Prinsip Dan Prosedur T
Transcript of Prinsip Dan Prosedur T
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Prinsip dan Prosedur T.O.T.A.P.S
T.O.T.A.P.S adalah satu kaedah membuat penilaian terhadap kecederaan mangsa
T = Talk (Bercakap)
Bercakap dengan mangsa yang mengalami kecederaan.Bolehkah mangsa itu
bercakap? Tanya mangsa ; Tujuannya mengetahui serba sedikit latar belakang
kemalangan dan keadaan mangsa seperti : Di mana bahagian yg sakit / tempat
tercedera? ..... peringkat kesakitan ! Bagaimana dengan penglihatan (kabur atau
elas? ..... boleh dengar atau tidak !
O = Observe (Melihat Keadaan)
"ihat# perhatikan dan periksa tempat kecederaan dan keadaan mangsa seperti di
bahagian kepala dan kulit (lebam# bengkak atau pendarahan # perubahan suhu badan
serta perna$asan dan denyutan nadi (nomal atau tidak. %erhatikan dan pastikankan
darjah kecederaan mangsa
T = Touch (Sentuh)
&entuh bahagian yang cedera dengan perlahan dan berhati'hati. %eriksa sebarang
bengkak atau de$omiti yang dialami anggota badan yang terlibat . Beritahu dulu
mangsa sebelum memeriksa dan menyentuh bahagian tercedera# ini mengelakkan
mangsa terkejut dengan sentuhan tersebut.
A = Active Movement (Pergerakan Aktif)
rahkan dan minta mangsa supaya menggerakkan anggota badan yg cedera seperti tangan# kaki dan kepala; tujuannya mengesan tahap kecederaan. )angsa akan
melakukan pergerakan sendiri secara akti$ tanpa bantuan indi*idu lain. &ekiranya
mangsa rasa sakit# rujuk kepada pakar perubatan dgn segera
P = Passive Movement (Pergerakan Pasif)
Bantu seandainya mangsa tersebut tidak dapat menggerakkan bahagian anggotanya
sendiri. Beritahu mangsa tersebut baha+a kita hendak membantunya untuk
menggerakkan anggotanya. Bantu mengerakkan bahagian yang cedera secara
perlahan'lahan ; tujuan untuk memeriksa/menentukan tahap kecederaan/kesakitan yg
diialami. ,egangkan otot dan benarkan bermain semula jika pasti kecederaan tidak
serius
S = Skill (Kemahiran)
rahkan mangsa melakukan pergerakan asas seperti berdiri# berjalan# berlari dan
melompat sambil melakukan kemahiran permainan yg mudah untuk memastikan tahap
kecederaan yg dialami. ika berasa sakit# ba+a mangsa ke hospital atau klinik untuk
mendapatkan ra+atan doktor atau paramedik. ika tiada tanda berlakunya kecederaan
yg khusus# benarkan mangsa meneruskan akti*iti.
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Assessing Injuries with TOTAPS!
-njury management in*ol*es identi$ying an injury# treating it and then returning
to the sport. -ts etremely important that sports players are ade0uately rehabilitated
be$ore returning to their sport. -$ they are not# the injury can become lead to other
complications.
For serious injuries
like spinal injuries# get help $irst. -$ you are unsure get help.
To assess all other injuries# remember TOTAPS!
TOTAPS
Talk
Ask the player hat happened!
"here does it h#rt$
"hat kind of pain is it$
"hat day is it etc for head in%#ries!
Observe
&ook at the affected area for redness
or selling!
's the in%#red side different from the
other side$
To#ch
To#ch ill indicate armth for
inflammation to#ch also assesses
pain!
Active movementAsk the in%#red player to move the
in%#red part itho#t any help!
Passive movement
'f the player can move the in%#red
partcaref#lly try to move it yo#rself
thro#gh
its f#ll range of motion!
*kill test
+id the active and passive
movement
prod#ce pain$ 'f no can the player
stand and demonstrate some of the
skills from the game caref#lly$ 'f an
in%#ry is identified remove the
player
from the activity immediately!
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RICE (medicine)From Wikipedia, the ree enc!c"opedia
1or other uses# see ,ice (disambiguation.
,'-. is a mnemonic or a treatment method or sot tissue in#uries $hich is
an acron!m or ,est, 'ce, -ompression and .levation.%&'%'%' When used appropriate"!, reco*er! duration is
usua""! shortened and discomort minimised.%citation needed '
RICE is considered a irst+aid treatment, rather than a cure or sot tissue in#uries. The aim is to manae
discomort and interna" -"eedin.%'
-ontents
%hide'
• & Primar! our terms
o &.& Rest
o &. Ice
o &. Compression
o &. E"e*ation
• /ariations
• A"ternati*es
• See a"so
• 0 Reerences
• 1 E2terna" "inks
Primar! our terms%edit'
Rest%edit'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-pmid17512485-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Primary_four_termshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Elevationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Variationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Alternativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-pmid17512485-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Primary_four_termshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Elevationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Variationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Alternativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)
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Rest is a ke! component o repairin the -od!. Without rest, continua" strain is p"aced on the aected area,
"eadin to increased in"ammation, pain, and possi-"e urther in#ur!. Additiona""!, some sot tissue in#uries $i""
take "oner to hea" $ithout rest. There is a"so a risk o a-norma" repair or chronic in"ammation resu"tin rom a
ai"ure to rest. In enera", the period o rest shou"d -e "on enouh that the patient is a-"e to use the aected
"im- $ith the ma#orit! o unction restored and pain essentia""! one.
Ice%edit'
Ice is e2ce""ent at reducin the in"ammator! response and the pain rom heat enerated. %0' Proper usae o ice
can reduce the destruction o*er+response $hich can resu"t rom in"ammation.%0' A ood method is ice 3
minutes o each hour. Other recommendations are an a"ternation o ice and no+ice or &043 minutes each, or
a 45 hour period.%1' To pre*ent "oca"ised ischemia or rost-ite to the skin, it is recommended that the ice -e
p"aced $ithin a to$e" -eore $rappin around the area.
E2ceedin the recommended time or ice app"ication ma! -e detrimenta", as it has -een sho$n to de"a!
hea"in.
Compression%edit'
Compression aims to reduce the edematous s$e""in that resu"ts rom the in"ammator! process. A"thouh
some s$e""in is ine*ita-"e, too much s$e""in resu"ts in siniicant "oss o unction, e2cessi*e pain and
e*entua" s"o$in o -"ood "o$ throuh *esse" restriction.%citation needed '
An e"astic -andae, rather than a irm p"astic -andae (such as 6inc+o2ide tape) is re7uired. 8sae o a tiht,
non+e"astic -andae $i"" resu"t in reduction o ade7uate -"ood "o$, potentia""! causin ischemia. The it shou"d
-e snu so as to not mo*e ree"!, -ut sti"" a""o$ e2pansion or $hen musc"es contract and i"" $ith -"ood.
Compression stockins are a *ia-"e option to manae s$e""in $ith raded compression. These arments are
especia""! eecti*e post+operati*e"! and are used in *irtua""! a"" hospita"s to manae acute or chronic s$e""in,
such as conesti*e heart ai"ure.
E"e*ation%edit'
E"e*ation aims to reduce s$e""in -! increasin *enous return o -"ood to the s!stemic circu"ation. This $i""
resu"t in "ess edema $hich reduces pain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema
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/ariations%edit'
/ariations o the acron!m are sometimes used, to emphasi6e additiona" steps that shou"d -e taken. These
inc"ude9
• :;I+RICE: + ;!dration, I-uproen, Rest, Ice, Compression, and E"e*ation
• :PRICE: + Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and E"e*ation%
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including
heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. The American
Heart Association recommends that everyone — untrained bystanders and medical personnel alike —
begin CPR with chest compressions.
It's far better to do something than to do nothing at all if you're fearful that your knowledge or abilities
aren't 100 percent complete. Remember, the difference between your doing something and doing nothing
could be someone's life.
Here's advice from the American Heart Association:
•
Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide hands-only CPR. That means uninterruptedchest compressions of about 100 a minute until paramedics arrive (described in more detail below). You
don't need to try rescue breathing.
• Trained, and ready to go. If you're well trained and confident in your ability, begin with chest
compressions instead of first checking the airway and doing rescue breathing. Start CPR with 30 chest
compressions before checking the airway and giving rescue breaths.
• Trained, but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training but you're not confident in your
abilities, then just do chest compressions at a rate of about 100 a minute. (Details described below.)
The above advice applies to adults, children and infants needing CPR, but not newborns.
CPR can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical
treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm.
When the heart stops, the lack of oxygenated blood can cause brain damage in only a few minutes. A
person may die within eight to 10 minutes.
To learn CPR properly, take an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use anautomatic external defibrillator (AED).
Before you begin
Before starting CPR, check:
• Is the person conscious or unconscious?
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• If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you
OK?"
• If the person doesn't respond and two people are available, one should call 911 or the local
emergency number and one should begin CPR. If you are alone and have immediate access to a
telephone, call 911 before beginning CPR — unless you think the person has become unresponsive
because of suffocation (such as from drowning). In this special case, begin CPR for one minute and then
call 911 or the local emergency number.
• If an AED is immediately available, deliver one shock if instructed by the device, then begin CPR.
Remember to spell C-A-B
The American Heart Association uses the acronym of CAB — circulation, airway, breathing — to help
people remember the order to perform the steps of CPR.
Circulation: Restore blood circulation with chest compressions
1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
3. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your
other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly
above your hands.
4. Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the
chest at least 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters). Push hard at a rate of about 100
compressions a minute.
5. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until there are signs of
movement or until emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on
to checking the airway and rescue breathing.
Airway: Clear the airway
1. If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway
using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the
head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.
2. Check for normal breathing, taking no more than five or 10 seconds. Look for chest motion, listen
for normal breath sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Gasping is not
considered to be normal breathing. If the person isn't breathing normally and you are trained in
CPR, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing. If you believe the person is unconscious from a heart attack
and you haven't been trained in emergency procedures, skip mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and
continue chest compressions.
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Breathing: Breathe for the person
Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously
injured or can't be opened.
1. With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-
mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal.
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and
watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat
the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second breath. Thirty chest compressions
followed by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle.
3. Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.
4. If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes) and an automatic
external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and follow the prompts. Administer one shock, then
resume CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes before administering asecond shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 or other emergency medical operator may
be able to guide you in its use. Use pediatric pads, if available, for children ages 1 through 8. Do not
use an AED for babies younger than age 1. If an AED isn't available, go to step 5 below.
5. Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical personnel take over.
To perform CPR on a child
The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through 8 is essentially the same as that for an adult. The
differences are as follows:
• If you're alone, perform five cycles of compressions and breaths on the child — this should take
about two minutes — before calling 911 or your local emergency number or using an AED.
• Use only one hand to perform heart compressions.
• Breathe more gently.
• Use the same compression-breath rate as is used for adults: 30 compressions followed by two
breaths. This is one cycle. Following the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions
and breaths.
• After five cycles (about two minutes) of CPR, if there is no response and an AED is available,
apply it and follow the prompts. Use pediatric pads if available. If pediatric pads aren't available, use adult
pads.
Continue until the child moves or help arrives.
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To perform CPR on a baby
Most cardiac arrests in babies occur from lack of oxygen, such as from drowning or choking. If you know
the baby has an airway obstruction, perform first aid for choking. If you don't know why the baby isn't
breathing, perform CPR.
To begin, examine the situation. Stroke the baby and watch for a response, such as movement, but don't
shake the baby.
If there's no response, follow the CAB procedures below and time the call for help as follows:
• If you're the only rescuer and CPR is needed, do CPR for two minutes — about five cycles —
before calling 911 or your local emergency number.
• If another person is available, have that person call for help immediately while you attend to the
baby.
Circulation: Restore blood circulation
1. Place the baby on his or her back on a firm, flat surface, such as a table. The floor or ground also
will do.
2. Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's nipples. Place two fingers of one hand just
below this line, in the center of the chest.
3. Gently compress the chest about 1.5 inches (about 4 cm).4. Count aloud as you pump in a fairly rapid rhythm. You should pump at a rate of 100 compressions
a minute.
Airway: Clear the airway
1. After 30 compressions, gently tip the head back by lifting the chin with one hand and pushing
down on the forehead with the other hand.
2. In no more than 10 seconds, put your ear near the baby's mouth and check for breathing: Look
for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for breath on your cheek and ear.
Breathing: Breathe for the infant
1. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth.
2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of your cheeks to deliver gentle puffs of air
(instead of deep breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe into the baby's mouth one time, taking
one second for the breath. Watch to see if the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a second rescue
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breath. If the chest does not rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second
breath.
3. If the baby's chest still doesn't rise, examine the mouth to make sure no foreign material is inside.
If the object is seen, sweep it out with your finger. If the airway seems blocked, perform first aid for a
choking baby.
4. Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions.
5. Perform CPR for about two minutes before calling for help unless someone else can make the
call while you attend to the baby.
6. Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until medical personnel arrive.
*#kan ,ekreasi
>enan nama A""ah !an aha Pemurah "ai aha Be"as asihan.
Terdapat aspek daripada ker#a kursus Sukan Rekreasi !an mahu dikonsi -ersama. oa
-ermanaat. DD
- Pengenalan kepada Sukan Dan Rekreasi.
- Konsep Sukan dan Rekreasi
- Kepentingan rekresasi dalam kurikulum sekolah
- Jenis-jenis rekreasi
1. Pendahuluan
Pendidikan Jasmani merupakan salah satu subjek yang tersenarai dalam jadual waktu
sekolah pelajar-pelajar sekolah rendah mahupun menengah. Subjek ini penting kerana
pelajar-pelajar dapat meningkatkan tahap kecergasan mental dan fikal mereka sekaligus
menjana pelajar yang seimbang dari segi jasmani! emosi! rohani ! intelek dan sosial.
"spek J#R$S ditekankan dalam %alsa&ah Pendidikan 'egara kerana hasrat 'egara
mahu melahirkan modal insan kelas pertama yang bukan sahaja bernas idea fkirannya
tetapi juga akti& dalam bidang kokurikulum dan pandai bergaul. (al ini menunjukkan
Pendidikan Jasmani merupakan subjek yang penting .
"spek jasmani penting bagi seorang pelajar kerana hakikatnya! seorang pelajar yang
sihat mampu menjadi pelajar yang akti& di dalam kelas lantaran dia mempunyai badan yang
sihat. Di dalam Pendidikan Jasmani! bukan aspek jasmani sahaja yang ditekankan kerana
pelajar juga belajar menguruskan stress! menajamkan fkiran! bergaul dengan rakan-rakan
dan masyarakat serta menerapkan elemen-elemen rohani mengikut kepercayaan masing-
masing.
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Sukan rekreasi merupakan salah satu elemen yang terdapat dalam Pendidikan
Jasmani. )enurut )ohd Salleh "man *+,,! rekreasi boleh didefnisikan sebagai akti/iti
masa lapang yang membina *positi& sama ada bentuk riadah *akti& atau santai *pasi&.
Rekreasi adalah akti/iti yang bertentangan dengan kerja. $a biasanya dilakukan secara
berkumpulan. "kti/iti rekreasi boleh disusun atur dalam bentuk pertandingan atau
persembahan atau dalam bentuk tanpa dirancang.
2. Konsep rekreasi
Konsep rekreasi seringkali dikaitkan dengan 0personal &ulfllment1 atau kepuasan
kendiri . Kepuasan kendiri ini mampu memberikan impak yang besar terhadap seseorang
indi/idu memandangkan tingkah laku seseorang yang maju ataupun mundur akan
menentukan kualiti kerjanya. Kepuasan kendiri ini member kesan kepada indi/idu itu sendiri!
tempat kerja! rakan-rakan! keluarga! masyarakat dan 'egara.
Semakin ramai penduduk )alaysia sekarang yang sedar akan perihal rekreasi ini
dan kepentingannya malah terdapat pertubuhan yang menyokong akti/iti-akti/iti yang
mereka jalankan. Selain kepuasan kendiri ! konsep rekreasi ialah apresiasi estetika.
"presisasi estetika membawa maksud penghargaan tehadap alam semula jadi. 2idak
dinafkan! seorang pengembara hutan lebih menghargai 3ora dan &auna ciptaan 2uhan
berbanding orang awam yang tidak pernah mengembara. )ereka lebih mengutamakan
kebersihana dan tidak membuang sampah ke merata-rata tempat.
Rekreasi juga menekankan gaya hidup sihat. Sihat dari segi fikal! mental! rohani
dan emosi. Seringkali perkara ini dipandang enteng oleh masyarakat kerana merasakan
mereka sudah mampu menjadi insane seimbang tanpa bersukan. Perkara ini salah sama
sekali kerana pembentukan personality seimbang bukan mudah sepeti yang diujarkan. 4aya
hidup sihat memerlukan seseorang yang mampu mengatur masa untuk bekerja! belajar!
bermain dan bersantai bersama keluarga dengan bijak. "malan pemakanan sihat juga perlu
dipantau kerana kini! masyarakat semakin mengutamakan makanan segera yang mudah
didapati dan sedap. (akikatnya! makanan segera tidak mempunyai at yang mencukupi
untuk perkembangan pertumbuhan.
'yata!jelaslah bahawa! Sukan dan Rekreasi mendokong konsep yang jelas dan
memberi man&aat kepada orang ramai.
1 3. Kepentingan rekreasi dalam kurikulum sekolah
2erdapat 5 komponen yang ditekankan dalam usaha melahirkan modal insan kelas pertamadalam %alsa&ah Pendidikan 'egara! iaitu! jasmani! emosi! intelek! rohani dan sosial.
Pendidikan jasmani penting kerana terdapat berbagai-bagai &aedah dapat diperolehi dalam
subjek ini antaranya 6
1. Pelajar cergas dan sihat
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Pelajar yang terlibat akti& dalam sukan dapat menjadi lebih sihat berbanding rakan-rakannya
yang lain. Selain itu! mereka lebih matang memandangkan mereka dapat mengaitkan 7
komponen penting dalam pendidikan jasmani iaitu! aspek kogniti&! a&ekti& dan psikomotor.
Peluh akibat bersukan pula dapat mengurangkan kandungan toksik-toksik dalam badan
seseorang. Sebagai contoh! pelajar yang selalu mengamalkan akti/iti 0skipping1 atau 0jump
rope1 dapat menyihatkan jantung. Dengan ini! pelajar tersebut dapat menjadi lebih sihat danbelajar dengan lebih proakti& manakala pelajar yang tidak akti& akan sentiasa lesu dan tidak
mampu menjadi modal insan kelas pertama.
2. Pelajar dapat menangani tekanan
Pembelajaran di sekolah boleh jadi satu perkara yang membebankan. Pelajar-pelajar akan
merasa stres dengan kerja rumah yang banyak dan kelas yang memenatkan. Jadi! ketika
subjek Pendidikan Jasmanilah para pelajar dapat menghilangkan stres dengan bermain di
padang mahupun ketika kokurikulum sukan. Perkara ini akan menyeimbangkan pelajar itu
dengan pembelajaran akademik dan sukan. Di samping itu! hormon serotonin akan
dihasilkan memandangkan Pendidikan Jasmani dan Sukan Rekreasi merupakan subjek yang
menyeronokkan. Dengan ini! pelajar yang mempunyai emosi yang ceria dapat mengatasi
masalah tekanan dan kemurungan dalam diri mereka serta mampu membuat keputusan
yang tepat dalam kehidupan seharian mereka.
3. Meningkat kemahiran bersosial
Kemahiran bersosial merupakan kemahiran yang tidak dipelajari secara bertulis kerana
kemahiran ini memerlukan indi/idu tersebut berinteraksi secara lansung dengan masyarakat
sekelilingnya. Pelajar yang mampu bersosial dengan baik ! mempunyai sel&-esteem yang
tinggi kerana pelajar tersebut berani dan tidak gentar dengan orang lain. )elalui subjek
Sukan Rekreasi! pelajar perlu berhubung dan berinteraksi antara satu sama lain kerana
terdapat banyak akti/iti yang memerlukan kerjasama. Setiap indi/idu bertanggungjawab
menjaga kepentingan kawan-kawan mereka. (al ini secara tidak langsung dapat
meningkatkan kemahiran bersosial mereka. Kini! terdapat ramai anak mudak yang
mengamalkan sosial bebas dan sosial liar. Perkara ini amat menyedihkan kerana mereka
merosakkan diri sendiri. )aka guru di sekolah wajib mengajarkan pelajar kaedah yang
sesuai untuk bersosial dengan baik. Sebagai contoh! pelajar yang menyertai Persatuan
8ulan Sabit )erah perlu membantu rakan-rakan mereka yang cedera dan dalam kalangan
ahli persatuan itu sendiri! mereka perlu bekerjasama untuk menyelamatkan rakan mereka.
2anpa kemahiran komunikasi dan sosial yan baik! ahli-ahli dalam persatuan itu tidak dapat
bekerjasama dan mungkin mencetuskan pergaduhan. Disebabkan itulah! kemahiranbersosial ini penting.
4. Membina sahsiah dan menerapkan nilai-nilai murni dalam diri pelajar
Sukan Rekreasi mampu membina sahsiah diri pelajar cemerlang. 2idak dinafkan!
Pendidikan Si/ik dan Kewarganegaraan juga menerapkan nila-nilai murni dalam diri seorang
pelajar. 'amun! Sukan Rekreasi juga mampu melakukan perkara yang sama untuk
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membangunkan peribadi mulia seorang pelajar. Kelab-kelab permainan di sekolah acapkali
menganjurkan pertandingan seperti pertandingan bola sepak! bola jarring dan sebagainya.
Sudah menjadi adat permainan! ada menang dan ada kalah. Kumpulan yang kalah perlu
belajar menerima kekalahan dan belajar daripada kumpulan yang menang. Perkara ini
mampu mematangkan pelajar agar mereka tidak terlalu kecewa jika jatuh!namun mereka
harus berdiri dan membaiki kesilapan diri. Selain itu! nilai-nilai murni seperti semangatkekitaan dapat diperolehi. Sesuatu kumpulan perlu bersatu-padu untuk menewaskan pihak
lawan. Pelajar akan menjadi lebih bertanggungjawab demi kumpulan mereka ! bekerjasama
dan tidak mementingkan diri. (al ini secara tidak lansung dapat memastikan pelajar
tersebut memperoleh nila-nilai murni.
Justeru itu! sukan rekreasi sememangnya memberi banyak &aedah kepada para
murid yang mengikuti matapelajaran ini di sekolah mereka. 9leh itu! sukan rekreasi haruslah
dijadi sebagai matapelajaran wajib bukan sahaja di sekolah rendah tetapi juga di sekolah
menengah dan juga di $nstitut Pendidikan 2inggi "wam *$P2".
4. Jenis-jenis Rekreasi
2erdapat dua jenis rekreasi iaitu rekreasi akti& dan rekreasi pasi&.
Rekreasi kti!
Rekreasi akti& merupakan satu senaman. 9leh itu!kebaikan dan sumbangannya terhadap
gaya hidup sihat adalah amat besar. Rekreasi akti& memerlukan pergerakan yang cergas
untuk memastikan tahap daya kardio/askular mencapai tahap ideal. Dengan melakukan
senama! akti/iti sukan dan perkara-perkara yang mengeluarkan peluh! seseorang itu akan
berasa lebih segar dan mampu menjadi cergas dalam urusan kerja mereka juga. (al ini
menjadi kepada modal insane kelas pertama kepada 'egara.
Rekreasi pasi!
Seringkali rekreasi pasi& menjadi pilihan orang ramai memandangkan akti/iti rekreasi pasi&
merupakan akti/iti yang santai dan tidak memerlukan tenaga yang banyak. :alaupun
rekreasi ini hanya menghilang tekanan mahupun rasa bosan! namun rekreasi ini tetap
rele/an juga kerana tidak dapat dipertikaikan bahawa! kita juga memerlukan waktu santai
untuk 0window shopping1 ! membaca buku sambil mendengar muik ! untuk menenagkan
diri di tempat kerja mahupun di rumah.
Perbeaan "kti/iti "kti& dan Pasi&
;"kti&
;"kti/iti akti& melibatkan tenaga;Seorang indi/idu boleh menghiburkan diri dalam bentuk menggembirakan emosi dan psikologi
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;Seorang indi/idu mbersosial dengan baik dengan rakan-rakan yang berkongsi minat yang sama
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Perorm chest compressions to supportcirc#lation in those $ho are non+responsi*e $ithout meaninu" -reaths
AB- and its *ariations are initia"ism mnemonics or essentia" steps used -! -oth medica" proessiona"s and "a!
persons (such as irst aiders) $hen dea"in $ith a patient. In its oriina" orm it stands
or ir+ay , Breathing and 2irculation.%&' The protoco" $as oriina""! de*e"oped as a memor! aid or rescuers
perormin cardiopu"monar! resuscitation, and the most $ide"! kno$n use o the initia"ism is in the care o
the unconscious or unresponsi*e patient, a"thouh it is a"so used as a reminder o the priorities or assessment
and treatment o patients in man! acute medica" and trauma situations, rom irst+aid to hospita" medica"
treatment.%' Air$a!, -reathin, and circu"ation are *ita" or "ie, and each is re7uired, in that order, or the ne2t to
-e eecti*e. Since its de*e"opment, the mnemonic has -een e2tended and modiied to it the dierent areas in
$hich it is used, $ith dierent *ersions chanin the meanin o "etters (such as rom the oriina" Circu"ation to
Compressions) or addin other "etters (such as an optiona" :>: step or Disability or De$ibrillation).
In 3&3, the American ;eart Association and Internationa" @iaison Committee on Resuscitation chaned the
recommended order o CPRinter*entions or most cases o cardiac arrest to chest compressions, air$a!,
-reathin or CAB.%'9S1%'
-ontents
%hide'
• & ;istor!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-grauniad-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukalert-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-grauniad-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukalert-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#History
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• Importance
• Simp"e app"ication or CPR
•
Air$a!
o .& 8nconscious patients
o . Conscious patients
• 0 Breathin
o 0.& 8nconscious patients
o 0. Conscious or -reathin patients
• 1 Circu"ation
o 1.& ?on+-reathin patients
o 1. Breathin patients
• < /ariations
o R ABC
o RsABC
o
o E
o EF
o EFG
o
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o
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Air$a!, -reathin, and circu"ation thereore $ork in a cascade i the patients air$a! is -"ocked, -reathin $i""
not -e possi-"e, and o2!en cannot reach the "uns and -e transported around the -od! in the -"ood, $hich $i""
resu"t in h!po2ia and cardiac arrest. Ensurin a c"ear air$a! is thereore the irst step in treatin an! patient
once it is esta-"ished that a patients air$a! is c"ear, rescuers must e*a"uate a patients -reathin, as man!
other thins -esides a -"ockae o the air$a! cou"d "ead to an a-sence o -reathin.
Simp"e app"ication or CPR%edit'
The -asic app"ication o the ABC princip"e is in irst aid, and is used in cases o unconscious patients to start
treatment and assess the need or, and then potentia""! de"i*er,cardiopu"monar! resuscitation.
In this simp"e usae, the rescuer is re7uired to open the air$a! (usin a techni7ue such as 3head tilt ' chin li$t3 ),
then check or norma" -reathin.%&5' These t$o steps shou"d pro*ide the initia" assessment o $hether the
patient $i"" re7uire CPR or not.
In the e*ent that the patient is not -reathin norma""!, the current internationa" uide"ines (set -!
the Internationa" @iaison Committee on Resuscitation or I@COR) indicate that chest compressions shou"d -e
started.
Pre*ious"!, the uide"ines indicated that a pu"se check shou"d -e perormed ater the -reathin $as assessed,
and this made up the circu"ation part o the initia"ism, -ut this pu"se check is no "oner recommended or "a!
rescuers. Some trainers continue to use circ#lation/ as the "a-e" or the third step in the process, since
perormin chest compressions is eecti*e"! artiicia" circu"ation, and $hen assessin patients $ho are
-reathin, assessin circu"ation is sti"" important. ;o$e*er, some trainers no$ use the C to mean
-ompressions/ in their -asic irst aid trainin.
Air$a!%edit'
8nconscious patients%edit'
In the unconscious patient, the priorit! is air$a! manaement, to a*oid a pre*enta-"e cause o h!po2ia.
Common pro-"ems $ith the air$a! o patient $ith a serious"! reduced "e*e" o consciousness in*o"*e -"ockae
o the phar!n2 -! the tonue, a orein -od!, or *omit.
At a -asic "e*e", openin o the air$a! is achie*ed throuh manua" mo*ement o the head usin *arious
techni7ues, $ith the most $ide"! tauht and used -ein the :head ti"t J chin "it:, a"thouh other methods such
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting
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as the :modiied #a$ thrust: can -e used, especia""! $here spina" in#ur! is suspected,%&=' a"thouh in some
countries, its use is not recommended or "a! rescuers or saet! reasons. %&5'
;iher "e*e" practitioners such as emerenc! medica" ser*ice personne" ma! use more ad*anced techni7ues,
rom orophar!nea" air$a!s to intu-ation, as deemed necessar!.%3'
Conscious patients%edit'
In the conscious patient, other sins o air$a! o-struction that ma! -e considered -! the rescuer inc"ude
parado2ica" chest mo*ements, use o accessor! musc"es or -reathin, trachea" de*iation, nois! air entr! or
e2it, and c!anosis.%&'
Breathin%edit'
8nconscious patients%edit'
In the unconscious patient, ater the air$a! is opened the ne2t area to assess is the patients -reathin,
%&5' primari"! to ind i the patient is makin norma" respirator! eorts. ?orma" -reathin rates are -et$een &
and 3 -reaths per minute,%&' and i a patient is -reathin -e"o$ the minimum rate, then in current I@COR -asic
"ie support protoco"s, CPR shou"d -e considered, a"thouh proessiona" rescuers ma! ha*e their o$n protoco"s
to o""o$, such as artiicia" respiration.
Rescuers are oten $arned aainst mistakin aona" -reathin, $hich is a series o nois! asps occurrin in
around 3K o cardiac arrest *ictims, or norma" -reathin. %&5'
I a patient is -reathin, then the rescuer $i"" continue $ith the treatment indicated or an unconscious -ut
-reathin patient, $hich ma! inc"ude inter*entions such as the reco*er! position and summonin
an am-u"ance.%'
Conscious or -reathin patients%edit'
In a conscious patient, or $here a pu"se and -reathin are c"ear"! present, the care pro*ider $i"" initia""! -e
"ookin to dianose immediate"! "ie+threatenin conditions such as se*ere asthma, pu"monar!
oedema or haemothora2.%&' >ependin on ski"" "e*e" o the rescuer, this ma! in*o"*e steps such as9 %&'
• Checkin or enera" respirator! distress, such as use o accessor! musc"es to -reathe, a-domina"
-reathin, position o the patient, s$eatin, or c!anosis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis
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• Checkin the respirator! rate, depth and rh!thm + ?orma" -reathin is -et$een & and 3 in a hea"th!
patient, $ith a reu"ar pattern and depth. I an! o these de*iate rom norma", this ma! indicate an
under"!in pro-"em (such as $ith Che!ne+Stokes respiration)
• Chest deormit! and mo*ement + The chest shou"d rise and a"" e7ua""! on -oth sides, and shou"d -e
ree o deormit!. C"inicians ma! -e a-"e to et a $orkin dianosis rom a-norma" mo*ement or shape o
the chest in cases such as pneumothora2 or haemothora2
• @istenin to e2terna" -reath sounds a short distance rom the patient can re*ea" d!sunction such as a
ratt"in noise (indicati*e o secretions in the air$a!) or stridor ($hich indicates air$a! o-struction)
• Checkin or surica" emph!sema $hich is air in the su-cutaneous "a!er $hich is suesti*e o
a pneumothora2
• Auscu"tation and percussion o the chest -! usin a stethoscope to "isten or norma" chest sounds or
an! a-norma"ities
• Pu"se o2imetr! ma! -e useu" in assessin the amount o o2!en present in the -"ood, and -!
inerence the eecti*eness o the -reathin
Circu"ation%edit'
Once o2!en can -e de"i*ered to the "uns -! a c"ear air$a! and eicient -reathin, there needs to -e a
circu"ation to de"i*er it to the rest o the -od!.
?on+-reathin patients%edit'
Circu"ation is the oriina" meanin o the C as "aid do$n -! Hude, nicker-ocker L Saar, and $as intended to
suest assessin the presence or a-sence o circu"ation, usua""! -! takin a carotid pu"se, -eore takin an!
urther treatment steps.
In modern protoco"s or "a! persons, this step is omitted as it has -een pro*en that "a! rescuers ma! ha*e
diicu"t! in accurate"! determinin the presence or a-sence o a pu"se, and that, in an! case, there is "ess risk
o harm -! perormin chest compressions on a -eatin heart than ai"in to perorm them $hen the heart is not
-eatin.%' For this reason, "a! rescuers proceed direct"! to cardiopu"monar! resuscitation, startin $ith chest
compressions, $hich is eecti*e"! artiicia" circu"ation. In order to simp"i! the teachin o this to some roups,
especia""! at a -asic irst aid "e*e", the C or Circu"ation is chaned or meanin CPR or Compressions. %'%0'%1'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne-Stokes_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-SRAB-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne-Stokes_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-SRAB-26
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It shou"d -e remem-ered, ho$e*er, that hea"th care proessiona"s $i"" oten sti"" inc"ude a pu"se check in their
ABC check, and ma! in*o"*e additiona" steps such as an immediateECG $hen cardiac arrest is suspected, in
order to assess heart rh!thm.
Breathin patients%edit'
In patients $ho are -reathin, there is the opportunit! to undertake urther dianosis and, dependin on the
ski"" "e*e" o the attendin rescuer, a num-er o assessment options are a*ai"a-"e, inc"udin9
• O-ser*ation o co"our and temperature o hands and iners $here co"d, -"ue, pink, pa"e, or mott"ed
e2tremities can -e indicati*e o poor circu"ation
• Capi""ar! rei"" is an assessment o the eecti*e $orkin o the capi""aries, and in*o"*es app"!in
cutaneous pressure to an area o skin to orce -"ood rom the area, and countin the time unti" return o
-"ood. This can -e perormed periphera""!, usua""! on a inernai" -ed, or centra""!, usua""! on the sternum
or orehead
• Pu"se checks, -oth centra""! and periphera""!, assessin rate (norma""! 13+53 -eats per minute in a
restin adu"t), reu"arit!, strenth, and e7ua"it! -et$een dierent pu"ses
• B"ood pressure measurements can -e taken to assess or sins o shock
• Auscu"tation o the heart can -e undertaken -! medica" proessiona"s
• O-ser*ation or secondar! sins o circu"ator! ai"ure such as oedema or rothin rom the mouth
(indicati*e o conesti*e heart ai"ure)
• ECG monitorin $i"" a""o$ the hea"thcare proessiona" to he"p dianose under"!in heart conditions,
inc"udin m!ocardia" inarctions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_refillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_refillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctions