

Tveli sazogado moRvaweebi did yuradRebas

uTmobdnen Teatrs da mis rols sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos,

dimitri yifianis TaosnobiT, iwyeba moZraoba

qarTulenovani Teatris CamoyalibebisaTvis

(,,scenis gamarTvisaTvis~), sadac daidgmeboda

Seqspiris, molieris da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi. aR-

niSnul movlenebs exmaureba ilia WavWavaZe. misi

azriT, savalalo da samarcxvino mdgomareobaSi

Cayenebuli qarTuli enisaTvis scena ,,swored

cisnamia damWknaris yvavilisaTvis~. ilias Teat-

ri esaxeba ,,im adgilad, s a d a c C v e n i e

n a fexzed unda wamodges mTelis Tavis Segne-

biTa da simdidriTa~ [59, 71].

pirdapir gansacvifrebelia qarTvel moRva-

weTa sibrZne da gamWriaxoba. marTlac ra xde-

boda? aRar iyo saqarTvelo, rogorc saxelmwi-

fo, igi ruseTis uzarmazari imperiis ori pata-

ra gubernia gaxda, amitom mas aRar gaaCnda ara-

viTari saxelmwifo dawesebuleba. aseT viTare-

baSi iqmneba banki, romelic, faqtiurad, finan-

sTa saministros funqciebs asrulebda; Seiqmna

wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, ro-

melic ganaTlebis saministros funqciebs warma-

tebiT asrulebda; daarsda saTeatro sazogado-

eba, romelic kulturis saministros movaleo-

bas eweoda! maSasadame, faqtiurad Seiqmna sami

saministro! es ki xdeboda carizmis gaZlierebu-

li rusifikatoruli politikis pirobebSi, ro-

ca yovelgvari qarTuli idevneboda da ispobo-

da. aRtacebisa da madlierebis gareSe rogor

  95

unda vilparakoT Cvens im winaprebze, vinc ase

brZnulad, moqnilad da gonivrulad eRvawa

erisTvis! maT Soris xom ilia WavWavaZe upirve-

lesi da udidesi iyo [73, 91].

erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxisaTvis

Tanamedrove msoflioSi 340 milioni ada-

miani ar cxovrobs Tavis samSobloSi da erov-

nul umciresobas warmoadgens, aqedan 80 mln. –

mde adamiani jer kidev rCeba enobriv umcireso-

bad [74, 131].

Tu romelime xalxis gansaxlebis dros

xdeba misi calke jgufebis geografiuli mow-

yveta, rac ufro xSiria sazRvao gziT gadasax-

lebis dros, maSin ZiriTadi ,,mSobliuri~ xal-

xisagan gamoiyofa axali damoukidebeli eTnose-

bi. swored ase daemarTaT ingliselebs, fran-

gebs, espanelebs, portugalielebs, holandie-

lebs da dasavleT evropis sxva xalxebs, roca

koloniur periodSi (XVI-XIX ss.) moxda maTi

gansaxleba CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis, av-

straliisa da okeaniis mkvidri mosaxleobisaT-

vis warTmeul da dapyrobil miwebze. aseT axal

eTnosebs warmoadgenen amerikelebi, inglisel-

kanadelebi, frangi kanadelebi, laTinuri ameri-

kis TiTqmis yvela ,,msxvili~ xalxi, inglisel-

avstralielebi, inglisel-axalzelandielebi

da sxva mravalni.

 96

zogierTi eTnosocialuri erTobebi Camo-

yalibdnen jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyo-

bilebis stadiaze, romlebic dReisaTvis Semor-

Cnen asobiT, xolo nawili mxolod aTobiT ada-

mians moiTvlis. maSin, rodesac sxva eTnosebis

– erebis formireba moxda axalsa da uaxles pe-

riodSi milionebs Seadgenen. aRsaniSnavia, rom

kacobriobis raodenobis naxevars Seadgens mxo-

lod 11 dasaxelebis xalxi. maTgan SedarebiT

mravalricxovania (100 milionze meti) [75, 7]. ese-

ni arian Cinelebi, ukve didi xania miliardze

meti, hindustanelebi (200 milionze meti), aSS –

s amerikelebi (daaxloebiT 180 milioni), benga-

lielebi (170 milioni), rusebi (150 milionze me-

ti), brazilielebi (135 milionamde), iaponelebi

(120 milionze meti) [75, 300].

erovnuli saxelmwifoebi moicaven uamrav

religiur, enobriv da regionalur dajgufe-

bebs, romelTaganac romeliRac mainc gamoT-

qvams pretenzias ,,eris~ statusze. yofili iu-

goslavia, romelic Tavis droze versalelma

mSvidobismyofelebma gansazRvres, CaTvales,

rogorc ,,slavTa qveyana~. sinamdvileSi is yo-

velTvis dasaxlebuli iyo sxvadasxva religi-

ur-eTnikuri erTobebiT, romelTac gaaCndaT sa-

kuTari ena da istoria. amas mohyva eTnikuri

wmendis saSiSroeba da es moxda kidec bosnieli

serbebis mxridan [76, 94-95].

Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflio politi-

kis wamyvani Zalebi cdiloben mravalerovnul

qveynebSi ori ZiriTadi modeliT daareguliron

  97

nacionaluri umciresobebis da sxva eTnikuri

jgufebis problema.

p i r v e l i – es aris modeli, romlis

arsi mdgomareobs erovnuli umciresobebis da

eTnosebis asimilaciaSi (mesame-meoTxe Taoba da

a.S.). igi damaxasiaTebelia amerikis, kanadis,

safrangeTis, TurqeTis da sxva ganviTarebuli

qveynebisaTvis. klasikur magaliTad SeiZleba

dasaxeldes ruseTic, sadac ebraelebis TiTqmis

mTliani asimilacia moxda, magram gasakviri is

aris, rom ruseTSi ebraelTa umciresobam Tvi-

Ton moaxdina inteleqtualuri zegavlena umrav-

lesobaze da sxva umciresobebTan erTad didi

gavlena iqonia rusuli erovnuli cnobierebis

Camoyalibebaze. Tumca erovnuli sulis gamodev-

nis procesma mTlianobaSi uaryofiTi nakadi

SesZina ruseTis sazogadoebriv-politikur, eko-

nomikur da fsiqologiur ganviTarebas. am mo-

delTan axlos dgas yvela yofili sabWoTa res-

piblika.

m e o r e modelad moiazreba mxolod

kulturuli pluralizmi, rodesac qveynis mas-

StabiT ar arsebobs erTiani normatiuli kul-

tura da fiqsirdeba kulturuli mravalsaxeoba

[77, 40-41].

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa e.w.

arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis ricxvis zrda. es is

qveynebia, sadac erovnuli umciresobebis separa-

tizmis gamo saxelmwifo, faqtiurad, daSlilia

calkeul nawilebad da centralur xelisufle-

bas ar SeuZlia Tavisi iurisdiqcia gaavrcelos

 98

sakuTari saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze. mec-

nierTa garkveuli nawilis azriT, momavali

msoflios ZiriTadi polotikuri winaaRmdegoba

iqneba dapirispireba saxelmwifosa da eTnikur

umciresobebs Soris [78, 47].

XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis msoflios

suverenuli saxelmwifoebis sam meoTxedze mets

hyavda erovnuli umciresobebis mniSvnelovani

raodenoba, romlebic Seadgenen dedamiwis mo-

saxleobis erT meeqvseds [78, 149].

istoriuli da socialuri ganviTarebis

Sedegad ukve Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri jgufi

warmoadgens erTian cocxal organizms Tavisi

Sinagani struqturiT. rogorc yovel cocxal

organizmSi, eTnosSic, axal bunebriv-klimatur

an ucxo eTno-kulturul garemoSi moxvedrisas,

iwyebs moqmedebas adaptaciuri meqanizmi, gamomu-

Savebuli saukuneebis manZilze. am meqanizmis

qmediTunarianobazea damokidebuli, SesZlebs

Tu ara esa Tu is eTnosi Seeguos axal garemos,

SeiTvisos misTvis aratradiciuli faseulobebi

da warmodgenebi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

normebi, wavides garkveul kulturul kompro-

misze ise, ar daarRvios misi specifikuroba da

sistemuri mTlianoba, anu adaptacia ar gadai-

zardos asimilaciaSi. zogierTi mecnieris Sexe-

dulebiT, eTnosTa swored es madaptirebeli

unari SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli eTnikur jgufTa

ganmasxvavebel, saklasifikacio niSnad, maTi ti-

pologizaciis safuZvlad. uxeSi dayofiT eTno-

sebi am niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba miekuTvnos ad-

  99

viladmodernizebad da Zneladmodernizebad, an

dasavlur da aRmosavlur tipebs. Tu mivmarTavT

kvlevis sistemur meTodologias, eTnikuri sis-

temebi am maxasiaTeblis mixedviT Seesabameba

Ria da daxurul sistemebs [79, 81].

erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxi zogadsaka-

cobrio problemaa. cnobilia, rom arsebobs eT-

nikuri sazRvrebi da arsebobs saxelmwifoebri-

vi politikuri sazRvrebi. es ori cneba erTma-

neTs rom emTxveodes, maSin srul harmoniasTan

gveqneboda saqme. magram cxovrebaSi ase ar xde-

ba. es sazRvrebi yovelTvis daSorebulia. ami-

tom politikur sazRvrebSi xSirad xvdeba mra-

vali eris warmomadgeneli. politikuri saz-

Rvrebi erT mTlian saxelmwifos gamoxatavs da

masSi moxvedrili adamianebi ukve erTi uzarma-

zari sociumis anu saxelmwifos warmomadgenle-

bi arian. erovnuli umciresobebi, romelnic do-

minant, avtoqtonuri eris gverdiT cxovroben

erT saxelmwifoSi, ukve politikurad dominire-

buli eris ,,sakuTreba xdeba~. swored es princi-

pi aqvs aRebuli dasavleT da, Tu gnebavT, aRmo-

savleT qveynebsac, sadac, oficialurad Tu ara-

oficialurad, yvela mosaxle, erovnebis miuxe-

davad, iTvleba im saxelmwifos kuTvnilebad,

mis Semadgenel nawilad, romelic avtoqtonuri

eris saxels atarebs.

ar arsebobs adamianisaTvis imaze maRali

ram, vidre erovnebaa. erovnebis gareSe adamiani

mouwesrigebeli arsebis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

erovnulobaSia akumulirebuli misi struqtura,

 100

Tavisi Tavis da adgilis povna. erovnuli mikuT-

vnebuloba miRebulia rogorc aucilebeli, Ta-

visTavadi. igi axdens arsebiT gavlenas xalxis

moqmedebaze iseT situaciebSi, roca erovnulo-

bis dacva uTanaswordeba cxovrebis da STamomav-

lobis dacvas. magram araferi ar aris ise saSi-

Si, rogorc erovnuloba, rodesac igi sakuTari

ambiciebis dasaokeblad separatistuli da poli-

tikanuri elitis manipulirebis sagani xdeba.

dayofili sazogadoebebi aris arasamar-

Tlebriobis Sedegi. Tu ar arsebobs samarTleb-

rioba, mRelvareba da konfliqti umciresobasa

da umravlesobas Soris TiTqmis gardauvalia. s

a e r T a S o r i s o o r g a n i z a c i e b

i k i u f r o x S i r a d m x a r s u W e

r e n u m c i r e s o b a T a m o T x o v n e

b s, x S i r a d u m c i r e s o b a s g a r

e d a n a q v s s t r a t e g i u l i d a i

d e o l o g i u r i m x a r d a W e r a. yo-

velive amas Sedegad mohyveba gaxangrZlivebuli,

Zvirad Rirebuli konfliqti, sazogadoebis da

ekonomikis dezintegracia da, bolos, rac mTa-

varia, didi sakiTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba is Rire-

bulebebi, romelTa dacva gaxda konfliqtis

Tavdapirveli mizezi, anu konfliqti Seuqmnis

safrTxes Tavad eTnikuri jgufis arsebobas, eT-

nikur kulturas.

xSirad umciresoba Tvlis, rom pirovnuli

usafrTxoebis dacvas uzrunvelyofs sazogado-

ebis avtonomiuri mowyoba. arsebobs azri, rom

gadawyvetileba teritoriuli avtonomiis mini-

  101

Webis Sesaxeb ar aris marTebuli, radganac igi

warmoqmnis sxva umciresobebs avtonomiis Sig-

niT. amitom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mxars

ar uWeren teritoriul avtonomias, isini ufro

metad emxrobian kulturuli avtonomiis miniWe-

bas. xolo imis gamo, rom kulturuli avtonomi-

ac xSir SemTxvevaSi TavisTavad moiTxovs gar-

kveul teritorias, umciresoba umjobesad

Tvlis garkveuli doziT moipovos administra-

ciuli da finansuri avtonomia da amiT daicvas

identuroba.

magram politikur samyaroSi isicaa cnobi-

li, rom umciresobebi yovelTvis imaze mets iT-

xoven, vidre saxelmwifos miaCnia saWirod miani-

Wos maT. msoflio praqtikam gviCvena, rom erov-

nuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba Tavs Tvlis mo-

noeTnikur sazogadoebad, Tumca igi Tavisi Se-

madgenlobiT polieTnikuria da ar qmnis gansa-

kuTrebul kanonebs eTnikuri umciresobisaTvis,

sjerdeba mxolod adamianis uflebebis dacvas,

rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs jgufis dacvasac.

TavisTavad polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi

yvela adamians, ganurCevlad imisa, eTnikuri um-

ravlesobis Tu umciresobis warmomadgenelia

igi, unda hqondes Tanabari uflebebi da saxel-

mwifos winaSe Tanabari movaleoba. saxelmwifo

maT, rogorc Tavisi qveynis moqalaqeebs, erTnai-

rad unda icavdes, amitom arsebobs tendencia,

rom Tavisi identifikacia yvelam moqalaqeobas

daukavSiros.

 102

aseve problemuria saxelmwifo mowyobi-

saTvis eTnikuri TviTSegnebis sakiTxi. igi Ta-

vis mxriv ukavSirdeba sxvis (arasakuTari) teri-

toriaze mcxovrebi xalxis TviTgamorkvevis uf-

lebis gansazRvras e.i. im eTnikuri jgufebis,

romlebic ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi warmoadgenen

eTnikur umciresobebs. s a e r T a S o r i s o

g a e r T i a n e b a n i e r T d r o u l a

d a R i a r e b e n, r o g o r c T v i T

g a m o r k v e v a s, a s e v e s a z R v r e

b i s d a u r R v e v l o b i s p r i n c i p

s, r a c Y T a v i s T a v a d e r T m a n e

T s e w i n a a R m d e g e b a.

arsebobs mosazreba `SidaTviTgamorkvevis~

Sesaxeb, romelic gulisxmobs erTi saxelmwi-

fos SigniT eTnoumciresobaTa `TviTgamorkve-

vas~. amitom saxelmwifos garadqmnebis periodSi

saWiroa yovelive zemoTmoyvanili sakiTxis ara

marto politikuri gaazreba, aramed mecnieruli

kvlevac. aseTi Seswavlis gareSe am sakiTxebis

gadaWra ar SeiZleba, radgan, Tu umciresobebs

gansakuTrebul uflebebs mianiWeben, warmoiqmne-

ba saSiSroeba, koleqtiuri uflebebis moTxov-

nebma miiRos avtonomiis, TviTmarTvelobis,

TviTgamorkvevis, damoukideblobis, politikuri

gamoyofis da sxva mezobel saxelmwifosTan Se-

erTebis forma, rac daemuqreba qveynis terito-

riul mTlianobas [79, 305-306]. amerikeli

mkvlevarebi k e g l i da v i T q o f i Tana-

medrove msoflioSi eTnikuri daZabulobis ge-

ografiuli ganawilebis Semdeg suraTs iZlevi-

  103

an: dasavleTis demokratiul qveynebSi 31 eT-

nopolitikuri jgufia. SeiaraRebul konfliq-

tSi arc erTi eTnikuri jgufi ar aris Cabmuli.

xuTi eTnikuri jgufi saSualo riskis pirobeb-

Sia moxvedrili (baskebi, CrdiloeT irlandie-

lebi da sxv.) [78, 149]. aRmosavleT evropa da yo-

fili sabWoTa kavSiri iTvlis 59 eTnopoliti-

kur jgufs. aqdean ori eTnikur omSia Cabmuli.

rva imyofeba maRali, xolo Svidi saSualo ris-

kis mdgomareobaSi (maT Soris arian somxebi,

azerbaijanelebi, qarTvelebi, afxazebi, osebi,

CeCnebi, bosnielebi, kosovos albanelebi).

aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia

34 eTnopolitikur jgufs aerTianebs. xuTi jgu-

fi omis mdgomareobaSia, sami imyofeba maRali

riskis pirobebSi. kidev 12 jgufis mdgomareoba

SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc saSualo riskis do-

ne (karenebi, minebi, Sanebi birmaSi, uiRurebi da

tibetelebi CineTSi).

dasavleTi da samxreT azia 25 eTnopoli-

tikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan 11 eTnikuri omis

viTarebaSi, 6 maRali da 13 saSualo riskis ka-

tegoriaSi SeiZleba gavaerTianoT xazarebi,

tajikebi, uzbekebi avRaneTSi, qaSmirebi indoeT-

sa da pakistanSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi).

axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrika-

Si 28 eTnopolitikuri jgufi gamoiyofa. 3 jgu-

fi Cabmulia eTnikur omSi. maRali riskis piro-

bebSi imyofeba 6, saSualo riskis pirobebSi ki

2 jgufi (qurTebi TurqeTsa da eraySi, Siitebi

eraysa da libanSi, arabebi israelSi). tropiku-

 104

li afrika 57 eTnopolitikur jgufs moicavs,

romelTagan 11 eTnikuri omis mdgomareobaSia,

12 maRali riskis, xolo 8 saSualo riskis do-

neze imyofeba (hutu burundiSi, ioruba nigeria-

Si, tutsi zairSi, afarebi eTiopiaSi).

laTinuri amerika da karibis auzi sul 32

eTnopolitikur jgufs iTvlis. maTgan eTnikuri

omis mdgomareobaSia erTi, xolo saSualo ris-

kis mdgomareobaSia 11 jgufi (miskito–nikaragu-

aSi da maia–meqsikaSi da sxv.).

sruli absurdi iqneboda imis mtkiceba,

rom nebismier xalxs, visac erovnuli identu-

roba aqvs, saxelmwifo unda hqondes, am logi-

kiT Tanamedrove msoflioSi 6 aTasamde damou-

kidebeli saxelmwifo iqneboda, rac sruli ab-

surdia. saerTaSoriso samarTalSi aRiarebuli

principi – xalxTa Tanasworuflebianobisa da

TviTgamorkvevis principi Tanamedrove etapze

srul SesabamisobaSia saerTaSoriso samarTlis

meore fundamentur principTan – teritoriul

mTlianobasTan [78, 151]. Tamanedrove msof-

liosaTvis samarTlianobisa da wesrigis garkve-

uli balansis moZieba da maT Soris wyalgamyo-

fi xazis povna aris erT-erTi umwvavesi prob-

lema da mravali mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, kvla-

vac darCeba momaval msoflioSi.

amerikeli mkvlevari g. gotlibi Tavis

wignSi `eri saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg~ cdilobs

gadaWras es problema da gvTavazobs Tavis Teo-

rias `saxelmwifos alus erebi~, romlis mixed-

viTac saxelmwifoTa sistemis gverdiT unda Se-

  105

iqmnas axali sivrce – erebis sistema. eris sta-

tusis mqone erTeulebs SeeZlebaT gaxdnen saer-

TaSoriso urTierTobebis aqtorebi da warmod-

genilni iyvnen saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi e.

i. erebs eniWebaT saerTaSoriso statusi, rome-

lic ar gulisxmobs axali teritoriuli sa-

xelmwifoebis Seqmnas. daaxloebiT am pozicia-

zea espaneli mkvlevari m. giberno. misi azriT,

erovnuli umciresobani gaxdebian saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis monawileni mxolod ekonomiku-

ri da politikuri integraciis maRal doneze.

gibernos miaCnia, rom evrokavSiri warmoadgens

iseT organizacias, romlis SigniTac ukve Se-

saZlebelia Tanabar subieqtebad gamoikveTon

rogorc saxelmwifoebi, ise saxelmwifos gareSe

darCenili erebi. kerZod, Sotlandias, uelss,

katalonias, kastilias da baskeTs, didi brita-

neTisa da espaneTis msgavsad, unda hqondeT uf-

leba warmoadgendnen evrokavSiris srulufle-

bian wevrebs, sargeblobdnen politikuri avto-

nomiis imave doniT evrokavSirSi da hyavdeT Ta-

vianTi warmomadgenlebi evroparlamentSi. isini,

faqtiurad, iZenen im uflebebs, rac adre mxo-

lod saxelmwifosaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebli,

magram saxelmwifos SigniT isini kvlav rCebian

eTnikur umciresobad [78, 154].

umciresobis sakiTxi CvenTvis metad aqtua-

luri problemaa. ZiriTadad arsebobs ramdenime

saxis umciresoba: p o l i t i k u r i, e n o b

r i v i da r e l i g i u r i umciresobebi [80,

23].

 106

pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia ganvasxvavoT

monoeTnikuri da polieTnikuri saxelmwifoebi.

ris Sesaxeb SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTnikuri

TvalsazrisiT absoluturad erTgvarovani sa-

xelmwifo warmonaqmni realurad ar arsebobs.

amitom samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mo-

sazreba, rom pirobiTad monoeTnikur saxelmwi-

fod CaeTvalaT is qveynebi, sadac mosaxleobis

absoluturi umravlesoba (ukidures SemTxveva-

Si 95%) miekuTvneba erT eTnoss. aseTebia, maga-

liTad, bangladeSi, brazilia, iordania, ita-

lia, madagaskari, norvegia, portugalia, Ggerma-

nia, iaponoa, arabuli qveynebis umravlesoba [75,

3000-301].

`sabWoTa mecnierebaSi~ cneba `umcireso-

bis~ aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda sinonimuri ga-

monaTqvamebi: `erovnuli umciresoba~ da `mcire

xalxebi~ [81, 94].

ucxoeli mecnierebi iyeneben iseT termi-

nebs, rogoricaa `erovnuli umciresobebi~, `in-

digenuri xalxi~, `urbanuli umciresobebi~ da

a.S. [81, 95].

bolo periodSi qarTul istoriografiaSi

gamoiTqva ramdenime mosazreba `erovnuli umci-

resobis~ definiciasTan dakavSirebiT. magali-

Tad, l. kiknaZis azriT, `ama Tu im xalxis si-

Warbe xSirad ricxobrivia, Tumca eTnikuri jgu-

fi, romelsac ara aqvs socialuri privilegiebi

da miiCnevs Tavs uuflebod, SeiZleba ganisaz-

Rvros, rogorc umciresoba~ [82, 32]. es ganmarte-

ba mTlad gasagebi ver aris. marTalia, statiis

  107

avtori ucxour samecniero literaturas ey-

rdnoba, magram ramdenad misaRebia aseTi defini-

cia? ras niSnavs, rom `ama Tu im xalxis siWarbe

xSirad ricxobrivia~? xalxis siWarbe sxvas ras

unda warmoadgendes TuUara ricxobriv upirate-

sobas! an eTnikuri jgufis socialuri privile-

giebis nakleboba da uufleboba SeiZleba iyos

`erovnuli umciresobisaTvis~ mikuTvnebis kri-

teriumi?

aRmosavleT evropaSi da yofil sabWoTa

kavSirSi mimdinare dramatulma movlenebma ra-

dikalurad Secvales situacia am regionSi. sa-

Wiro gaxda evropis usafrTxoebis axali siste-

mis Seqmna da am mizniT evroTaTbirSi struqtu-

ruli cvlilebebis Setana (e u T o).

holandiis iniciativiT SemoRebuli iqna

erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeSi umaRlesi komis-

ris Tanamdeboba 1992 wlis ivnisSi helsinkSi ga-

marTul umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze [83, 152].

erovnuli umciresobebis amJamad yvelaze

miRebuli gansazRvreba ekuTvnis gaeros diskri-

minaciis acilebis da umciresobaTa dacvis qve-

komisiis specialur raportiors (momxsenebels)

franCesko kapoports. Tumca am ganmartebam yve-

la eqsperti ar daakmayofila da gaero jer ki-

dev eZebs mis definicias. am ganmartebis Tanax-

mad, ,,erovnuli umciresoba aris saxelmwifos

danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mcireric-

xovani, aradominanturi poziciis, am saxelmwi-

foSi mcxovreb ama Tu im erovnebis warmomadge-

nelTagan dakompleqtebuli jgufi, romlis wev-

 108

rebs aqvT danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gansxvave-

buli eTnikuri, religiuri an lingvisturi ma-

xasiaTeblebi da TavisTavad gamoxataven soli-

darobas Tavisi kulturis, tradiciis, religii-

sa da enis dasacavad [81, 96].

eTnikuri istoriis procesSi yofila Sem-

Txvevebi, rodesac romelime eTnosis (eTnikuri

erTobis) nawili gadaadgilebis, an sxvasTan

Serwymis dros aRmoCenila calke ZiriTadi bir-

Tvisagan, da ganviTarebula damoukideblad. ama-

ve dros SeunarCunebia Tavisi eTnikuri erToba.

saerTo kulturiTa da warmoSobiT adamianTa

aseTi specifikuri jgufebi, gancalkevebiT ari-

an irgvliv myofi eTnikuri masivisagan, xalxisa-

gan, anu erisagan da iwodebian eTnografiul

jgufebad. msgavs jgufebs, akademokos i.v. brom-

leis azriT, SeiZleba vuwodoT ,,eTnikosebi~ [75,

32]. (berZ. ethnikos) ixmareba ama Tu im tomTan,

xalxTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobiT [84, 123].

maSasadame, eTnografiuli jgufi aseve

specifikuri erTobaa. mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT

Turqulenovani gagauzebi bulgareTSi, iranule-

novani iranelebi uzbekeTSi, manjurulenovani

orokebi saxalinze da sxv.

eTnografiuli jgufi ar SeiZleba gavaigi-

voT erovnul umciresobasTan, romelic warmo-

adgens eris erovnuli erTobis nawils ZiriTa-

di sacxovreblis sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca maT

Soris SesaZlebelia zogierTi gardamavali ti-

pi vigulisxmoT [85, 58-59].

  109

terminebi ,,umciresoba~ – ,,umravlesoba~

relatiuria. umciresoba mxolod umravlesobas-

Tan mimarTebaSi arsebobs (da piriqiT) da See-

satyviseba sazRvrebis garkveul sistemas. Tana-

medrove sazogadoebaSi es sazRvrebi ZiriTadad

saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gulisxmobs. saxelmwifo

sazRvrebis Secvlam, bunebrivia, SeiZleba gamo-

iwvios umciresoba-umravlesobis Tanafardobis

cvlilebebic. amasTanave, garkveul sazRvrebs

SigniT myofi umciresoba sxvagan SeiZleba um-

ravlesobas warmoadgendes, an piriqiT.

yvela umciresobas aqvs saerTo niSani-po-

tenciurad konfliqturi damokidebuleba sa-

xelmwifosa da dominantur erTan [86, 22].

,,socialuri identifikaciis Teoriis Ta-

naxmad, adamianebi midrekilni arian ufro metad

pozitiurad daaxasiaTon is ,,warmosaxviTi er-

Toba~ (yvelaze xSirad ki eri), romelsac Tavad

miekuTvnebian. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovania erTobis SigniT myari kavSiris Se-

narCunebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, mas, vinc am erTo-

bas ar miekuTvneba, yvelaze uaryofiT Tvisebebs

miaweren [87, 73-74]. magaliTad, leki anwuxebi Ta-

vianT Tavs uwodben ,,maraxSal~ (,,Snoiani~, ,,la-

zaTiani~), xolo isini mezobel kapuWebs uwode-

ben ,,xvanalebs~, rac sapalneakidebul pirutyvs

niSnavs [88, 18].

eTnikuri jgufis socialuri fsiqologii-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli e.w. eTnocentrizmis fe-

nomeni amerikelma anTropologma u. s a m e r m

a gamoavlina. eTnocentrizmisaTvis mniSvnelova-

 110

nia sxva eTnosebis Sefasebisas sakuTari eTniku-

ri jgufis etalonurad, referenturad aRiare-

ba, Sesabamisad sxva jgufi miiCneva Tavisaze ua-

resad, rac iwvevs maTdami agdebul, mtrul da-

mokidebulebas, undoblobas. eTnocentrizmi,

rogorc wesi, Tavs iCens eTnikuri jgufisaTvis

eqstremalur situaciaSi, rodesac mis identu-

robas safrTxe emuqreba [79, 92]. magaliTad, ka-

tegoria ,,zangi~ SesaZloa mxolod neitralur

damokidebulebas gamoxatavdes da aranair nega-

tivizmis safuZvels ar qmnides, magram rodesac

kategorias ,,zangoba~ daemateba misi musikalu-

roba, sizarmace, crumorwmuneoba, CamorCenilo-

ba da a.S., Cven ukve saqme gvaqvs stereotipul

xatebTan da warmodgenebTan. faqtobrivad, aq

laparakia xat-warmodgenebze, socialur ganwyo-

baze, winaswar eTnikur ganwyobaze [79, 277].

adamianTa cnobierebis erT-erTi aucilebe-

li aqsesuari ,,Cven – isini“, ukve mkafiod ikve-

Teba pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi. kerZod, Tavi-

sianisa da ucxos fenomeni. sxva tomis warmo-

madgenlebi mtrebad iTvlebodnen. Semgroveble-

bi da monadireebi ki mters araadamianad

Tvlidnen. brZolis dros adamiani ar klavda

mas, vinc flobda iseTive informacias, rogor-

sac TviTon... is anadgurebs ucxos, mters, visi

,,fizionomia~ misTvis ucnobia [89, 117].

Zveli egviptelebi sakuTar Tavs uwodeb-

dnen ,,remeCs~ (rac maT enaze niSnavda ,,adami-

ans~), xolo danareCni xalxi maTTvis ,,velure-

bi~ iyvnen [90, 42].

  111

CineTSi, cinis epoqisa da ufro adreuli

xanis werilobiT ZeglebSi, agreTve gomindanis

reJimis droindel literaturaSi, CineTis mci-

rericxovani erebis aRmniSvnel TiTqmis yvela

ieroglifs, romelic klasifikatoris funqcias

asrulebda da ikiTxeboda, rogorc ,,ZaRli~. es

faqti, cxadia migviTiTebs Cinuri eTnocentriz-

mis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTebelze – erovnu-

li umciresobisadmi lamis zoologiur zizRze.

samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi (upiratesad in-

doCineTis naxevarkunZulze) mcxovrebi taiebis

TviTsaxelwodebaa t a i, t h a i, rac siamur ena-

ze niSnavs ,,adamians~. sxva eTnosebis mimarT ki

isini iyeneben klasifikators meng (`mweri~, `mwe-rebi~). am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs eTnocentriz-

mis friad vulgarul gamovlinebasTan [90, 43].

afrikaSi mcxovrebi hotentotebis avtoeT-

nonimia k o i k o i n, rac maT enaze ,,namdvil

adamianebs~ an ,,rCeul, saukeTeso adamianebs~

niSnavs. mezobel buSmenebs ki isini uwodebdnen

s a n s, rac ,,veluris~ Sinaarss itevda. es sa-

gulisxmo faqti ukve imis TvalsaCino mowmobaa,

rom eTnocentrizmi kulturuli ganviTarebis

dabal safexurze mdgom xalxebTanac aranakleb

eqspresiuli formiT iCens Tavs [90, 44]. xamura-

bis kanonebis mixedviT Zveli babiloni msof-

lio saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. amitomac yvela

Tavisufali, Tanaswori iyo kanonis winaSe. ar

arsebobda raime privilegia erovnuli niSnis

mixedviT. elamelis, babilonelis, qanaanelis

mimarT kanoni erTnairad moqmedebda. xamurabis

 112

kanonebma ar icis mosulisa da ucxotomelis

cneba [91, 10].

jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom

,,stumroba ucxoelebisa, romlebic aRzrdili

arian sul sxva kanonebze, saxelmwifosaTvis

araa sasargeblo da ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwi-

fos kargad marTvis saqmes~. marTlac, praqtiku-

lad dadasturebulia, rom emigrantebis mozRva-

veba, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire saxelmwifosaTvis,

demokratiuli viTarebis TvalsazrisiTac wamge-

biania [92, 47].

eTikuri aRzrdis principebis Tvalsazri-

siT, elinisturi epoqis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli

misi araeTnikurad da religiurad gaudiferen-

cirebeli xasiaTia da samoqalaqo konvenciaSi

Tvisis gansazRvra oden kulturuli maxasiaTeb-

lebiT Semdegia: berZenia yvela vinc cxovrobs

berZnul kulturaSi.

elinistur epoqaSi eTnikuri sazomi dai-

karga monoTeizmSic – iudevelia yvela, vinc

aRiarebs moses sjuls (eTnikuri warmoSobisa,

Tu eTnikuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad), risi

erT-erTi mizezic aris ebrauli enis sikvdili

da moses sjulis mimdevarTa ametyveleba arame-

ul, berZnul, laTinur Tu qarTul enaze [93, 92].

berZen-romael avtorTa TvalsazrisiT ama

Tu im pirisa Tu jgufis erovnuli kuTvnilebis

gasarkvevad mniSvneloba eniWeboda ara mxolod

sisxliT monaTesaobas (e.i. piris, jgufis) cxov-

rebis wessac: socialurs, ekonomikurs, religi-

  113

ursa da kulturuls. didi, Tu ara gadamwyveti,

mniSvneloba hqonda e n o b r i v faqtorsac.

Zv.w. 380 wels isokrate amayad acxadebda,

rom ,,elinuri kulturis wyalobiT saxelwode-

ba elini aRniSnavs ukve ara warmomavlobas,

aramed sulier erTobas; elinebs ukve uwodeben

ara maT, vinc sisxliT monaTesaoben, aramed maT,

vinc Cvens ganaTlebas arian naziarebi~ [94, 14].

aristoteles SexedulebiT, barbarosi da mona

bunebis mixedviT identuri cnebebi iyo. barba-

rosebi elinebisaTvis warmoadgendnen Tavisu-

fal cxovelebs. aristotele imowmebda evripi-

des, romelic ambobda: ,,berZenT neba aqvT bato-

nobdnen barbarosebze~ [93, 125].

mis sawinaaRmdegod ki, mociquli pavle ga-

latelTa mimarT epistoleSi wers: ,,ukve aRar

arsebobs arc iudveli da arc berZeni, arc mona

da arc Tavisufali, arc mamri da arc dedri,

vinaidan Tqven yvelani xarT qriste iesoSi~ [95,

408]. maSasadame maT yvelas aqvT erTi da igive

adamianuri Rirsebebi da Tanabari movaleobani

maTi zneobrivi qmedebebisadmi. yoveli adamianis

Tanasworuflebianoba mxolod qristianuli

moZRvrebis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli.

saerTod, demokratiis fuZemdeblebi ber-

Znebi xasiaTdebodnen lamis zoologiuri qseno-

fobiiT, da ara marto barbarosebis mimarT, ara-

med sxva berZnuli polisis (qalaq-saxelmwifos)

moqalaqe berZnebis mimarTac ki: klasikuri ber-

Znuli epoqis samoqalaqo samarTlis Tanaxmad,

bavSvebi moqalaqisa da ucxoelis (anu sxva ber-

 114

Znuli polisis moqalaqis) qorwinebidan umrav-

les SemTxvevaSi ver iRebdnen moqalaqeobas. ase-

Ti mdgomareoba dakanonebul iqna aTenSi perik-

les mier Zv.w. 451 wels. amis gamo gaCnda praqti-

ka specialuri SeTanxmebebisa, romelTa Tanaxmad

aseTi internacionaluri qorwinebani iTvlebod-

nen kanonierad SeTanxmebaSi monawile qalaq –

saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebs Soris. es iyo xel-

Sekrulebebi e.w. epigamiis Sesaxeb [93, 108-109].

rac Seexeba Zveli msoflios klasifika-

torul-kvalitatiur terminTa Soris upopula-

res ,,barbaross~, is berZnul enaze Tavdapirve-

lad niSnavda zogadad ,,ucxos, ucxoels, elini-

saTvis gaugebar enaze molaparakes~ da faqtob-

rivad moklebuli iyo raime odiozur niSans,

Tumca mogvianebiT man SeiZina ,,uxeSis, veluris,

ukulturos semantikuri niuansic~ [90, 44

aris mosazreba, rom berZnebi barbaross

yvela ara elins anu ara berZens uwodebdnen.

ucxoenovani xalxebis saubari berZnebs, buneb-

rivia, ar esmodaT da maTi smenisaTvis gaugeb-

rad aRiqmeboda. zogierTi avtoris Sexedule-

biT, aqedan gamomdinareobs sityva ,,barbar-os~ –

i. TandaTanobiT Zvelma berZnebma maTgan gan-

sxvavebuli kulturis xalxebs qedmaRlurad

dauwyes yureba. isini maT ufro dabla mdgomad,

velurebad miiCnevdnen. amitom TandaTan termini

,,barbarosi~ veluris sinonimi gaxda [96, 49].

Tumca, rogorc Cans, termini ,,barbarosis~

gamoyenebas ,,elinTan~ dapirispirebaSi gansakuT-

rebiT farTo gasaqani eZleva maSin, rodesac

  115

berZen tomebs sabolood uyalibdebaT eTnikuri

erTobis Segneba da maTTan myarad ikidebs fexs

is azri, rom ,,Zveli elinebi~ barbarosi xalxe-

bisagan gansxvavdebodnen rogorc meti mosazre-

bulobiT, ise ufro sruli TavisuflebiT su-

lieri miamitobisagan (herodote).

Zveli berZnebi afrikis CrdiloeT sanapi-

roze jer kidev ,,didi kolonizaciis~ xanaSi

(Zv.w. VII-VI ss.) ikideben fexs. adgilobriv av-

toqtonur mosaxleobasTan intensiur kontaqtSi

Sesvlis Semdeg isini niadag ecnobian b e r b e

r T a Soris imxanad farTod gamoyenebul eT-

nonims ,,braber – brabars~ an ,,beraber – baraba

– barabars~, romelsac iTviseben ,,barbar – bar-

barosis~ formiT.

rogorc Cans, berberebma Tavisi egzoti-

kuri yofiT, kulturiT, ucnauri garegnobiT da

wesCveulebebiT, agreTve berZenTaTvis sruliad

gaugebari eniT, imdenad Zlieri STabeWdileba

moaxdines evropel kolonistebze, rom isini

elinTaTvis ,,sruliad ucxo, ucnauri, araCveu-

lebrivi xalxis~ erTgvar etalonad iqcnen.

aseTnairma eTnokulturulma stereotipma Tavis

mxriv, ,,elini – araelinis~ dixtomiur Sepiris-

pirebas Cauyara safuZveli da droTa ganmavlo-

baSi termini ,,barbarosic~ TandaTan daicala

dasabamiTi viwro – eTnikuri Sinaarsisagan da

aRniSnul dixtomias moergo rogorc zogadad

,,ucxos, ucxotomelis, ucxoelis~, ,,gaugebrad

molaparakis~ sinonimi... mogvianebiT, sxva arae-

lin eTnosebTan urTierTobis negatiuri gamoc-

 116

dilebis dagrovebis pirobebSi ki, `barbarosma~

ara marto `ucxos~, ucxoelis, ucxo tomelis~,

aramed `uxamsis, uxeSis, ukulturos, veluris,

warmarTis~ damatebiTi mniSvneloba SeiZina [90,

49-50].

terminis – `barbarosis~ berberTa tomob-

rivi saxelwodebisagan momdinareobis sasargeb-

lod unda metyvelebdes is faqtic, rom Zvel

qarTvel mwignobarTac barbarosebi maincdama-

inc afrikelebad hyavdaT warmodgenili. Tqmu-

lis sailustraciod sakmarisia davimowmoT

sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~, sadac

vkiTxulobT: `barbarozi – afrikis Temi Savni.

afrikaSi Temi erTi SavTa, warmarTi, mona ucxo-

Tesli~ [97, 50].

romaelebma pirvelebma SemoiRes moqala-

qis cneba (`romis moqalaqe~. romis moqalaqd

yofnisaTvis romaelad (e.i. eTnikur laTinad)

yofna ar iyo aucilebeli. romi ara Tu ar ga-

narCevda Tavis moqalaqeebs eTnikuri da reli-

giuri niSniT, metic, is aniWebda romis moqala-

qeobas mis mier dapyrobili qveynebis moqalaqe-

ebs, riTac aTanabrebda romis mkvidrTan. romis

moqalaqeobis aucilebeli pirobac da Sedegic

romaul samoqalaqo konvenciaSi gawevrianeba

iyo [93, 114].

amave dros romauli formula RaRadebda

divide et impera – e.i. saxelmwifoSi dasaqmebul

erovnebaTa Soris sTese Suri da gaTiSe, arev-

darevasa da erTmaneTTan kinklaobaSi amoxade

suli maT erovnul da politikur miswrafebeb-

  117

so [98, 150]. Zveli romis 12 tabulis kanonebis

mixedviT ki romis teritoriaze mxolod romis

moqalaqes hqonda miwis sakuTrebis ufleba. uc-

xoelebi am SesaZleblobas moklebuli iyvnen

[91, 16].

romSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgene-

li danaSaulisaTvis gansxvavebul sasjels

iRebda. magaliTad, jvarze gakvras hqonda

mkveTrad gamoxatuli klasobrivi da erovnuli

xasiaTi: romis moqalaqis da, saerTod, Tavisu-

fali adamianis sikvdiliT dasja jvarze mkac-

rad iyo akrZaluli yvelaze mZime danaSaulis

Cadenis SemTxvevaSic ki [99, 39].

aseve, adrefeodalur sazogadoebaSi eTni-

kuri gansxvaveba ganuyofeli iyo samarTlebriv

gansxvavebasTan. saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi ka-

nonmdebloba jer kidev Camoyalibebis process

ganicdida da adamians asamarTlebdnen ara im

teritoriis, mxaris kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,

sadac cxovrobda, aramed im tomis tradiciidan

gamomdinare, saidanac iyo misi warmoSoba. ami-

tom, marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, pirvel

rigSi, miznad isaxavda gansasjelis eTnikuri

vinaobis gamorkvevas. arsebul saqmis warmoebas

dokumentebSi, nawilobriv adrefeodaluri xa-

nis naratiul wyaroebSi, eTnonimebi miTiTebu-

lia adamianis pirad saxelTan erTad. zogjer

is pirdapir dasaxelebulia goTad, frankad,

romaelad da a.S. zogjer naTqvamia, rom is

cxovrobs ama da am xalxis kanonebis mixedviT

[100, 228].

 118

oficialuri bizantiuri samarTali ar

mijnavda adamianebs eTnikuri niSniT, yvela Ta-

naswori iyo, Tuki aRiarebda marTlmadideblo-

bas da icavda basilevsis erTgulebas. am samar-

TliT, marTlmadideblobis aRiareba, faqtobri-

vad, savaldebulo iyo berZnebTan gasaTanabreb-

lad, rac eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanons fiqci-

ad aqcevda. eTnikuri Tanasworobis kanoni praq-

tikaSi yovel nabijze irRveoda: imperiaSi mrav-

lad iyvnen sxvadasxva erovnebis monebi, maSin

rodesac ikrZaleboda berZeni monis floba. mar-

Talia, xelisufleba did sifrTxiles iCenda

ucxo eTnosTan damokidebulebaSi politikuri

garTulebebis dros, magram roca es garTulebe-

bi cxreboda, uxeSad devnidnen orTodoqsidan

gansxvavebul konfesiebs da Zalas mimarTavdnen

qalkedonizmis dasanergad [101, 79].

Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi ucxoe-

lis beds mTlianad is mefe an feodali swyvet-

da, romlis samflobeloSi savaWrod an sxva

saqmianobisTvis ucxo piri aRmoCndeboda. evro-

pis qveynebSi, rogor Cans, sakmaod mZime adaT-we-

sebi iyo gabatonebuli ucxoelTa mimarT, miuxe-

davad dacvis sigelis qonebisa, am ukanasknelTa

pirovnebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba ar

iyo uzrunvelyofili. safrangeTSi, germaniasa

da evropis zogierT sxva qveyanaSi moqmedebda

wesi, romlis mixedviTac, Tu sxvis samflobelo

teritoriaze myofi ucxoeli erTi wlis da er-

Ti dRis ganmavlobaSi ver moipovebda adgilob-

rivi feodalis mfarvelobas, ukanasknels uf-

  119

leba hqonda ucxo piri Tavis ymad eqcia, qoneba

ki CamoerTva [102, 214].

marTalia sasanianTa iranSi sparselebi

Tavs aravis uyadrebdnen, maT Soris arc sxva

iranuli modgmis xalxebs, magram eTnikuri niS-

niTac aravis Cagravdnen da esec aqemeniduri

iranis memkvidreoba iyo, Tumca TviT aqemenidur

iranTan SedarebiTac ki, sasanidi mefeebis aR-

zrdis instituts axasiaTebda eTnikuri Semwyna-

reblobis arnaxuli done – sasanuri iranis im-

periaSi Semavali arcerTi xalxi ZalmomreobiT

ar gadaSenebula da maTma absoluturma umrav-

lesobam dRemde moaRwia Tavisi eTnografiuli

kulturiTa da dedaeniT; metic, Tavisi istori-

uli sazRvrebiT. SesaZleblobis miuxedavad,

sparselebs ar mouxdeniaT da arc ucdiaT maTi

eTnikuri asimilacia.

am mxriv axlo aRmosavleTSi iranis impe-

rias erTaderTi analogi moeZebneba saqarTve-

los samefos saxiT, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

farnavazma pirveli sruliad qarTuli saxel-

mwifo sparsTa samefos msgavsad moawyo [93, 197].

saqarTvelo mxolod qarTveluri tomebiT

ar unda yofiliyo dasaxlebuli, aseve rogorc

sxvagan, CvenTanac iyo intensiuri Serevis zone-

bi.

gzebi sagrZnob gavlenas axdenda ara

mrto ekonomikuri, aramed xalxTa Soris urTi-

erTobis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaze. am

gzebze mdebare dasaxlebebisaTvis ucxo ar iq-

neboda kavSirebi sxvadasxva ekonomikurad gan-

 120

sxvavebul jgufebTan da kulturebTan (sxva su-

raTia gzidan moSorebul punqtebSi). garda

mSvidobiani urTierTobisa, xSiri iqneboda ro-

gorc samezoblo, ise Soreuli Semosevebi, ag-

reTve aborigenTa mier sxvaTa dapyroba da tyve-

Ta wamosxma. momTabareTa masebis dausrulebeli

moZraobebi, sxvadasxva tomTa Tu calkeul in-

dividTa gadaadgilebani, rac istoriuli wyaro-

ebiT SesaZlebelia ar iyos asaxuli da rac

warmoadgenda demografiul da anTropologiur

procesebs, romlis drosac mosuli mosaxleo-

bis nakadis infiltracia aborigenebTan mimdina-

reobda. misi saboloo Sedegi Zalze mniSvnelo-

vani xdeboda eTnikurad gansxvavebuli elemen-

tebis ,,daleqviT~ da maTi Semdgomi gamovline-

biT drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi, mravalfero-

vani kombinaciebiT [103].

mraval obieqtur garemoebaTa Sedegad,

qarTli msoflios sxvadasxva regionebidan

sxvadasxva mizeziT mosuli eTnosebis samSob-

loc gaxda. swored aq, qarTlSi Caeyara safuZ-

veli, saxelmwifos Tanacxovrebis fenomens, rac

qarTul miwaze Camosaxlebulebs yvela pirobas

uqmnida SeenarCunebinaT sakuTari ena, religia,

tradiciebi da amasTanave gaeTavisebinaT qar-

TvelTa kulturul-zneobrivi Rirebulebebi

[104, 3].

`qarTlis cxovreba~ ar gamoxatavs mtri-

sadmi siZulvils. calkeuli adamianis daxasia-

Tebis dros, is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs mis

eTnikur warmoSobas. adamiani kargia da keTili,

  121

an cudi da `mesisxle~, miuxedavad misi eTnikur-

religiuri kuTvnilebisa.

gansakuTrebiT Tbiladaa ganwyobili `qar-

Tlis cxovreba~ saqarTvelos mezobeli, kavkasi-

eli xalxebis mimarT. am mxriv Txzulebas ga-

mokveTili pozocia aqvs: rodesac qarTvelebi,

somxebi, albanelebi da sxva kavkasieli xalxebi

erTad ibrZvian, maT mteri Znelad Tu daamar-

cxebs [96, 35].

istoriulad qveynis SigniT gadaadgile-

bis, Tu qveynis garedan mosuli `ucxos~ socia-

luri statusi saqarTveloSi mkveTrad icvle-

boda. es vlindeboda cxovrebis sxvadasxva sfe-

roSi – miwaTsargeblobaSi, mmarTvelobaSi, da-

saxlebis formaSi, qcevis normebSi [105, 92].

XI saukunis avtoris leonti mrovelis mi-

xedviT qarTlSi mosulma ebraelebma mcxeTis

mamasaxlisisagan dasaxlebis nebarTvis safasu-

rad xarkis gadaxda ikisres. igive avtoris cno-

biT, qarTlis xelisufalT qveyanaSi miuRiaT da

dausaxlebiaT Turqebi, berZnebi, asurelebi da

xazarebi im pirobiT, rom isini aaSenebdnen

axal qalaqebs, xolo ukve arsebulT gaamagreb-

dnen [105, 93].

arqeologiuri Ziebebis saSualebiT mopo-

vebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi damatebiT infor-

macias gvawvdian qarTlis samefo dedaqalaqis –

mcxeTis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, kerZod ki, mi-

si eTnikuri siWrelis saCveneblad. samecniero

literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven: `SesaZlebeli

xdeba qarTvelebis garda dedaqalaq mcxeTaSi

 122

gavarCioT berZen-romaelebis, sparselebis da

ebraelebis mcire jgufebi mainc!~ [106, 45].

`moqcevai qarTlisai~ ganarCevs erTmaneTi-

sagan mcxeTis mkvidrs da aramkvidrs, ucxos.

mcxeTis mkvidrebi Seadgenen TavisufalTa fe-

nas, romelsac Sesabamis statuss aniWebda mefe.

samecniero literaturaSi mcxeTis mkvidrobis

ufleba-movaleobaTa gansazRvrisas Cveulebriv

eyrdnobian ninos mier mogvi sparsis gankurne-

bis epizods, sadac miriani eubneba ninos: `ukue-

Tu gankurno mTavari ese, gangamdidro da gyo

mkvidr mcxeTas Sina msaxurad armazisa~.

mirianis sityvebidan Cans, rom mcxeTis

mkvidroba mefes SeeZlo ucxoelisaTvisac mieni-

Webina, Tu armazis ymobas aRiarebda. aseTi piri

xdeboda `mdidaric~, e.i. miwis mflobeli da

samxedrovaldebuli, anu samoqalaqo Temis sru-

luflebiani wevri [107, 178].

mirianma qristianobis aRiarebis Semdeg

mcxeTis ebraelTagan mxolod isini datova

mcxeTaSi, romlebic qristianobaze moiqcnen.

aseTTagani iyvnen barabeanni, `romaelnica moi-

naTlnes ormeocda aTi suli saxelisa maTisai.

da mkvidr iqmnes mcxeTas Sina. da miuboZa mefe-

man dabai erTi, romelsa hrqvian cixedidi~ [107,

180]. qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi aborigeni

mosaxleoba, qarTveli tomebis warmomadgenlebi,

araqarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, terminiT –

`naTesaviT qarTveli~ moixseniebian. saintere-

soa, rom leonti mroveli ebraelebs `qarTvel-

Ta naTesavad~ moixseniebs – `ucxoni igi naTe-

  123

savTagan~ gansxvavebiT. vaxuStic `naTesavni qar-

TlosianSi~ gulisxmobs qarTlosianebs da eb-

raelebs [108, 37].

Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erovnebaT-

Sorisi urTierTobebis politikis humanur prin-

cipebs, jer kidev taos samefos politikur wre-

ebSi unda Cayroda safuZveli. aseTi varaudis

SesaZlebloba garkvulwilad emyareba Tavad ta-

os samefos xasiaTs, romlic Tavisi eTnikuri

siWreliT momavali didi kavkasiuri qarTuli

saxelmwifos erTgvar models warmoadgenda, da

bunebrivia, iseTsave eTnokonfesiuri probleme-

bis winaSe unda damdgariyo, romelTa pirispi-

rac aRmoCnda XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelo

[101, 72]. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rusTavelis

azriT ucxoeloba ar niSnavs mis bunebriv mono-

bas, ucxoelic namdvili, srulyofili adamiania

da is SesaZlebelia didi megobari iyos. `vef-

xistyaosanSi~ sxvadasxva erovnebisa da sarwmu-

noebis adamianebis, rogorebic iyvnen tarieli,

avTandili, fridoni, urTierToba megobrobis

iSviaT nimuSad gvevlineba [27, 227].

qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII memkvidrem

daviT bagrationma peterburgs dawera naSromi –

,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonebis mimo-

xilva~. sxva mraval sakiTxTan erTad, avtori

exeba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umcire-

sobebs da momavalSi maTi dasaqmebis miseul

perspeqtivebs. daviT bagrationi aRniSnavs, rom

sqarTveloSi qarTvelebis gverdigverd cxovro-

ben berZnebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, Turqebi, TaT-

 124

rebi. gabatonebuli naciis warmomadgenlebi

(qarTvelebi) ikaveben yvela saxelmwifoebriv

Tanamdebobebs. berZnebis funqcias Seadgens sam-

Tamadno warmoeba, somxebisa da ebraelebisa –

vaWroba [109, 238].

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac, ruse-

Tis saimperatoro karma aRmosavleT saqarTve-

lo xuT mazrad da xuT distanciad dayo, saub-

no erTeulebi – distanciebi aRmosavleT saqar-

Tvelos araqarTvel mkvidrTa dasaxlebebisaT-

vis Seiqmna [110, 7]. rogorc vxedavT, ruseTis xe-

lisuflebam Tavidanve gansakuTrebuli yurad-

Reba miaqcia saqarTvelos erovnul umcireso-

bas. bunebrivia, ara raRac demokratiuli Rire-

bulebebidan gamomdinare, rac dampyroblis fsi-

qologias arasdros axasiaTebs, aramed es nabi-

ji iyo Sorsgamiznuli politikuri manevri, mo-

mavalSi dasayrdenis gasaCenad, Cveni qveynis

srulyofili damonebisaTvis.

XIX saukuneSi, rodesac Tavad saqarTve-

los dakarguli hqonda saxelmwifoebrivi damo-

ukidebloba, aq mcxovrebi araqarTvelebi piro-

biTad SeiZleba CavTvaloT erovnul umcireso-

bad. ruseTSi Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg

samxreT kavkasiaSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi – Tbi-

lisSi somxebma da sxva erovnebebma Seqmnes

erovnuli sabWoebi, romelTac mniSvnelovani

politikuri datvirTva eniWebodaT – yofiliy-

vnen TavianTi erebis politikuri xelmZRvanele-

bi. situacia Seicvala 1918 wlis maisSi samxreT

kavkasiaSi sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seq-

  125

mnis Semdeg. erovnulma sabWoebma dakarges wi-

nandeli xasiaTi da statusi, saqarTvelo sa-

xelmwifoebrivad Camoyalibda da aq mcxovrebi

danarCeni erebi erovnul umciresobad iqcnen

[111, 191].

metad mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgenda is

faqti, rom TiTqmis yvela sasazRvro zolSi

kompaqturad cxovrobdnen araqarTvelebi. isini

xSir SemTxvevaSi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili

qarTvelebisadmi. mexadiridan dawyebuli res-

publika rkaliviT iyo garSemortymuli an ucxo

tomis xalxiT, an kidev iseTebiT, romelTac ar

gaaCndaT qarTuli TviTSegneba [112, 312].

sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis pirvel wlebSi

bolSevikebi adamianis erovnul kuTvnilebas yu-

radRebas ar aqcevdnen, TiTqos arc aintereseb-

daT. grafa erovnebis aRsaniSnavad, rogorc cno-

bilia, mxolod 1924 wlidan Cndeba. Tumca arc

amis Semdeg gaumaxvilebiaT yuradReba am sakiT-

xze. ai, erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli SemTxveva: q.

goris 1924 w. saqorwino aqtSi 24 wlis Toroz

grigolis Ze Torozovs, erovnebis grafaSi uwe-

ria, rom is aris ,,internacionalisti~ [113, 68].

mniSvnelovania, rom Tu 1800 wels araqar-

Tuli mosaxleoba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

mxolod 11% Seadgenda, 1897 wels araqarTvelTa

xvedriTi wili 32%-mde gaizarda. XIX saukunis

damlevisaTvis saqarTvelo kidev ufro mravale-

rovani qveyana iyo, vidre wina saukuneebSi. am pe-

riodSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze Seqmnili iyo

mravali sofeli, romelTa mosaxleoba mTlia-

 126

nad araqarTvelTagan (somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi)

Sedgeboda da yofa-cxovrebiT didad gansxvavde-

boda aborigeni mosaxleobisagan. kidev ufro

mravalerovani gaxda qalaqebi, sadac aReb-mice-

mobas umTavresad araqarTvelebi misdevdnen [114,

766-767].

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi araqarTvelebi

851 557 suls, anu mosaxleobis 32,3% – Seadgen-

dnen. am droisaTvis saqarTveloSi cxovrobda

19 kompaqturad da 33 gafantulad dasaxlebuli

erovneba [115, 33]. mosaxleobis dinamika gviCve-

nebs, rom 20-30-ian wlebSi SeimCneoda qarTveli

mosaxleobis zrdis Semcireba. magaliTad, 1922

wels qarTvelebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis

74,7%-s Seadgendnen, 1926 wels 70, 9%-s, xolo

1939 wlis monacemebiT 64,6%-s [116, 51].

nebismieri civilizaciisaTvis Tvisisa da

ucxos garCevis aRsaniSnavad sagangebo sityve-

bic aris napovni ama Tu im enaSi: iavan – san-

skritSi, barbarosi – berZnulSi, goi – ebraul-

Si, ajam – arabulSi, kaiCi – iaponurSi, nemec –

slavurSi da a.S. arc erTi maTgani ar niSnavs

wminda saxiT velurs. is SeiZleba am sityvis

mTqmelze maRali kulturisa da civilizaciis

warmomadgenelic ki iyos. magaliTad, sparseli

– barbarosi iyo berZnisTvis da ajami arabis-

Tvis. orive am xalxma icoda, rom sparselebs

meti Tu ara maTze naklebi kultura ar

hqondaT, da bevri ram TviTon aTvisebulic

hqondaT maTgan. egvipteli, misi brwyinvale ci-

  127

vilizaciiT, damonebuli ebraelisTvis mainc

goi iyo da sxv.

mTavari, am erTa mimarTebaSi sxvebisadmi

maT civilizaciasTan sxvaTa uziarebloba iyo.

sxvebi sxva, ucxo konvenciaSi imyofebodnen [117,

10-11].

XX saukuneSi rasobrivi, nacionaluri

(resp.eTnikuri), religiuri Tu politikuri Seuw-

ynareblobis arnaxuli maStabebi moxda – ori

msoflio omi (maT Soris erTi – masobrivi mos-

pobis, birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebiT). revolu-

ciebi, samoqalaqo omebi, politpatimarTa da

tyveTa sakoncentracio banakebis qselebi, apar-

teidi, mkvidri mosaxleobis deportaciebi da

kidev mravali moulodneli cvlilebebi XXI sa-

ukunis dasawyisSi.

drom Seitana cvlilebebi eris gansaz-

RvrebaSic. Tu adre ,,kacobriobis dayofa enebad

udrida kacobriobis dayofas erebad~ (humbol-

dti), axla samSoblo gagebul iqna, rogorc

,,erTiani saarCevno sivrce~ da am sivrceSi re-

gistrirebuli amomrCevlebi identificirebul

iqna erad. Sesabamisad, saarCevno uflebisaTvis

brZola (qalTa, feradkanianTa da sxv.) gamocxa-

debul iqna moqalaqeTa TanasworobisaTvis

brZolad – anu erad gagebul iqna ,,samoqalaqo~

konvenciis wevrebi [117, 52-53]. Tumca es recepti

yvela qveynisTvis misaRebad ver gamodgeba.

msoflioSi arsebobs ori modeli, romli-

Tac ganisazRvreba pasportSi erovnebis grafa.

erTia – tradiciuli modeli, meore – evropu-

 128

li. tradiciuli modeliT, pasportSi erovnebis

grafa imis gaTvaliswinebiT ivseba, romeli na-

ciaa ama Tu im qveyanaSi avtoqTonuri, anu Zir-

Zveli. evropuli modeliT ki, sapasporto gra-

faSi iwereba ,,moqalaqeoba~. magaliTad, safran-

geTSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv iwereba ,,frangu-

li~ (frangi). rodesac 1975 wels safrangeTSi

Catarda gamokvleva, xelisuflebam naxa, rom mo-

saxleobis mxolod 28 procenti iyo ZirZveli

frangi. amitom, adgnen da safrangeTis yvela mo-

qalaqes pasportSi moqalaqeobis gaswvriv Cauwe-

res ,,frangi~ [14, 167-168].

iseT tradiciul qveyanaSi, rogoric sa-

qarTveloa, mosulisa da mkvidris problemas

ver gadaWris piradobis mowmobidan da paspor-

tidan erovnebisa da mamis saxelis amoReba. sa-

qarTvelos moqalaqis statusi somexis, azerbai-

janelis, rusis, osis, ebraelis, qurTis, afsuas

da a.S. erovnuli TviTSegnebis Secvlaze ver

imoqmedebs, rac kargad Cans sinamdvileSi. ami-

tom gasaTvaliswinebelia saerTaSiroso orga-

nozaciebis rekomendaciebi Zveli istoriis mqo-

ne saxelmwifoebisadmi, sadac cxovroben erov-

nuli umciresobebi da Tavad am qveynebis kompe-

tenciaa maTi statusis gansazRvra.

dReisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis

yoveli Zlieri saxelmwifos swrafi an TandaTa-

nobiTi gadaqceva mravalerovan qveynad – ufro

metad kanonzomieria, vidre gamonaklisi. es pro-

cesi erTnairad mimdinareobda dedamiwis yvela

  129

nawilSi, sadac Camoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebi

[75, 173].

aSS-s magaliTi albaT miuRebeli iqneba

sxva qveynebisaTvis am saxelmwifos Tavisebure-

baTa gamo. zogierTi eTnografis azriT, amerike-

li xalxi jerjerobiT ar SeiZleba miviCnioT

eTnosad, aramed, ufro metad metaeTnikur erTo-

bad. harvardis universitetis enciklopediis mo-

nacemebis Tanaxmad, masSi Sedis asze meti eTni-

kuri jgufi, da 170 jer kidev gadarCenili indi-

elTa tomi [75, 288].

samoqalaqo omamde (1861-1865ww.) aSS mosax-

leoba ZiriTadad Sedgeboda irlandielebis,

Sotlandiel-irlandielebis, Sotlandielebis,

britanelebis, germanelebis da skandinavielebi-

sagan. maTi ,,SereviT~ Camoyalibda ,,amerikelis~

sruliad gansakuTrebuli tipi. samoqalaqo omis

kvaldakval daiwyo SeuzRudavi imigracia, ris

Sedegadac ramdenime aTeul weliwadSi aRmosav-

leT da samxreT evropidan mravali milioni

adamiani damkvidrda amerikaSi, maT Soris iyo

ruseTidan da ,,ruseTis poloneTidan~ sakmao

raodenobis ebraeli [118, 229].

identobaTa istoriaSi xSirad aris iseTi

SemTxvevebi, roca identobis markerebs gamok-

veTs ara dabadebiT Cvenjgufis wevri, aramed

swored mkvidrad qceuli ucxo, romelmac ukeT

SeigrZno miRebuli identobis buneba [119, 106].

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Tavidanve

mozaikur safuZvelze Seiqmna. Tumc, rogorc

sabWoTa imperia Tavidan ,,erTa gadafqvevis~ wis-

 130

qvilad aRiqmeboda. swored aSS magaliTi adas-

turebs, rom mozaikuri principis (sxvagvarad,

,,kulturul avtonomiuri principis~) safuZvel-

Si devs racionalisturi gageba er-saxelmwifo-

si, romlis erovnul gansazRvrulobas da ko-

leqtiur ,,Cven-s~ qmnis mxolod moqalaqeoba da

kanonebisadmi damokidebuleba anu civiluroba

moqalaqeoba cvlis erovnuli kuTvnilebis

yvela sxva maxasiaTebels da niSans. am Tval-

sazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aSS-is moqalaqe-

ebs ara aqvT `mistiuri erovnuli meoba~ anu is

metafizikuri koordinata romelic realurad

arsebuli eris metafizikuri simboluri gansa-

xiereba iqneboda. es niSnavs, rom `amerikeli

eri~, am sityvis ontologialuri gagebiT ar ar-

sebobs. arsebobs federaluri saxelmwifo – aSS

da misi moqalaqeebi, romelTa mozaikur enobriv

da kulturul matricas urTierT Sejaxebisgan

`iWers~ kanonmdebloba (romelmac, espanurenova-

ni mosaxleobis zrdis gamo espanuri enis aras-

ruli Tanabroba daadgina jerjerobiT da sa-

dac, Tu CinelTa matebas gaviTvaliswinebT, Ci-

nuri `inkrustracia~ sakmaod rTuli problema

SeiZleba gaxdes momavalSi... da a.S.) mozaikuri

saxelmwifos amerikuli forma da principi

Rrmad paradoqsulia. rogorc `emigrantebis qve-

yana~ is gaxsnili unda iyos, magram rogorc sa-

xelmwifo, romelsac sakuTar moqalaqeebze

zrunva evaleba is e r-s a x e l m w i f o e b

r i v formas iZens. SesaZloa, amerikis SeerTe-

buli Statebis arsebobis yvelaze mZlavri ar-

  131

gumenti aris is, rom igi ar warmoadgens saxel-

mwifoebrivi arsebobis dasrulebul formas.

dasrulebuls ara istoriuli TvalsazrisiT,

aramed Tavisi ganuwyveteli procesualurobiT

da `amerikelobis~ ara erovnuli aramed lega-

lur-uflebrivi konteqstiT. es aSS-s erTTavad

da principulad masobrivi civilizaciis for-

mas aniWebs. oras wels gadacilebuli istoria,

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT erebis Camoyalibebis (anu

pirvel-saxis, arsebis, gamoTqmis) aTaswlovan

procesebs, mxolod dasawyisia am gzisa. amito-

mac, aSS-is winaSe mTelis ZaliT jer ar wamoW-

rila is `erovnuli~ problemebi, romlebic wa-

moiWra Zveli msoflios erTa da saxelmwifoTa

winaSe [29, 200].

migraciuli da demografiuli procesebis

Sedegad, eTnikurad erTgvarovan garemoSi Cnde-

bodnen da Cndebian mravalricxovani da sxvadas-

xvagvari erovnuli umciresobani, romlebic in-

tegrirebulni xdebian mkvidr erebTan da Tan-

mimdevrulad ebmebian maTs ekonomikur, politi-

kur da kulturul cxovrebaSi. isini amdidre-

ben mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenlobis mra-

valferovnebas, rac gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia

did qalaqebSi da qalaqis tipis dabebSi.

`erovnuli umciresobis~ cneba CvenSi kar-

ga xania damkvidrda oficialur dokumentebSi,

samecniero da publicistur literaturaSi [120,

13]. terminiT `erovnuli umciresoba~ igulisxme-

ba erovneba, romelic cxovrobs sxva eris teri-

toriaze gafantulad, an Tundac kompaqturad

 132

da mTlianobaSi Seadgens umciresobas adgilob-

riv (aborigen) mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT.

mravalerovani saxelmwifo, rodesac icavs

da uzrunvelyofs erovnuli, an religiuri um-

ciresobis pirTa an jgufebis uflebebs, auci-

lebelia agreTve daicvas umravlesobis ufle-

bebi maTi erovnuli suverenitetisa da saxel-

mwifoebrivi mTlianobis xelyofis usafuZvlo

mcdelobisagan.

gansakuTrebiT unda dafiqsirdes im pirTa

moRvaweoba, romlebic ekuTvnian erovnul umci-

resobebs. maT mkacrad unda moeTxovoT kanone-

bis Sesruleba da pativi scen erovnul suvere-

nitetisa da im saxelmwifoebis teritoriul

mTlianobas, romelSic isini cxovroben. sxvanai-

ri midgoma gamoiwvevs erovnul umciresobaTa

warmomadgenlebis gaucxoebas da adamianis uf-

lebaTa darRvevis erT-erT umTavres mizezad iq-

ceva.

amrigad:

1. saqarTvelo ar aris monoeTnikuri saxel-

mwifo. aq cxovroben sxvadasxva erovnebis

adamianebi, romelTac aqvT TavianTi eTniku-

ri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi maxasiaTeb-

lebi. isini qveynis ZiriTad mosaxleobasTan

mimarTebaSi erovnul umciresobebs miekuT-

vnebian.

2. mravalerovnul qveyanaSi saWiroa swori,

samarTlebrivi politikis warmoeba calkeu-

li erisa da erovnebis mimarT. erovnul um-

  133

ciresobaTa ufleba-movaleobebs icavs 1995

wels miRebuli konvencia, romelsac evro-

sabWos 27 qveyana awers xels. saqarTvelo

mierTebulia am knvencias.

3. saqarTvelo odiTgan gamoirCeva eTnikuri

da religiuri SemwynareblobiT, qveyanaSi

mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebisadmi saxelmwifo-

ebrivi da tolerantuli midgomiT. am eTno-

istoriul tradicias qarTuli saxelmwifo

arc dRes Ralatobs: icavs erovnul umci-

resobaTa uflebebs, Tumca, zogjer igives

ver axerxebs erovnuli umravlesobis uf-

lebebis dasacavad. xelisuflebam meti un-

da gaakeTos am mimarTulebiT, raTa xelyo-

fili ar iqnes erovnuli suvereniteti da

saxelmwifoebrivi mTlianoba.

4. meti pasuxismgebloba unda daekisros erov-

nul umciresobaTa politikur liderebs,

sainformacio saSualebebs, raTa ar gaRviv-

des xalxTa Soris SuRli da mtroba, xeli

ar Seuwyos separatistuli reJimebis war-

moqmnas, ar dairRves saxelmwifos erTiano-

ba. qarTvel xalxs unda mieces Tavisi enis,

kulturis, saxelmwifos, sulieri da mate-

rialuri faseulobebis srulyofilad dac-

vis SesaZlebloba.

 134

1005 dRe

1918 wlis 25 maiss xaSurTan axlomdebare

sofel aZvisSi erTi ubralo qarTveli glexi

kaci, daviT kapanaZe, gardaicvala. 26 maiss sa-

qarTveloSi istoriuli kviradRe gaTenda – ga-

mocxadda saqarTvelos Tavisufleba da damou-

kidebloba.

istoriam Semoinaxa saocari saflavis qva,

romliTac Svilebma ara marto sakuTari mamis –

daviT kapanaZis saxeli ukvdavyves, aramed im Ta-

obebis qarTvelTa gulisTqmac gaacxades, sam-

Soblos bednierebisaTvis rom ibrZodnen, magram

am sanukvar dRes ver moeswrnen. ai, ra weria im

saflavis qvaze: `monobaSi tanjulo, dauviwyaro

mamav! Seni natvra aRsrulda – saqarTvelo gan-

Tavisuflda! 1918 w. 26 maisi~.

diax, 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelo ganTa-

visuflda: qarTvelma xalxma gadaigdo ruseTis

imperiis 117 wlovani koloniuri uReli, daibru-

na dakarguli saxelmwifoebrioba da Seqmna

sruluflebiani damoukidebeli saxelmwifo –

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika [121, 5].

didi xnis manZilze saqarvelos damoukideblo-

bis wlebis qarTul kulturas da inteleqtua-

lur azrovnebas tabu hqonda dadebuli. raki ma-

Sindeli social-demokratiuli (`menSevikuri~)

mTavroba xalxis uborotes mtrad iyo gamocxa-

debuli, iseve, rogorc yvelaferi arasabWoTa

da arakomunisturi. meqanikurad amoSales Cveni

istoriidan isic, rasac im wlebSi TviT xalxi

  135

qmnida, xazi gadausves mis maSindel Semoqmede-

bas. erTaderTi risi ugulebelyofac ver moxer-

xda, Cveni universitetis daarseba iyo (rac, ram-

denime TviT uswrebda damoukideblobis oficia-

lur gamocxadebas). sxva mniSvnelovan faqtebs

an sul ar axsenebdnen, an – calybad, gakvriT,

agdebulad da gaborotebiT.

namdvilad ki is wlebi didad nayofieri

iyo swored sulieri, SemoqmedebiTi Tvalsazri-

siT. kulturis yvela dargSi – mecnierebaSi, ga-

naTlebaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi –

drois im sul mcire monakveTSi, mZime ekonomi-

kuri pirobebis miuxedavad, yoveli mxriT mtru-

li ZalebiT garSemortymulma saqrTvelom bevri

ram axali da mniSvnelovani Seqmna (erTaderTi

dargi, im wlebs rom kvali ar dautovebia, xu-

roTmoZRvrebaa). gasaocrad mravalmxrivi da in-

tensiuri iyo SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba. aseTi aR-

tyineba mxolod erovnuli aRmavlobis drosaa

SesaZlebeli [122, 7].

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi

qarTuli ena WeSmaritad saxelmwifo enad iqca.

swored maSin Caeyara safuZveli skolisa da sa-

xelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoTa gaerovnule-

bas, erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebas. moiWra

qarTuli fuli.

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi Tanasworad

iyo uzruvnelyofili yvela moqalaqis samoqa-

laqo Tu politikuri uflebebi ganurCevlad

erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomare-

obisa da sqesisa. saqarTvelos demokratiulma

 136

respublikam ganviTarebis Tavisufali asparezi

misca mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela ers, ga-

uxsna maT erovnuli skolebi. pativs scemda maT

enebs. sakanonmdeblo organoebSi saqarTvelos

erovnul sabWoSi, Semdeg ki damfuZnebel kreba-

Si arCeuli iyvnen saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erov-

nebaTa warmomadgenlebi – afxazebi, osebi, ruse-

bi, somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, ebraelebi, berZne-

bi, germanelebi. sagulisxmoa, rom TviT 26 maiss

damoukideblobis aqts qarTvel politikur da

sazogado moRvaweebTn erTad xels awerdnen sa-

qarTveloSi mcxovreb xalxTa warmomadgenle-

bic [123, 25]. miuxedavad amisa, erovnul umcire-

sobaTa mxridan garkveul paradoqssac qonda

adgili. kerZod, somex deputatebs erovnul sab-

WoSi surdaT rusuli enis xmareba, da saerTo-

dac, saxelmwifo enad rusuli enis damkvidre-

bis aucileblobas Tvlidnen saqarTveloSi.

pirvelive dRes, 1918 wlis 27 maiss, saqalaqo

sabWos sxdomaze deputatebi: social-demokrati

iaSkovi, socialist-revolucioneri xudadovi,

daSnaki xatisovi, ebraeli gruzenburgi – rusu-

lad gamovidnen. xatisovmac, qalaqis sabWos

Tavmjdomarem, ganawyenebulma aRniSna, rom sa-

qarTvelos damoukidebloba somxebisaTvis mou-

lodneli iyo da maSin miiRebdnen mas, Tu aq de-

mokratia gabatondeboda.

grigol veSapelma qarTulad warmoTqva

sityva, ris gamoc aRSfoTebulma deputatebma

mas yvirili dauwyes. veSapelis sityva krebis

Tavmjdomarem – aleqsandre lomTaTiZem rusu-

  137

lad Targmna, ramac kidev ufro gaanawyena erov-

nul-demokrati veSapeli da Tqva: qarTuli enis

xmareba aqamde yvelas ufleba iyo, amis Semdeg

ki yvelas movaleobaao.

marTlac, 1918 wlis 1 oqtombers erovnulma

sabWom miiRo kanoni dedaenis Sesaxeb, riTac

qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamocxadda. Ta-

namdebobaze myof yvela pirs 6 Tvis vada mieca

qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad, vinc ar iswavlida,

samuSaodan ganTavisufldeboda [124, 222]. magram,

samwuxarod am kanons aRniSnul etapze sruli

ganxorcieleba ar eRirsa, radgan sul male

parlamentma gamosca `wesi enis xmarebisa~, rom-

lis mixedviT deputatebs, vinc qarTuli ena ar

icoda, SeeZloT gamoeyenebinaT rusuli enac.

rusuli erovnuli umciresobis enad iqca da

somexi deputatebi qarTulad arc arasodes ga-

modiodnen. es Secdoma konstituciam gaaswora,

rodesac erTmniSvnelovnad dakanonda saxelmwi-

fo organoebSi qarTuli enis gamoyenebis auci-

lebloba [124, 245].

administraciuli mmarTvelobis, fosta-te-

legrafis da sxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis

ena qarTuli gaxda. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqic

gaqarTulda: qalaqis Tavic da administraciis

sxva organoebis meTauric – qarTvelebi gaxdnen

[124, 251].

qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris gansakuTrebuli

kamaTi iyo aWaris mahmadiani mosaxleobis swav-

lebis enaze, zogi fiqrobda, sanam erovnuli

moZraoba susti iyo da Turqebi mbrZaneblob-

 138

dnen am regionSi, ZiriTadi ena Turquli yofi-

liyo, masTan erTad eswavlebinaT qarTulic. sa-

zogadoebrivi azris didi nawili winaaRmdegi

iyo amisa, igi aWaraSi swavlebis ZiriTad enad

samarTlianad miiCnevda qarTuls, romelic mo-

saxleobam kargad icoda. ivane gomarTeli aye-

nebda swavlis proforientirebul formas, Ziri-

Tad enad qarTuls miiCnevda, Turquls ki – dam-

xmared, amasTan winadadebas iZleoda gaezardaT

mahmadianTa Soris pedagogi qalebi, romlebic

ukeTesad aswavlidnen, vidre mamakacebi. misi az-

riT, moswavleebisaTvis unda miecaT samedicino

da sasoflo-sameurneo codna, baTumSi unda gax-

sniliyo pedagogTa daxelovnebis kursebi [124,

287-288].

Tu damoukideblobamde saqarTvelos sko-

lebSi swavla ZiriTadad rusul enaze mimdina-

reobda, gansakuTrebiT ki TbilisSi didi rao-

denobiT rusuli skola iyo, qveynis damoukideb-

lobis Semdeg moxda skolebis kvalifikacia:

bevri Zveli skola gauqmda, magram amasTanave

daarsda axali skolebi. skolebisa da dawesebu-

lebebis `gaerovnebis~ procesi, sinamdvileSi

warmoadgenda qarTuli enis ganviTarebisadmi

axal, farTo saxelmwifo programas, romelSic

CarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli inteligencia, sa-

zogadoebis farTo wreebi, xelZRvaneli ki am

kampaniisa Tavad xelisufleba iyo [125, 72].

maswavlebelTa Zveli kadrebis gaSvebis ga-

mo axliT Sevseba droze ver xdeboda, rac

skolebis muSaobas aferxebda. bevri maswavlebe-

  139

li cdilobda, axali moTxovnilebis pasuxad,

qarTuli enis Seswavlas, iTxovda daxelovnebis

kursebze gagzavnas, zogi ki – Tavs anebebda pe-

dagogobas da sxva saqmianobas iwyebda.

gansakuTrebiT simwvaviT dadga qarTuli

enisa da literaturis, saqarTvelos istoriisa

da geografiis swavlebis sakiTxi ara marto

qarTul, aramed respublikaSi arsebul erov-

nul umciresobaTa skolebSic. sazogadoebrivi

azris mixedviT, qarTuli enis maswavleblebi

ver psauxobdnen Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. ro-

gorc gazeTi `erToba~ aRniSnavda, isini maswav-

leblebad im wlebSi iyvnen daniSnulni, rode-

sac saqarTveloSi rusuli skola iyo da xeli-

sufleba mSobliuri enis swavlebas ara Tu

xels uwyobda, aramed devnida kidec.

unda iTqvas, rom am sakiTxs jer kidev ami-

erkavkasiis mTavrobam miaqcia yuradReba da 1918

wlis 29 ianvars gamosca kanoni qarTuli enis

swavlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos skolebSi.

rogorc aRvniSneT damoukideblobis Semdeg

qarTuli enis swavleba savaldebulo gaxda yve-

la skolaSi, magram, vinaidan araqarTvelebma

qarTuli ena sul ar icodnen da zogierTi Cven-

Si droebiT cxovrobda, SeuZlebeli iyo maT-

Tvis saxelmwifo enis swavlebis daZaleba. mxo-

lod I klasSi gamocxadda qarTuli ena saval-

debulod, zeda klasebSi ki – survilis mixed-

viT irCevdnen. vinaidan kanoni krZalavda saxel-

mwifoSi saqmeebis sxva enaze warmoebas da qar-

Tuli enis ucodinarebs warTmeuli hqondaT sa-

 140

muSaos Sovnis SesaZlebloba, amitom, yvela,

vinc saqarTveloSi apirebda cxovrebas, Tavis

nebiT swavlobda saxelmwifo enasac. yvela ti-

pis saswavlebels daemata 1 Statis maswavlebe-

li qarTul enaSi, risTvisac, droebiT, jamagi-

ri saswavleblis specialuri xarjidan unda mi-

ecaT.

aseve savaldebulo gaxda saqarTvelos is-

toriisa da geografiis swavlebac. maT, vinc

qarTuli ena ar icoda, am sagnebs rusul enaze

aswavlidnen [125, 69-70].

qarTuli skolis `gaerovnebam~ qarTuli

enis saxelmwifo enad qcevam, gansakuTrebuli

reaqcia gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi mcxovreb som-

xebSi. isini paralelurad – qarTulisa – sa-

xelmwifo – administraciis enad iTxovdnen som-

xursa da rusuls. ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelos

xelisuflebam, amaze uari ganacxada, ris gamoc

somxuri presa, saqarTveloSi Tu sazRvargareT,

cils swamebda qveynis demokratiul mTavrobas,

adanaSaulebda mas sxva erovnebaTa CagvraSi,

adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi. gansakuTrebiT

somex-qarTvelTa omis Semdeg maTi avantiura sa-

qarTvelos mTavrobis erovnuli politikis mi-

marT gaaqtiurda.

miuxedavad Seqmnili politikuri daZabulo-

bisa, saqarTvelos samTavrobo Zalebi demokra-

tiuli meTodebiT udgebodnen rogorc yvela

sxva erovnebis, aseve somexTa kulturul cxov-

rebas, maT aZlevdnen sakuTari presis, kultu-

rul-saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebisa da

  141

erovnuli skolebis daarsebis uflebas, Seuz-

Rudavi iyo maTi religiuri kerebis saqmianoba

da sxva [125, 74-75].

erovnul umciresobaTa skolebi imazec ki

gamoxatavdnen protests – ratom avalebdnen

qarTuli enisa, saqarTvelos istoriisa da ge-

ografiis swavlebas, rac kanonzomier movlenas

warmoadgenda erovnul-demokratiul saxelmwi-

foSi [125, 76].

1919-1920 wlebis saswavlo gegmis Tanaxmad

pirveli klasidanve iwyeboda ucxo enis Seswav-

la. skola irCevda erT-erT ucxo enas, germa-

nuls an franguls. miuxedavad presaSi gamoqvey-

nebuli mravali publikaciisa, sadac msjeloba

iyo inglisuri enis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-

baze saerTaSoriso urTierTobaSi, saqarTvelos

skolebSi inglisur enas iSviaTad aswavlidnen.

es faqti albaT, politikur motivs ukavSirdeba.

1919-1920 wlebSi saqarTveloSi inglisis poli-

tika imdenad uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevda, rom

qarTuli sazogadoeba am enasac boikots ucxa-

debda [126, 197].

1919 wels saxalxo ganaTlebis saministros

iniciativiT Sedga komisia dabal skolaTaTvis

axali programebis SesamuSaveblad.

komisiis Tavmjdomared miwveuli iqna ivane

javaxiSvili, komisiaSi Sevidnen profesorebi:

dimitri uznaZe, Salva nucubiZe, dabal skola-

Ta mTavargamge – giorgi WumburiZe da sxva dam-

saxurebuli moRvaweebi.

 142

ganaTlebis saministroSi imarTeboda TaT-

birebi Tbilisis skolebis direqtorebisa da

cnobili pedagogebis monawileobiT. umaRles da

saSualo skolaTa mTavargamgis – sergi daneli-

as TavmjdomareobiT – saSualo skolebisaTvis

yvela saganSi programebis SesamuSaveblad.

saministros mier muSavdeboda da skolebs

egzavneboda saskolo programebi, rasac yvela

skola Taviseburad anxorcielebda, skolis pi-

robebis Sesabamisad.

ucxo enebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT sa-

ministro Tavis mimarTvaSi werda: `sxvadasxva

istoriul mizezTa zegavleniT Cveni mozardi

Taoba friad aranormalur swavlebis pirobebSi

imyofeba. am pirobaTa gamo norC bavSvebs, ro-

melTac jer Tavisi deda-ena ver SeuTvisebiaT

rigianad, ramdenime ucxo enis erTdroulad

Seswavla uxdeba, xSirad amisTvis mowafe ise

amTavrebs saswavlebels, rom arc erTi ena ar

icis warCinebulad. garda amisa, mraval enaTa

Seswavla im zomaze ipyrobs mowafis energias,

rom mas naklebad rCeba dro realuri codnis

misaRebad. es naklovaneba moiTxovs Cveni sko-

lis saswavlo gegmis Secvlas, raTa erTi

mxriT, verbaluri swavlebis SekveTiT meti ad-

gili dauTmos realur swavlebas, meore mxriT

ki, TviT enebis swavleba ufro racionalurad

warmoebdes moswavlis energiis meti koncentra-

ciis dacviT~ [125, 57-58].

miuxedavad yovelgvari integrirebis gaTva-

liswinebisa, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma erov-

  143

nulma da religiurma umciresobam saqarTvelos

pirveli respublikis konstituciis sajaro gan-

xilvis dros rigi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb sxvadas-

xva proeqti Semoitanes. kerZod, rusTa da so-

mexTa erovnulma sabWoebma, amierkavkasiis germa-

nelTa kavSirma, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma ebra-

elebma – yvelam sakuTari proeqti (sul 7 pro-

eqti) waradgina da yvela maTgani saqarTvelos

axlad Seqmnili damoukidebeli saxelmwifosad-

mi garkveuli undoblobiT iyo ganmsWvaluli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi umcire-

sobaTa mier moTxovnili uflebebis dakmayofi-

leba da maTi konstituciaSi Cadeba TavisTavad

kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebda Tavad saqarTve-

los, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos ar-

sebobas (magaliTisTvis rusTa erovnuli sabWos

mier e.w. `enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis~ sakiT-

xis dRis wesrigSi dayenebac kmara, romlis

cxovrebaSi gatarebis SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivad,

qreboda saxelmwifo enis cneba, radgan aRniSnu-

li statusiT sargeblobis pretenzia saqarTve-

loSi daaxloebiT 16-mde enas uCndeboda). yove-

live amis miuxedavad, maSindeli saqarTvelos

mesveurebma SeZles am tipis winaRobebis gada-

laxva da Tan ise, rom am fonze arcerTi eTni-

kuri da religiuri umciresobis ufleba ar Se-

laxula [127, 92].

bneli Zala ki Tavisas akeTebda.. Cveni qvey-

nis mcire `oqros xana~ – demokratiuli saqar-

Tvelos arseboba 1921 wlis TebervalSi damTav-

 144

rda. ruseTma meored daipyro saqarTvelo da

sabWoTa reJimi daamyara...

sabWoTa reJimi

diax, dedamiwis patara nawilaki, romelsac

hqvia saqarTvelo, is saqarTvelo, istoriam geo-

politikur jvars rom acva, saswaulebrivad

gaxda yvela im ubedurebisa da winaaRmdegobis

Sesayari, romlebic imperiam Caimkvidra Tavis

genetikur kodSi, romlebsac niadag iwvevda

provokaciulad, da romlebic axlac ki, misi

daRupvis Semdeg gvazanzarebs [128, 253].

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis

pirvel aTwleulSi TviTmpyrobelobam SeZlo

qarTuli enis rolis daknineba – mkveTrad Sez-

Ruda misi moqmedebis sfero, dauSva ra misi

moqmedeba mxolod sakulto adgilebis far-

glebSi da agreTve mcirericxovan-saganmanaT-

leblo dawesebulebebSi [129, 192]. SemdegSi, rac

mefis mTavrobam daaklo qarTul enas, is bol-

Sevikurma ruseTma Seusrula.

TvaslaCino xdeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis

damokidebuleba erovnuli enisadmi da erovnu-

li kulturisadmi, rodesac vecnobiT qarTvel

bolSevikTa erT-erTi lideris f. maxaraZis

msoflmxedvelobas am problemisadmi. igi miuTi-

Tebda, rom `CvenTvis nacionaluri kultura ar

arsebobs, nacionalur enas mxolod pirobiTi

da warmavali mniSvneloba aqvs; rac Seexeba na-

  145

cionalur zne-Cveulebebs, eseni mxolod kon-

servatorobis gamomxatvelia~ [130, 129].

`leninuri gvardiis jariskacs~ stefane Sa-

umians miaCnda, rom Turme mTavari yofila `is,

rac unda aswavlon bavSvebs da ara is, Tu ra

enaze iqneba swavla-ganaTleba~.

saxelmwifo enisadmi mcdari damokidebule-

ba qarTvelma bolSevikebma gamoTqves jer kidev

rsdmp (b) kavkasiis samxareo (saolqo) yriloba-

ze 1917 wlis oqtomberSi. yriloba `moiTxovda

saxelmwifo enis privilegiis mospobas da enaTa

Tanasworuflebianobas yvela saxelmwifo da sa-

zogadoebriv dawesebulebaSi~ 131, 329]. bolSevi-

kebma xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave daiwyes aR-

niSnuli moTxovnis cxovrebaSi gatareba.

amitomac iyo, rom 1921 wlidanve qarTul

enas pirvel rigSi rusuli ena daupirispirda.

rusuli ena gabatonda sabWoTa aparatis TiT-

qmis yvela rgolSi, gaerTianebul saxalxo ko-

misariatebSi mTeli saqmis warmoeba da adgi-

lebTan urTierToba rusul enaze iyo. Tbilis-

Si mokalaTebuli Zveli Savrazmuli Cinovnikoba

yvela movlenas iseT Sefasebas aZlevda, rom

`saqarTvelos bolo moeRo. `erTiani ganuyofe-

li ruseTi iqnebao~ [132, 180].

xSirad zogierT dawesebulebaSi Statebis

Semcirebis sababiT aTavisuflebdnen Tanamdebo-

bidan mxolod erovnebiT qarTvels. mokle dro-

Si gauqmebul Tanamdebobas aRadgendnen da da-

niSnavdnen rus an sxva araqarTuli erovnebis

warmomadgenels, romelmac qarTuli ena saer-

 146

Tod ar icoda. `bolSevikebma Tavisuflebisa da

eris damcveli gvardielebi, qarTveli oficro-

ba, Rirseuli mamuliSvilebi, mwerloba – yove-

live qarTveli da qarTuli saqme eWvis qveS da-

ayenes, jaSuSebi miuCines samsaxurSi, dawesebu-

lebebSi, rkinis gzebze, depo-saxelosnoSi –

yvelgan da TviT sakuTar ojaxSic qarTveli

devnili Seiqna, ucxoelebi gaabatones..~ [133, 58].

marTalia, ukve 1921 wels saqarTvelos rev-

komma ramdenjerme gamosca brZaneba, rom saqar-

Tvelos respublikaSi saxelmwifo ena qarTuli

ena yofiliyo. brZanebis mixedviT respublikis

teritoriaze arsebul saxwelmwifo Tu sazoga-

doebriv dawesebulebebSi valdebuli iyvnen

mtkiced SeesrulebinaT es miTiTeba. swored am

periodSi daiwyo moqmedeba provokatorTa

jgufma TbilisSi, romlebic duqnebze, maRazieb-

ze da sxva dawesebulebebze Slidnen qarTul

warwerebs... [134, 59]. TbilisSi maRaziebis mflo-

belTa umravlesoba araqarTveli iyo, ris gamoc

Zneldeboda aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis cxovre-

baSi gatareba [135].

samarTlianad aRniSnavda gazeTi `tribuna~,

rom `ra gind gulwrfeli ar iyos `komunizmis~

mqadagebeli, raoden Zlieri surviliTac ar un-

dodes mas am moZRvrebis Zliereba saqarTvelo-

Si, igi ver ipovnis swor gamoZaxils manamde, sa-

nam ar miva qarTvel xalxTan im eniT ra enac

mas esmis da romelzedac mas SeuZlia azrovne-

ba~ [136].

  147

qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad aRiarebuli

iqna 1922 wlis sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis mier, magram misi faqtobrivi mdgomareoba

ar Seesabameboda am saxelmwifoebrivi enis sta-

tuss. xazgasasmelia, rom pirveli qarTulenova-

ni oqmi daTariRebulia 1922 wlis 11 seqtembriT

[137, 86].

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis I yrilo-

baze, 1922 wlis ivnisis bolos orjonikiZe aR-

niSnavda, rom `qarTvelebi saqarTveloSi – ese-

nia velikorusebi ruseTSi. esaa `mpyrobeli~ eri

– mas ar SeuZlia ilaparakos imaze, rom mas Cag-

raven, radgan is aris gabatonebuli eri saqar-

TveloSi~ [138, 192]. mware Rimilis momgvrelia

saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis Sedareba veliko-

rusebTan. orjonikiZis sityviT gamodis, rom Ta-

vis samSobloSi gabatonebuli eri `mpyrobeli~

eri yofila. e.i. ar yofila kanonzomiereba, rom

safrangeTSi frangi, inglisSi ingliseli da sa-

qarTveloSi qarTveli yofiliyo baton-patroni

Tavisi qveynisa. iqve `brZen politikoss~ (da

sxva gamosvlebis drosac) aWarlebi qarTvelebi-

sagan calke erovnul umciresobad miaCnia [138,

92, 193, 244, 150].

orjonikiZis azriT, `Cven somxebs unda vuT-

xraT: Tqven SegiZliaT axalqalaqSi awarmooT

saqmeebi somxur enaze. Tu qarTvelebs surT

awarmoon TavianTi saqmeebi qarTul enaze, maSin

somxebsac da afxazebsac mieciT neba awarmoon

saqmeebi TavianT mSobliur enaze~ [138, 193-184].

ai, kidev erTi nimuSi saxelmwifo enis abuCad

 148

agdebisa. gamodis, rom saqarTveloSi ramdeni

erovneba yofila imden enaze unda yofiliyo

saqmis warmoeba.

renegat qarTvelebs ra gamolevda, romle-

bic mtris wisqvilze asxamdnen wyals da gamoC-

ndnen mravlad rusuli enis apologetebi. maga-

liTad, T. Rlontis azriT Turme `rusuli ena

iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikis erT-erTi didi

wyaro. is iyo saqarTvelos simdidris erTi di-

di saSualebaTagani..~ rusuli enis mexotbe iqve

miuTiTebda: `qarTuli enis gamagreba mxolod

rusuli eniT SeiZleba... is revoluciis enaa, is

Cveni inteligenciis arsbobis enaa, Cveni marCena-

li enaa, Cveni gazrdis iaraRia~ [139].

salaparako enaTa Tanasworobis ideam

mkvidr erovnul mosaxleobas momavalSi aumxed-

ra erovnuli umciresobis nawili. lozungma:

`sakiTxi savaldebulo saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb

kargavs simZafresa da mniSvnelobasac ki~ saqar-

Tvelos teritoriaze, marTlac, daukarga qar-

Tul enas is upiratesoba, rac yvela civilize-

bul qveyanaSi mSobliur, saxelmwifo enas eniWe-

ba. faqtobrivad somexs, azrebaijanels, ossa da

sxv. iseTive survilebi da uflebebi gauCnda,

rogoric maT unda hqonodaT Tavis sakuTar res-

publikebSi [140, 35].

1923 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos kp centra-

luri komitetis dadgenilebaSi miTiTebuli

iyo, rom `... urTierTobis ena axalqalaqis maz-

rasTan – somxuria, borCalosa da axalcixis

mazrebSi – rusuli an Turquli, TviT mosaxle-

  149

obis arCevanis mixedviT. yvela saxalxo komisa-

riati, agreTve yvela dawesebuleba valdebulia

gasces pasuxi im enaze, romelzec Semosulia

gancxadeba~.

imave wlis 9 agvistos saqarTvelos kp cen-

traluri komitetis dadgenilebiT axalcixis

mazraSi dawesda azerbaijanuli, qarTuli, ru-

suli da somxuri; mocemuli Temis erovnuli Se-

madgenlobis Sesabamisad axalqalaqis mazraSi

mTavar enad somxuri, xolo TemebTan urTier-

Tobis ena – rusuli, azrebaijanuli, qarTuli

da somxuri [141, 45].

Sesabamisad amierkavskaiis cakis 1923 wlis

ivnisis deklaraciisa da 13 agvistos dekretisa

mazris im dawesebulebebSi, sadac mcxovrebTa

umravlesoba araqarTuli erovnebisa iyo, saqme

unda ewarmoebinaT am umravlesobis enaze.

rac Seexeba sasamarTlo warmoebas, gansaz-

Rvruli iyo, rom mxares romelmac ar icoda sa-

xelmwifo ena da ama Tu im adgilis mcxovrebTa

umravlesobis ena, ufleba eZleoda saCivari,

gancxadeba da sxva daewera am mazris erovnul

umciresobaTa enaze da moeTxova pasuxi amave

enaze [142].

amrigad, dekreti icavda erovnul umcireso-

baTa enis uflebebs da ugulebelyofda qar-

Tuls, rogorc saxelmwifo enas. zemoaRniSnuli

aqtiT Cagruli mxolod qarTuli ena gamodio-

da. aseTi midgomiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

mcxovreb araqarTvel mosaxleobas aravin ava-

lebda eswavla da aucileblad scodnoda im

 150

eris ena, romlis teritoriazec iyo damkvidre-

buli. piriqiT, qarTveli xdeboda iZulebuli

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb araqarTve-

lebisaTvis miemarTa rusulad an mis mSobliur

enaze.

erovnuli umciresobis enebis Tanasworuf-

lebianoba im enasTan, romelic saxelmwifo enaa,

erebis politikur Tanasworuflebianobasac ga-

moricxavs. calkeul raionsa Tu mazraSi mcxov-

reb mcire erebs gauCndaT sindromi maT mier

dasaxlebuli qarTuli teritoriis mSobliurad

miCnevisa da dasakuTrebisa.

1922 wlis TebervalSi Tbilisis mazris aR-

maskomma cirkularebi daugzavna Tavis ganyofi-

lebebs da miuTiTa, rom yaraiazis, aRbulaRis

da walkis Temebis aRmsakomebTan saqmis warmoe-

ba rusul enaze hqonodaT. am gadawyvetilebas

Tbilisis xelisufleba ususuri argumentiT

amarTlebda. kerZod, CamoTvlil aRmaskomebs

Turme ar hyoliaT qarTuli enis mcodne Tanam-

Sromeli, TiTqos Zneli yofiliyo qarTveli Ta-

namSromlis gamoZebna [143]. aseTi moqmedebis Se-

degs warmoadgenda (somxebis siWarbeze rom aRa-

raferi vTqvaT) Tbilisis gadaqceva arsebiTad

rusul qalaqad.

qarTuli enisadmi aseTi damokidebuleba

Tanamdebobis pirTa upasuxismgeblobas rodi mi-

ewereba. aq saqme gvaqvs centris kargad organi-

zebul da Sors gamiznul CanafiqrTan, rasac

mravali qarTveli komunisti – xelmZRvaneli

adgilze axorcielebda.

  151

memarcxene socialist-federalistTa gaze-

Ti `tribuna~ sistematurad aSuqebda qarTuli

enisa da qarTuli eTnikuri elementis Seviwroe-

bis faqtebs, ramac gaaborota somxuri gazeTi

`karmir astRi~. somxurma gazeTma aSkara brZo-

la wamoiwyo `tribunas~ winaaRmdeg, riTac gamo-

xata Tavisi pozocia da mdgomareoba ufro ga-

arTula [144].

foTSi, sadac mosaxleobis 99%-s qarTvele-

bi Seadgendnen, arsebobda WiaTuris marganecis

eqsportis aqcioneruli sazogadoeba `Cemo~-s

ganyofileba. samwuxarod saqmis warmoeba aqac

rusul enaze mimdinareobda da yvela sapasuxis-

mgeblo Tanamdeboba araqarTvelebs ekavaT. ana-

logiuri mdgomareoba iyo soxumis saxalxo ban-

kSi [144].

axalcixis mazraSi xelmZRvanel Tanamdebo-

baze upiratesoba eZleoda Turqulenovan mosax-

leobas. saqmis warmoeba, rogorc zeviT aRvniS-

neT, erovnul enebze mimdinareobda [142, 2].

borCalos mazris xelmZRvaneloba ukmayofi-

lebas gamoTqvamda saqmis warmoebaSi qarTuli

enis danergvis moTxovnis gamo. rogorc Cans,

mTels aparatSi ar moipoveboda erTi qarTveli

an qarTuli enis mcodne. amitom moiTxovdnen,

rom respublikis mTavrobis yvela uwyebas saqme

ewarmoebina mxolod rusul enaze [146, 12].

sainteresoa, rom am periodSi mraval xel-

mZRvanel Tanamdebobaze dawinaurdnen somexi

erovnebis warmomadgenlebi. magaliTad, 1924

wlisaTvis saqarTvelos cekavSirSi 217 Tanam-

 152

Sromlidan 35, socialuri uzrunvelyofis sa-

xalxo komisariatSi 50-dan 11, xolo iusticiis

saxalxo komisariatSi 268 TanamSromlidan 58

somexi iyo. 1925 wlisaTvis respublikis saxel-

mwifo dawesebulebebSi, savaWro organizaciebsa

da sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli

43 878 kacidan 5 892, xolo axalcixis mazris

yvela dawesebulebasa da sawarmoebSi 1254 kaci-

dan 335 somexi muSaobda. aseTive mdgomareoba

iyo sxva mazrebSi, qalaqebsa da raionebSi [147,

44-45].

rogorc cnobilia, aWaris avtonomiis Seq-

mnis iniciatorebad qemal faSa da lenini gvev-

linebian. osmalTa uRelqveS mravaltanjul

aWaras yvelaze metad sWirdeboda saTuTi mop-

yroba da qarTuli sulis aRorZineba. sabWoTa

xelisuflebam da komunisturma partiam Tavi-

danve ar miaqcies yuradReba saqarTvelos am ga-

nuyofel nawils. sainteresoa, rom aWaris sa-

xalxo sameurneo sabWoSi sul 233 TanamSrome-

li iyo; aqedan 90 rusi, 48 somexi, 7 poloneli,

2 ukraineli, 13 berZeni, 10 rusi ebraeli, qar-

Tveli ki mxolod 53. sabWos gamged da saer-

Tod yvela sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze ara-

qarTvelebi iyvnen daniSnuli. amasTan xazgasas-

melia, rom arc erTma maTganma qarTuli ar

icoda. aseTive mdgomareoba iyo sxva xelmZRva-

nel organoebSi.

marTalia, qarTvelebi araqarTvelobiT ara-

vis iwunebdnen, magram Tanamdebobis pirebisagan

  153

samarTlianad moiTxovdnen qarTuli enis cod-

nas.

yalbad gagebulma internacionalizmma, Tu

kadrebis SerCevis Segnebulad gaazrebulma po-

litikam aWaraSi, saSiSroeba Seuqmna erovnuli

kulturis ganviTarebas [148].

amave periodSi damkvidrda yovlad gaumar-

Tlebeli praqtika, roca aWareli ar SeiZlebo-

da yofiliyo mmarTveli (bolSevikuri) partiis

saolqo Tu raionuli komitetebis pirveli mdi-

vani. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komitetisa da misi

raionuli ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli, zogjer

TanamSromelic ki. faqtobrivad es iyo uzneo

RonisZiebaTa mTeli Taiguli, romelic miznad

isaxavda mudmiv dapirispirebaSi hyoloda avto-

nomiuri respublikis mkvidri mosaxleoba da

danarCeni qarTveloba [149, 54]. baTumis sagange-

bo komisiis Tavmjdomare xrucki aSkarad acxa-

debda: `axla iseTi kursia aRebuli, rom sagan-

gebo komisiidan yvela qarTveli SeiZleba daiT-

xovoo~ [132, 179].

1924 wels saqarTvelos cakma gamosca dek-

reti `respublikis saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi

saxelmwifo enis xmarebis Sesaxeb~, romlis mi-

xedviT saqarTvelos ssr saxelmwifo enas qar-

Tuli warmoadgenda. dekreti nebas rTavda sa-

xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi gamoyenebuli yofi-

liyo araqarTveli erovnebis mcxovrebTa umrav-

lesobisa da agreTve erovnul umciresobaTa sa-

laparako ena.

 154

xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis mi-

er gamocemuli savaldebulo dadgenilebebi,

gankarguleba da gancxadeba qarTulTan erTad

unda gamoqveynebuliyo mazris mcxovrebTa um-

ravlesobisa da erovnul umciresobaTa salapa-

rako enaze.

dekretis VI muxli nebas rTavda respubli-

kis yvela moqalaqes misTvis mSobliur enaze

Seetana gancxadeba, saCivari Tu cnoba (werilo-

biT da sityvierad) centraul saxelmwifo dawe-

sebulebebSi da pasuxic mieRo misTvis sasur-

vel enaze.

im mazrebSi, sadac qarTvelebs araqarTve-

lebi Warboben saqmis warmoeba unda yofiliyo

umravlesobis enaze. mazrebis urTierToba cen-

tralur organoebTan da piriqiT warmoebda mo-

cemuli `mazris dawesebulebebSi saqmis warmoe-

bisaTvis miRebul enaze~.

dekretis XII muxliT `pirs, vinc ar ekuT-

vnis im erovnebas, romlis enac saxmareblad

cnobilia mTlad respublikis teritoriaze an

romelsame mazraSi, neba eZleva yvela dawesebu-

lebaSi, am dekretis VI muxlSi gaTvaliswinebu-

li wesiT, ixmaros rusuli ena~ [150, 5].

warmovidginoT ra babilonis godoli iyo

saqarTveloSi am `brZnuli~ dadgenilebis Sede-

gad. axalcixis, bolnisis Tu sxva mazris xeli-

sufleba da mosaxleoba Turqulad ebaaseboda

respublokis centralur organoebs, xolo bog-

danovkis mcxovrebni somxurad da ase yvela da-

narCeni.

  155

faqtiurad dekreti uaryofda imave doku-

mentiT miRebul uflebas qarTulis, rogorc sa-

xelmwifo enis Sesaxeb.

analogiurad, saqarTvelos respublikis

saxkomsabWos 1924 wlis 2 ivlisis dadgenileba-

Si aRiniSna, rom `winadadeba mieces yvela sa-

xalxo komitetebs, raTa saqarTvelos centra-

luri aRmaskomis a/w. aprilis 4-is TariRiT ga-

mocemuli dekretis Tanaxmad, respublikis sa-

xelmwifo dawesebulebebSi saxelmwifo enis

xmarebis Sesaxeb, samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis

s.s. respublikebTan da axalqalaqis da borCa-

los samazro aRmaskomebTan yovelgvari miwer-

mowera awarmoon rusul enaze~ [151, 4].

Tbilisis universiteti iyo inteligenciis,

namdvili qarTveli patriotebis ukanaskneli ci-

xe-simagre. aq daaxloebiT xuTi aTasi studenti

swavlobda xuT fakultetze. leqciebi bunebri-

via qarTulad tardeboda. `wiTeli~ diqtaturis

damyarebis Semdeg cxadia, normaluri viTareba

didxans ver gagrZeldeboda. reqtori, Cveni eris

siamaye ivane javaxiSvili universitets Camoaci-

les. igi Secvala bolSevikebis samsaxurSi Cam-

dgarma vinme Rlontma, gaunaTlebelma kacma,

romelic axalgazrdobaSi, studentic ki ar yo-

fila.

pedagogebs ebrZanaT leqciebi rusul enaze

CaetarebinaT, im cru sababiT, rom studentebi

kargad dauflebodnen rusuls da swavlis dam-

Tavrebis Semdeg, ruseTSi muSaobis saSualeba

hqonodaT... am cinikurma qmedebebma studentTa

 156

reaqcia gamoiwvia. aRelvebuli axalgazrdebis

dasawynareblad universitetSi wiTeli razmebi

Sevidnen. gadmocemiT mokles 13 da daiWra 60-ze

meti adamiani [152, 28-29].

Cveni mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi fxizlad

idgnen erovnuli interesebis sadarajoze. `Ce-

kas~ mxriv mosalodneli mkacri represiebis mi-

uxedavad aSkarad ilaSqrebdnen bolSevikuri

xelisuflebis antierovnuli politikis winaaR-

mdeg. amis magaliTia 1925 wlis 22 ivniss qar-

Tvel xelovanTa erTi jgufis memorandumi, ro-

melSic gakritikebulia saqarTvelos sabWoTa

mTavrobis sakadro politika, oficialuri xe-

lisuflebis mier qarTuli enis ugulebelyofa

da a.S. memorandums xels aweren konstantine

gamsaxurdia, ia kargareTeli, anastasia wereT-

lisa. ai es dokumentic: `saqarTvelos saxelga-

mis gamged dainiSna moqalaqe virapi, kaci, ro-

melmac srulebiT ar icis qarTuli ena. Tqven

mogexsenebaT, rom nawili qarTveli inteligen-

ciisa da mwerlobisa qarTul komunistur xe-

lisuflebasTan TanamSromlobs qarTuli erov-

nuli kulturis aRorZinebisaTvis, rac Tavis

droze aRniSnuli iyo qarTvel xelovanTa kav-

Siris deklaraciaSi. moq. virapis daniSvnaSi

Cven vxedavT sabWoTa saqarTvelos respublikis

konstituciis darRvevas, radganac Cven mokle-

buli varT saSualebas uSualo kavSiri viqoni-

oT mTavrobis moxelesTan, romelTanac Cven saq-

me gvaqvs Cveni profesiis mixedviT, da Cven imde-

nad loialuri varT, rom ar gvinda davarRvioT

  157

saqarTvelos mTavrobisave dekreti saxelmwifo

enis savaldebulo xmarebis Sesaxeb.

Cven gamovsTqvamT gancvifrebas, nuTu qar-

Tvelobas ar moeZeva iseTi qarTveli komuniste-

bi, romelTac ufro maRali Tanamdebobebis Ses-

ruleba SeuZliaT? nuTu saqarTveloSi ar aris

TviT komunistur wreebSic iseTi kaci, romel-

sac qarTuli saxelgamis xelmZRvaneloba SeeZ-

los? Cven darwmunebuli varT, mTavroba ar dai-

naxavs amaSi araloialobas da uyuradRebod ar

dastovebs am gancxadebas, romelic gamowveulia

mxolod da mxolod qarTuli enis siyvaruliT

da qarTuli saxelmwifosadmi loialuri gan-

wyobilebiT~ [153].

qarTuli enis devnisa da Seviwroebisadmi

aseve ver malavs aRSfoTebas saqarTvelos dam-

fuZnebeli krebis wevri – imJamad politikuri

patimari andro WiabriSvili. xelisuflebisadmi

gagzavnil werilSi politpatimari aRniSnavda:

`qarTvelebs rusuli enis arcodnis gamo dev-

nian samsaxuridan, formalurad datovebuli sa-

xelmwifo ena, faqtobrivad gandevnilia yvela

organizaciidan... rusuli ena gabatonebulia

komkavSirsa da profkavSirSi... enis Sesaxeb

Tqvenma dekretebma gamoavlines mTeli Sinagani

siyalbe~. amaze obieqturi Sefaseba arsebuli

viTarebisa SeuZlebelia. miT ufro, rom a. Wiab-

riSvili gansakuTrebiT akritikebs xelisufle-

bis enobriv politikas saqarTvelos regioneb-

Tan dakavSirebiT. igi gulmosuli miuTiTebs:

`qarTuli enis statusi ar vrceldeba regioneb-

 158

ze, oseTSi arcerTi rusuli enis mcodne ar

cxovrobs, aseve soxumSi... osebsa da afxazebs

arc osurad wera-kiTxva ar SeuZliaT. maS, ra-

tom unda isaubron iq rusulad, rodesac ician

qarTuli? ra enaze unda swavlobdnen somxebi

da berZnebi? maT xom kargad ician qarTuli da

ratom aswavlian maT skolebSi rusul enaze?

ra enaze unda swavlobdnen aWarlebi? isini xom

eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian?~ is, rom a. WiabriS-

vilis werilSi moyvanili informacia saqarTve-

los regionebSi qarTuli enis saxelmwifo sta-

tusis ignorirebis Sesaxeb, marTlac WeSmarite-

bas Seefereba, dasturdeba dokumenturi wyaroe-

biT. magaliTad, 1923 wels afxazeTis Sinagan

saqmeTa komisars – agrbas saqarTvelos komunis-

turi partiis centralurma komitetma sastiki

sayveduri gamoucxada swored imis gamo, rom

man ugulebelyo qarTuli enis saxelmwifo sta-

tusi da Tbilisidan ar miiRo qarTul enaze

Sedgenili oficialuri dokumenti im sababiT,

rom `afxazeTSi oficialur saxelmwifo enas

warmoadgenda rusuli [154, 70-71].

qarTuli enis mowinaaRmdegeni xSirad aSka-

ra mtrul pozicias avlendnen. magaliTad, Tbi-

lisis saqalaqo sadguris rkinigzis inspeqtor-

ma laxterma qarTul enaze Sedgenili da xel-

mosawerad gamzadebuli dokumenti daxia da mo-

iTxova misi Sedgena `gasageb enaze~ da Tan do-

kuments demonstraciulad xeli ebraulad moa-

wera. Tbilisis telegrafis me-3 ubnis ufrosma

vinme rogovskim qarTvel muSebs ganucxada: `me

  159

ar mesmis Seni ZaRluri ena, ilaparake rusu-

lad~.

gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo mdgomareoba rki-

nigzaze. aq zogierTi rusi erovnebis TanamSro-

meli aSkara sabotaJs uwevda qarTuli enis sa-

xelmwifoebrivi statusis gansamtkiceblad war-

moebul saqminaobas, cdilobda saqmis arev-dare-

vas, zogjer erTi mimarTulebiT mimaval matare-

bels sruliad sxva mimarTulebiT uSvebdnen,

radgan maT qarTulenovani dokumentebi hqondaT

da sxv. [137, 87-88].

1928-1929 wlebSi respublikis rigi wamyvani

sawarmos xelmZRvaneli araqarTvelia: 26 komis-

ris saxelobis qarxnis direqtori iyo Cexi –

bureSi, orTqlmavalvagonSemkeTebeli qarxnis –

aruTinovi, leninis saxelobis Tambaqos fabri-

kis – abramiani, borjomis SuSis qarxnis – ega-

novi, baTumis TuTiis qarxnis – Jeglovi, kali-

ninis saxelobis qarxnis avetikovi, baTumis Tu-

jis Camosasxmeli qarxnis – mecleri, Tbilisis

Zafsaxvevi qarxnis –xurda da a.S. [155, 86-87].

abrebis, reklamebis qarTul enaze warmoCe-

nas mtrulad ekidebodnen Tbiliseli somxebi.

magaliTad, RviniT vaWrobis firmam `oborotma~,

romlis mflobeli iyo vasil pininovi (solo-

lakis q. #5) gancxadebiT mimarTa saTanado uw-

yebebs, rom firmis qarTuli saxeli `brunva~

ver iTargmneboda da rusuli sityva unda dar-

Ceniliyo qarTuli asoebiT [156, 2].

garda imisa, rom maRaziebsa da dawesebule-

bebze Zneldeboda rusuli warwerebis Secvla

 160

qarTuliT, sadac cvlidnen iqac rusulis gav-

leniT amaxinjebdnen qarTul enas. magaliTad,

aRniSnul periodSi gvxvdeboda aseTi warwere-

bic: `kampeti rdziT~, `wignakTa pereregistra-

cia~ da sxv. maSindeli WeSmariti qarTveloba

Zalian mwvaved ganicdida qarTulisadmi amgvar

barbarosul damokidebulebas [157, 211].

1926 wlis bolos quTaisSi 45 238 suli

cxovrobda. aqedan rusul enas dedaenad Tvli-

da 1001 kaci, ufro meti, vidre rusi erovnebis

mcxovrebi iyo [158, 18]. es faqti rusifikaciis

warmatebiT aixsneba.

1927 wels saqarTvelos kp (b) xelmZRvane-

lobam aSkarad gadadga nabiji ukan: axalcixis

mazraSi ZiriTad enad gamocxadda Turquli ena.

gadaisinja adgilobrivi administraciuli kad-

rebis erovnuli kuTvnilebis sakiTxic, rac gu-

lisxmobda adgilobrivi partiuli da sabWoTa

aparatis nacionalizacias – adgilobrivi um-

ravlesobis warmomadgnlebis aqtivizacias, mah-

madiani mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis

upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimis damkvidrebas

partiul da sabWoTa Tanamdebobaze vakansiis

dros.

magram Turquli enis mcodne inteligenciis

TiTqmis ararsebobis pirobebSi metad gaZnelda

dadgenilebis am moTxovnebis Sesruleba. amitom

mizanSewonilad CaiTvala rusuli enis gamoyene-

ba saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, rac ufro gasage-

bi iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis.

  161

aSkaraa, rom es gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmde-

geboda saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs, rad-

gan xels veRar Seuwyobda regionSi saxelmwifo

enis – qarTuli enis uflebrivi mdgomareobis

ganmtkicebas da am mxaris enobriv inkorporaci-

as centrTan – TbilisTan. msgavsi procesebi da-

maxasiaTebeli iyo axalqalaqis mazrisaTvis,

borCalosaTvis. Seiqmna rTuli viTareba: isto-

riuli saqarTvelo – mesxeT-javaxeTi, istoriu-

li bedukuRmarTobis Sedegad saqarTvelos er-

Tian sxeuls Camocilebuli, gamahmadianebuli,

gasomxebuli, mSobliur ena dakarguli, Turqe-

Tis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi xangrZlivad

myofi, Turquli orientaciiT, ruseTis samxed-

ro Carevis Sedegad ukan mierTebuli, ruseTis

imperiuli politikis wyalobiT qarTul samya-

rosTan gaucxoebuli, saqarTvelos kp (b) ck-is

am gadawyvetilebiT kvlav unda yofiliyo for-

malurad saqarTvelosTan, faqtobrivad ki Ta-

visTvis [159, 164-165].

Cveulebriv movlenad iqca, rom qesalosa

da nazarloSi saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mim-

dinareobda. braldebuli da mowme sasamarTlo

uwyebas rusul enaze iRebdnen, sasamarTlo aq-

tebi aseve rusul enaze formdeboda [160, 142].

1929 wlidan rusuli enis gabatonebam saqmis

warmoebaSi, romelic gaugebari iyo adgilobri-

vi erovnuli umciresobisaTvis dakanonebuli

xasiaTi miiRo. amdenad, ZiriTad mizans warmoad-

genda qarTuli enis ignorireba da erovnul um-

ciresobaTa enebis moCvenebiTi yuradRebis fon-

 162

ze rusulis damkvidreba, rac bolSevikuri re-

Jimis qvakuTxedad iqca.

Turquli Tu azerbaijanuli enis ucodina-

robis gamo ver axerxebdnen samedicino profi-

laqtikuri codnis propagandas mosaxleobaSi.

qarTul enas ki ar cnobda sabWoTa xelisufle-

ba saqarTvelos teritoriaze [161, 3].

samagierod ki sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis

dRidan, kremlis miTiTebiT samegrelos mosax-

leobis garkveulma wreebma mravaljer daayenes

megrelebisaTvis nacionaluri olqis an okru-

gis Seqmnis moTxovna. 1929 wels maT SeZles ga-

moecaT megrul enaze (qarTuli anbaniT) gazeTi.

sasamarTlosa da sabWoTa aparatis muSaoba

gardaqmnes megrul enaze. aseve, megruli salapa-

rako ena gabatonda dawyebiT klasebSi da wera-

kiTxvis salikvidacio skolebSi [162, 4]. megrul

enaze gamodioda broSurebi da saxelmZRvanelo-

ebi pirveli safexuris skolebisaTvis. aRsaniS-

navia, rom pirveli safexuris 15 skolaSi swav-

la mimdinareobda megrul enaze da momavalSi

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo yvela skolaSi saswavlo

procesis megrul enaze gadasvla [162, 12].

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom erovnuli umcire-

sobebisaTvis 1932-1933 saswavlo wels Sedgenil

saxelmZRvaneloebis gamosacem siaSi megruli

saxelmZRvaneloc aris dasaxelebuli. wera-kiT-

xvis ucodinarTaTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis gamo-

cemis xelSekrulebis teqstSi, romelic dade-

bul iqna ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris erik be-

dias mier saxelmwifo gamomcemlobasTan ru-

  163

sul, somxur, Turqul, berZnul, qarTul da ai-

sorul enebze; Setanilia saxelmZRvanelo meg-

rul enazec 5 aTasi egzemplaris raodenobiT

[163, 1].

`marTalia – aRniSnulia saqarTvelos cak-

is dokumentSi–megrelebi arian igive qarTvele-

bi da gansakuTrebul ers ar warmoadgenen... meg-

ruli salaparako ena, romelzec laparakobs

megreli glexobis ZiriTadi masa da maT cudad

esmiT qarTuli ena... ~ yuradRebas saWiroebda

xelisuflebis mxridan [164, 3].

1933 wels saTanado organoebi mividnen im

daskvnamde, rom `megrul enaze swavlis SemoRe-

ba Tundac 1-l jgufSi arafriT ar SeiZleba

gamarTlebul iqnes~ [163, 41]. jer kidev 1904

wels `iveria~ aRniSnavda: `sulieri interesi

da ekonomikuri aucilebloba yovelTvis qar-

Tul enasTan miiyvans megrels, is ver Seeleva

am enas, rogoradac ver Seeleva haers, sarwmu-

noebas, Tavis miwa-wyals~ [165].

zemoT aRniSnuli procesebis Semxedvare

mraval eTnografiul jgufs gauCnda survili

Seeqmna anbani. magaliTad, lazebi, romelTa ra-

odenobda mxolod 639 suls Seadgenda gadawyvi-

tes anbanis Seqmna. afxazeTSi isini sul 85

komls Seadgendnen da gafantulad cxovrobdnen

oTx sofelSi. aq lazurad swavlas arc moswav-

leebi etanebodnen da arc saswavlebels hqonda

avtoriteti.

aWaraSi, kerZod, sofel sarfSi, sadac 50-ze

meti komli cxovrobda, iyo qarTuli skola.

 164

1932 wels laTinizaciis komitetis xelSewyobiT

Seadgines anbani lazurad da laTinuri Srif-

tiT, ganaTlebis saxalxo kamosariatis uneb-

arTvod dabeWdes afxazeTSi. anbanis Seqmnis ini-

ciatorebi lazurad swavlebas moiTxovdnen oT-

xwledSi, Semdeg klasebSi ki – rusul enaze

gadasvlas. laTinuri anbanis safuZvelze Semo-

Rebas imiT asabuTebdnen, rom TurqeTis laTini-

zaciis gamo ufro advili gaxdeboda TurqeTis

lazebTan dakavSireba.

sarfis skolam da mosaxleobam am saxel-

mZRvanelos da, saerTod, lazurad swavlebas

mxari ar dauWira, radgan, rogorc prof. arn.

Ciqobava werda: `qarTuli ena mTeli Tavisi age-

bulebiT da ZirTa umetesobiT emTxveoda meg-

rulsac da Wanursac, gonebrivi fsiqologia er-

Tia. amitom aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT mas

SeuZlia uzrunvelyos moswavlis fsiqikis bu-

nebrivi, Seuferxebeli ganviTareba, miT umetes,

rom qarTulad mas SeuZlia miiRos saSualo da

umaRlesi ganaTleba. Caswvdes Tavis metyvele-

bas, Tavis warsuls. amgvarad, qarTuli anbani

srulebiT faravs lazuris saWiroebas, maSin

rodesac laTinur SriftSi mTeli rigi damate-

biTi niSnebi unda Seiqmnas~ [147, 83].

amave periodSi qarTvelma komunistebma ki-

dev erTi `kacTmoyvareoba~ gamoiCines. 1930 wels

xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis gadawyveti-

lebiT, germanelebiT dasaxlebul soflebSi:

luqsemburgSi, asureTSi da traubenbergSi ga-

dawyvites moewyoT sasoflo-sabWoebi, sadac

  165

mxolod germanelebi iqnebodnen aparatis muSa-

kebad. amiT undodaT uzrunveleyoT mTlianad

saqmis warmoeba germanul enaze. Tbilisis saqa-

laqo komitets miTiTeba mieca Seemowmebina sa-

soflo-sabWoebis deputatTa erovnuli Semad-

genloba da xeli Seewyo mxolod germanelebiT

dakompleqtebaSi [166, 30].

bolSevikuri reJimi ganmeorebiTi dadgeni-

lebebiT kvlav adasturebda adre miRebul ga-

dawyvetilebebs. magaliTad, 1932 wlis 29 Teber-

vals amierkavkasiis cakis dadgenilebis Tanax-

mad axalqalaqis raionSi saqmis warmoebis enad

miRebul iqna somxuri, yaraiazis, luqsemburgis,

baSkiCeTis, axalcixis, adigenis raionebSi Tur-

quli [167, 6]. am droisaTvis axalcixis mazris

qurTi mosaxleoba Turqul enaze laparakobda

[168, 12].

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom gansakuTrebiT 30-

iani wlebis dasawyisidan erovnul umciresoba-

Ta raionebSi sasamarTlo saqmis warmoeba xde-

boda rusul enaze. am droisaTvis saerTod

ugulvebelyofil iqna qarTuli, rogorc saxel-

mwifo ena. araqarTvels Tu rusuli ar ecodine-

boda Tarjimans auyvandnen. qarTuli, mxolod

qarTvelTa salaparako enas warmoadgenda. ro-

gorc vxedavT aRniSnul periodSi saqarTvelo-

Si mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobisaTvis qar-

Tuli enis arseboba arafers niSnavda. saqarTve-

loSi e.w. `leninuri erovnuli politika~ mxo-

lod araqarTvelebisa da rusuli enis intere-

sebis dacvas emsaxureboda. cnobilia, rom bog-

 166

danovkis raionSi cxovrobdnen somxebi, rusi

duxoborebi, TaTrebi da Turqebi. umravlesobas

somxebi Seadgendnen. rogorc zeviT aRiniSna

yvela erovnebas mowyobili qonda e.w. ,,qveda

sabWoTa aparati~ mSobliur enaze. raionul

centrs saqmis warmoeba sasoflo – sabWoebTan

da piriqiT hqonda im enaze, romelic iTvleboda

ZiriTadad ama Tu im sasoflo sabWosa da so-

felSi.

sasamarTloSi laparaki warmoebda rusul

da somxur enaze, xolo ganaCeni da gadawyveti-

leba gamohqondaT mxolod rusul enaze [169, 5-6].

gansxvavebiT sxva erovnuli umciresobisa-

gan komunistebi xSir SemTxvevaSi antiebraul

politikas atarebdnen. magaliTad, e.w. ,,samxreT

oseTis~ teritoriaze mcxovrebma qarTvelma eb-

raelebma samarTlianad moiTxoves, rom sasko-

lo ganaTleba ebraul enaze mieRoT, ise, ro-

gorc es sxva erovnebebisadmi keTdeboda. magram

qarTvel bolSevikebs ratomRac ar awyobdaT eb-

raelebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. saqarTvelos ca-

kis Tavmjdomare f. maxaraZe 1932 wels aRniS-

navda: ,,davisaxoT miznad Zveli ebrauli enis

aRorZineba, ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens leninur erov-

nul politikas. es ena warmoadgens religiis

enas, ebraul nacionalur-Sovinisturi partiis

– sionistebisa da burJuaziis enas. am enis

aRorZineba, ewinaaRmdegeba Cvens erovnul poli-

tikas. am enis aRorZineba iqneba politikuri

Secdoma” [170, 5]. am dros qarTuli enis Senaxva

– patronobaSi mesxeTis ebraelobas didi Rvaw-

  167

li miuZRvis da aseTi misi samsaxuri arasoden

unda iqnas daviwyebuli. 900-iani wlebis axalci-

xes Tu kidev qarTuli ieri SerCenili hqonda,

es ebraelebis wyaloba iyo [171, 135-136].

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umcire-

sobis Sesaxeb geronti qiqoZe aRniSnavda, rom

,,Cven aravis vaiZulebT Cven samSobloSi eZios

bedniereba. magram raki ucxoelebi Tavisi sur-

viliT modian da Cvens miwa-wyalze esaxlebian,

Cven zneobrivi ufleba gvaqvs vurCioT, rom Cve-

ni kultura SeiTvison, Cveni ena Seiswavlon~

[24, 32].

grigol lorTqifaniZe ,,daujerebel ambad~

Tvlida, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba avto-

nomiur respublikebsa da ,,erovnulad Wrel~

kuTxeebTan urTierTobas rusulad awarmoebda,

,,rom erovnuli umciresobani saqarTvelos xazi-

nas ratomRac rusulad unda gaenaTlebina da

rusuladve emarTa~ [172, 157].

qarTuli enis problemebs grigol lorTqi-

faniZe qarTuli kulturis mdgomareobasac ukav-

Sirebda. ,,saukunis ganmavlobaSi dakodili da

dasaxiCrebuli qarTuli kultura, misi skola,

wigni, gazeTi, Teatri da sxva erTgvar socia-

listur anazRaurebas unda Rebulobdes wminda

rusuli e.i. rsfsr-is biujetidan, namdvilad ki

xdeba daujerebeli ambavi, qarTuli xazina udi-

des xarjs aZlevs rusuli kulturisa da enis

saqmes~.

saqarTveloSi wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTe-

bis didi raodenoba rusul enaze gamodioda.

 168

,,rogor SeuZlia pawia qarTvel xalxs iseTi gi-

Juri flangva, rogoricaa saerTo or enaze

cxovreba~ – kiTxulobda g. lorTqifaniZe [172,

157-158].

qarTuli enis dakninebis naTeli magaliTia

saqarTveloSi leninis tomebze xelmoweris kam-

pania, romelic mimdinareobda tomebis qarTul

da rusul variantze. es Tanabari kompleqtebi

(25 tomi) rusul enaze Rirda 15 maneTi da unda

dabeWdiliyo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qarTu-

lad ki 100 maneTi. daibeWdeboda xuTi wlis man-

Zilze.

aqve avRniSnavT, rom rusulenovani gazeTi

,,raboCaia pravda~ Rirda 2 kapiki, xolo qarTu-

li gazeTebis fasi 5 kapikze naklebi ar iyo

[172, 160].

siamayis grZnobiT aris aRniSnuli ruseTSi

gamosul saxelmZRvaneloebSi, rom 1926 wlidan

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda im pirTa ricxvi, rom-

lebic mSobliurad Tvlis Tavisi erovnebis

enas da, piriqiT, gaizarda im pirTa raodenoba,

romlebic mSobliurad Tvlis rusul enas. (ma-

galiTad, mansebis, selkupebis, nivxebisa da

oxoCebis 50%) [173, 377].

aRsaniSnavia, rom 1926 wlidan 1979 wlamde

erebis raodenoba sabWoTa kavSirSi TiTqmis ga-

naxevrda: 194-dan 101-mde davida [174].

ekonomikurad da kulturulad CamorCenili

erovnebebisadmi 20-ian wlebSi dawyebulma dax-

marebam 30-wlebSi garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo. am-

denad, ,,adre CamorCenilma xalxebma daiwyes da-

  169

winaureba im xalxebTan SedarebiT vinc maT

daxmareba aRmouCina. SemdgomSi aseTi viTarebis

SenarCunebam saSiSroeba Seqmna axali, faqtiuri

uTanasworobis warmoSobisaTvis~ [175, 150].

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave

enaTa Tanasworuflebianobis gamocxadebam saTa-

ve daudo aramkvidri erovnebis nihilistur da-

mokidebulebas saqarTvelos warsulisa da qar-

Tvelebisadmi. safuZveli Cauyara erebs Soris

eTnokonfliqtebis warmoSobas, ramac gansakuT-

rebiT XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi.

sxva saqme iyo da savsebiT kanonzomieri respub-

likaSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis

qarTvelebTan erTad politikuri Tanasworobis

damkvidreba.

warmovidginoT, rom inglissa Tu safran-

geTSi Tundac kompaqturad yofiliyvnen qarTve-

lebi dasaxlebuli, inglisurTan da frangul-

Tan romeli WkuaTmyofeli mianiWebda qarTuls

Tanabar uflebebs. an dRevandel germaniaSi kom-

paqturad dasaxlebul Turq emigrantebs germa-

nuli enis Tanaswori uflebebi rom miniWeboda.

sainteresoa, Tu aseTi politika marTebuli

iyo, ratom sabWoTa ruseTma ar misca iseTive

Tanabari uflebebi ararusi erovnebis enebs,

romlebic federaciis teritoriaze cxovrob-

dnen?

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mogvianebiT som-

xebs, osebs da zogierT sxva erovnebas qarTuli

miwis sakuTrebad miTvisebis survili gauCnda.

raSi Wirdeboda da risTvis daeufleboda qar-

 170

Tul enas somexi Tu azerbaijaneli, osi Tu af-

xazi, rodesac saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

umaRles organoebSi nebismier erovnebas SeeZ-

lo Tavis enaze miemarTa da pasuxic misTvis sa-

survel enaze mieRo.

ra Tqma unda, amas araviTari internaciona-

lizmi ar hqvia. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es

iyo qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agre-

sia im xelisuflebis mier, Tavs saqarTvelos

mTavrobas rom uwodebda.

ebraeli xalxi, romelic 2000 welze metia

saqarTvelos miwaze cxovrobs, Tavs mainc mosu-

lad Tvlis da saqarTvelo israelis wminda mi-

wis Semdeg meore samSoblod miaCnia. xolo ose-

bi, somxebi da zogierTi sxva erovnebis warmo-

madgenlebi, romelTa ltolvili winapris saso-

ebiT mopyrobili saxe dResac cocxalia, maspin-

Zlis rolSi gvevlineba. araswori iyo zogi-

erTi bolSeviki xelmZRvanelis azri, rom res-

publikaSi mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobebma

qarTuli ena ar icodnen. jer erTi valdebuli

iyvnen eswavlaT. meorec, jer kidev 1922 wels

akad. niko mari aRniSnavda, rom qarTuli sazo-

gadod kavkasiis sazogadoebriv enas warmoad-

gens. mecnieris dakvirvebiT, im droisaTvis qar-

Tulad laparakobda ,,kavkasiis mTianeTis sam-

xreTi ferdobebis osTa mosaxleobis didi nawi-

li, afxazTa eris garkveuli fenebi iseve, ro-

gorc saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi mobinadre somxe-

bic... agreTve lekebis erTi nawili, saxeldobr

– didoelni, da Turqebic ki...~ [176, 42].

  171

saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis (b) cen-

tralurma komitetma 1933 wlis oqtomberSi mii-

Ro dadgenileba ,,rusuli enis swavlebis daye-

nebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos yvela safexuris sas-

wavlo dawesebulebebSi~. sagulisxmoa, rom 1934

wlidan saxelmwifo universitetTan Camoyalib-

da rusuli enisa da litaraturis ganyofileba.

rusuli enis swavlebisadmi gansakuTrebu-

li yuradRebis daTmobam TandaTanobiT wamyvani

adgili daikava saqarTveloSi. amas xels uwyob-

dnen partokrati ,,wiTeli profesorebi~, romle-

bic rusuls TavianT ZiriTad samuSao da sala-

parako enad iyenebdnen. zogma maTganma qarTuli

xeirianad arc icoda. maT Soris iSviaTad Tu

vinme flobda ucxo enas. amitom ,,wiTel profe-

sorebs~ aRizianebdaT ucxo enis propaganda da

mis mimarT yuradRebis gamaxvileba [177, 90].

skkp XX yrilobis Semdeg stalinis pirovne-

bis kultis kritikam farTo xasiaTi miiRo. ru-

seTis presaSi bevrjer es kritika, faqtobrivad,

qarTveli eris lanZRvasa da damcirebaSi gadai-

zarda.

bunebrivia, ioseb stalinis kulti saqarTve-

loSi ufro mtkiced iyo fexmokidebuli. wle-

bis manZilze stalinisa da samSoblos siyva-

ruls erTnairi ZaliT unergavdnen axalgaz-

rdobas.

saqarTveloze zewola qarTuli eniT daiw-

yo. 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi aSkarad ig-

rZnoboda qarTuli enis Seviwroebis faqtebi.

xSir SemTxvevaSi adgili hqonda qarTuli enis

 172

ignorirebas, sxvadasxva organizaciebSi amaxin-

jebdnen qarTul enas. dedaqalaqis quCebSi kino-

Teatrebis rogorc reklamebi, ise warwerebi,

mxolod rusul enaze sruldeboda [178, 163].

kompozitorTa yrilobaze, mxatvarTa Sekre-

baze qarTulad xmas aravin iRebda da iqmneboda

iseTi STabeWdileba, rom qarTuli ena gadaiqca

ojaxuri urTierTobis gamomxatvel enad [178,

194].

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sakavSiro mTav-

robam moiTxova, mecnierebaTa akademiis gamom-

cemlobas qarTulis nacvlad SemoeRo rusuli

ena. aseve Seumcira dafinanseba istoriis, lite-

raturis, enaTmecnierebis da xelovnebis samec-

niero-kvleviT institutebs. saqme iqamdec ki mi-

vida, rom erovnuli gansxvavebulobis wasaSle-

lad Semoitanes axali cneba – ,,sabWoTa xalxi~

[179, 43].

qarTveli eri ar Serigebia imperiul erov-

nul politikas da mis winaaRmdeg sxvadsxva fo-

rumebze, yrilobebze gamodiodnen. am mxriv, ga-

moirCeoda qarTveli samecniero inteligencia.

akademikosma niko kecxovelma mtkice protesti

gamoxata da Tavis gamosvlebsa da werilebSi

amxila antierovnuli politika. amisaTvis niko

kecxovels akademiis prezidiumi daatovebines.

cnobilma qarTvelma maTematikosma viqtor kup-

raZem, roca gaigo, rom akademiis qarTvelolo-

giur dargebs mkveTrad Seumcirda dafinanseba,

moiTxova maTematikosebs, saerTod sabunebismet-

yvelo da teqnikur mecnierebaTa kvleviT insti-

  173

tutebs, maTze gamoyofili Tanxebis mniSvnelo-

vani nawili gadaecaT qarTvelologiis kvlevi-

Ti institutebisaTvis. vinaidan sabunebismetyve-

lo mecnierebaSi kvleva-ZiebiTi muSaoba msof-

lios yvela qveyanaSi warmoebda, xolo qarTve-

lologiur dargebSi mxolod saqarTveloSi.

mweralTa sakavSiro yrilobaze, romelic

60-ian wlebSi gaimarTa kritikosma besarion

JRentma mkacrad gailaSqra xelisuflebis anti-

erovnuli politikis winaaRmdeg da sajarod

dagmo mcdeloba, erovnuli mwerlebi gadasu-

liyvnen rusul enaze. man moiTxova rus gamoCe-

nil mwerlebs eCvenebinT magaliTi frangul da

inglisur enebze TavianTi leqsebisa da mxat-

vruli nawarmoebebis werisa.

publicisti da mecnieri oTar egaZe gamovi-

da rusuli Sovinisturi plitikis winaaRmdeg.

amis gulisaTvis igi gazeT ,,zaria vostokas~

redaqtorobidan gaaTavisufles [179, 43-44].

70-ian wlebSi erTgvar liberalizacias,

rac helsinkis SeTanxmebasTan sabWoTa kavSiris

mierTebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, respublikaTa

erovnul Rirebulebebze Setevis axali talRa

mohyva. sapasuxo reaqciamac ar daayovna: saqar-

TveloSi gaCnda araformaluri organizaciebi –

helsinkis kavSiri, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba.

amave periodSi erovnul enaze umaRlesi ganaT-

lebis miReba sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT, mxo-

lod Tbilisisa da erevnis universitetebSi iyo

SesaZlebeli. sxva respublikebSi erovnuli is-

toriis kaTedrebic ki iSviaTobas warmoadgenda.

 174

sxvadasxva Sekrebebis dros kievis universite-

tis profesor-maswavleblebi arc ijerebdnen,

rom Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi leq-

ciebi qarTulad ikiTxeboda [180, 58].

saqme is aris, rom saxelmwiofo enis statu-

si sabWoTa respublikebidan gaaCnda mxolod sa-

qarTvelos erovnul enas. mogvianebiT, sabWoTa

kavSiris xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT,

imisTvis, rom saqarTvelo ar yofiliyo erTa-

derTi gamonaklisi, aseTive statusi mieniWaT

amierkavkasiis sxva respublikebis erovnul

enebsac. yvela danarCen sabWoTa respublikebSi,

maT Soris – ruseTis federaciaSic, saxelmwi-

fo enis statusi ar arsebobda. qarTuli enis

gansxvavebuli statusi xels ar uSlida ssr

kavSiris xelmZRvanelobas iseve mopyroboda mas,

rogorc litvur, estonur da a.S. enebs. es sta-

tusi aranair privilegias ar aniWebda qarTul

enas sxva mokavSire respublikebis erovnul

enebTan SedarebiT.

isic unda iTqvas, rom sabWoTa konstituci-

iT garantirebuli bevri ufleba cxovrebaSi sa-

erTod ar moqmedebda.

rac Seexeba ama Tu im enis saxelmwifo sta-

tusis sakiTxisadmi komunistebis damokidebule-

bas; jer kidev 1903 wels, leninis mier daweril

da rsdmp II yrilobaze miRebul partiis pirvel

programaSi erovnul sakiTxze ori ganmsazRvre-

li punqti iyo dafiqsirebuli: 1. yvela enis Ta-

nasworuflebianoba da 2. erTa TviTgamorkvevis

ufleba. 1918 wels miRebul ruseTis xalxTa uf-

  175

lebebis deklaraciaSi, Semdeg ki rsfsr konsti-

tuciaSic es muxlebi ucvleli saxiT gadavida.

lenini Tvlida, rom romelime eris enisaTvis

saxelmwifo statusis miniWebis moTxovna aris

`burJuaziuli~ moTxovna da igi laxavs sxva

erebisa da enebis uflebebs. misi azriT, ruse-

Tis federaciaSi mcxovreb xalxebs Soris ru-

suli enis saurTierTo enad aRiareba moxdebo-

da bunebrivad, nebayoflobiT da amisTvis saWi-

ro ar iyo misi gansakuTrebuli konstituciuri

statusi.

rsfsr-s Semdeg warmoqmnili yvela sxva sab-

WoTa respublikis konstitucias safuZvlad le-

ninuri rusuli konstitucia daedo. sabWoTa sa-

qarTvelos konstituciaze muSaoba 1922 wels

mimdinareobda. sakonstitucio komisiis muSaoba-

Si komunistebTan erTad monawileobas memarcxe-

ne federalistebic Rebulobdnen. swored maTi

warmomadgeneli – simon xundaZe gamovida wina-

dadebiT – konstituciaSi SeetanaT muxli qar-

Tuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis Sesaxeb. es

statusi qarTul enas gaaCnda demokratiuli sa-

qarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT. Tu Cven

uars vityviT am statusze, amiT seriozul ar-

guments mivcemT emigraciaSi myof menSevikur

opozicias amtkicos sabWoTa xelisuflebis

araerovnuloba, – ganacxada man komisiis sxdo-

maze. xundaZis es argumenti qarTvel bolSevi-

kebsac WkuaSi daujdaT. bunebrivia, maT konsti-

tuciisaTvis kremls, lenins da stalins mimar-

Tes. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebma maSin SesaZleb-

 176

lad CaTvales saqarTvelosTvis gamonaklisis

daSveba. leninis azriT, koniunqturis gaTvalis-

winebiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba unda wasuliyo

iseT kompromisebze, romlebic mocemul momen-

tSi xels Seuwyobdnen sabWoTa wyobilebis gan-

mtkicebas. konstituciidan mcdari muxlebis

amoReba ki merec SeiZleboda, rodesac sabWoTa

xelisufleba fexze myarad dadgeboda.

1937 wels egreT wodebuli gamarjvebuli

socializmis konstituciis proeqtze muSaobi-

sas, iuristebma qarTuli konstituciidan sa-

xelmwifo enis muxlis amoReba moiTxoves, Tum-

ca, stalinma es nabiji maSin naCqaravad miiCnia.

1978 wels, ukve `ganviTarebuli socializmis~

konstituciis proeqtze muSaobisas, iuristebma

kvlav daayenes konstituciidan aRniSnuli mux-

lis amoRebis sakiTxi. saqme is iyo, rom nebismi-

eri momdevno sabWoTa konstitucia ucvlelad

imeorebda yvela enis Tanasworobis leninur de-

bulebas. leninis kultis pirobebSi am muxlis

konstituciidan amoRebaze laparakic ki ar Se-

iZleboda. ara da, es debuleba pirdapir winaaR-

mdegobaSi iyo saxelmwifo enis punqtTan. mar-

Tlacda, Tu yvela ena Tanasworuflebiania, ma-

Sin ras niSnavs erTi enis gamorCeva saxelmwifo

statusiT? swored amitom iuristebi moiTxov-

dnen konstituciaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis

aRmofxvras [181, 36-37].

sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas esmoda, rom kon-

stituciidan qarTuli enis statusis amoRebas

saqarTveloSi viTarebis daZabva mohyveboda.

  177

amis miuxedavad, misi amoReba mainc gadawyda.

qarTveli xalxis mosalodneli aRSfoTebis ga-

saneitraleblad ki saxelmwifo enis nacvlad

konstituciis proeqtSi Caiwera, rom saxelmwi-

fo yvelanairad Seuwyobs xels qarTuli enis

ganviTarebasa da ayvavebas.

aman saqmes ver uSvela. rodesac sabWoTa

kavSiris xelisuflebam es RonisZieba momwife-

bulad da kanonzomier movlenad miiCnia da res-

publikis mTavrobac amas daTanxmda, saqarTve-

los inteligenciam, saxeldobr Tbilisis mecni-

erebma da studentobam gaanaliza, Tu ras niS-

navda uwindeli konstituciidan qarTuli enis

statusis amoReba da SeniRbulad `misi xmarebis

uflebis datoveba~ – yvelaferi gasagebi gaxda.

amitom mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeo-

logiisa da eTnografiis institutis saerTo sa-

xalxo krebam Sesabamisi xmauri atexa. krebaze

gamovida rva kaci, romelTac daasabuTes, rom

qarTuli enis saxelmwifo enis statusis amoRe-

ba niSnavda qarTuli enis xelyofas da amiT

qarTveli xalxisaTvis metyvelebis warTmevas:

e.i. Tavisi ganaTlebis, saqmis warmoebis, sakuTa-

ri swavlebis qselis, mecnieruli kvlavwarmoe-

bis fsiqikur-fsiqologiuri TviTSegnebis, war-

sulisadmi pativiscemis, saukuneobrivi litera-

turis da a.S. akrZalvas (sxvaTa Soris, roca am

sakiTxis ganxilva saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis istoriis institutSi gaxmaurda, kre-

baze 8 mecnieris gamosvlis 35 gverdiani oqmi

Sedga, romelic umal cekam moiTxova misi mdiv-

 178

nis viqtoria siraZis meSveobiT). amis Semdeg ce-

kam mweralTa kavSirs saqmis ganxilvis oqmis

Sedgena aukrZala. saqmis ganxilvam mwvave deba-

tebi gamoiwvia agreTve saqarTvelos mecniereba-

Ta akademiis janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo

muzeumSi da saerTod Tbilisis mraval saxel-

mwifo dawesebulebaSi, saerTod mTel inteli-

genciaSi. rasac mohyva Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis studentobis da mTeli inteli-

genciis Tavdadebuli protesti quCaSi gamos-

vliT (rusTavelis gamziri da leninis moedani

demonstrantebiT gaivso) [182, 36]. xelnaweris sa-

xiT gavrcelebuli poetis striqonebi sazoga-

doebas gamosvlebisaken mouwodebda:

sixliT morwyul qarTul miwas

isev sisxlis wvima elis,

mterma bevrjer daamiwa

bevrjer aRsdga risxva mteris.

am ubadlo mdinareebs,

am usazRvro zRvas,

cisferi ar Rirsebia

mxolod sisxli rwyavs.

vai, Cemo saqarTvelov

Sen ar gevxar sxvas

ra patara, ris patara

vin gibedavs Tqmas.

  179

mitom RmerTis rCeuli xar,

RmerTi gaCnda SeniT,

Tu ar RmerTi, vis SeeZlo

Soba SoTas enis.

ukan gidgas farul Ralats

SeCveuli mteri,

vaglax mteric rom ara gyavs

Seni Sesaferi.

Seni zurgi ar unaxavs sulTans,

Sahs Tu bizantias.

gaiRviZe, Torem Semdeg

yvelaferi gviania.

uqarqaSo xmalo aRsdeg

moZraoba gSvenis,

Sen ara xar im rjulisa

eSinia visac mteris.

ra patara, ris patara

ra vuyoT, rom didi gebrZvis

didi? ara bevri mxolod

Seni fexis mtveri.

gklavdnen zRaprul devis msgavsad,

Tavs gWridnen da ifaravdi,

didi rom ar yofiliyav

devi rom ar yofiliyav

RmerTi rom ar yofiliyav

ras izamdi?

 180

eris sulo geZeb, geZeb

o, ra iSviaTad gxvdebi,

eqvsjer aTi weliwadi

umiwawylod vcdebiT, vcdebiT.

saqarTvelos gulo Cemo,

sisxlo Cemo vcxovrob SeniT

winaparTa Zvlebis darad

mjera Seni gadarCenis!

ra Znelia rusTavelo,

metexo da diRmis velo,

midiode da fiqrobde

es ar aris saqarTvelo.

momitingeebi acxadebdnen, rom sisxliT

daicavdnen qarTuli enis saxelmwifo uflebebs.

mRelvarebis eqom kremlamde miaRwia. miuxedavad

amisa saqarTvelos xelisuflebam saqmis gan-

xilva (winaswar dakveTili sqemis mixedviT) ma-

inc gadawyvita umaRlesi sabWos sesiaze. roca

momxsenebeli e. SevardnaZe darwmunda, rom quCa-

Si gamosuli inteligencia ar xumrobda da pro-

testma saSiSi xasiaTi miiRo – ikadra da sus-

lovs daukavSirda. rodesac misgan sanugeSo

verfaeri miiRo, iZulebuli gaxda breJnevisaT-

vis miemarTa (am dros mSfoTvare inteligenciam

alyaSi moaqcia mTavrobis sasaxle da mis pir-

vel sarTulSi kidevac SeiWra, sadac sesia mim-

dinareobda). sakavSiro mTavroba Sedrka, radgan

  181

ganviTarebulma movlenebma saSiSi xasiaTi mii-

Ro, breJnevma neba darTo xelisuflebas ZalaSi

daetovebinaT uwindeli konstituciis formu-

lireba qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusis Ta-

obaze. amis Semdeg SevardnaZemac igive gaimeora,

rasac breJnevi daTanxmda (mtknari sicruea TiT-

qos SevardnaZem raime moindoma da gadawyvita.

`nebayoflobiT~ – mas rogorc marionets, Tanam-

debobisaTvis da karierisaTvis Tavdadebul

pirs, Tundac am SemTxvevaSi araferi mousurve-

bia da gadauwyvetia, inteligenciis (ra Tqma un-

da studentobasTan erTad) mrisxane protestma

aiZula is da misi moskoveli favoritebi saqme

Zveleburad daetovebinaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos,

rom qarTuli enis winaaRmdeg kremlis Seteva

iqamde iyo misuli, rom saqarTvelos ganaTle-

bis saministroSi ukve miRebuli iyo direqtiva

– respublikis yvela umaRles saswavlebelSi

qarTulis adgilze rusulad warmarTuliyo

leqciebi yvela ZiriTad saganSi [182, 37].

saqarTvelos konstituciaSi qarTulma

enam jerovani adgili daikava. es iyo sabWoTa

kavSiris istoriaSi pirveli erovnuli gamos-

vla. romelic gamarjvebiT dasrulda... [183, 227].

1978 wlis 14 aprils qarTvelma axalgaz-

rdebma daamtkices erovnuli idealebisadmi Ta-

vianTi erTguleba. mTel sabWoTa sivrceSi, ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, es iyo pirveli precendenti,

rodesac xelisuflebam ver gabeda iaraRiT da-

pirispireboda demonstrantebs. am Tvalsazri-

siT, qarTveli studentebis gamarjveba iyo sab-

 182

WoTa xelisuflebis kuboSi CaWedebuli pirveli

lursmani. 14 aprilma gamarjvebis rwmena Cauner-

ga ara mxolod qarTvel xalxs, aramed sabWoTa

kavSirSi Semaval sxva xalxebsac. man cxadyo,

rom axlovdeboda sabWoTa imperiis aRsasruli

[181, 38].

erovnuli umciresoba da saxelmwifo ena

komunisturi reJimis strategiuli poli-

tikidan gamomdinare, rac iTvaliswinebda `daya-

vi da ibatone~ – miznis realurad gatarebas,

saqarTvelo erovnul raionebad daiyo, rasac

axali administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa

ewoda. maTi SefasebiT es iyo leninuri erovnu-

li politikis cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.

saqarTvelos erovnul umciresobaTa mom-

saxurebis mizniT gamoiyo administraciul-teri-

toriuli erTeulebi, sadac saqmis warmoeba

erovnul enaze iqneboda. e.i. romeli erovnebac

cxovrobda mocemul teritoriaze, maTi salapa-

rako ena xdeboda yvela sferoSi gabatonebuli.

sad aris aq `ZaRlis Tavi~ damarxuli? bolSe-

vikTa erTi umTavresi mizani erTa sruli asimi-

lacia iyo. sabWoTa liderebis (pirvelyovlisa

leninisa da stalinis mcdelobiT) `nacmenTa~

enebi cxaddeboda lamis yvela ubedurebis saTa-

ved. Seiqmna mTeli fsevdomecnieruli spekula-

cia, romlis mixedviT enebs braldeboda erebis

gaTiSva, urTierTdapirispireba. `naTeli momav-

  183

lis~ aSenebis erT umTavres pirobad ki miCneu-

li iyo jer enaTa, Semdeg ki erTa `daaxloeba

da Serwyma~, erTiani komunisturi enis da eris

warmoSoba. swored am mizniT, momavalSi rusu-

li enis gabatonebisaTvis bolSevikurma xeli-

suflebam `mokavSire~ respublikebSi mcxovreb

erovnul umciresobebs yovelgvari piroba Seuq-

mna, rom maTi salaparako ena saqmis warmoeba-

Sic gaTanabreboda da xSir SemTxvevaSi privi-

legirebuli yofiliyo im enasTan, romel res-

publikaSic cxovrobdnen.

ukve 20-iani wlebis bolos sakavSiro da

amierkavkasiis xelmZRvaneloba sabWoTa xeli-

suflebis miRwevad miiCnevda saqmis warmoebis

gadasvlas erovnul enebze [184, 38]. es ki faqti-

urad ama Tu im respublikis saxelmwifo enis

ignorirebas niSnavda. saboloo jamSi ki xels

uwyobda rusuli enis privilegiis zrdas.

xelisufleba yvela Rones xmarobda, rom

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxov-

reb osebsa da lekebs eswavlaT mSobliuri ena

da saqmis warmoeba yofiliyo maT enaze. qarTu-

li ena osebmac da lekebmac kargad icodnen, es

ki ewinaaRmdegeboda `msoflioSi yvelaze inter-

nacionaluri politikis gatarebas~.

es iyo obieqturi gagrZeleba im pozicii-

sa, romelsac 1921 wels Caeyara safuZveli. ker-

Zod, saqarTvelos suverenitetis ugulebelyo-

fam, antiqarTuli politikis gatarebam, saqar-

Tvelos revkomi da qarTveli bolSevikebi anti-

qarTuli misiiT movlenil emisrebad aqcia. sa-

 184

magierod, isini araqarTuli mosaxleobisadmi

gansakuTrebul Tanadgomas avlendnen. maTi

kulturulad da ekonomikurad dawinaurebisa

da uflebrivad mkvidr mosaxleobasTan enobri-

vi gaTanabrebis mizniT, maqsimums akeTebdnen.

am mimarTulebiT pirveli qmediTi nabiji

xelisuflebam 1921 wlis aprilSi gadadga, ro-

desac agitacia-propagandis ganyofilebasTan

erovnul umciresobaTa qveganyofileba Seqmna.

mis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgenda: saqarTve-

loSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis saer-

To mdgomareobis dawvrilebiT Seswavla da mas-

ze dayrdnobiT saTanado gadawyvetilebebis mi-

Reba. 1921 wlis ivlisSi Seqmnilma erovnul um-

ciresobaTa sabWom da misma operatiulma biu-

rom 1921-1922 wlebSi eTnikur umciresobaTa

mSobliur enaze saswavlo programebi, saxel-

mwZRvaneloebi da Jurnalebi gamosca.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umcire-

sobebis socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli

RonisZiebebis koordinaciis mizniT, saqarTve-

los centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis

prezidiumis 1926 wlis 22 oqtombris dadgenile-

biT, centralur aRmasrulebel komitetebTan

`erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeebis Semswavleli

biuro~ Seiqmna, xolo imave wlis 8 dekembris

dadgenilebiT, `erovnul umciresobaTa saqmeebis

Semswavleli komisia~. mis SemadgenlobaSi Se-

vidnen: mirza daud huseinovi (Tavmjdomare –

azerbaijaneli), aSot xumariani (Tavmjdomaris

moadgile – somexi), vasil bogdanovi (rusi),

  185

ilia dimoevi (berZeni), gerSon zonenaSvili

(qarTveli ebraeli), riza najafovi (Turqi),

aleqsandre tarnozovi (asirieli), paSa isabeko-

vi (qurTi), albert ceebi (germaneli), Wanba (af-

xazi), abaevi (osi) [184, 472-473]. saqarTvelos

kompartiis ck 1929 wlis 6 ivnisis plenumisa da

saqarTvelos sabWoebis V yrilobis gadawyveti-

lebis safuZvelze ganxorcielda axali admi-

nistraciul-teritoriuli dayofa. amave wlis 1

oqtombrisaTvis yofili damoukidebeli mazrebi-

sagan Seiqmna 4 olqi, romlebic dayofili iyo

raionebad da sasoflo sabWoebad, xolo droe-

biT darCenil damoukidebel mazrebSi, magali-

Tad, axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebSi, Teme-

bis nacvlad Seiqmna raionebi da sasoflo sab-

Woebi. aseTma daraionebam kidev ufro meti uf-

lebebi mianiWa erovnul umciresobebs [141, 51].

erovnul umciresobaTa aseTi erTeulebi

gamoiyo mxolod sasoflo adgilebSi. aRniSnu-

li procesi ZiriTadad dasrulda 30-iani wle-

bis dasawyisSi, rogorc respublikis masStabiT,

aseve avtonomiur formirebebSi. xazgasasmelia,

rom saarqivo dokumentur wyaroebSi saqarTve-

lo gamijnulia avtonomiebisagan, rogorc cal-

ke respublika, TiTqos xelovnurad Seqmnili av-

tonomiuri warmonaqmnebi saqarTvelos istori-

ul teritoriaze ar yofiliyo.

Tu gerTianebamde axalaqalaqisa da axal-

cixis mazrebsa da Tbilisis olqSi saqmis war-

moeba azerbaijanul enaze iyo 16 saTemo sabWo-

Si, somxur enaze – 10 sabWoSi, daraionebis Sem-

 186

deg saqmis warmoeba azerbaijanul enaze xorci-

eldeboda ukve 35 sabWoSi, somxur enaze – 21...

[141, 51].

erovnul umciresobaTa interesebis `dam-

cveli~ xelisufleba Seudga Seswavlas Sereu-

li erovnebebiT dasaxlebuli sasoflo-sabWoe-

bisa, Tu rogor ganesazRvra maTi adgili admi-

nistraciul dayofaSi. mogvianebiT, saqarTve-

los axali niSniT daraionebis Semdeg Seiqmna

59 administraciul-teritoriuli raioni, aqedan

25-is statusi ganisazRvra erovnul umciresoba-

Ta raionebad. arsebuli TemsabWoebis gamsxvile-

bis Semdeg Camoyalibda 688 sasoflo-sabWo. av-

tonomiuri respublikebis gareSe 537. ufro me-

tic, SesaZleblad CaTvales kidev gamoeyoT uf-

ro meti eTnografiuli, erTgvarovani qveda sab-

WoTa erTeulebi. Sedegad miviReT 205 erovnul-

umciresobaTa sasoflo sabWo da 16 mravale-

rovnuli (avtonomiuri respublikebis gareSe

pirveli ricxvi 108-s udrida [164, 2].

afxazeTSi 93 sasoflo-sabWodan afxazuri

iyo 35, qarTuli – 27, somxuri – 8, berZnuli –

3, estonuri – 2, danarCeni 18 – Sereuli, sadac

saqmis warmoeba rusul enaze mimdinareobda.

saqmiswarmoebis dokumentebis Targmna erovnul

enebze mTlianobaSi ver xorcieldeboda, radgan

ar hyavdaT momzadebeli kadrebi. ZiriTadad am

movlenas adgili hqonda afxaz mosaxleobaSi.

amitom erovnebebze da erebze `mzrunvelma~ xe-

lisuflebam 1929 wels oqtomberSi sasoflo-

sabWos mdivnebisaTvis moawyo mosamzadebeli

  187

kursebi. kursebze teqnikur momzadebasTan er-

Tad mTavari yuradReba mieqca saqmis warmoebis

Targmnas erovnul enebze, gansakuTrebiT e.w.

`axali afxazuri anbanis~ cxovrebaSi gatarebas

[164, 2]. amdenad, mTavari iyo qarTul enas,

rogorc saxelmwifo enas ar gaedga fesvebi sa-

qarTvelos teritoriaze. mxolod rusuli da

erovnul umciresobaTa enebi unda yofiliyo

prioritetuli, raTa saqarTveloSi qarTvels

ar egrZno Tavi qveynis baton-patronad.

e.w. `samxreT oseTSi~ 28 sasoflo-sabWodan

7 qarTuli iyo, 21 osuri. rac Seexeba aWaras –

26 sasoflo-sabWodan 24 aWaruli yofila, sadac

saqmis warmoeba Turme qarTul enaze mimdinare-

obda [164, 2]. (daakvirdiT dokumentis Semdgenel-

Ta pozicias) amave dros 1 berZnuli, 1 Sereuli.

droTa ganmavlobaSi limitirebul zonaSi

mcxovrebma erovnulma umciresobebma gabatone-

bul mdgomareobas miaRwies (iq, sadac qarTve-

lebi umciresobas Seadgendnen, aseTi ki 20 rai-

onia) da daiwyes Tavis mikro teritoriaze mo-

saxle qarTvelebis (am SemTxvevaSi umciresobis)

Seviwroeba, gasaqani mieca asimilaciis process.

dairRva adamianis uflebebi.

saqarTveloSi momxdarma movlenebma gviC-

vena, rom daZabuli kerebi swored iq gaCnda, sa-

dac mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs mosazRvre saxel-

mwifoSi mcxovrebi xalxis monaTesaved Tvlis,

Tumca, xSirad, isini im qveynis ZirZveli mosax-

leni ar arian. magaliTad, somxebis ZiriTadi

masa saqarTveloSi movida ara somxeTidan, ara-

 188

med TurqeTidan; azerbaijanelebi ki iranidan

arian wamosulebi da ara azerbaijanidan, magram

eTnikurad Tavs miakuTvneben am respublikis

mkvidrT, rogorc aq daakanona sabWoTa aRwereb-

ma [80, 114].

afxazeTis rusuli saero xelisufleba da

eklesia yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom af-

xazeTis qarTveloba Cqara gaerusebina an gane-

devnaT afxazeTidan. amisaTvis ara mxolod ru-

sul wirva-locvas, saqmis warmoebas da dawye-

biT swavlebas iyenebdnen, aramed adgilze dar-

Cenili afsuebis naZirala pirebsac, romlebic

rusuli politikis fexdafex ukiJinebdnen qar-

Tvelebs, rom maT daetovebinaT TavianTi sam-

kvidro saxl-kari da gaqceuliyvnen afxazeTi-

dan [185, 285].

ruseTidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul mar-

TlmadideblebisaTvis xelisufleba, pirvel

rigSi, rusul eklesias aSenebda, romelic regi-

onSi cdilobda Seemcirebina saeklesio-samrev-

lo saswavleblebis ricxvi da, rac mTavaria,

qarTuli ena gamoedevna iqidan. qarTul enas

devnidnen ara marto afxazeTidan, aramed sameg-

relodan, svaneTidan da samaCablodan [186, 83].

qarTul enas aramarto gudauTaSi aviwro-

ebdnen yovelmxriv, aramed mTlianad qarTvele-

biT (megrelebiT) dasaxlebul galSic ki. qar-

Tvelma mosaxleobam imas miaRwia, rom saegzar-

qosom maT neba darTo galis samrevlo-saekle-

sio skolaSi swavla qarTulad warmoebuliyo.

magram es uflebac formaluri gamodga, radgan

  189

qarTuli enis swavleba, mxolod bolo, meeqvse

gakveTilze dauSves da male programidan saer-

Tod amoiRes [186, 85].

xazgasasmelia, rom 1810 wels, rodesac af-

xazeTis samTavro ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida

dokumenti daiwera qarTul enaze da saerTod,

afxazeTis xelisuflebis kancelariaSi mTeli

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSic ki saqmiswarmoeba

mxolod qarTulad xdeboda. aseve, kavkasiis me-

fisnacvlis kancelarias `afxazebi~ qarTulad

mimarTavdnen. XIX saukunis meore naxevramde

ar arsebobs arcerTi dokumenti, arcerTi na-

warmoebi, romelic dawerili iqneboda `afsua-

afxazur~ enaze [187, 19-20].

orive periodis imperiuli ruseTi – ca-

rizmi da bolSevikuri – gansakuTrebul yurad-

Rebas uTmobda enobriv politikas, romelic da-

fuZnebuli iyo qarTul-afxazuri lingvisturi

konfliqtis provocirebaze.

ai, ras ambobda carizmis rusifikatoruli

politikis apologeti e. veidenbaumi: `afxazuri

ena, romelsac ar gaaCnia damwerloba da lite-

ratura, axlo momavalSi ganwirulia gaqrobi-

saTvis. sakiTxis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu

romeli ena Secvlis mas? naTelia, rom mosaxle-

obis kulturuli ideebisa da gagebis roli un-

da gamoxatos rusulma da ara qarTulma enam. me

mgonia, rom afxazuri damwerlobis damkvidreba

TviTmizani ki ar unda iyves, aramed saSualeba,

romelic Seasustebs eklesiisa da skolis gav-

 190

leniT qarTul enaze moTxovnas da TandaTano-

biT Seicvleba rusuli eniT~.

`afxazuri anbanis~ Seqmnis komisiis Tav-

mjdomare, mecnieri da generali p. uslari miiC-

nevda, rom kavkasiis mTis xalxebs ar SeuZliaT

hqondeT sakuTari damwerloba da literatura~.

generali amtkicebda: `tuzemcebis wera-kiTxvis

codna unda emsaxurebodes mxolod imas, rom

maT gauadvildeT rusuli enis Seswavla~ [187,

34-35].

rogorc cnobilia rusebi kavkasiis mosax-

leobas `tuzemcebs~ uwodebdnen. maTi azriT

`tuzemci~ iyo bunebis mier SecdomiT gaCenili

biologiuri arseba, romelsac arc warsuli

hqonda, arc awmyo da, bunebrivia, rom arc moma-

vali eqneboda [188, 14].

yovelive amas, rogorc wesi separatistebi

dumiliT xvdebian. samagierod, rodesac sauba-

ria enobriv politikaze, isini uapelaciod ada-

naSauleben saqarTvelos xelisuflebas laTi-

zinirebuli anbanis qarTuliT SecvlasTan da-

kavSirebiT.

gavixsenoT, rom pirveli `afxazuri~ anba-

ni Seiqmna 1862 wels afxazuri enisaTvis sruli-

ad ucxo kirilicas – SriftiT. 1926 wels afxa-

zeTis assr mTavrobam gaauqma rusuli grafikis

safuZvelze SemuSavebuli `afxazuri~ anbani da

mis nacvlad SemoiRo akademikos n. maris mier

Sedgenili laTinizebuli anbani. Semdeg 1929

wels SemoRebul iqna anbani, SemuSavebuli aseve

laTinuris safuZvelze n. iakovlevis mier. 1938

  191

wels afxazeTSi miiRes axali afxazuri anbani,

romelsac safuZvlad edo qarTuli grafika. am

anbanis proeqtis avtori iyo afxazuri litera-

turis fuZemdebeli d. gulia, romelTanac er-

Tad mis SemuSavebaSi monawileobdnen agreTve

qarTveli mecnierebi s. janaSia da a. SaniZe. 1954

wels ki miRebul iqna axali amJamindeli anbani

rusul grafikul safuZvelze [129, 51-51].

jer kidev 1919-1920 wlebSi afxazeTis mo-

saxleobis didi nawili rusulad laparakobda.

da es xdeboda ara mxolod afxazeTSi, aramed

samurzayanoSic, sadac mosaxleobis umravleso-

bas megrelebi Seadgendnen [189, 51-52].

rogorc cnobilia, afxazeTis konstituci-

is safuZvelze 1925 wlidan saqmis warmoeba mxo-

lod rusul enaze xdeboda, ar iqna gaTvaliswi-

nebuli respublikis erovnuli Semadgenloba,

daamcires roli da mniSvneloba rogorc `afxa-

zuri~, aseve qarTuli erovnuli enebisa [190,

102]. mxolod 1926 wlis 27 Tebervlis samTavro-

bo gadawyvetilebiT, saxelmwifo dawesebule-

bebSi rusuls uflebrivad gauTanabres `afxa-

zuri~ da qarTuli[190, 104].

rusuli enisadmi prioritetis miniWebis

Sedegi iyo, rom 1926 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis Ziri-

Tad centralur dawesebulebebSi momuSaveTa

erovnuli Semadgenloba Semdegnairad gamoiyu-

reboda: rusebi 44,9%, qarTvelebi 22, 3%, afxaze-

bi 8, 9%. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1926 wels afxa-

zebi Seadgendnen 27, 8%, qarTvelebi 36, 6%, xo-

lo rusebi 6,2% [190, 121, 122].

 192

saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodSi

yvela sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobaze mxolod

afxazebi iniSnebodnen. afxazebs eZleodaT upi-

ratesoba miliciaSi, navsadgurSi muSad miRebis

dros sxva erovnebebTan SedarebiT.

Sovinizmis TvalsaCino suraTs iZleva kom-

kavSiris saolqo komitetis cirkulari yvela

komkavSiruli organizaciisadmi, sadac naTqva-

mia, rom komkavSirSi unda mieRoT mxolod afxa-

zi axalgazrdebi. marTalia, es cirkulari mog-

vianebiT uaryofil iqna, magram misi am saxiT

gamoqveyneba aSkarad aCvenebs ramdenad iyo Sovi-

nizmi gabatonebuli axalgazrdebSic [145, 28, 29].

sabWoTa afxazeTis xelmZRvanelobam Tavisi

erovnuli politikiT aamxedra mosaxleobis sa-

mi meoTxedi.

20-ian wlebSi afxazs yvelgan da yovel-

Tvis eniWeboda upiratesoba da amitom araafxa-

zuri erovnebis warmomadgeneli iZulebuli xde-

boda Tavi afxazad gamoecxadebina (gaafxazebu-

liyo), raTa samsaxuri eSovna. swored amis Se-

degi iyo, rom 1926 wlis aRweris dros `ramdeni-

me aTasma kacma Tavisi Tavi afxaz erovnebas mia-

kuTvna. Tumca maTi ena iyo ara afxazuri, ara-

med qarTuli (megruli)~ [191, 213].

30-ian wlebSi afxazeTSi kvlav qarTuli

moqmedebda, magram afsuebSi ukve rusuli ena

inergeba – ara mxolod dawyebiT skolebSi, ara-

med moqmed eklesiebSi (gansakuTrebiT axal

aTonSi), agreTve samrewvelo raion tyvarCelSi

da sxvagan. amas xeli Seuwyo ara mxolod rusu-

  193

lis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebam da rusuli

swavlebis gaZlierebam, aramed afxazeTis kolo-

nizaciam da meore msoflio omis win (bunebri-

via gansakuTrebiT omis dros) aq ruseTis jare-

bis dasadgurebam. amasTan, afsuebis mizidvam

ruseTis sxvadasxva saswavleblebSi afsuebs ni-

adagi moumzada qarTuli swavlebisa da qarTu-

li enisadmi zurgis Sesaqcevad. maT 1946 wels

brZola gaaCaRes afxazeTSi qarTuli skolebis

rac SeiZleba SezRudvisa da likvidaciisaTvis,

xolo samagierod afsuuri da gansakuTrebiT

rusuli skolebis gafarToebisaTvis [182, 72-73].

osTa mier qarTuli enis codna garkveul

farglebSi qarTuli damwerlobis codnasac gu-

lisxmobda. mTeli, saqmiani mimowera qarTlis

da imereTis mmarTveli wreebisa osebTan, Tu pi-

riqiT, qarTul enaze sruldeboda. XVIII sauku-

neSi Seqmnilia mdidari dokumenturi masala

osebis Sesaxeb qarTul enaze. es imas niSnavs,

rom qarTuli ena da damwerloba sakmaod fex-

mokidebuli iyo osTa Soris. is ki ara, xSirad

ruseTis administraciisadmi mimarTuli osTa

werilebic qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli. 1784

wlis 10 Tebervlis werili nareli `starSinebi-

sa~ pavle potiomkinisadmi Sesrulebulia qar-

Tulad os vasil (yarajaevis) xeliT, werilSi

isini iTxoven ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebas

[192, 230]. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi osi mwerle-

bi sargeblobdnen qarTuli anbaniT. amis safuZ-

velze iwereboda osuri wignebi. gamocdilebam

yovelmxriv daadastura osebisaTvis qarTuli

 194

anabnis upiratesoba yvela danarCen anbanTan Se-

darebiT [193, 15].

XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan

raWis mazris `rCevis ganyofilebas~ xelmZRvane-

lobda dekanozi aleqsi giorgobiani, romelic

amave dros kurirebda saeklesio samrevlo sko-

lebis `sablaRoCino olqs~. dekanozi aleqsi aq-

tiur mzrunvelobas iCenda, rogorc qarTveli,

aseve erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenelTa

Svilebze. 1891 wlis dasawyisSi saxeldaxelod

TavSeyril osebs aleqsim aseTi sityviT mimar-

Ta: `Svilebo, me gavige, viTomc Tqven skolaSi

aRar agzavniT... amas wineT yovlad samRvdeloe-

ba aRtacebuli darCa am skolaSi naswavli Tqve-

ni pawia baRnebis codniT, Tu gaxsovT, locva-

kurTxevasTan maTma meufebam madloba giZRvnaT,

rom Tqvens Svilebs pirjvris gamosxva, locve-

bis warmoTqma da mcire wera-kiTxva SeeswavlaT.

Tqven aRuTqviT, rom skolis saqmes ar uRala-

tebT da SeZlebisdagvarad ar movaklebT aR-

zrdas Cvens Svilebso. dRes ra pasuxs aZlevT

an RmerTs da an maT meufes, rom Svilebis aR-

zrdaze xeli agiRiaT da SesulxarT codvaSi,

Tu am keTil saqmes meti sicocxle ar elodeba

TqvenSi, risTvis gaswieT Sroma, risTvis aageT

Senoba.~

darcxvenilma osebma mokrZalebiT upasu-

xes: `vin mogaxsena batono dekanoz, rom Cven,

osebma skolebSi Svilebi ar gavgzavneT. vin uT-

xra Tu osebs swavla ar ginda, hai, hai, ginda

swvala osebs, mara vin gaswavla. mRvdeli sul

  195

sofelSi waxval, misi popoSniki aq ar aris da

visTan waiyvane Svilebi Seni Wirime, Tu iqneba

mowyaleba, kargi uCiteli daayenebs da skolaSi

iqneba, Cvenc gvinda, Tu ara tyuilad biWebi ar

gaacdinebT, Seni Wirime~ – mimarTa osma gogiam

giorgobians da xalxis yrilobas. – `avTe~, er-

Txmad daiRriales osebma (ase ariso da ase gax-

lavTo) [194, 75].

1923 wlis agvistoSi `samxreT oseTis av-

tonomiuri olqis~ cakma miiRo dadgenileba

`olqis farglebSi osuris, rogorc saxelmwifo

enis SemoRebis Sesaxeb~. dadgenilebaSi aRniSnu-

li iyo, rom `SemoRebul iqnas TandaTanobiT

mSobliuri osuri ena yvela saxelmwifo da par-

tiul dawesebulebebSi samxreT oseTis avtono-

miuri olqis SigniT. mezobel respublikebTan

urTierTobis enad datovebul iqnas rusuli ena

da moeTxovos respublikas samxreT-oseTTan xse-

nebul rusul enaze urTierTobis warmoeba~ [195].

e.w. `samxreT-oseTis~ mxareTmcodneobis sa-

zogadoeba farTo RonisZiebebs axorcielebda

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi osuri enis Semo-

RebasTan dakavSirebiT. ganzraxuli iyo yvela

dawesebulebis saqmis warmoebis osur enaze ga-

dayvana [196].

amave periodSi Seiqmna laTinizebuli osu-

ri anbani. gamocdilebam aCvena, rom anbani ar

Seesabameboda osuri salaparako enis bunebas

da ver amarTlebda daniSnulebas. amave dros,

Zalian rTuli iyo asaTviseblad. laTinizebuli

anbanis Secvlis sakiTxi ufro misaRebi axali

 196

anbaniT didi xnis manZilze mwifdeboda, magram

mis ganxorcielebas xels uSlidnen osi erovne-

bis antiqarTuli Zalebi, romlebic olqis xel-

mZRvanel Tanamdebobaze imyofebodnen. maTTvis

mTavari iyo, rom osebi yovelive qarTulisagan

Sors yofiliyvnen. xelisuflebaSi jansaRi Za-

lebis mosvlis Semdeg, anbanis Secvlis sakiTxi

axal relsebze gadavida. problemis ganxilvaSi

aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo inteligenciam [193,

13]. warmoadgines ori proeqti. erTi iTvaliswi-

nebda osuri anbanis qarTulze dafuZnebas, meo-

re proeqtis avtorebi moiTxovdnen rusuli an-

banis bazaze Seqmnas.

qarTuli anbani didi xnis manZilze stiqi-

urad vrceldeboda osebSi. olqis erT-erTi

xelmZRvaneli muSakis sanakoevis sityviT `arc

Tu ise didi xnis winaT yizlarSi yofnis dros

iq myofma osma mwyemsebma ojaxebidan miiRes 19

werili. aqedan 3 werili Sedgenili iyo laTi-

nuri asoebiT osur enaze.~

osuri soflis mcxovrebi raJden Tedeevi

acxadebda: `ramdenic ar unda maswavloT wera

laTinuri asoebiT... sul erTia verasodes ver

SevZleb Seviswavlo da davimaxsovro. me vici

qarTuli anbani da maswavleT qarTuli anbani~

[193, 16].

zemoTaRniSnuli da sxva sagulisxmo faq-

torebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1938 wlis 1 ivliss

respublikis xelmZRvaneli organoebis gadawyve-

tilebiT miiRes dadgenileba `osuri anbanis

qarTulis bazaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb~.

  197

am gadawyvetilebas win aRudgnen antiqar-

Tuli Zalebi CiCoevis, abaevis, kulaevis, jatie-

visa da sxvaTa saxiT, romlebmac werilobiT mi-

marTes berias [193, 17].

am faqtis Sesaxeb saintereso informacias

iZleva ck-is pirveli mdivnis k. Carkvianis mier

g. malenkovisadmi gagzavnili werili, romelic

1938 wlis 5 oqtombriT TariRdeba. k. Carkviani

wers, rom l. beriam maT gadmougzavna `samxreT

oseTidan~ sakavSiro cekaSi gagzavnili anonimu-

ri werilis asli, romelic osuri anabnis Semo-

Rebas Seexeba, amasTan dakavSirebiT man saWirod

miiCnia centris informireba saqmis namdvili

motivebis Sesaxeb.

werilSi naTqvamia, rom laTinizebuli

osuri anbanis gamoyenebis 14 wlianma gamocdi-

lebam cxadyo misi sruli Seusabamoba da uvar-

gisoba osuri bgerebis gamoxatvisa da aTvisebi-

saTvis. olqis xelmZRvanelobam axali osuri an-

banis Seqmna daavala ganaTlebis adgilobriv

saxkoms. mis momzadebasa da ganxilvaSi monawi-

leobdnen mecnierebi, maswavleblebi, mwerlebi,

xelmZRvaneli muSakebi, kolmeurneebi, muSebi da

sxv. am sakiTxis garSemo orenovan gazeT `komu-

nistis~ mier organizebul iqna azrTa gacvla-

gamocvla.

warmodgenili iyo Zveli anbanis reformi-

rebis ori varianti – qarTuli enis safuZvelze

da rusuli enis safuZvelze, maTi yovelmxrivi

ganxilvis Sedegad adgilobrivma ganaTlebis

saxkomma da aRmaskomma miiRes pirveli varian-

 198

tis arCevis gadawyvetileba, romelic mowonebu-

li da damtkicebuli iyo partiuli organoebis

mier.

qarTuli anbanisaTvis upiratesobis mini-

Weba am werilSi imiT aris axsnili, rom is sru-

lad da zustad asaxavs kavkasiuri enebis TiT-

qmis yvela bgeras. naTqvamia, rom kavkasiuri ene-

bi Seicaven specifiur Tanxmovnebs (w, W, Z, j, R,

q, f, y, T), romelTa analogebi ar moipoveba ev-

ropul, maT Soris rusul enebSi. rusuli enis

38 bgeridan yvela SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli

qarTuli asoebiT, maTgan 33 axali qarTuli an-

banidan, 4–Zveli qarTuli anbanidan da mxolod

1 modificirebuli `a~ asoTi. amrigad yvela

osuri bgera gamoixateba erTi normaluri aso-

Ti, romelsac qarTulSic igive mniSvneloba

aqvs. amiT aixsneba striqonzeda niSnebis (ro-

gorc es aris laTinizirebuli anbanis SemTxve-

vaSi) gamoyenebis aucilebloba, rac bunebrivia,

rom didi dabrkolebis Semcvelia, msjelobs k.

Carkviani. is imasac aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli an-

banis safuZvelze osuri anbanis Seqmna ganpiro-

bebuli iyo sameurneo-kulturuli cxovrebiTa

da istoriuli warsuliT [197, 212-213].

dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sanam

afxazisa da osisaTvis qarTuli ena iyo mwig-

nobrobis, saxelmwifos, religiis ena, isinic

qarTuli erovnuli samyaros nawilad Tvlidnen

Tavs. rogorc ki qarTuli rusulma Secvala da

mwignobrobis, saxlemwifos, religiis enad af-

xazisa da osisTvis rusuli gaxda, isini rusul

  199

erovnul samyaroSi gadasaxldnen da qarTuli

araTu daiviwyes, mtradac moekidnen [198, 13].

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi aWaraSi 1000-mde

lazi cxovrobda, xolo afxazeTSi 2000. aRmo-

savluri enebis institutma Seadgina laTinizi-

rebuli lazuri anbani. soxumSi am alfavitze

gamovida gazeTi `maCita murucxi~ (wiTeli var-

skvlavi). es iyo msoflioSi pirveli gazeTi la-

zur enaze. kavSiris masStabiT mcxovrebi laze-

bis Txovnis gamo gazeTis tiraJi 500-dan 1000 eg-

zempliaramde gaizarda [164, 8].

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qurTebSi wera-

kiTxvis mcodneTa ricxvi 1-2%-s udrida. axal-

cixis mazrisa da Tbilisis mTel qurTul mo-

saxleobas hqonda mxolod 2 skola da 1 klubi.

erT skolaSi aswavlidnen qurTuli anbaniT,

romelic qurTi pedagogebis Sedgenili iyo, meo-

reSi–TurquliT. 1922 wels erevanSi SemoRebul

iqna e.w. `qurTuli damwerloba~. gamoqveynda

pirveli anbanis wignic – `Samsi~. 1944 wels i.

orbelma da qurTma mecnierma arabe Samom rusu-

li grafikis safuZvelze laTinuris nacvlad

Seadgines qurTuli anbani [199, 126].

arameul enas Cvens qveyanaSi didi xnis is-

toria aqvs – igi 20 saukuneze metia saqarTve-

loSi ismis, ufro metic, savaraudoa, rom arame-

ulis gamoyenebas samwerlo enad (Tundac saqmis

warmoebaSi) saTave unda hqondes aqemenianTa im-

periis (e.i. Zv. w. VI-IVss.) xanidan. swored `sa-

xelmwifo arameulis~ xangrZlivi xmarebis nia-

dagze Seiqmna `armazuli damwerloba~ – arameu-

 200

li damwerlobis saxeoba, romelic ZiriTadad

saqarTvelosTvisaa specifikuri.

axali arameuli saqarTvelos teritoria-

zec fiqsirdeba; kerZod, aq SexvdebiT misi aRmo-

savluri dialeqtebis mTel jgufs (urmiuls,

salmasurs, vanurs, jilus, botanis).

amave dros, Tanamedrove aRmosavlurma di-

aleqtebma, romelTa warmomadgenlebi dRes sa-

qarTvelos mkvidrni arian, ZiriTadad daicves

Zveli semituri enis tipi, Tumca misma struqtu-

ram mravali cvlileba ganicada.

saqarTveloSi `aisorebi~ asiriulis garda

ver flobdnen sxva enebs, rac aZnelebda maT Car-

Tvas maSindeli saqarTvelos ekonomikursa da

politikur cxovrebaSi. mwvave moTxovna iyo asi-

riul beWdviT sityvaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom Srif-

ti asiriul enaze mxolod TbilisSi hqondaT.

orkvireuli Jurnali `madinxa~ (`aRmosav-

leTi~) gamodioda TbilisSi 1913-1914 wlebSi

asiriul enaze. Jurnali ZiriTadad gankuTvnili

iyo samxreT kavkasiisa da ruseTSi mcxovrebi

asirielebisaTvis, Tumca, rogorc Cans, am Jur-

naliT ucxoeTSic sargeblobdnen [199, 137-138].

erovnebis gansazRvra yovelTvis ver xer-

xdeboda salaparako enis mixedviT. ase magali-

Tad, qarTveli ebraelebi, romlebic XX sauku-

nis 30-ian wlebSi 20 aTass iTvlidnen laparakob-

dnen qarTulad. somxebis nawili laparakobda

qarTulad da maTi kulturuli TviTSegneba qar-

Tuli iyo. isini qarTvelebisgan gansxvavdebod-

nen mxolod religiuri aRmsareblobiT [164, 2].

  201

cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis TbilisSi

mcxovreb somexTa ZiriTad salaparako enas ro-

gorc ojaxSi, ise mis gareT qarTuli ena warmo-

adgenda, xolo somxuri ena TviT somxebis udi-

des nawils arc ki scodnia [200, 31].

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi berZnebis 54

aTasze meti laparakobda Turqul enaze [164, 2].

pontoeli berZnebis is masa, romelic saqarTve-

loSi gadmosaxlda da romelmac sxvadasxva re-

gionebSi daido bina, ar yofila Tavidanve er-

Tgvarovani. saqarTvelos berZnebis dayofa SeiZ-

leba or ZiriTad jgufad: elinofinur, anu ber-

Znul enaze molaparake da Turqulenovan jgu-

fad [201, 7]. berZnebis nawilma, romlebic Savi

zRvis sanapirodan da mTiani adgilebidan Camo-

saxldnen, SeinarCunes Tavisi ena. saqme imaSi

iyo, rom sulTan hamidis brZanebis mixedviT

berZnebs, romelTac survili hqondaT SeenarCu-

nebinaT Tavisi religia, Turqulad unda elapa-

rakaT. ra Tqma unda, brZaneba orive SemTxvevaSi

asimilacias iTvaliswinebda [202, 22].

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom walkaSi

mcxovrebi berZnebi laparakobdnen Sereulad –

berZnul-somxur-Turqul enaze [203, 35, 77]. amas-

Tan, berZnebi romlebic cxovrobdnen osmaleTis

imperiaSi, ar atarebdnen gvarebs. saqarTveloSi

Camosaxlebis Semdeg saWiro gaxda mieRoT gva-

rebi [204, 12].

samcxe-javaxeTSi SedarebiT metia politi-

kuri ganaTlebis done. maT ufro ician saxel-

 202

mwifo ena vidre azerbaijanelebma da Sesabami-

sad, somexTa Temic ufro gaxsnilia.

somexTa 4,5% qarTul enas miiCnevs mSob-

liur enad. sainteresoa, rom Tbiliselma som-

xebma somxurad laparaki mxolod XIX saukunis

80-iani wlebis Semdeg daiwyes. manamde maTi sa-

laparako ena ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo [205, 333].

samcxe-javaxeTSi rusuli respodent so-

mexTa 10% miaCnia mSobliur enad. muslimi qar-

Tvelebis 17% mSobliur enad miiCnevs azerbai-

januls (albaT gulisxmobdnen Turquls), rac

adasturebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi maTSi religiu-

ri kuTvnileba SeiZleba iyos ganmsazRvreli

enobrivi identobisac [206, 96-87].

informaciis miRebis mTavar wyarod gvev-

lineba televizia. rac Seexeba Jurnal-gazeTebs,

am gziT yvelaze naklebad informacias Rebu-

lobs azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba. amis mizezi

SesaZloa iyos is, rom azerbaijaneli mosaxle-

obis didma nawilma ar icis qarTuli wera-kiT-

xva da Sesabamisad, maTTvis problemas warmoad-

gens Jurnal-gazeTebis qarTul enaze gacnoba.

amave dros, romc icodnen saxelmwifo ena, sava-

raudod beWduri media mainc naklebi popularo-

biT sargeblobs. qarTuli media sivrcis rea-

lobaSi da gavrcelebis arealic, regionebis

SemTxvevaSi sakmaod SezRudulia. rac Seexeba

internetiT miRebul informacias, aq gamokveTi-

lad dabali maCvenebelia yvelgan, garda mar-

Tlmadidebeli qarTvelebisa [206, 99].

  203

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos, rode-

sac dmanisSi svaneTidan pirveli axalmosaxlee-

bi Camaosaxales, am droisaTvis raionSi 43 aTa-

si kaci cxovrobda, romelTagan qarTvelebi um-

ciresobaSi iyvnen, xolo umravlesobas azerbai-

janelebi warmoadgendnen. viTareba iseTi rTu-

li iyo, rom azerbaijanelebTan saurTierTobo

enas azerbaijanuli warmoadgenda. axladdaarse-

bul qarTul skolaSi mxolod 21 bavSvi swav-

lobda [207, 347].

dmanisis azerbaijanul mosaxleobaSi er-

Ti saintereso tendencia SeiniSneba. dRes dmani-

sis mosaxleoba, rogorc mTel saqarTveloSi,

serialebis yurebiT cdilobs mZime cxovrebis

Semsubuqebas. dmanisSi am process Tavisi dade-

biTi mxarec aqvs. qarTulad gaxmovanebuli se-

rialebi azerbaijanul mosaxleobas qarTul ga-

remosTan enobrivi TvalsazrisiT daaxolebas

uwyoben xels. pirobiTad, rom iTqvas, XX sauku-

nis 20-30-ian wlebSi dabadebul dmanisel azer-

baijanelebs serialebs qarTulidan SviliSvi-

lebi da Svilebi uTargmnian, rac xels uwyobs

maT mier qarTuli enis Seswavlas. zogadad ki

enobrivi integracia garemosTan urTierTobiT

xdeba. kerZod: skolaSi qarTvelebis gverdiT

swavlisas, bazarSi qarTvelebis gverdiT vaWro-

bisas, qarTvelebTan erT sofelSi cxovrebisas,

qarTul enaze gaxmovanebuli teleserialebis

meSveobiT [207, 349].

Tu erovnuli umciresoba TavianTi istori-

uli samSoblos mimdebare teritoriaze cxov-

 204

robs da kritikul situaciaSi iqidan realuri

daxmarebis imedi aqvT, am dros mravalerovani

sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dapirispire-

ba – `Cven~ da `isini~, Zalze mZafrdeba [208, 63].

Cveni tolerantuli Semwynareblobis gamo,

qarTul daba-soflebs Camosaxlebulma ucxo

tomis Svilebma iseTi saxelebi daarqves verc

ki mixvdebiT, rom es dasaxlebebi saqarTvelos

teritoriazea. Tavad gansajeT: filipovka, mias-

nikiani, kirovakani (axalqalaqis r-ni), yaurma,

yulalisi, vladimirovka, gorelovka, efremovka,

orlovka, spasovka, orojolari, asfara, rodio-

novka (bogdanovkis r-ni), magirlo, jafarlo, in-

jaoRli, asaxonjalo, muRanlo, taStikulari,

qoSaqilisi, ahmedlo, abdalo, yaraTiqani, yara-

daSi (bolnisis r-ni), aRTaRala, yaraTaRali,

yarajali, nazarlo, muRanlo (gardabanis r-ni)

da a.S.

saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis wess gansaz-

Rvravs saqarTvelos konstitucia [209, 9-10]. sa-

qarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis meore Ziri-

Tadi saSualeba aris n a t u r a l i z a c i

a, anu ucxo qveynis moqalaqis an moqalaqeobis

armqone piris mier garkveuli procedurebis

gavlis Semdeg saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRe-

ba. Tumca adamianis survilis garda aucilebe-

lia garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da

procesis gavla, rac gansazRvrulia 1993 wlis

25 marts miRebuli saqarTvelos organuli kano-

niT ,,saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~. Cven-

Tvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa aRniSnuli ka-

  205

nonis 26-e muxlis b) da g) punqtebi, sadac naT-

qvamia, rom moqalaqeobis msurvelma ,,dadgenil

farglebSi icodes saxelmwifo ena; aseve ,,dad-

genil farglebSi icodes saqarTvelos istoria

da kanonmdebloba~ [210, 221]. xazgasmiT unda aRi-

niSnos, rom ara mxolod naturalizaciiT, aseve

saqarTveloSi dabadebiT mcxovrebi somxebisa

da azerbaijanelebis didi nawili qvemo qar-

Tlsa da mesxeT- javaxeTSi ver (an ar) floben

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enas, ar ician minima-

luradac ki saqarTvelos istoria da saxeli-

suflebo struqturebTan dRemde rusuli enis

meSveobiT urTierToben.

qarTuli ena da evropuli

qartia

XIX-XX saukuneebSi ucxotomelTa saqarTve-

loSi Semosvla da gansaxleba organizebul,

marTul xasiaTs iZens. saqarTvelos administra-

ciul dayofaSic gaTvaliswinebulia ,,mosulTa~

da ,,mkvidrTa~ iseTi demografiuli proporcie-

bis Seqmna, rom mudmivad yofiliyo saWiro am

koleqtivebs Soris urTierTobaTa daregulire-

baSi ,,mesamis~ Careva. ,,mosulTa~ interesebis me-

urveobas kisrulobs ,,mesame~ (ruseTi), romelic

deklaraciulad ,,sustis~ (umciresobis) mxare-

zea. ,,mosulisa~ da ,,mkvidris~ urTierTobaTa

ena xdeba ara mkvidri ena, aramed ,,mesamisa~. XX

saukuneSi sxva paradoqsic gvxvdeba – ,,mkvidrs~

 206

gamiznuli demografiuli politikis Sedegad

,,mosulis~ ena uwevs diskriminacias [74, 65-66].

1992 wlis 5 dekembers evrosabWos wevrma sa-

xelmwifoebma strasburgSi miiRes ,,evropuli

qartia regionul da umciresobaTa enebis Sesa-

xeb~, xolo 1995 wlis 1 Tebervals aqve, xeli

moewera ,,CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresoba-

Ta dacvis Sesaxeb~. konvenciis SemuSavebis

dros, evropis sabWom didi yuradReba gaamaxvi-

la imaze, rom konvencias gaeTvaliswinebina ev-

ropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis orga-

nizaciis (euTo-s 1993 wels miRebuli e.w. ,,venis

deklaraciis~ debulebebi da principebi [211, 30].

aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosabWos wevrebisa da

wevrobis msurvelTaTvis saxelmZRvanelo debu-

lebebis krebuls warmoadgens erovnul da lin-

gvistur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sfe-

roSi; kerZod, qartia da konvencia iTxovs: sa-

xelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisagan gansxvave-

buli avtoqtoni, aborigeni eTnikuri Tu enob-

riv-kulturuli sazogadoebisaTvis umciresobis

statusis miniWebasa da saTanado uflebebiT aR-

Wurvas.

t. futkaraZes miaCnia, rom ,,evropis qartii-

sa da konvenciis fundamenturi principebidan

gamomdinare, enobriv umciresobad iTvleba is

sazogadoeba, romelic erovnul-eTnikurad gan-

sxvavdeba ZoriTadi mosaxleobisagan da avtoq-

tonia, ZvelisZveli mkvidria am saxelmwifos te-

ritoriaze. CeCnebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, som-

xebi, berZnebi, rusebi da sxva saqarTveloSi

  207

araavtoqtonebia, aramed sxvadasxva drois mig-

rantebi arian. Sesabamisad, evropuli qartiis

debulebebidan gamomdinare, isini saqarTveloSi

ver CaiTvlebian erovnul Tu eTnikur umcireso-

bebad. garda amisa, am xalxebs mezoblad aqvT

erovnuli saxelmwifoebi: somxeTi, azerbaijani,

oseTi (ra Tqma unda Crdilo oseTi!), CeCneTi,

ruseTi, saberZneTi...

amJamad saqarTveloSi erovnuli umcireso-

bebis yvela ufleba mxolod afxazebs unda mi-

vaniWoT, vinaidan qarTvelobis axlomonaTesave

am xalxs sxvagan arsad aqvs perspeqtiva, hqon-

des is uflebebi, romlebsac iTvaliswinebs ev-

ro-sabWos dokumentebi~ [212, 39-40].

am Sefasebidan ar Cans ra statuss aniWebs

dRemde `erovnul umciresobad~ miCneul zemoCa-

moTvlil erovnebebs avtori. Tavad mas kargad

moexseneba da igive naSromSi aRniSnavs kidec,

rom strasburgis dokumentebze xelismomweri

xelisuflebis azriT, am cnebebis-terminebis ga-

azreba da eTnikuri umciresobebis Tu umcire-

sobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis Seqmna konkretuli

saxelmwifos kompetenciaa, vinaidan dasaxele-

bul terminTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb evropaSi

ver moxexrda SeTanxmeba dava-kamaTis Semdegac

ki [212, 10].

konvenciisa Tu qartiis mixedviT, umcireso-

baTa uflebebi StambeWdavia: umciresobis enaze

saqmis warmoeba da swavleba baga-baRSi, skola-

sa da umaRles saswavlebelSi (ix. qartiis me-8

muxlis I e. punqti): saxelmwifom unda miiRos

 208

zomebi, raTa xelmisawvdomi gaxados sauniversi-

teto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ganaTleba Sesaba-

mis regionul da umciresobaTa enebze.

konvenciis me-12 muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanax-

mad, erovnul umciresobad aRiarebuli sazoga-

doebis ena mocemul regionSi administraciuli

organoebis saqmiswarmoebis enad gamocxaddeba,

Tuki saxelmwifoSi trdaciulad mcxovrebi um-

ciresobebi am regionSi dResac umravlesobaSi

arian, an didi raodenobiT cxovroben da, Tuki,

amave dros maT es surT.

maSin ratom vakritikebT bolSevikebis po-

litikas? aRsaniSnavia, rom 1930 wels amierkavka-

siis caki-s gadawyvetilebiT saqmiswarmoeba yve-

la erovnuli umciresobiT dasaxlebul raio-

nebSi unda gadasuliyo maT mSobliur enaze

[213, 5].

qartiasa da konvencias dRemde SeuerTda 44

qveyana, ratifikacia ki ocdacxrametma moaxdina:

belgiis, irlandiisa da luqsemburgis parla-

mentebs mTavrobis xelmowerili dokumentebi

jerjerobiT ar daumtkicebia.

evropul saxelmwifoebSi, eTnikuri warmo-

mavlobis miuxedavad, sxva kontinentidan Camo-

sulic ki, Tu is mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe gax-

deba, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi (saxelmdebeli)

eris Semadgenel nawilad iTvleba, ramdenadac

is ukve flobs saxelmwifo enas da emorCileba

saxelmwifo kanonebs.

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umcire-

sobebi evropasTan integraciis lozungis moSve-

  209

liebiT maTi enis privilegiebs moiTxoven, rac

momavalSi sxva Canafiqrebis ganxorcielebas Se-

uwyobs xels.

1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos (ev-

rosabWos) sruluflebiani wevri gaxda. Sevar-

dnaZis mTavrobam qartiisa da konvenciis doku-

mentebs 2000 wels moawera xeli. saqarTvelos

parlamentma 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers, daamowma

konvencia; uaxloes xanSi ki qartiis dadasture-

bac igegmeba.

faqtia, rom SevardnaZis administracia 2000

welsve cdilobda orive dokumentis ratifika-

cias; enis kanonis miRebiT sazogadoebrivi az-

ris formirebasac Seecada. Tumca qarTul sazo-

gadoebaSi gaCenilma winaaRmdegobam aiZula ma-

Sindeli faqtobrivi reJimi, uari eTqva Tavisi

gegmis ganxorcielebaze.

qartiis da konvenciis lingvisturi cnebe-

bis arakompetenturi ganmartebiT Seqmnili Se-

vardnaZis reJimis dokumentebi saqarTvelos

daSlas aformebda. kerZod, terminebis (erovnu-

li umciresoba, umciresobaTa ena, dialeqti...)

ulogiko gaazrebiT Cndeboda saSiSroeba, saqar-

TveloSi dakanonebuliyo aTamde regionuli sa-

xelmwifo ena; avtoqtonad aRiarebuliyo amdeni-

ve eTnikuri jgufi, romelsac, sakuTar enaze sa-

Sualo skolebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis

gaxsnis garda, ufleba eqneboda saxelmwifo da-

wesebulebebSi saqmis warmoeba qarTulisagan

gansxvavebul enaze ewarmoebina da a.S. [212, 8-9].

 210

dRes evrokavSirisaken swrafva gaaqtiurda,

Sesabamisad dRis wesrigSi dgas evrosabWos

warmodgenili dokumentebis miRebac. yovelmxriv

cdiloben saqarTvelo gamoacxadon mravale-

rovan da mravalenovan saxelmwifod. Sesabami-

sad ibrZvian, saqarTveloSi dakanondes aTamde

erovnuli umciresoba da amdenive saxelmwifo

ena [212, 9]. aseTi pozicia did saSiSroebas uq-

mnis ara mxolod qarTul enas, rogorc saxel-

mwifo enas, aramed, angrevs qarTul erovnul

TviTSegnebas da gadagvarebas uqadis qarTvel

erovnebas.

aqve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ar

aris aucilebeli evrosabWos qveyanam miiRos ev-

ropuli qartiis yvela dokumenti. magaliTad,

umciresobebis enebis qartiisa da erovnuli um-

ciresobebis konvencias safrangeTi dRemde ar

aris mierTebuli. xsenebul dokumentebSi, aseve

ar aris ganmartebuli cnebebi: erovnuli umci-

resoba, kulturuli umciresoba, ena, dialeqti,

enis saxesxvaoba da sxv.

strasburgis dokumentebze xelmomweri xe-

lisuflebis azriT, am cnebebis–terminebis ga-

azreba da eTnikuri umciresobebis Tu umcire-

sobaTa enebis CamonaTvalis Seqmna konkretuli

saxelmwifos kompetenciaa [212, 10]. mxolod ar-

sebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo, kon-

venciasTan SeerTebis momentSi akeTebs Sesabamis

gancxadebas, romelSic gansazRvravs `erovnuli

umciresobebis~ terminis mniSvnelobas (avstria,

estoneTi, germania, luqsemburgi, ruseTi, slo-

  211

venia, Sveicaria) an asaxelebs konkretul erov-

nul umciresobebs, romlebzec gavrceldeba

CarCo-konvenciis debulebebi (dania, germania,

slovenia, makedonia) [211, 31].

CvenTvis mTavaria Tavis sasargeblod ar ga-

moiyenon evropuli qartiidan `amoglejili~

muxlebi aq mcxovrebma araqarTvelebma, rasac

sagangebo yuradReba unda mieqces, radgan saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifo valdebuli ar aris sxva-

dasxva droSi TavSefarebul jgufebs TavianT

enebze dauarsos baga-baRebi, skolebi, universi-

tetebi. agreTve maTi kompaqturad Camosaxlebis

velSi saxelisuflo struqturebis saqmis war-

moeba migrantTa enaze daiweros.

imas rasac dasavleTi axal msoflio wes-

rigs uwodebs, faqtobrivad kacobriobisadmi

Tavsdatexili mixakisferi Wiria. es aris vanda-

lizmi da qarborbala, romelic msofliosa da

saqarTvelos Tavze trialebs. eWvia, rom es cu-

namebi da wyaldidobebi, qariSxali, avadmyof-

obebi da misTanebi xelovnurad gamowveuli da

malTusisa da ZmaTa maTTa programis safuZvel-

ze xorcieldeba [214, 4].

SemTxveviTi namdvilad ar aris, rom bolo

wlebSi axalgazrdebis nawilSi istoriisa da

tradiciebisadmi nihilisturi damokidebuleba

SeimCneva, romlebic `pop-kulturis~, dasavle-

Tis sxvadasxva Rirebulebebis Tayvanismcemlebi

gaxdnen. praqtikosi pedagogebi aRniSnaven, rom

qarTveli axalgazrdoba aseve cudad swavlobs

saqarTvelos istorias... am SemTxvevaSi zogier-

 212

Ti cudad Sedgenil saxelmZRvanelosTan erTad

damnaSavea globalizaciis tendencia; aseve zo-

gierTi seqtisa da organizaciis saqmianoba,

romlebic aRmerTeben yovelive dasavlurs, da-

savluri cxovrebis wess, sadac ukve aRar rCeba

erovnuli, mSobliuris adgili.

mSobliuri istoria, ise rogorc mSobliu-

ri literatura, ZiriTadad saskolo sagnebia.

eseni aris pirovnebis, moqalaqis Camoyalibebis

safuZveli. pirovneba, romelic iqneba patrioti

da ara Sovinisti, unda aRvzardoT toleranti

da ara globalisti. adamiani, romlisTvisac

mTavari iqneba, rogorc tradiciuli – marTlma-

didebluri Rirebulebebi, aseve msoflio civi-

lizaciis miRwevebi [215, 52].

rodesac globalizaciaze vlaparakobT, un-

da gaviTvaliswinoT, rom `globalistebis~ ra-

dikaluri frTis warmomadgenlebi eris cnebas

saerTod uaryofen da erTgvari ironiiTac ac-

xadeben, rom erovnuli aRqma (idenity) mxolod

romantikuli fantaziaa. xolo termini `eri~ aR-

niSnavs saxalxo sazogadoebas dafuZnebuls sa-

erTo sakuTrebasa da interesebze (romlis wev-

rebic iziareben azrs genealogiuri da geogra-

fiuli fesvebis Sesaxeb da swamT saerTo bedi-

sa) [74, 123-124]. globalizzma ,,gadasinja~ re-

ligiis, genetikis, istoriuli erTobis sakiTxe-

bi; eWvqveS dayena terminebis – ,,patriotizmi~,

,,erovnuloba~, ,,avtoqtonoba~, ,,erovnuli ena~ –

da sxvaTa pozitiuroba; seqtebis, calke admi-

nistraciuli erTeulebis, idologiuri Tu sqe-

  213

sobrivi uflebaTa dacvis humanuri motiviT sa-

zogadoeba dayo ,,dasacav~ nawilebad da gaar-

Tula maTi tradiciuli erTobis dacva; samagie-

rod, danawilebul koleqtivebs SesTavaza sxva

gamaerTianebeli niSnebi warsuli tradiciis ga-

reSe – saerTo (magram ucxo) ena, saerTo (magram

mxolod ekonomikiT dakavSirebuli) sivrce, sa-

erTo fuladi niSnebi, erTnairi samosi, erTiani

kanonmdebloba, erTnairi masmedia, erTnairi

cnobiereba,saerTo mteri da saerTo moyvare [74,

131]. globalizaciam planetaze yovelmxrivi eq-

spansiis xasiaTi miiRo. mas axorcieleben cal-

keuli pirebi, koleqtivebi, saxelmwifoebi da

saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebi iseT sfero-

ebSi, rogoricaa: vaWroba, finansebi, mrewvelo-

ba, komunikacia, informatika, mecniereba, teqnika,

kultura, religia da a.S. am process Tan ax-

lavs konvergencia. kacobrioba Tavisi arsebo-

bis metad rTul epoqaSi Sevida, sadac samyaro

erTdroulad organizebuli da qaoturi, glo-

baluri da lokaluri, gaerTianebuli da gayo-

fili xdeba.

amdenad, globalozaciis axali talRis

epoqaSi, qarTvelma erma Tanamedrove civiliza-

ciis miRwevebi unda miiRos da gaiTavisos ara

romelime saerTaSoriso enis, aramed erovnuli

qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis saSualebiT. Ta-

namedrove teqnikuri miRwevebi, axali teqnolo-

giebi qarTulenovani unda iyos. Cveni mezobeli

xalxebi ufro momzadebuli Sexvdnen globali-

zaciis Tanamedrove Semotevas. magaliTad avi-

 214

RoT TiTqosda umartivesi mobiluri telefoni

– saqarTveloSi am teqnikuri saSualebisaTvis

viyenebT laTinur Srifts, maSin, roca amisaT-

vis azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi, ukrainasa da yvela

mezobel qveyanaSi erovnuli saanbano Sriftebi

gamoiyeneba. amis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom Cveni

mozardi Taobis erT nawils laTinuri asoebiT

ufro emarjveba azrebis Cawera, vidre aTaswlo-

vani qarTuli SriftiT. es Tavzardamcemi momen-

tia.

axla aris mowodeba sayovelTaod Seviswav-

loT saerTaSoriso enebi (inglisuri da a.S.) da

maTi saSualebiT veziaroT Tanamedrove msof-

lio civilizacias. es mcdari gzaa. gvaqvs winap-

rebis kargi magaliTi. aToneli mamebis dros X-

XI saukuneebSi saerTaSoriso civilizaciis da

globalizaciis ena bizantiur samyaroSi iyo

berZnuli, dasavleT evropaSi ki laTinuri. maTi

codnis gareSe TiTqosda veravin eziareboda im-

Jamindel civilizacias, magram aTonelma qar-

Tvelma mamebma sxva gza airCies, maT ki ar mou-

wodes qarTvelebs, rom yvelas Seeswavla ber-

Znuli ena, aramed TviTon daiwyes berZnulidan

Targmna uzarmazari literaturisa da berZnu-

lenovani civilizacia qarTuli enis meSveobiT

gaaTavisebines qarTvelTa Taobebs. amJamd saWi-

roa, Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebi aRi-

Wurvos qarTuli SriftiT, dainergos sayovel-

Tao kompiuteruli Tu satelevizio qarTule-

novneba da globalizaciis talRa miviRoT

erovnuli identobis sruli SenarCunebiT. ase

  215

ukve iqcevian azerbaijanelebi, somxebi, ukraine-

lebi, Tu ararafers vityviT TurqeTsa da ru-

seTze, bulgareTsa da rumineTze [216, 12-13].

da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom erovnul

umciresobas ar SeiZleba hqondes saxelmwifo

enis statusi.

rogorc didi ilia brZanebda, ,,sxvisi ar

vici da Cven ki mSobel mamasac ar davuTmobdiT

Cven mSobliuri enis miwasTan gasworebas. ena

saRmrTo ram aris, sazogado sakuTrebaa, magas

codvili xeliT aravin ar unda Seexos~.

 216

qarTuli ena da

erovnuli TviTSegneba

xalxi Tavis enas rom hkargavs, amiT is

hkargavs sicocxles, Tavis adgils istoriaSi.

mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis

manZilze, qarTveli xalxi icavda Tavis deda

enas sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde, ukanasknel

amosunTqvamde. ramdeni magaliTi axsovs istori-

as, roca kaci safrTxeSi agdebda Tavis sicoc-

xles oRond gadaerCina wignebi da xelnawerebi,

qarTuli kulturis uZvirfasesi Zeglebi.

arnold Ciqobava wers, rom vaxtang VI-is

amalis STamomavlobas ena daaviwyda da amitom

TandaTan gvartomobac SeecvalaT. bulgaruli

ena slavuri enaa, tomiT ki bulgarelebi Tur-

quli modgmisani arian. axla bulgarelebs sla-

vebad miiCneven, radgan enam Secvala xalxis me-

obis Segnebao. ase, rom ena gansazRvravs erov-

nulobas da saxelmwifos arsebobisaTvisac ga-

damwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.

ucxo enaze sityvebis `raxaruxi~ oden Sir-

maa sakuTari ususurobis dasafaravad. ucxo

enebis codna sazogadoebis TvalSi pirovnebas

graciiT mosavs da inteleqtad aRiqmeba. gavixse-

noT bernard Sous SesaniSnavi nawarmoebi `pig-

malioni~, sadac ubralo meyvavile gogona eli-

ze diulitli daxvewili, aristokratiuli in-

glisuris dauflebis Semdeg miiRes elitarul

sazogadoebaSi da eWvic ar SehparviaT mis mda-

  217

bio warmomavlobaSi. ase didi mniSvneloba aqvs

metyvelebis daxvewilobas, leqsikis simdidres.

XIX saukuneSi didma iakob gogebaSvilma

Tavis brwyinvale moTxrobaSi `iavnanam ra

hqmna?~ kidev erTxel Segvaxsena dedis namReri

`iavnanas~ saswaulmoqmedi Zala.

anda ra tkivili igrZnoba mixeil javaxiSvi-

lis `miwis yivilSi~! samSoblo – da enadaviwye-

bul moxuc andre kaSorSi TandaTan iRviZebs

qarTveloba da xdeba saocreba: mas aviwydeba

franguli, veravis cnobs da qarTulad amet-

yveldeba. sikvdilis win dedaenam is isev andro

kaiSaurad aqcia. nostalgiis mtanjvelma grZno-

bam sakuTari fesvebi moaZebnina, gauRviZa bav-

Svobisa da samSoblos suraTebi.

dedaenis da mamulis monatreba bevr qar-

Tvels eqca mouSuSebel tkivilad. bevrs Cahyva

samareSi ukanasknel natvrad, saqarTvelos erTi

muWa miwa mainc moebniaT maTs mkerdze...

wlebis win germaniaSi gardaicvala qarTve-

li kaci nikoloz janeliZe, romelic omis Sem-

deg iq darCa da samSoblo aRar unaxavs. is si-

cocxlis bolomde qarTul saqmes emsaxureboda:

aswavlida qarTuls germanelebs (maT Soris

prof. vinfrid boeders), erT-erT skolaSi Camo-

ayaliba qarTuli Teatraluri dasi da germa-

nel bavSvebs qarTul simRerebs aswavlida. Tar-

gmna da dabeWda `qarTuli zRaprebi~, moTxrobe-

bi, `qarTuli samzareulo~. marTlac, mas ar ak-

lda saxeli, pativiscema, magram mainc ucxo da

marto iyo, amitomac werda erT-erT pirad ba-

 218

raTSi: `Cemi Zvlebic ki tirian saqarTvelozeo~

[8, 10]. da marTlac, dedaenis zemoqmedebis Zalas

kaci yvelaze Zlierad maSin gebulobs, roca

samSoblodan Sorsaa! sailustraciod fereid-

nel qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegnebis magali-

Tic ikmarebda.

ucxo mxareSi gadakargulebma Tavi ar dau-

xares SahinSahis veragul zraxvebs. mtris gasak-

virad vaJkacurad gauZles yvela gaWirvebas,

damcirebas da saqveynod gamoitanes qarTveli

xalxis Seudrekeli buneba da sulieri simdid-

re.

fereidneli qarTvelisaTvis yvelaze saama-

yo da sanukvaria qarTveloba da yvelaze mSob-

liuri adgili dedamiwaze – ocnebadqceuli sa-

qarTvelo, romlis siyvaruls akvnidanve uner-

gavs Svils fereidneli deda [217, 26-27].

fereidanSi arsebobs gadmocema, rom maT wi-

napars saqarTvelodan wamoRebuli vazis rqa

daurgavs, romelsac iq mourwyvelad gauxaria

da gamravlebula. am adgils `papas baRi~ dar-

qmevia da mis midamoebSi yovel gazafxuls sa-

locavad miaSureben martyofelebi. aq xdeba

axalagazrdebis gacnoba da erTmaneTis arCevac.

`papas baRi~ martyofelebs dakarguli samSob-

los simbolod miaCniaT. `RmerTma nu qnas misi

gaxmoba, maSin xom mama-papaTa da didi saqarTve-

los maxsovroba daekargeba Cven xalxs~ [217, 21].

fereidnelma qarTvelma jariskacebma erTi

meoris gatana da qomagi ician. XX saukunis 20-

ian wlebSi erTma maTganma, cudad mopyrobisaT-

  219

vis, Tavis ufros oficers xeli hkra da auzSi

gadaayirava. amis gamo gaasamarTles da sasje-

lad asi rozgis dartyma gadauwyvites. roca

sasjeli sisruleSi unda moeyvanaT, jaris uf-

rosebi da TviT jaric moiyvanes sayureblad.

ukanasknel wuTSi jaridan gamovida misi amxana-

gi, martyofeli jariskaci m o h a s e b d a v

i T a S v i l i da ganacxada: sasjeli gayaviT

Suaze. aqedan ormocdaaTi me damkariTo.

– Sen raRa dagiSavebia? – ekiTxeba ufrosi.

– me araferic ar damiSavebia, magas rom asi

SaRali dahkraT, ver aitans. SeiZleba mok-

vdes kidevac. maSin me Tavi cocxali raRaT

minda?!.

– yoCaRi yofilxar, – eTqva ufross gakvir-

vebiT. garozgva sxva droisaTvis gadadves da

Semdeg sruliad apaties [218, 91-92].

baxTiarebisa da qurTebis soflebSi qar-

Tvelebic cxovroben, romelTac deda-ena Semou-

naxavT. fereidneli qarTvelis mustafa papaSvi-

lis naambobi: `wavediT yaCaRebis dasaWerad,

qurTis erT sofelSi davbinavdiT. Cven ori qar-

Tveli erTs ojaxSi SevediT Ramis gasaTevad.

daRlilebi viyaviT. wamovweqiT, magram gvSioda.

Zili ar mogvekida. cota xnis Semdeg qalebma

qarTulad laparaki daiwyes Cven Sesaxeb:

– axla amaT saWmeli ar CavaxeTqoTo?...

– Tvalebic davsebiaT da SimSiliTac amow-

yvetilan. magaTi dardi maqvs?

– Uupasuxa meorem.

 220

Cven jer gavitruneT. Semdeg vifiqreT, aq

keti ar dagvcxon TavSi-Tqo. gamovexmaureT qar-

Tulad: ras iwyevlebi, jer xom arasa viTxovT.

es rom gaiges daiwyes TavSi cema: vai Cvens Tva-

lebs, es vin yofilxarT, Cven ki baxTiarebi gve-

goneTo. Semdeg sanam ar wamovediT, sul iq viya-

viT da didi pativi gvces~ [218, 104].

fereidnel qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegne-

bis Sesaxeb lado aRniaSvili sam elements ga-

moyofs: pirveli maTgani aris ena, meore elemen-

ti aris is, rom yoveli maTgani ganurCevlad

asakisa da sqesisa aRiarebs Tavs wminda qarTve-

lad. veravin gaubedavs maT sxvafriv moxsenie-

bas, Tu ara gurji. `mas esmis, rom is gurjia da

esmis srulis SegnebiT. esmis da Tavi moswons

amiTi. pirveli qarTveli mas jer kidev Tavisi

Tavi hgonia da mere sxvebi~.

mesame elementi aris tipi da zne: keTili

da saTno, stumarTmoyvare, patiosani, Tavmoyva-

re, mamaci, gambedavi, lmobieri da pirSi mTqme-

li [219, 200].

bunebrivia, erovnuli enis codna dRemde ga-

napiroba qarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebam

fereidanSi. Tumca zogerT sofelSi mmarTvelo-

bam SeZlo aekrZala qarTul enaze laparaki

[220, 171].

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi fe-

reidnelma qalebma muqariT ifrines molebi,

romlebic urCevdnen maT sparsul-arabuli enis

Seswavlas, romelzedac unda elocnaT yovel-

  221

dRe. molebis moTxovnaSi qalebma qarTuli enis

mospobis safrTxe dainaxes [221, 62].

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa reJimis damyarebis

Semdeg pirveli qarTveli qali iyo sara WeliZe,

romelmac fereidani da iqauri qarTvelebi naxa..

pirvel xanebSi, banki sadac misi meuRle muSa-

obda kviras da paraskevs isvenebda. uqme dRes

ambako WeliZe meuRlesTan da aleqsandre Weli-

ZesTan (bankis mZRoli) sanadirod gavidnen Tei-

ranidan. mamakacebi goras auyvnen gareul frin-

velebze nadirobisTvis, sara ki manqanasTan da-

toves. ai, ras igonebs am SemTxvevasTan dakavSi-

rebiT sara WeliZe: iqve axlos xexilis mSveni-

erma baRma momajadova... verc ki SevniSne, rogor

aRmovCndi baRis SuagulSi... uceb xmauri momes-

ma. Tvali gavaxile da SevkrTi: Cems win brge

iraneli vaJkaci aRmarTuliyo, raRacas meubne-

boda, xan me miyurebda da xan Cvens avtomanqanas.

Zalian SevSindi, magram ar SevimCnie. avdeqi,

mSvidad gavuare win da daviwye Zaxili: `ambako,

aleqsandre!~ kargad vicodi, xmas ver mivawvden-

di, magram mindoda im kacs scodnoda, rom mar-

to ar viyavi.

uceb Cqari fexis xma momesma, guli sixaru-

liT amevso, radgan Cvenebi megonen. magram sas-

tikad movtyuvdi, Cvenebis nacvlad sami iraneli

jariskaci moiWra CemTan aqoSinebuli.

SiSma da gakvirvebam kidev ufro Semipyro.

Cemma gaocebam imata, roca erTi maTgani aRelve-

buli momvarda da momaZaxa qarTulad:

 222

– vina xar, saidan xar, saidan ici Cvenebu-

ri? (e.i. qarTuli a.s.). – imedi momeca da sxapas-

xupiT vupasuxe:

– saqarTvelodan Camosuli qarTveli qali

var, Cemi qmari Teiranis bankSi msaxurobs. amJa-

mad igi aqvea, axlave mova.

gaocebuli micqerodnen, TiTqo raRac war-

moudgeneli ambis mowmeni gamxdariyvnen. mec gav-

Tamamdi da vkiTxe:

– Tqven vina xarT?

jariskacma mipasuxa:

– fereidneli qarTveli var, sofel vaSlo-

vanidan saxelad alia mqvia.

es jariskacebi Turme maxlobel sofelSi

midiodnen. Cemi Zaxili rom gaugoniaT, fereidne-

li qarTveli qali vgonebivarT; ufiqriaT: ra-

Rac uWirso da mosaSveleblad gamoqceulan

[222, 85-86].

aq aris Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti. yvela

xalxs erovnebidan gamomdinare salaparako enis

gansakuTrebuli diqcia gaaCnia. sara WeliZe

mxolod adamianebis saxels gamoTqvamda xmamaR-

la. magram mis xmaSi gaisma qarTuli aqcenti,

gaixsna enobrivi kodi, rac fereidnelma qarTve-

lebma myisve amoicnes da mixvdnen, rom Tvis-

toms uWirda.

marTalia, aSkarad xeli ver SeuSala a. We-

liZes `vizits~ fereidanSi, magram yvela gare-

moebiT Canda, rom iranis xelisuflebas ar sia-

movnebda ucxo Tvals enaxa gaWirvebuli da ga-

Ratakebuli sofeli. sam saukuneze meti xnis

  223

winandeli qarTvelTa STamomavloba daxvda am-

bakosa da mis meuRles 1927 wels fereidanSi.

didi cnobismoyvareoba gansakuTrebiT qarTveli

qalis misvlam gamoiwvia. qarTveli qali umete-

sobas jer ar enaxa. jarad exveodnen, gansakuT-

rebiT axalgazrda qalebi. yvelas undoda da-

laparakeba da amasTanave, xeliT Sexeba. kocnid-

nen tanisamosze, xelebze... yoveli ezodan ga-

morbodnen, esalmebodnen da ematebodnen xalxs.

vinc salams ver gabedavda, imaT sxvebi eubne-

bodnen: – salami mie, Cvenebi arian. Cveneburi na-

maaT (lamazad) ician [218, 32-33]. SigadaSig gaiZa-

xodnen: `did saqarTvelodan mosulan!~ [218, 34].

rodesac maspinZlebTan Sexvedris dros am-

bako da sara WeliZeebma imReres – `qarTvelo

xeli xmals ikar~, saras mogonebiT fereidnel

qarTvelebs Tvalebi enTebodaT, tuCebi uTrTo-

daT, nestoebi eberebodaT da erTxel kidev ga-

moxatavdnen did grZnobas, rom isini qarTvele-

bi arian, rom maT ver gatexs sulierad veravi-

Tari gaWirveba. roca esmodaT simRera – `ax ne-

tavi Citi viyo~, yvelani did sixaruls grZnob-

dnen, Tvalebi ubrwyonavdaT. yvela mixvdeboda

maT usityvo natvras: gadaqceuliyvnen Citad, ga-

dafreniliyvnen da enaxaT mSobliuri saqarTve-

lo... [222, 89]. da es imitom, rom fereidneli de-

da qarTuli nanaTi akvnidanve unergavda Svils

dakarguli samSoblos siyvaruls da zRaprebi-

Ta da legendebiT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb zrdida

maTSi samSoblos Ziebis farul survils da in-

teress.

 224

fereidanSi myof a. WeliZes baxTiarma uT-

xra: `Cven baxTiarebi bevri varT, magram Tqven,

qarTvelebs rom erTi meoris siyvaruli gcod-

niaT, Cven ase ar viciT. piriqiT erTi meores

Tavze vesxmiT da vanadgurebT~ [223, 183].

1944 wlis pirvel aprils Tbilisidan manqa-

niT gaemgzavra iranSi irakli kandelaki. mis wi-

naSe friad pasuxsagebi amocana idga – Casuli-

yo fereidanSi da enaxa 328 wlis winaT dasax-

lebuli qarTvelebi – Seeswavla maTi yofa-

cxovreba. ramdenime dRis Semdeg qarTveli mog-

zaurebi dabindebisas isfahanSi Sevidnen. qala-

qis ganapiras, erTi quCis gadasasvlelze, irane-

li policieli gadaeRobaT da xmamaRla spar-

sul enaze braziani kiloTi daiwyo laparaki.

xelebze TeTri samajurebi hqonda, rac regula-

tori yofila. rogorc Cans mZRolma moZraobis

wesebi daarRvia da amitom gaaCeres. policielma

da mgzavrebma erTmaneTs veraferi gauges. maSin

i. kandelakma mZRols uTxra gza ganegrZo. po-

licieli mainc ar eSveboda. iraklim TavisTvis

Cailaparaka qarTulad – ra gaaWira am kacma

saqmeo! am sityvebis Semdeg policieli Semoaxta

manqanis kibes da daiwyo qarTulad laparaki. –

qarTveli xar? Seni Wirime, mec qarTveli var,

Tqveni sisxli da Zvlebi, fereidneli var, so-

fel avWalidan, sad midixarT? aseTi didebuli

Sexvedra moulodneli iyo. iraklim aRar icoda

saidan daewyo laparaki. isini male damegob-

rdnen. policieli gvarad xuciSvili aRmoCnda.

man sTxova, rom diliT isfahanSi kidev oTx

  225

qarTvels moiyvanda. maTTan meore dRes, dilis

10 saaTze, fereidneli qarTvelebi marTlac mi-

vidnen sakonsulosTan. Zneli dasajerebeli iyo,

rom iq, iranis Zvel sataxto qalaq isfahanSi

elaparakebodi samSoblos mowyvetil qarTve-

lebs...

kandelakis dakvirvebiT `martyofSi didi

Tu patara, ojaxSi Tu gareT, yvela mSobliur

enaze laparakobs. Cadrs aravin ar atarebs. sak-

maod lamazebi arian qarTvelebi. Zlier gan-

sxvavdebian saxiT da feriT sparselebisgan.

sparseli qalebi moyviTalo feris arian. fere-

idneli qalebi ki moTeTro-mowiTalo ferisa.

albaT, imitom, rom qarTveli qali iSviaTad

Txovdeba sparselze. kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar

Txovdeba qarTveli sparselze isini pasuxoben:

`Cven qarTvelebi varT, Cveni sisxli namazia,

sparselebs ki areuli sisxli aqvTo~. iqauri ma-

makacebi maRali, mxrebganieri, SavTvalwarbni

arian. aqvT arwiviseburi cxviri [224, 12].

cnobili iranisti nomadi barTaia ramdenime

wlis win fereidanSi avtobusiT mgzavrobis

dros aseTi faqtis mowme gaxda: `uceb Cveni av-

tobusi SeCerda... win gavixede, gamego raSi iyo

saqme. vnaxe, ori mZRoli, msubuqi da sabargo av-

tomanqanis, mSvidad ebaseeboda erTmaneTs, ris

gamoc moZraoba droebiT SeCerebuli iyo.

TiTqmis mTeli irani momivlia, magram

msgavsi suraTi arsad minaxavs. vigrZeni, rom

qarTvelTa qalaqSi viyavi...~ [225, 23].

 226

saqarTvelos pirvel elCs iranSi jemSid

giunaSvils 11 wlis fereidnelma gogonam weri-

li gaugzavna. Tavis mxriv batonma jemSidma Ta-

vad mimarTa patara qarTvels, gamoegzavna Tavi-

si an misi nacnob-naTesavebis mier qarTul enaze

dawerili leqsebi. elCma Tavisi sapasuxo weri-

li daamTavra sityvebiT: `Seni papa jemSidi~, ra-

sac kvlav gogonas pasuxi mohyva. `Cemo Zvirfaso

papa! imdeni rom Tqveni werilis gakiTxviT guli

gamixaTrda jerki sicocxleSi arafersaviT ar

gaxarebuli viyav. axla damejera rom marTali

qarTveli var. Tqven rom iyoT Cemi papa emisgan

meti minda raRa? me oTxi natvri maqvs magram

leqsi ki ar miTqom. qarTuli ena imdenaT me ma-

interesebs rom Cveulebrivi savbaric qarTulad

leqsiviT kai da sainteresori. Cemi pirveli nat-

vri ari saqarTvelos damSvideba, ayvaveba, aSene-

ba, winsvla da saqarTvelos xalxis jamrTelo-

ba da bedniereba. meore Cemi natvri isi ro Za-

lian miyvars wavide saqarTveloSi Cemi da Cemi

winaprebis samSobloSi da Cemi guli, suli, sis-

xli vaCuqo da Tavis miwa da wyals vakoco. me-

same ese ro minda wavide Tbilisis universitet-

Si qarTuli ena kargad viswavlo da Semdeg mo-

vide iranSi fereidnel qarTvelebs vaswavlo da

gavamravlo. Cemi bolo natvri da survili es

ari ro mudam RmerTs vexvewebi da vTxov Cemi

Zmas Tavis wignis dabeWduSi rom hqvian qar-

TvelTa roli iranis istoriaSi da kulturaSi

meSelos da uSvelos. mapatieT Tu Secdomilvar.

  227

Tqveni patara gogona farvin muliani~

[226, 11].

am werilis wakiTxvis Semdeg, SeuZlebelia

ar gagaxsendes muxran maWavarianis striqonebi:

,,Tuki winapars SanTebiT

ver daaviwyes qarTuli,

Tu dResac mReris qarTveli

FfereidanSi fanduriT,

Sen aq ra RmerTi gagiwyra

vin iyo Seni gamzrdeli,

Seni gulisTvis damiwda

roca amdeni qarTveli?! ~. . .

metad mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom fereid-

nelma axalgazrdebma 2003 wlis 14 aprils (di-

ax, 14 aprils, qarTuli enis dRes) qalaq ferei-

dunSahrSi (martyofi) qarTuli enis dacvisadmi

miZRvnili pirveli kongresi Caatares. kongresis

mizani iyo fereidnel qarTvelTa mier martyo-

fis enad qarTuli enis SenarCunebis problema-

ze msjeloba. fereidnel qarTvelTa erov-

nul TviTSegnebaze ufro naTel warmodgenas

gviqmnis werilis fragmenti, romelic fereid-

nel qarTvels gaugzavnia TurqeTSi mcxovrebi

misi TanamemamulisaTvis 2004 wels. mozRvave-

bul nostalgiur grZnobaTa emociuri simZaf-

riT warmomsaxveli es werili metad mniSvnelo-

van dokuments im TvalsazrisiTac warmoadgens,

rom misi avtori istoriuli avbedobis gamo

mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetili da ucxo garemo-

Si mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis erovnulad

SemkavSireblis rolSic gamodis. am adamianebis

 228

zogadad aRmniSvnel terminad man erTi gasaoca-

ri sityvac ixmara pirvelad – T a n a f e s v i,

riTac zusti adekvaturobiT gamoxata umTavre-

si arsi maTi erTobisa da ganuyoflobisa.

,,fereidun Sahri. 2004 weli (stili dacu-

lia). Zvirfaso Zmao rejeb, salam aleiqum va

rahmalah! gaumarjos TurqeTis yvela qarTvels!

ar vici, rogor giTxra, rasa vgrZnobdi da

rogor viyavi, rodesac vkiTxulobdi Sens we-

rilsa. rogorc frinveli zecaSi frinavdes, ise

viyav. tyavSi da qerqSi ver vdgebodi sixaru-

liT. Tvalze cremli da gulSi dardi mqonda.

netav ratom Zmebi ase Sors iyvnen. . . ~

iranSi mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemamuleebis

erovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis saqmeSi

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs iq dafuZnebuli

sazogadoeba – ,,iraneli qarTvelebi~. maT mier

gamoqveynebul nabeWd produqcias aweria: ,,a r s

e b i T i n i S a n i e r o v n e b i s a, m i

s i g u l i d a s u l i e n a a!!! ~ gvxvde-

ba aseTi preambulac: ,,q a r T u l e n i s d

a m k a r g a v s a d a m m a r x v e l i a r

a h y a v d e s~ [227, 87-88].

da bolos erTi epizodi: 1969 wels TurqeT-

Si imyofeboda qarTveli inteligenciis jgufi.

maT Soris cnobili poeti fridon xalvaSi bur-

saSi Sexvda unaxav mamidas, romelic Tvalcrem-

liani, yovel sulismoTqmaze ekiTxeboda: miT-

xar, rogoraa memleqeTi? samSoblos monatrebu-

li mamidas nafiqrali poetma Semdeg striqoneb-

Si gamoxata:

  229

miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi ,

Cemi sanatreli saqarTvelo

rame imnairi gamagone,

guli dakodili gavamTelo.

miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,

me sul misi fiqriT davdiodi,

axlad davibade, Tbilisidan

xma rom daviWire radioTi.

kai meqarTule veRara var,

magram suli miduRs imodena,

rom Sig sityva marad mSobliuri,

rogorc gazafxuli, itoteba.

miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,

mcxeTa, qobuleTi, kaxaberi,

igi niadag Tu ar vaxsene,

ise erTi wuTic damaberebs.

lukma ar maklia, marTalia,

magram samSobloiT Raribi var.

ai, amnairad, usicocxlod,

mTelma sicocxlema gairbina.

miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,

aq Cven ar gegonoT Camqralebi,

izmiTs, egeosis napirebzec

vageT saqarTvelos saxl-karebi.

miTxar, rogoraa memleqeTi,

Cemi sanatreli saqarTvelo,

rame imnairi gamagone,

guli dakodili gavamrTelo.

Cveni Tanamemamuleni, romlebic avbedobis

gamo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucxo miwaze dam-

 230

kvidrdnen, erovnuli TviTSegneba, qarTveloba,

mxolod enam SeunarCuna. faqtia, rom iseTi fa-

natikuri religia, rogoric islamia uZluri

aRmoCnda qarTvelebis asimilacia moexdina.

iransa Tu osmaleTSi arc ,,gasparsda~ da arc

,,gaTurqda~ mainc ,,gurjad~, qarTvelad darCa.

termini – eris ganmartebis mravali versia

arsebobs. umravlesoba wina planze enis erTo-

bas miiCnevs. arian erebi, romlebic sxvadasxva

enaze laparakoben. aseve sxvadasxva eri erT ena-

ze laparakobs. qarTvelis identifikacia, eris

kodi swored enis meSveobiT ganisazRvreba. ami-

tom Cvens mTavar saunjes didi gafrTxileba

sWirdeba.

  231

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Sinaarsi

winaTqma ..................................................................................................3

Sesavali.................................................................................................8

mSobliuri enis madli ...........................................................20

qarTuli enisa da damwerlobis saTaveebTan ..39

qarTuli enis statusi............................................................53

imperiis marwuxebSi ...................................................................70

erovnuli umciresobis sakiTxisaTvis....................95

1005 dRe...................................................................................................134

sabWoTa reJimi.................................................................................144

erovnuli umciresoba da saxelmwifo ena..........182

qarTuli ena da evropuli qartia ..............................205

qarTuli ena da erovnuli TviTSegneba................216

gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura ...............231

gamomcemloba `universali~

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