PROGRAM PASCASARJANAUNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

PENELITIAN INTERDISIPLIN

BAHAN KAJIAN MK. Metode Penelitian Interdisiplin dalam Kajian Lingkungan

Diabstraksikan oleh: Smno.psl.ppsub.Sept. 2013

INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

GRADUATE SCHOOLUNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA

2013

KOMPETENSI UTAMA LULUSAN

1. Kemampuan menganalisis secara sistemik permasalahan riil pembangunan, sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup

2. Kemampuan mensintesis secara konseptual komprehensif untuk menjawab permasalahan realita pembangunan, sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup

3. Kemampuan mendisain program kajian ilmiah untuk menjawab permasalahan realita pembangunan, sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan

4. Kemampuan menyusun skenario implementasi hasil-hasil kajian ilmiah ke dalam proses formulasi kebijakan publik dan penerapannya dalam pembangunan

5. Kemampuan melaksanakan kajian-kajian ilmiah secara efektif untuk ikut menjawab permasalahan realita pembangunan, sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan

KOMPETENSI PENDUKUNG LULUSAN

1. Kemampuan menyusun pendekatan ilmiah interdisiplin dan sistemik dalam menganalisis problematik realita pembangunan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (SDAL)

2. Kemampuan mengimplementasikan dan menerapkan Metode dan Teknik multi-obyektif dan multidimensional dalam analisis masalah pembangunan yang bersifat multi-goals

3. Mampu memahami sistem informasi dan implementasinya dalam proses pengambilan keputusan pembangunan SDAL

4. Mampu menguasai metode penelitian dan implementasinya dalam kajian-kajian ilmiah yang relevan dengan pembangunan SDAL

5. Kemampuan mengkomunikasikan hasil-hasil kajian ilmiah kepada khalayak dan komunitas pembangunan

Masalah Lingkungan &

Pembangunan :

Bio-fisikSosial-EKonomi

EKOLOGI-LINGKUNGAN

METODE RISET INTERDISIPLIN

Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial-Ekonomi

MKP1 MKP2 MKP3RISET

TERAPAN

MKPSDAL1 MKPSDAL2 MKPSDAL2

SOLUSI

MASALAH

EKOLOGI EKONOMI

SOSIAL

PEMBELAJARAN KAJIAN SUMBERDAYA LINGKUNGAN & PEMBANGUNAN

PENELITIAN INTERDISIPLIN DALAM PSDAL

Interdisciplinary research (IDR) adalah “mode of research” yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data, techniques, tools,

perspectives, concepts, dan / atau theories dari dua atau lebih disiplin ilmu untuk “to solve problems” yang solusinya berada

di luar lingkup suatu disiplin ilmu.

Contoh Jurnal Internasional:1. IJMRA: International Journal of Mixed Research Approach2. JESS: Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences3. JIER: Journal Interdisciplinary Environmental Review 4. JIES: Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences5. JERAD: Journal of Environmental Research And Development6. Dll.

In a mixed model research, quantitative and qualitative approaches are mixed across at least two of the stages of research.

KAJIAN INTERDISIPLIN

Pembangunan berkelanjutan tidak dapat terwujud hanya dnegan pembangunan ekonomi, tetapi juga diperlukan

lingkungan yang baik, kualitas pendidikan yang bagus, dan keadilan manfaat pembangunan bagi semua warna negara.

Banyak permasalahan dalam pembangunan-masyarakat yang tidak dapat diselesaikan secara

teknis saja, tetapi juga memerlukan pemahaman yang mendalam dan pertimbangan-pertimbangan

“humanity, society and nature”.

RISET INTERDISIPLINInterdisciplinary research (IDR) adalah

suatu mode riset oleh tim atau individual yang mengintegrasikan informasi, data,

techniques, tools, perspektif, konsep, dan /atau theori, dari dua atau lebih disiplin atau

bodies of specialized knowledge, untuk mengembangkan pemahaman yang mendasar

atau menyelesaikan masalah yang “penyelesaiannya” di luar lingkup suatu

disiplin ilmu.

Karakteristik IDR yang baik:

1. flexibility, adaptability, creativity2. curiosity about, and willingness to learn from,

other disciplines3. an open mind to ideas coming from other

disciplines and experiences4. good communication and listening skills

5. an ability to bridge the gap between theory and practice

6. a good team worker: Kesatuan antara mahasiswa pembimbing dan penguji

Multi-metodologi

Multimetodologi = mixed methods research, adalah suatu pendekatan penelitian yang

mengkombinasikan metode pengumpulan dan analisis data kuantitatif dan kualitatif.

Istilah 'multimethodology' lebih banyak digunakan dalam “operations research” .

Pendekatan ini menjadi populer semenjak tahun 1980-an

Mixed-Method Research (MMR)Mengkombinasikan metode-metode kuantitatif dan

kualitatif menjadi suatu idea yang bagus.

Menggunakan pendekatan multiple ini dapat memperkuat keunggulan masing-masing pendekatan

dan mengatasi kelemahannya masing-masing.

Pendekatan ini juga dapat menyediakan jawaban yang lebih komprehensif terhadap “research questions”, menerobos keterbatasan suatu pendekatan tunggal.

Multi-Method Studies (MMS)Multi-method studies menggunakan berbagai metode

pengumpulan data dan analisis data di dalam suatu “single research paradigm”.

Misalnya, anda melakukan penelitian kualitatif, dimana anda melakukan observasi sebagai seorang partisipan, dan anda

juga melakukan wawancara dengan orang-orang.

Atau dalam penelitian kuantitatif anda melakukan survei perilaku siswa, dan anda juga mengumpulkan informasi dari catatan komputer tentang frequensi ‘hits’ dalam penggunaan

bahan ajar berbasis web. Dengan kata lain, anda menggunakan metode-metode yang

secara luas-kompatibel di dalam suatu paradigm (atau a set of beliefs and values).

Proposal penelitian interdisiplin yang baik• Specify clearly why an interdisciplinary approach is needed, which

type of interdisciplinary approach is envisaged and which disciplines should be involved.

• Describe how the disciplines involved will be integrated and how this relates to the type of interdisciplinarity involved; demonstrate how the quality of integration will be assured

• Summarise the interdisciplinary skills of the researchers involved

• Describe how interdisciplinarity will be reflected in the research questions, research objectives, outputs and outcomes.

Bagaimana Eutrofikasi mempengaruhi

biomasa dan komposisi

spesies algae sistem perairan tawar dan pantai

Response of algal biomass to nitrogen

and phosphorus availability in

aquatic ecosystem.

The species composition of algal

communities inhabiting the water column to respond to nutrient loading.

Coastal marine ecosystems will

respond positively to nutrient loading

control efforts.

Ekosistem Akuatik

Dinamika Populasi .

BIOLOGI PERAIRAN

Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem.

Val H Smith. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2003, Volume 10, Number 2, Pages 126-139.

To analyze the groundwater

quality of Imphal West

district, Manipur, India,

and assess its

suitability for drinking,

domestic, and agricultural

use.

Model analisis multivariate (PCA)

sangat bermanfaat

Kontaminasi As dan Konsentrasi

Na tinggi menjadi kendala bagi

pemanfaatannya

Dampak kesehatan

manusia tidak nyata.

Statistik multivariate

Dampak kesehatan masyarakat

KUALITAS AIR

Groundwater quality in Imphal West district, Manipur, India, with multivariate statistical analysis of data

Elangbam J. K. Singh, Abhik Gupta and N. R. Singh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2012

Forest is considered as one

of the most important and most attractive

recreation resources in

nature which is the destination of most of the nature

tourists.

Perencanaan Wanawisata

lestari?

The 7 forest areas with total area of 6.3 ha are suitable for intensive outdoor

recreation and remaining areas of

this region (2476 ha) could be used for extensive outdoor

recreation.

Sumber air menjadi faktor pembatas penghembangan

wanawisata.

Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari

Valuasi Ekologi-Ekonomi

Valuasi Wanawisata

Ecological Based Planning of Forest Outdoor Recreation Case Study: Traditional Span of Mandj in Lordegan Forests-Iran

Beytollah Mahmoudi, Naghmeh Sharifi, Rahim Maleknia, Reza Ahmadeian and Amin HaghsetanRes. Jour. of Environmental and Earth Sciences. 2012 Vol. 4 , (7): 680-687

Evaluation of an interdisciplinary,

experiential service-learning

project that combined

environmental studies and marketing .

Students in environmental studies

were able to identify and apply ways in which

marketing tools can be employed to promote

social causes and effect positive environmental

behavioral change.

Marketing students applied marketing

concepts to a real-life situation, while gaining a greater awareness of environmental issues

and the role of businesses in environmental stewardship.

Environmental Services valuation

Perilaku Konsumen

Green Marketing

Integrating Marketing and Environmental Studies Through an Interdisciplinary, Experiential, Service-Learning Approach

Nila M. Wiese, and Daniel J. Sherman. Journal of Marketing Education April 2011 vol. 33 no. 1 41-56 .

The use of food crops

such as corn grain to produce

ethanol raises major

nutritional and ethical

concerns.

Using food grains to produce biofuels is

already causing food shortages for

the poor of the world.

Growing crops for biofuel not only

ignores the need to reduce fossil energy

and land use, but exacerbates the

problem of malnourishment

worldwide.

Agroteknologi tanaman serealia.

Ekonomi Pangan dan Ekonomi Energi.

Ekonomi Sumberdaya

Food Versus Biofuels: Environmental and Economic CostsDavid Pimentel, Alison Marklein, Megan A. Toth, Marissa N. Karpoff and Gillian S. Paul.

Human Ecology. Volume 37, Number 1 / February 2009 . p.1-12

Pola-pola akumulasi

kesejahteraan dan

pengaruhnya terhadap

deforestasi hutan oleh

smallholder

The main factors explaining the relationship

between the farming systems and

deforestation were:

1. years of residence on the lot,

2. distance of the lot to main market and

3. the amount of day labor hired.

Ekonomi RUMAHTANGGA

Pengelolaan Hutan

PERHUTANAN SOSIAL

Smallholder Livelihoods, Wealth and Deforestation in the Eastern Amazon.

Pablo Pacheco. Human Ecology. Volume 37, Number 1 / February 2009 . p. 27-41

Urbanization can increase or

decrease species richness,

depending on several variables.

Some of these variables include: taxonomic group,

spatialscale of analysis, and intensity of urbanization.

Species richness

tends to be reduced in areas with extreme

urbanization (i.e.,

central urban core areas).

Biodiversitas

Urbanisasi .

EKOSISTEM PERKOTAAN

Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals

Michael L. McKinney. Urban Ecosyst (2008) 11:161–176

AbstractPhosphorus (P) in rivers in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) contributes to hypoxia in the Gulf

of Mexico and impairs local water quality.

We analyzed the spatial pattern of P in the MRB to determine the counties with the greatest January to June P riverine yields and the most critical factors related to this P loss. Using a

database of P inputs and landscape characteristics from 1997 through 2006 for each county in the MRB, we created regression models relating riverine total P (TP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and particulate P (PP) yields for watersheds within the MRB to these factors. Riverine yields of P were estimated from the average concentration of each form of P during January to June for the

10-yr period, multiplied by the average daily flow, and then summed for the 6-mo period.

The fraction of land planted in crops, human consumption of P, and precipitation were found to best predict TP yields with a spatial error regression model (R 2 = 0.48, n = 101). Dissolved

reactive P yields were predicted by fertilizer P inputs, human consumption of P, and precipitation in a multiple regression model (R 2 = 0.42, n = 73), whereas PP yields were explained by crop

fraction, human consumption of P, and soil bulk density in a spatial error regression model (R 2 = 0.49, n = 61). Overall, the Upper Midwest's Cornbelt region and lower Mississippi basin had the

counties with the greatest P yields.

These results help to point out specific areas where agricultural conservation practices that reduce losses to streams and rivers and point source P removal might limit the intensity or

spatial occurrence of Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and improve local water quality.

A Spatial Analysis of Phosphorus in the Mississippi River Basin Linda M. Jacobson, Mark B. David and Laurie E. Drinkwater. JEQ Vol. 40 No. 3, p. 931-941. 2011

AbstractFour local-scale sites in areas with similar corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] agriculture were studied to determine the effects of different hydrogeologic settings of the Northern

Atlantic Coastal Plain (NACP) on the transport of nutrients and pesticides in groundwater. Settings ranged from predominantly well-drained soils overlying thick, sandy surficial aquifers to

predominantly poorly drained soils with complex aquifer stratigraphy and high organic matter content. Apparent age of groundwater, dissolved gases, N isotopes, major ions, selected pesticides

and degradates, and geochemical environments in groundwater were studied.

Agricultural chemicals were the source of most dissolved ions in groundwater. Specific conductance was strongly correlated with reconstructed nitrate (the sum of N in nitrate and N gas) (R 2 = 0.81, p <

0.0001), and is indicative of the relative degree of agricultural effects on groundwater. Trends in nitrate were primarily related to changes in manure and fertilizer use at the well-drained sites where aquifer conditions were consistently oxic. Nitrate was present in young groundwater but completely removed over time through denitrification at the poorly drained sites where there were variations in

chemical input and in geochemical environment. Median concentrations of atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide), and some of their common degradates were higher at well-drained sites than at poorly drained sites, with concentrations of degradates generally higher than

those of the parent compounds at all sites. An increase in the percentage of deethylatrazine to total atrazine over time at one well-drained site

may be related to changes in manure application.

. Trends and Transformation of Nutrients and Pesticides in a Coastal Plain Aquifer System, United States

Judith M. Denver , Anthony J. Tesoriero and Jeffrey R. Barbaro. JEQ Vol. 39 No. 1, p. 154-167 2010

Abstract

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in how changes in agricultural practice associated with the introduction of particular genetically modified (GM) crops might indirectly impact the environment. There is also interest in any effects that might

be associated with recombinant and novel combinations of DNA passing into the environment, and the possibility that they may be taken up by microorganisms or other

live biological material.

From the current state of knowledge, the impact of free DNA of transgenic origin is likely to be negligible compared with the large amount of total free DNA.

We can find no compelling scientific arguments to demonstrate that GM crops are innately different from non-GM crops. The kinds of potential impacts of GM crops fall

into classes familiar from the cultivation of non-GM crops (e.g., invasiveness, weediness, toxicity, or biodiversity).

It is likely, however, that the novelty of some of the products of GM crop improvement will present new challenges and perhaps opportunities to manage particular crops in

creative ways.

Potential for the environmental impact of transgenic cropsPhilip J. Dale, Belinda Clarke & Eliana M.G. Fontes. Nature Biotechnology 20, 567 - 574 (2002)

Abstract

Cities are growing inexorably, causing many to think that inevitably their environmental impact will worsen.

In this paper, three approaches to understanding the environmental impact of cities are analyzed, namely population impact, Ecological Footprint and sustainability

assessment.

Although the population impact model provides some perspective on local impact, and the Ecological Footprint model on global impact, only the sustainability assessment approach allows us to see the positive benefits of urban growth and provides policy

options that can help cities reduce their local and global impact while improving their live-ability and opportunity, which continue to drive their growth.

This approach is then applied in the city of Sydney.

The environmental impact of citiesPeter Newman. Environment and Urbanization October 2006 vol. 18 no. 2 275-295

Abstract

Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health outcomes. Air quality in developed countries has been generally improved over

the last three decades. However, many recent epidemiological studies have consistently shown positive associations between low-level exposure to air pollution and health outcomes. Thus, adverse health effects of air pollution,

even at relatively low levels, remain a public concern.

This paper aims to provide an overview of recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges in this field and to identify future

research directions for air pollution epidemiological studies.

Health effects of ambient air pollution – recent research development and contemporary methodological challenges

Cizao Ren and Shilu Tong. Environmental Health 2008, 7:56 .

Abstract

To inform family physicians about the health effects of air pollution and to provide an approach to counseling vulnerable patients in order to reduce exposure.

MEDLINE was searched using terms relevant to air pollution and its adverse effects. We reviewed English-language articles published from January 2008 to December 2009. Most studies provided

level II evidence.

Outdoor air pollution causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Canada. It can affect both the respiratory system (exacerbating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and the

cardiovascular system (triggering arrhythmias, cardiac failure, and stroke). The Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) is a new communication tool developed by Health Canada and Environment Canada

that indicates the level of health risk from air pollution on a scale of 1 to 10. The AQHI is widely reported in the media, and the tool might be of use to family physicians in counseling high-risk

patients (such as those with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or cardiac failure) to reduce exposure to outdoor air pollution.

Family physicians can use the AQHI and its health messages to teach patients with asthma and other high-risk patients how to reduce health risks from air pollution.

Health effects of outdoor air pollutionApproach to counseling patients using the Air Quality Health Index

Alan Abelsohn. Canadian Family Physician August 2011 vol. 57 no. 8 881-887 .

The significance

of the irradiance reductions for building

radiation climate

A taller tree with a longer clear

bole on the south produced more favorable

ratios of cooling season to

heating season insolation

reductions than the tree with the short clear bole

on the south.

Teori Fotosintesis.

Neraca Energi Pohon:Ekologi Pohon

URBAN ECOLOGY

Effects of individual trees on the solar radiation climate of small buildings

Gordon M. Heisler. Urban Ecology. Volume 9, Issues 3–4.. 1986. Pages 337-359

Analisis Vegetasi

Plant - Soil – water relationship.

URBAN HYDROLOGY

Urban vegetation impacts on the hydrology of Dayton, OhioRalph A. Sanders. Urban Ecology. Volume 9, Issues 3–4. 1986. Pages 361-376

The specific role of

vegetation in lessening

urban impacts on runoff

The existing tree canopies alone work to lower

potential runoff by about 7%.

This could be increased to

nearly 12% by modestly

increasing canopy coverage

of the land surface.

Ecosystem Services.

Landuse changes.Land Conversion

Valuasi ekologi-ekonomi

Land use change and its effects on the value of ecosystem services along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico

Ecological Economics. 2012. Vol. 82. No.1. Pages 23-32G. Mendoza-González, M.L. Martínez, D. Lithgow, O. Pérez-Maqueo, P. Simonin

to analyze land use changes and

calculate the value of these

changes in terms of lost

ecosystem services.

Land use change may seem

economically profitable.

However, after losing ecosystem services, the apparent gains

from urban development are

lost.

Land use and policy making should

consider ecosystem service losses so

that ecosystems are preserved and

society benefited..

Teori Partisipasi.

Perhutanan Sosial.

PERANAN GENDER

Factors affecting women's participation in forestry in TurkeyEcological Economics. 2007. Volume 60, Issue 4, Pages 787-796

Erdoğan Atmiş, İsmet Daşdemir, Wietze Lise, Ömür Yıldıran

Studi ini menganalisis

partisipasi perempuan

dalam kehutanan

The estimated game theoretic model on

women's participation indicates that the sharing of forest benefits among

women in Turkey is considerably

harmonious, while there is scope for

improving the Forest Organisation, namely

by stimulating participation towards

a more effective management of the

Turkish forests..

Ekologi Hutan

Management Hutan.

VALUASI EKONOMI

Willingness to pay for forest amenities: The case of non-industrial owners in the south central United States

Ecological Economics. 2006. Volume 56, Issue 1. Pages 132-143. Ronald Raunikar, Joseph Buongiorno

Kita menganalisis

WTP (willingness to pay) untuk nilai non-kayu

(NTV) oleh pengusaha

suasta hutan non-industri (NIPF) pada

hutan campuran di USA selatan

Many NIPF owners maintain a more

diverse and natural stand structure than

that of a more profitable even-aged industrial plantation.

The average NIPF owner was willing to

forego 60% of the timber profit for the NTV of their more

natural stands compared to a less diverse industrially managed even-aged

plantation.

Mikrobiologi Lingkungan.

Kimia Lingkungan.

Pengolahan Limbah Cair…..

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Wastewater Treatment and Water Reclamation Plants in Southern California

Amy Townsend-Small, Diane E. Pataki, Linda Y. Tseng, Cheng-Yao Tsai and Diego Rosso.JEQ Vol. 40 No. 5, p. 1542-1550

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived and potent greenhouse

gas produced during microbial nitrification and denitrification.

This treatment a potentially large source of N2O in

urban areas.

Our results suggest that wastewater

treatment that includes

biological nitrogen removal can significantly increase urban N2O emissions..

Teknologi aplikasi pupuk.

Agrohidrologi.

Pencucian unsur hara pupuk dari lahan…..

Nitrate Leaching from Nitrogen-Fertilized and Manured Corn Measured with Zero-Tension Pan Lysimeters

John M. Jemison and Richard H. FoxJEQ. Vol. 23 No. 2, p. 337-343

Excessive N fertilization

increases the potential for nitrate

(NO−3) leaching,

but no research has evaluated NO−

3 leaching from corn

(Zea mays L.) receiving

economic optimum N rates (EON).

In the nonmanured corn, the 3-yr average amount

of NO3-N leached was 107 kg ha−1 or 36% of the N

applied at EON.

Total mass of NO3-N in the 1.2-m soil profile

following harvest was useful to predict annual flow-weighted average

leachate NO3-N concentrations, but this is not practical in most soils of the Northeast..

Nutrients Root absorption

Metal reactions in aquatic environment.

Fitoremediasi Air Limbah…..

Phytostabilization of iron ore tailings through Calophyllum inophyllum L.Nilima Chaturvedi, N K Dhal, Palli Sita Rama Reddy

International Journal of Phytoremediation 12/2012; 14(10):996-1009.

The phytostabilization of waste material generated during

mining and processing of iron ore through

Calophyllum inophyllum L. have been investigated.

Iron ore tailings and its varying composition with garden soil were taken to study plant growth, chlorophyll content and metal uptake pattern of

Calophyllum inophyllum L..

Removal of more than 30% of the most

of the heavy metal like Fe, Pb, and Cu &

Zn has been observed in all the treatments during

one year of observation.

The overall study clearly suggests that

the plant can be used as an efficient

tool for restoration of mining wastes and

other similarly contaminated sites. .

Pemupukan fosfat.

Penyerapan hara oleh akar tumbuhan.

Fitoremediasi tanah yang tercemar…..

Phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated soil by Pteris vittata L. I. Influence of phosphatic fertilizers and repeated harvests.

Asit Mandal, T J Purakayastha, A K Patra, S K SanyalInternational journal of phytoremediation. 14(10):978-95.

A greenhouse experiment was

conducted to evaluate the

effectiveness of diammonium

phosphate (DAP), single

superphosphate (SSP) and two

growing cycles on arsenic removal by Chinese Brake Fern

(Pteris vittata L.) from an arsenic

contaminated Typic Haplustept of the

Indian state of West Bengal..

Two successive harvests with DAP as the phosphate fertilizer emerged as the promising

management strategy for

amelioration of arsenic

contaminated soil of West Bengal

through phyotoextraction

by P. vittata..

Teori Motivasi dan Partisipasi Sosial

Ekonomi Sumberdaya Hutan.

PERHUTANAN SOSIAL

International Journal of Social Forestry (IJSF), 2010, 3(2):81-100.STATUS OF JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT IN INDIA: SOCIO-ECONOMIC

DETERMINANTS OF FOREST PARTICIPATION IN A DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION SETTINGSoumyendra Kishore Datta and Krishanu Sarkar

Perlindungan sumberdaya hutan

mensyaratkan partisipasi aktif

masyarakat sekitar hutan.

Partisipasi aktif dalam aktivitas

konservasi hutan memerlukan

komitmen dan motivasi masyarakat

di sekitar dan di dalam hutan.

Grant of permanent tenurial right to forest

dependent people, mitigating the fear of

eviction, extension of various support facilities and ensuring a cohesive trust between forest

department and forest protection committees

seem most urgent for ensuring meaningful

participation.

Tata-kelola Usaha

Sustainable BUSINESS FIRM.

TANGGUNG-JAWAB SOSIAL KORPORASI

Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance in Italian SMEs: towards a 'territorial' model based on small 'champions' of CSR?

Mara Del Baldo. International Journal of Sustainable Society. 2010 Vol. 2 No. 3. p 215-247

Adakah hubungan positif antara

budaya tanggung-jawab sosial dg

sistem tata-kelola yang ada?

Seberapa besar signifikansi

korelasi tersebut pada UKM dan

usaha sekala besar ? .

The concluding reflections trace the features of a

territorial model of socially

responsible orientation centred

on the best practices of SMEs,

'convivial enterprises' who

are excellent examples of

'spirited businesses‘.

Produksi Bersih

Sustainable consumption.

SISTEM PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN

Designing Environmental Management System for promoting sustainable consumption 

Shirish Sangle . Int. J. of Sustainable Society, 2008 Vol.1, No.1, pp.29 - 43

Ide tentang konsumsi-lestari telah menjadi

isu global. Sejaklan dnegan upaya

pemerintah untuk mmenerapkan ide ini,

diperlukan peran-serta industri dalam

menciptakan pola-pola konsumsi yang lebih

lestari.

Pendekatan untuk mengelola isu-isu kelestarian telah

menjadi konstruksi dalam “Environmental Management System

(EMS)” berbasis standar ISO 14001.

The implications of this model for

structuring salient elements of EMS are

then discussed.

The audit would measure the extent

to which an organisation has a

management system competent to make

consumption pattern more sustainable..

Green Industry

Manajemen Perusahaan

ECO-EFFICIENCY

Conditional eco-efficiency measure from the perspective of pollution emission firms 

Feng Yang, Sheng Ang, Liang Liang, Dujun Zhai. Int. J. of Sustainable Society, 2011 Vol.3, No.3, pp.276 - 291

Penerapan eko-efisiensi menghadapi

kendala sasaran profit

dan polusi dari perspektif

emisi polusi perusahaan.

Different from the previous eco-efficiency

measures, our technique admits the

selfish motives of pollution emission

firms which have little motivation to minimise the pollution emission.

As a result, the current approach can be

accepted by pollution emission firms for providing feasible

strategies in performance

improvement..

DAMPAK GLOBAL POLUSI UDARA

Kerjasama internasional.

PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN GLOBAL

Atmospheric Pollution as a Global Policy ProblemTapani Vaahtoranta. Journal of Peace Research May 1990 vol. 27 no. 2 169-176

Polusi udara telah menjadi

permasalahan global,

pengendaliannya mensyaratkan

adanya kolaborasi banyak negara.

Kerjasama terkendala oleh fakta

bahwa negara-negara di dunia tidak mengalami dampak

yang sama dan minat perlindungan

lingkungannya juga beragam

Three changes in particular

contributed to the emergence of atmospheric

pollution controls:

1. the imperatives of ecological interdependence,

2. technological developments, and

3. growing public pressure on policy-makers. .

Polusi lalu-lintas jalan raya

Epidemiologi: Analisis regresi

KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

Traffic air pollution and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: a Danish cohort study

Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Steen Solvang Jensen, Matthias Ketzel, Mette Sørensen, Johnni Hansen, Steffen Loft, Anne Tjønneland and Kim Overvad . Environmental Health 2012, 11:60 

Polusi udara kota akibat lalu-lintas jalan raya telah

dihubungkan dg “cardiovascular mortality”, yang

diduga diakibatkan oleh paparan

polusi udara dan biring lalu-lintas.

Karakter personal dan gaya hidup

diduga mempengaruhi

hubungan tersebut

Traffic air pollution is associated with

mortality from cardiovascular

diseases and all causes, after

adjustment for traffic noise.

The association was strongest for people with a low fruit and vegetable intake. .

POLUSI Udara Kota

Epidemiologi: Analisis Multivariate

KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

Air pollution and infant health: Lessons from New JerseyJanet Currie , Matthew Neidell, Johannes F. Schmieder

Journal of Health Economics 28 (2009) 688–703

Kita mengkaji dampak dari tiga kriteria pencemar

udara terhadap kesehatan bayi di New Jersey pada 1990 dengan jalan mengkombinasi-

kan informasi tempat tinggal ibu dan informasi dari data pemantauan

kualitas udara.

We find consistently negative effects of exposure to carbon

monoxide (CO), both during and after birth,

with effects considerably larger for

smokers and older mothers.

Since automobiles are the main source of carbon monoxide

emissions, our results have important implications for

regulation of automobile emissions..

Ekologi Pohon.

Hujan asam

HUTAN KOTA

Acid Rain, Air Pollution, and Tree Growth in Southeastern New York

L. J. Puckett. JEQ Vol. 11 No. 3, p. 376-381

Apakah analisis dendro-ekologis dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi

perubahan hubungan

pertumbuhan pohon dg iklim ,

sebagai akibat dari paparan kronis

terhadap komponen-

komponen hujan asam dan polusi

udara.

Temporally, the shift in growth response

appears to correspond with the suspected

increase in acid rain and air pollution.

This change could be the result of

physiological stress induced by

components of the acid rain-air pollution

complex, causing climatic conditions to

be more limiting to tree growth..

Pencemaran udara.

Fisiologi tanaman.

The experiment was designed as a split-split plot with six replications.

…..

Field Testing Soybeans for Residual Effects of Air Pollution and Seed Size on Crop YieldR. K. Howell, L. P. Rose and R. C. Leffel

JEQ. Vol. 9 No. 1, p. 66-68

Mean seed weights (g/100 seeds) for

four soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], cultivass

grown in 1973 and 1974 in cylindrical

open-top field chambers that

provided carbon-filtered air were

significantly greater than from plants

grown in nonfiltered air in chambers, or

in conventional plots without

chambers.

Differences in seed size observed for

different air qualities did not significantly

affect yields. In general, there was no significant yield

advantage for plants grown from a

selected seed size as compared with the original lot seed..

Rekayasa Instrumen pemanasan

Teori pembakaran.

KONSERVASI ENERGI

Emissions and Energy Conservation in Residentdal Oil Heating A.C.S. Hayden, R.W. Braaten & T.D. Brown

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association . Volume 28, Issue 7, 1978

Emisi dari pembakaran minyak

pada peralatan pemanas di

permukiman dapat dikurangi dengan jalan memperbaiki efisiensi siklis dan “steady running”. Teknik-teknik yang

mereduksi kebutuhan pemanasan

(thermostat cut-back) atau mereduksi

kehilangan panas dapat mereduksi emisi

SO2 dan NO sebanding dengan hemat bahan bakar.

Improved burner performance, with combustion at low excess air, offers the largest fuel savings, with

commensurate reductions in SO2

and NO, and greater reductions

in CO and particulates..

Kualitas UdaraIndoor & outdoor

Dinamika partikulat dalam udara ambient.

PENCEMARAN UDARA

Indoor/Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure Continuity RelationshipsMarc Halpern

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association . Volume 28, Issue 7, 1978 . pages 689-691

Hubungan kontinyuitas

pencemaran udara indoor-outdoor

dikaji untuk menemukan parameter utamanya.

Hipotesis keseimbangan

homeostatis antara pencemar indoor dan outdoor diuji dg menggunakan

indeks kontaminan partikulat Pb.

The results of this study demonstrate the importance of

considering parameters other

than outdoor pollutant levels in

determining indoor air quality.

Solar Radiation budget.

Ekofisiologi tumbuhan.

The role of trees and grass in reducing regional and local

temperatures in urban areas . …..

The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban areaD. Armson, P. Stringer, A.R. Ennos.

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012 Volume 11, Issue 3. Pages 245-255

The process of urbanisation alters the thermal balance of an area resulting

in an urban heat island effect where

cities can be several degrees centigrade

warmer than the surrounding rural landscape. This

increased heat can make cities

uncomfortable places and, during

heat waves, can pose serious health

risks.

Grasses and trees can effectively cool

surfaces and so can provide regional cooling, helping

reduce the urban heat island in hot weather.

Grasses has little effect upon local air or

globe temperatures, so should have little

effect on human comfort, whereas tree

shade can provide effective local

cooling..

Analisis citra dan Fotografi.

Analisis Kenyamanan Lingkungan

MANAJEMEN HUTAN KOTA

Analysing recreational values and management effects in an urban forest with the visitor-employed photography method

Erik HeymanUrban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 3. Pages 267-277

Pengelolaan hutan kota memerlukan

“trade-offs” antara konservasi

biodiversitas dengan promosi nilai-nilai

wisata-kota.Kajian preferensi

membuktikan bahwa masyarakat lebih

menyenangi hutan-kota semi-terbuka

dnegan sedikit tumbuhan-bawah

dibandingkan dngan hutan-kota yang

masif dengan tumbuhan bawah

yang rapat.

This study has shown that the visitor

employed photography method

can be used as a quantitative method to evaluate perceptions

about forest vegetation and

management in urban woodlands, and could

serve as a valuable complement to

conventional methods in preference

research.

Teori persepsi dan preferensi kONSUMEN

Valuasi jasa-jasa lingkungan.

PERENCANAAN KOTA

Perceptions of parks and urban derelict land by landscape planners and residents

Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 303-312Mathias Hofmann, Janneke R. Westermann, Ingo Kowarik, Elke van der Meer

Persepsi masyarakat dan

pelaku usaha belum

diintegrasikan dalam proses perencanaan

kota

Perencanaan RTH kota berbasis

persepsi masyarakat dan

kualitas lahan dan lingkungan.

Analisis Persepsi, sikap dan perilaku .

Analisis pengambilan keputusan publik

Perilaku Konsumen

Attitude and willingness toward participation in decision-making of urban green spaces in China

Xi-Zhang ShanUrban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2012. Volume 11, Issue 2. Pages 211-217

Urban green spaces serve a variety of

residents with various perceptions,

preferences and demands.

Their effective governance and

precision provision increasingly require

public input. Due to the unique political regime, public decision-

making in China has long been controlled by governments with the public neglected..

The positive attitudes and strong willingness

toward participation despite socioeconomic variations, fitting into a

global trend of increasing civic consciousness and

strengthening the theoretical base of public

participation.

This positive findings lay a sound social

foundation for the participatory decision-

making in decision-making of urban green

spaces..

Kesehatan Ibu & Anak.

KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN

Ekologi Kuantitatif

An ecological quantification of the relationships between water, sanitation and infant, child, and maternal mortality

June J Cheng, Corinne J Schuster-Wallace, Susan Watt, Bruce K Newbold and Andrew MenteEnvironmental Health 2012, 11:4

Akses air bersih dan sanitasi

berhubungan erat dnegan

kesehatan ibu , anak dan

kelahiran.

Seberapa jauh upaya perbaikan akses air bersih

dan sanitasi mempengaruhi mortalitas ibu,

anak dan bayi ? .

Our analyses suggest that access to water and sanitation independently contribute to child and

maternal mortality outcomes.

If the world is to seriously address the

Millennium Development Goals of reducing child and maternal mortality,

then improved water and sanitation accesses are

key strategies. .

AbstrakSalah satu ruangan yang berpotensi tinggi untuk mengalami masalah polusi udara dalam ruang adalah ruang perpustakaan. Di antara berbagai polutan yang memiliki peran penting terhadap kesehatan adalah terdapatnya kapang di dalam udara ruangan. Gangguan kesehatan akibat kapang di dalam ruangan perpustakaan dapat dialami oleh orang-orang yang beraktivitas di

dalam perpustakaan, misalnya petugas perpustakaan, dosen, dan mahasiswa.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan identifikasi terhadap kapang di dalam udara ruang perpustakaan di tiga fakultas (FA, FB, dan FC) di lingkungan Universitas “X”.

Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi keberadaan kapang, serta kualitas fisik dan kimiawi udara dalam ruang.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara dalam ruang di ketiga perpustakaan berada di atas standar peraturan. Intensitas cahaya sangat rendah di perpustakaan FB dan FC, sementara

konsentrasi debu di perpustakaan FA sangat tinggi. Di perpustakaan FA ditemukan kapang pathogen, yaitu Aspergillus fumigatus, sementara di perpustakaan FB ditemukan Scopulariopsis

candida, dan Fusarium verticilloides di perpustakaan FC.

Secara umum, kualitas fisik, kimiawi, dan mikrobiologi udara dalam ruang di ketiga perpustakaan telah melebihi ambang batas.

. KUALITAS UDARA DALAM RUANG PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS ”X” DITINJAU DARI KUALITAS BIOLOGI, FISIK, DAN KIMIAWI

Laila Fitria, Ririn Arminsih Wulandari, Ema Hermawati, Dewi SusannaMAKARA, KESEHATAN, VOL. 12, NO. 2, DESEMBER 2008: 76-82

AbstractPermasalahan  yang  saat  ini menjadi  isu di  lingkungan perumahan adalah peningkatan pencemaran  udara  dan  kebisingan. Sumber kebisingan yang dominan di lingkungan

perumahan adalah berasal  dari lalulintas kendaraan bermotor. Jumlah kendaraan bermotor di Indonesia semakin tahun semakin meningkat, akibatnya lingkungan perumahan di Perkotaan

menjadi bising. Kebisingan  sendiri  terkait  dengan  kepadatan  lalulintas. Kondisi  ini  ditambah  dengan  penyediaan sarana jalan yang tidak  memadai menjadikan

lingkungan perumahan menjadi jalan pintas dari dan ke jalan umum. Hal ini semakin menimbulkan kebisingan di lingkungan perumahan.

Penelitian yang dilakukan di Kota Yogyakarta dan DKI Jakarta memperlihatkan bahwa tingkat kebisingan yang terjadi di lingkungan perumahan telah berada diatas ambang baku mutu yang

disyaratkan. Kebisingan yang  terjadi di  lingkungan perumahan sudah  saatnya memerlukan penanganan  yang serius,  mengingat  pengaruh  buruk  dari  kebisingan  terhadap  kesehatan

manusia  pada  akhirnya akan mempengaruhi  kualitas  hidup masyarakat. Berbagai penanganan kebisingan telah banyak dilakukan terutama terkait pada 3 (tiga) hal, yaitu pada sumber suara, media suara dan penerima. Penanganan secara arsitektural  lebih  tepat ditujukan pada penanganan media

perambatan suara. Pengolahan  ‘jalan’ bunyi yang dalam hal ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi kebisingan yang diterima oleh penerima dapat dilakukan dengan cara: Pertama, memperpanjang

jalannya media perambatan dengan cara menjauhkan antara sumber suara dengan penerimanya. Ke dua, memberi penghalang antara sumber dengan penerima, penghalang dapat berupa dinding penghalang, barier tanaman, maupun fasa di bangunan itu sendiri. Penanganan secara  non

Arsitektural  dapat dilakukan  dengan  cara membuat kendaraan bermotor  yang  lewat  lingkungan perumahan menurunkan kecepatannya sampai kurang lebih 20 km/jam.

. TINGKAT KEBISINGAN PADA PERUMAHAN DI PERKOTAANMoch Fathoni Setiawan. Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan. Vol 12, No 2 (2010)

AbstractKarbon monoksida (CO) merupakan salah satu zat polusi udara yang bersifat racun dan dihasilkan dari sektor transportasi dan industri. Sensor gas MQ-135 memiliki kepekaan yang relatif tinggi, low cost dan relatif lebih

tahan lama dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam pengukuran polusi udara.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat rancang bangun alat pengukur konsentrasi gas Karbon Monoksida (CO) menggunakan  sensor gas MQ-135 berbasis Mikrokontroler dengan komunikasi serial USART dan

untuk mengetahui output pengukuran berdasarkan regresi jika dibandingkan dengan alat ukur standar ECOM J2KN.

Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah membuat hasil rancangan alat rancang bangun alat pengukur konsentrasi gas karbon monoksida (CO) dengan mikrokontroler ATMega32, sensor gas MQ-135, IC MAX 232, serta konektor DB9. Sumber tegangan yang digunakan  18 V kemudian difilter oleh LM7805 menjadi 5 V untuk tegangan referensi ADC mikrokontroler. Sedangkan tampilan hasil pengukuran ditampilkan dengan menggunakan LCD dan Interface pada Laptop dengan program visual basic 6.0 . Analisis data digunakan uji regresi. Penelitian dilakukan

menggunakan bahan penghasil asap yang bersumber dari kertas yang dibakar kemudian diukur kadar CO-nya dan dikalibrasi menggunakan , ECOM J2KN.

Dari hasil penelitian dan berdasarkan hasil uji regresi diperoleh koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 0,949.  Hal ini berarti bahwa terdapat faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil konsentrasi gas CO selain resistansi sensor sebesar

5,1%. Faktor tersebut antara lain suhu gas, kelembaban gas, dan tekanan gas.  Komunikasi serial yang dipakai adalah jenis serial USART dengan mode Asynchronous data dengan baud rate 9600.

Kata kunci: Sensor gas MQ-135, Mikrokontroler,  komunikasi serial USART

Rancang Bangun Alat Pengukur Konsentrasi Gas Karbon Monoksida(CO) Menggunakan Sensor Gas MQ-135 Berbasis Mikrokontroller Dengan Komunikasi Serial USART

Elly Indahwati, NurhayatiJurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 1, No 1 (2012).

Abstract

Metal containing wastes/byproducts of various industries, used consumer goods, and municipal waste are potential pollutants, if not treated properly. They may also be

important secondary resources if processed in eco-friendly manner for secured supply of contained metals/materials.

Bio-extraction of metals from such resources with microbes such as bacteria, fungi and archaea is being increasingly explored to meet the twin objectives of resource recycling

and pollution mitigation.

This review focuses on the bioprocessing of solid wastes/byproducts of metallurgical and manufacturing industries, chemical/petrochemical plants, electroplating and

tanning units, besides sewage sludge and fly ash of municipal incinerators, electronic wastes (e-wastes/PCBs), used batteries, etc. An assessment has been made to quantify the wastes generated and its compositions, microbes used, metal leaching efficiency

etc. Processing of certain effluents and wastewaters comprising of metals is also included in brief.

Future directions of research are highlighted.

Bio-processing of solid wastes and secondary resources for metal extraction – A review

Jae-chun Lee , Banshi Dhar Pandey. Waste Management 32 (2012) 3–18

Abstract

We investigated the relationships between the light environment beneath a forest canopy and stand attributes, i.e., culm density and total basal area, in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys

pubescens. Mazel exHouz. based on a thinning experiment.

A 15 m × 15 m plot was established in the stand and 10 successive thinning regimes were performed, so that thinning ratio by the number of culm for each thinning was approximately 5%. The digital hemispherical photographs were taken before and after each thinning, and the

sky factor was computed as a measure of light environment from the photographs.

The light environment became brighter and homogeneous as the thinning regimes progressed. The culm density was a good predictor of the light environment, and the relationship

between sky factor and culm density could be well expressed by an exponential equation. Because of the larger culm sizes and total leaf area, the change in light environment with

thinning was more sensitive in the P. pubescens stand than Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. et Zucc. stands examined in previous studies.

This suggested that species characteristics should be carefully considered when elaborating culm density control for Improving light environment in bamboo stands.

Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens

Akio Inoue, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitaharad. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139