Prinsip Dan Prosedur T

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    Prinsip dan Prosedur T.O.T.A.P.S

    T.O.T.A.P.S adalah satu kaedah membuat penilaian terhadap kecederaan mangsa

    T = Talk (Bercakap)

    Bercakap dengan mangsa yang mengalami kecederaan.Bolehkah mangsa itu

    bercakap? Tanya mangsa ; Tujuannya mengetahui serba sedikit latar belakang 

    kemalangan dan keadaan mangsa seperti : Di mana bahagian yg sakit / tempat 

    tercedera? ..... peringkat kesakitan ! Bagaimana dengan penglihatan (kabur atau

    elas? ..... boleh dengar atau tidak  ! 

    O = Observe (Melihat Keadaan)

    "ihat# perhatikan dan periksa tempat kecederaan dan keadaan mangsa seperti di 

    bahagian kepala dan kulit (lebam# bengkak atau pendarahan # perubahan suhu badan

    serta perna$asan dan denyutan nadi (nomal atau tidak. %erhatikan dan pastikankan

    darjah kecederaan mangsa

    T = Touch (Sentuh)

    &entuh bahagian yang cedera dengan perlahan dan berhati'hati. %eriksa sebarang 

    bengkak atau de$omiti yang dialami anggota badan yang terlibat . Beritahu dulu

    mangsa sebelum memeriksa dan menyentuh bahagian tercedera# ini mengelakkan

    mangsa terkejut dengan sentuhan tersebut.

     A = Active Movement (Pergerakan Aktif)

     rahkan dan minta mangsa supaya menggerakkan anggota badan yg cedera seperti tangan# kaki dan kepala; tujuannya mengesan tahap kecederaan. )angsa akan

    melakukan pergerakan sendiri secara akti$ tanpa bantuan indi*idu lain. &ekiranya

    mangsa rasa sakit# rujuk kepada pakar perubatan dgn segera

    P = Passive Movement (Pergerakan Pasif)

    Bantu seandainya mangsa tersebut tidak dapat menggerakkan bahagian anggotanya

    sendiri. Beritahu mangsa tersebut baha+a kita hendak membantunya untuk 

    menggerakkan anggotanya. Bantu mengerakkan bahagian yang cedera secara

     perlahan'lahan ; tujuan untuk memeriksa/menentukan tahap kecederaan/kesakitan yg 

    diialami. ,egangkan otot dan benarkan bermain semula jika pasti kecederaan tidak 

    serius

    S = Skill (Kemahiran)

     rahkan mangsa melakukan pergerakan asas seperti berdiri# berjalan# berlari dan

    melompat sambil melakukan kemahiran permainan yg mudah untuk memastikan tahap

    kecederaan yg dialami. ika berasa sakit# ba+a mangsa ke hospital atau klinik untuk 

    mendapatkan ra+atan doktor atau paramedik. ika tiada tanda berlakunya kecederaan

    yg khusus# benarkan mangsa meneruskan akti*iti.

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     Assessing Injuries with TOTAPS! 

    -njury management in*ol*es identi$ying an injury# treating it and then returning 

    to the sport. -ts etremely important that sports players are ade0uately rehabilitated 

    be$ore returning to their sport. -$ they are not# the injury can become lead to other 

    complications.

    For serious injuries

    like spinal injuries# get help $irst. -$ you are unsure get help.

    To assess all other injuries# remember  TOTAPS! 

    TOTAPS 

    Talk

    Ask the player hat happened!

    "here does it h#rt$

    "hat kind of pain is it$

    "hat day is it etc for head in%#ries!

    Observe

    &ook at the affected area for redness

    or selling!

    's the in%#red side different from the

    other side$

    To#ch

    To#ch ill indicate armth for 

    inflammation to#ch also assesses

    pain!

    Active movementAsk the in%#red player to move the

    in%#red part itho#t any help!

    Passive movement

    'f the player can move the in%#red

    partcaref#lly try to move it yo#rself 

    thro#gh

    its f#ll range of motion!

    *kill test

    +id the active and passive

    movement

    prod#ce pain$ 'f no can the player 

    stand and demonstrate some of the

    skills from the game caref#lly$ 'f an

    in%#ry is identified remove the

    player 

    from the activity immediately!

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    RICE (medicine)From Wikipedia, the ree enc!c"opedia

    1or other uses# see ,ice (disambiguation.

    ,'-. is a mnemonic or a treatment method or sot tissue in#uries $hich is

    an acron!m or ,est, 'ce, -ompression and .levation.%&'%'%' When used appropriate"!, reco*er! duration is

    usua""! shortened and discomort minimised.%citation needed '

    RICE is considered a irst+aid treatment, rather than a cure or sot tissue in#uries. The aim is to manae

    discomort and interna" -"eedin.%'

    -ontents

      %hide' 

    • & Primar! our terms

    o &.& Rest

    o &. Ice

    o &. Compression

    o &. E"e*ation

    • /ariations

    • A"ternati*es

    • See a"so

    • 0 Reerences

    • 1 E2terna" "inks

    Primar! our terms%edit'

    Rest%edit'

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-pmid17512485-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Primary_four_termshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Elevationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Variationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Alternativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_tissue_injuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(kinesiology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-pmid17512485-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Primary_four_termshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Resthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Compressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Elevationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Variationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Alternativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)

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    Rest is a ke! component o repairin the -od!. Without rest, continua" strain is p"aced on the aected area,

    "eadin to increased in"ammation, pain, and possi-"e urther in#ur!. Additiona""!, some sot tissue in#uries $i""

    take "oner to hea" $ithout rest. There is a"so a risk o a-norma" repair or chronic in"ammation resu"tin rom a

    ai"ure to rest. In enera", the period o rest shou"d -e "on enouh that the patient is a-"e to use the aected

    "im- $ith the ma#orit! o unction restored and pain essentia""! one.

    Ice%edit'

    Ice is e2ce""ent at reducin the in"ammator! response and the pain rom heat enerated. %0' Proper usae o ice

    can reduce the destruction o*er+response $hich can resu"t rom in"ammation.%0' A ood method is ice 3

    minutes o each hour. Other recommendations are an a"ternation o ice and no+ice or &043 minutes each, or

    a 45 hour period.%1' To pre*ent "oca"ised ischemia or  rost-ite to the skin, it is recommended that the ice -e

    p"aced $ithin a to$e" -eore $rappin around the area.

    E2ceedin the recommended time or ice app"ication ma! -e detrimenta", as it has -een sho$n to de"a!

    hea"in.

    Compression%edit'

    Compression aims to reduce the edematous s$e""in that resu"ts rom the in"ammator! process. A"thouh

    some s$e""in is ine*ita-"e, too much s$e""in resu"ts in siniicant "oss o unction, e2cessi*e pain and

    e*entua" s"o$in o -"ood "o$ throuh *esse" restriction.%citation needed '

     An e"astic -andae, rather than a irm p"astic -andae (such as 6inc+o2ide tape) is re7uired. 8sae o a tiht,

    non+e"astic -andae $i"" resu"t in reduction o ade7uate -"ood "o$, potentia""! causin ischemia. The it shou"d

    -e snu so as to not mo*e ree"!, -ut sti"" a""o$ e2pansion or $hen musc"es contract and i"" $ith -"ood.

    Compression stockins are a *ia-"e option to manae s$e""in $ith raded compression. These arments are

    especia""! eecti*e post+operati*e"! and are used in *irtua""! a"" hospita"s to manae acute or chronic s$e""in,

    such as conesti*e heart ai"ure.

    E"e*ation%edit'

    E"e*ation aims to reduce s$e""in -! increasin *enous return o -"ood to the s!stemic circu"ation. This $i""

    resu"t in "ess edema $hich reduces pain.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-Sprains_and_strains-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE_(medicine)#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edematoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_bandagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RICE_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema

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    /ariations%edit'

    /ariations o the acron!m are sometimes used, to emphasi6e additiona" steps that shou"d -e taken. These

    inc"ude9

    • :;I+RICE: + ;!dration, I-uproen, Rest, Ice, Compression, and E"e*ation

    • :PRICE: + Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, and E"e*ation%

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    Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies, including

    heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. The American

    Heart Association recommends that everyone — untrained bystanders and medical personnel alike —

    begin CPR with chest compressions.

    It's far better to do something than to do nothing at all if you're fearful that your knowledge or abilities

    aren't 100 percent complete. Remember, the difference between your doing something and doing nothing

    could be someone's life.

    Here's advice from the American Heart Association:

    Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR, then provide hands-only CPR. That means uninterruptedchest compressions of about 100 a minute until paramedics arrive (described in more detail below). You

    don't need to try rescue breathing.

    • Trained, and ready to go. If you're well trained and confident in your ability, begin with chest

    compressions instead of first checking the airway and doing rescue breathing. Start CPR with 30 chest

    compressions before checking the airway and giving rescue breaths.

    • Trained, but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training but you're not confident in your

    abilities, then just do chest compressions at a rate of about 100 a minute. (Details described below.)

    The above advice applies to adults, children and infants needing CPR, but not newborns.

    CPR can keep oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical

    treatment can restore a normal heart rhythm.

    When the heart stops, the lack of oxygenated blood can cause brain damage in only a few minutes. A

    person may die within eight to 10 minutes.

    To learn CPR properly, take an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use anautomatic external defibrillator (AED).

    Before you begin

    Before starting CPR, check:

    • Is the person conscious or unconscious?

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    • If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you

    OK?"

    • If the person doesn't respond and two people are available, one should call 911 or the local

    emergency number and one should begin CPR. If you are alone and have immediate access to a

    telephone, call 911 before beginning CPR — unless you think the person has become unresponsive

    because of suffocation (such as from drowning). In this special case, begin CPR for one minute and then

    call 911 or the local emergency number.

    • If an AED is immediately available, deliver one shock if instructed by the device, then begin CPR.

    Remember to spell C-A-B

    The American Heart Association uses the acronym of CAB — circulation, airway, breathing — to help

    people remember the order to perform the steps of CPR.

    Circulation: Restore blood circulation with chest compressions

    1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.

    2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.

    3. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your

    other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly

    above your hands.

    4. Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the

    chest at least 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters). Push hard at a rate of about 100

    compressions a minute.

    5. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until there are signs of

    movement or until emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on

    to checking the airway and rescue breathing.

    Airway: Clear the airway

    1. If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway

    using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the

    head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway.

    2. Check for normal breathing, taking no more than five or 10 seconds. Look for chest motion, listen

    for normal breath sounds, and feel for the person's breath on your cheek and ear. Gasping is not

    considered to be normal breathing. If the person isn't breathing normally and you are trained in

    CPR, begin mouth-to-mouth breathing. If you believe the person is unconscious from a heart attack

    and you haven't been trained in emergency procedures, skip mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing and

    continue chest compressions.

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    Breathing: Breathe for the person

    Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously

    injured or can't be opened.

    1. With the airway open (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-

    mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal.

    2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and

    watch to see if the chest rises. If it does rise, give the second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat

    the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second breath. Thirty chest compressions

    followed by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle.

    3. Resume chest compressions to restore circulation.

    4. If the person has not begun moving after five cycles (about two minutes) and an automatic

    external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and follow the prompts. Administer one shock, then

    resume CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes before administering asecond shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 or other emergency medical operator may

    be able to guide you in its use. Use pediatric pads, if available, for children ages 1 through 8. Do not

    use an AED for babies younger than age 1. If an AED isn't available, go to step 5 below.

    5. Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical personnel take over.

    To perform CPR on a child

    The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through 8 is essentially the same as that for an adult. The

    differences are as follows:

    • If you're alone, perform five cycles of compressions and breaths on the child — this should take

    about two minutes — before calling 911 or your local emergency number or using an AED.

    • Use only one hand to perform heart compressions.

    • Breathe more gently.

    • Use the same compression-breath rate as is used for adults: 30 compressions followed by two

    breaths. This is one cycle. Following the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions

    and breaths.

    • After five cycles (about two minutes) of CPR, if there is no response and an AED is available,

    apply it and follow the prompts. Use pediatric pads if available. If pediatric pads aren't available, use adult

    pads.

    Continue until the child moves or help arrives.

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    To perform CPR on a baby

    Most cardiac arrests in babies occur from lack of oxygen, such as from drowning or choking. If you know

    the baby has an airway obstruction, perform first aid for choking. If you don't know why the baby isn't

    breathing, perform CPR.

    To begin, examine the situation. Stroke the baby and watch for a response, such as movement, but don't

    shake the baby.

    If there's no response, follow the CAB procedures below and time the call for help as follows:

    • If you're the only rescuer and CPR is needed, do CPR for two minutes — about five cycles —

    before calling 911 or your local emergency number.

    • If another person is available, have that person call for help immediately while you attend to the

    baby.

    Circulation: Restore blood circulation

    1. Place the baby on his or her back on a firm, flat surface, such as a table. The floor or ground also

    will do.

    2. Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's nipples. Place two fingers of one hand just

    below this line, in the center of the chest.

    3. Gently compress the chest about 1.5 inches (about 4 cm).4. Count aloud as you pump in a fairly rapid rhythm. You should pump at a rate of 100 compressions

    a minute.

    Airway: Clear the airway

    1. After 30 compressions, gently tip the head back by lifting the chin with one hand and pushing

    down on the forehead with the other hand.

    2. In no more than 10 seconds, put your ear near the baby's mouth and check for breathing: Look

    for chest motion, listen for breath sounds, and feel for breath on your cheek and ear.

    Breathing: Breathe for the infant

    1. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth.

    2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of your cheeks to deliver gentle puffs of air

    (instead of deep breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe into the baby's mouth one time, taking

    one second for the breath. Watch to see if the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a second rescue

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    breath. If the chest does not rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second

    breath.

    3. If the baby's chest still doesn't rise, examine the mouth to make sure no foreign material is inside.

    If the object is seen, sweep it out with your finger. If the airway seems blocked, perform first aid for a

    choking baby.

    4. Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions.

    5. Perform CPR for about two minutes before calling for help unless someone else can make the

    call while you attend to the baby.

    6. Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until medical personnel arrive.

    *#kan ,ekreasi

    >enan nama A""ah !an aha Pemurah "ai aha Be"as asihan.

    Terdapat aspek daripada ker#a kursus Sukan Rekreasi !an mahu dikonsi -ersama. oa

    -ermanaat. DD

    - Pengenalan kepada Sukan Dan Rekreasi.

    - Konsep Sukan dan Rekreasi

    - Kepentingan rekresasi dalam kurikulum sekolah

    - Jenis-jenis rekreasi

    1. Pendahuluan

    Pendidikan Jasmani merupakan salah satu subjek yang tersenarai dalam jadual waktu

    sekolah pelajar-pelajar sekolah rendah mahupun menengah. Subjek ini penting kerana

    pelajar-pelajar dapat meningkatkan tahap kecergasan mental dan fikal mereka sekaligus

    menjana pelajar yang seimbang dari segi jasmani! emosi! rohani ! intelek dan sosial.

    "spek J#R$S ditekankan dalam %alsa&ah Pendidikan 'egara kerana hasrat 'egara

    mahu melahirkan modal insan kelas pertama yang bukan sahaja bernas idea fkirannya

    tetapi juga akti& dalam bidang kokurikulum dan pandai bergaul. (al ini menunjukkan

    Pendidikan Jasmani merupakan subjek yang penting .

     "spek jasmani penting bagi seorang pelajar kerana hakikatnya! seorang pelajar yang

    sihat mampu menjadi pelajar yang akti& di dalam kelas lantaran dia mempunyai badan yang

    sihat. Di dalam Pendidikan Jasmani! bukan aspek jasmani sahaja yang ditekankan kerana

    pelajar juga belajar menguruskan stress! menajamkan fkiran! bergaul dengan rakan-rakan

    dan masyarakat serta menerapkan elemen-elemen rohani mengikut kepercayaan masing-

    masing.

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    Sukan rekreasi merupakan salah satu elemen yang terdapat dalam Pendidikan

     Jasmani. )enurut )ohd Salleh "man *+,,! rekreasi boleh didefnisikan sebagai akti/iti

    masa lapang yang membina *positi& sama ada bentuk riadah *akti& atau santai *pasi&.

    Rekreasi adalah akti/iti yang bertentangan dengan kerja. $a biasanya dilakukan secara

    berkumpulan. "kti/iti rekreasi boleh disusun atur dalam bentuk pertandingan atau

    persembahan atau dalam bentuk tanpa dirancang.

    2. Konsep rekreasi

    Konsep rekreasi seringkali dikaitkan dengan 0personal &ulfllment1 atau kepuasan

    kendiri . Kepuasan kendiri ini mampu memberikan impak yang besar terhadap seseorang

    indi/idu memandangkan tingkah laku seseorang yang maju ataupun mundur akan

    menentukan kualiti kerjanya. Kepuasan kendiri ini member kesan kepada indi/idu itu sendiri!

    tempat kerja! rakan-rakan! keluarga! masyarakat dan 'egara.

     Semakin ramai penduduk )alaysia sekarang yang sedar akan perihal rekreasi ini

    dan kepentingannya malah terdapat pertubuhan yang menyokong akti/iti-akti/iti yang

    mereka jalankan. Selain kepuasan kendiri ! konsep rekreasi ialah apresiasi estetika.

    "presisasi estetika membawa maksud penghargaan tehadap alam semula jadi. 2idak

    dinafkan! seorang pengembara hutan lebih menghargai 3ora dan &auna ciptaan 2uhan

    berbanding orang awam yang tidak pernah mengembara. )ereka lebih mengutamakan

    kebersihana dan tidak membuang sampah ke merata-rata tempat.

      Rekreasi juga menekankan gaya hidup sihat. Sihat dari segi fikal! mental! rohani

    dan emosi. Seringkali perkara ini dipandang enteng oleh masyarakat kerana merasakan

    mereka sudah mampu menjadi insane seimbang tanpa bersukan. Perkara ini salah sama

    sekali kerana pembentukan personality seimbang bukan mudah sepeti yang diujarkan. 4aya

    hidup sihat memerlukan seseorang yang mampu mengatur masa untuk bekerja! belajar!

    bermain dan bersantai bersama keluarga dengan bijak. "malan pemakanan sihat juga perlu

    dipantau kerana kini! masyarakat semakin mengutamakan makanan segera yang mudah

    didapati dan sedap. (akikatnya! makanan segera tidak mempunyai at yang mencukupi

    untuk perkembangan pertumbuhan.

      'yata!jelaslah bahawa! Sukan dan Rekreasi mendokong konsep yang jelas dan

    memberi man&aat kepada orang ramai.

    1 3. Kepentingan rekreasi dalam kurikulum sekolah

     2erdapat 5 komponen yang ditekankan dalam usaha melahirkan modal insan kelas pertamadalam %alsa&ah Pendidikan 'egara! iaitu! jasmani! emosi! intelek! rohani dan sosial.

    Pendidikan jasmani penting kerana terdapat berbagai-bagai &aedah dapat diperolehi dalam

    subjek ini antaranya 6

    1. Pelajar cergas dan sihat

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    Pelajar yang terlibat akti& dalam sukan dapat menjadi lebih sihat berbanding rakan-rakannya

    yang lain. Selain itu! mereka lebih matang memandangkan mereka dapat mengaitkan 7

    komponen penting dalam pendidikan jasmani iaitu! aspek kogniti&! a&ekti& dan psikomotor.

    Peluh akibat bersukan pula dapat mengurangkan kandungan toksik-toksik dalam badan

    seseorang. Sebagai contoh! pelajar yang selalu mengamalkan akti/iti 0skipping1 atau 0jump

    rope1 dapat menyihatkan jantung. Dengan ini! pelajar tersebut dapat menjadi lebih sihat danbelajar dengan lebih proakti& manakala pelajar yang tidak akti& akan sentiasa lesu dan tidak

    mampu menjadi modal insan kelas pertama.

    2. Pelajar dapat menangani tekanan

    Pembelajaran di sekolah boleh jadi satu perkara yang membebankan. Pelajar-pelajar akan

    merasa stres dengan kerja rumah yang banyak dan kelas yang memenatkan. Jadi! ketika

    subjek Pendidikan Jasmanilah para pelajar dapat menghilangkan stres dengan bermain di

    padang mahupun ketika kokurikulum sukan. Perkara ini akan menyeimbangkan pelajar itu

    dengan pembelajaran akademik dan sukan. Di samping itu! hormon serotonin akan

    dihasilkan memandangkan Pendidikan Jasmani dan Sukan Rekreasi merupakan subjek yang

    menyeronokkan. Dengan ini! pelajar yang mempunyai emosi yang ceria dapat mengatasi

    masalah tekanan dan kemurungan dalam diri mereka serta mampu membuat keputusan

    yang tepat dalam kehidupan seharian mereka.

    3. Meningkat kemahiran bersosial

    Kemahiran bersosial merupakan kemahiran yang tidak dipelajari secara bertulis kerana

    kemahiran ini memerlukan indi/idu tersebut berinteraksi secara lansung dengan masyarakat

    sekelilingnya. Pelajar yang mampu bersosial dengan baik ! mempunyai sel&-esteem yang

    tinggi kerana pelajar tersebut berani dan tidak gentar dengan orang lain. )elalui subjek

    Sukan Rekreasi! pelajar perlu berhubung dan berinteraksi antara satu sama lain kerana

    terdapat banyak akti/iti yang memerlukan kerjasama. Setiap indi/idu bertanggungjawab

    menjaga kepentingan kawan-kawan mereka. (al ini secara tidak langsung dapat

    meningkatkan kemahiran bersosial mereka. Kini! terdapat ramai anak mudak yang

    mengamalkan sosial bebas dan sosial liar. Perkara ini amat menyedihkan kerana mereka

    merosakkan diri sendiri. )aka guru di sekolah wajib mengajarkan pelajar kaedah yang

    sesuai untuk bersosial dengan baik. Sebagai contoh! pelajar yang menyertai Persatuan

    8ulan Sabit )erah perlu membantu rakan-rakan mereka yang cedera dan dalam kalangan

    ahli persatuan itu sendiri! mereka perlu bekerjasama untuk menyelamatkan rakan mereka.

     2anpa kemahiran komunikasi dan sosial yan baik! ahli-ahli dalam persatuan itu tidak dapat

    bekerjasama dan mungkin mencetuskan pergaduhan. Disebabkan itulah! kemahiranbersosial ini penting.

    4. Membina sahsiah dan menerapkan nilai-nilai murni dalam diri pelajar

      Sukan Rekreasi mampu membina sahsiah diri pelajar cemerlang. 2idak dinafkan!

    Pendidikan Si/ik dan Kewarganegaraan juga menerapkan nila-nilai murni dalam diri seorang

    pelajar. 'amun! Sukan Rekreasi juga mampu melakukan perkara yang sama untuk

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    membangunkan peribadi mulia seorang pelajar. Kelab-kelab permainan di sekolah acapkali

    menganjurkan pertandingan seperti pertandingan bola sepak! bola jarring dan sebagainya.

    Sudah menjadi adat permainan! ada menang dan ada kalah. Kumpulan yang kalah perlu

    belajar menerima kekalahan dan belajar daripada kumpulan yang menang. Perkara ini

    mampu mematangkan pelajar agar mereka tidak terlalu kecewa jika jatuh!namun mereka

    harus berdiri dan membaiki kesilapan diri. Selain itu! nilai-nilai murni seperti semangatkekitaan dapat diperolehi. Sesuatu kumpulan perlu bersatu-padu untuk menewaskan pihak

    lawan. Pelajar akan menjadi lebih bertanggungjawab demi kumpulan mereka ! bekerjasama

    dan tidak mementingkan diri. (al ini secara tidak lansung dapat memastikan pelajar

    tersebut memperoleh nila-nilai murni.

      Justeru itu! sukan rekreasi sememangnya memberi banyak &aedah kepada para

    murid yang mengikuti matapelajaran ini di sekolah mereka. 9leh itu! sukan rekreasi haruslah

    dijadi sebagai matapelajaran wajib bukan sahaja di sekolah rendah tetapi juga di sekolah

    menengah dan juga di $nstitut Pendidikan 2inggi "wam *$P2".

    4. Jenis-jenis Rekreasi

     2erdapat dua jenis rekreasi iaitu rekreasi akti& dan rekreasi pasi&.

    Rekreasi kti! 

    Rekreasi akti& merupakan satu senaman. 9leh itu!kebaikan dan sumbangannya terhadap

    gaya hidup sihat adalah amat besar. Rekreasi akti& memerlukan pergerakan yang cergas

    untuk memastikan tahap daya kardio/askular mencapai tahap ideal. Dengan melakukan

    senama! akti/iti sukan dan perkara-perkara yang mengeluarkan peluh! seseorang itu akan

    berasa lebih segar dan mampu menjadi cergas dalam urusan kerja mereka juga. (al ini

    menjadi kepada modal insane kelas pertama kepada 'egara.

    Rekreasi pasi! 

    Seringkali rekreasi pasi& menjadi pilihan orang ramai memandangkan akti/iti rekreasi pasi& 

    merupakan akti/iti yang santai dan tidak memerlukan tenaga yang banyak. :alaupun

    rekreasi ini hanya menghilang tekanan mahupun rasa bosan! namun rekreasi ini tetap

    rele/an juga kerana tidak dapat dipertikaikan bahawa! kita juga memerlukan waktu santai

    untuk 0window shopping1 ! membaca buku sambil mendengar muik ! untuk menenagkan

    diri di tempat kerja mahupun di rumah.

    Perbeaan "kti/iti "kti& dan Pasi& 

    ;"kti& 

    ;"kti/iti akti& melibatkan tenaga;Seorang indi/idu boleh menghiburkan diri dalam bentuk menggembirakan emosi dan psikologi

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    ;Seorang indi/idu mbersosial dengan baik dengan rakan-rakan yang berkongsi minat yang sama

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    Perorm chest compressions to supportcirc#lation in those $ho are non+responsi*e $ithout meaninu" -reaths

    AB- and its *ariations are initia"ism mnemonics or essentia" steps used -! -oth medica" proessiona"s and "a!

    persons (such as irst aiders) $hen dea"in $ith a patient. In its oriina" orm it stands

    or ir+ay , Breathing  and 2irculation.%&' The protoco" $as oriina""! de*e"oped as a memor! aid or rescuers

    perormin cardiopu"monar! resuscitation, and the most $ide"! kno$n use o the initia"ism is in the care o

    the unconscious or unresponsi*e patient, a"thouh it is a"so used as a reminder o the priorities or assessment

    and treatment o patients in man! acute medica" and trauma situations, rom irst+aid to hospita" medica"

    treatment.%' Air$a!, -reathin, and circu"ation are *ita" or "ie, and each is re7uired, in that order, or the ne2t to

    -e eecti*e. Since its de*e"opment, the mnemonic has -een e2tended and modiied to it the dierent areas in

    $hich it is used, $ith dierent *ersions chanin the meanin o "etters (such as rom the oriina" Circu"ation to

    Compressions) or addin other "etters (such as an optiona" :>: step or Disability  or  De$ibrillation).

    In 3&3, the American ;eart Association and Internationa" @iaison Committee on Resuscitation chaned the

    recommended order o CPRinter*entions or most cases o cardiac arrest to chest compressions, air$a!,

    -reathin or CAB.%'9S1%'

    -ontents

      %hide' 

    • & ;istor!

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-grauniad-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukalert-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-grauniad-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukalert-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-CircEx10-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#History

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    • Importance

    • Simp"e app"ication or CPR

    Air$a!

    o .& 8nconscious patients

    o . Conscious patients

    • 0 Breathin

    o 0.& 8nconscious patients

    o 0. Conscious or -reathin patients

    • 1 Circu"ation

    o 1.& ?on+-reathin patients

    o 1. Breathin patients

    • < /ariations

    o R ABC

    o RsABC

    o

    o E

    o EF

    o EFG

    o

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    o

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     Air$a!, -reathin, and circu"ation thereore $ork in a cascade i the patients air$a! is -"ocked, -reathin $i""

    not -e possi-"e, and o2!en cannot reach the "uns and -e transported around the -od! in the -"ood, $hich $i""

    resu"t in h!po2ia and cardiac arrest. Ensurin a c"ear air$a! is thereore the irst step in treatin an! patient

    once it is esta-"ished that a patients air$a! is c"ear, rescuers must e*a"uate a patients -reathin, as man!

    other thins -esides a -"ockae o the air$a! cou"d "ead to an a-sence o -reathin.

    Simp"e app"ication or CPR%edit'

    The -asic app"ication o the ABC princip"e is in irst aid, and is used in cases o unconscious patients to start

    treatment and assess the need or, and then potentia""! de"i*er,cardiopu"monar! resuscitation.

    In this simp"e usae, the rescuer is re7uired to open the air$a! (usin a techni7ue such as 3head tilt ' chin li$t3 ),

    then check or norma" -reathin.%&5' These t$o steps shou"d pro*ide the initia" assessment o $hether the

    patient $i"" re7uire CPR or not.

    In the e*ent that the patient is not -reathin norma""!, the current internationa" uide"ines (set -!

    the Internationa" @iaison Committee on Resuscitation or I@COR) indicate that chest compressions shou"d -e

    started.

    Pre*ious"!, the uide"ines indicated that a pu"se check shou"d -e perormed ater the -reathin $as assessed,

    and this made up the circu"ation part o the initia"ism, -ut this pu"se check is no "oner recommended or "a!

    rescuers. Some trainers continue to use circ#lation/ as the "a-e" or the third step in the process, since

    perormin chest compressions is eecti*e"! artiicia" circu"ation, and $hen assessin patients $ho are

    -reathin, assessin circu"ation is sti"" important. ;o$e*er, some trainers no$ use the C to mean

    -ompressions/ in their -asic irst aid trainin.

     Air$a!%edit'

    8nconscious patients%edit'

    In the unconscious patient, the priorit! is air$a! manaement, to a*oid a pre*enta-"e cause o h!po2ia. 

    Common pro-"ems $ith the air$a! o patient $ith a serious"! reduced "e*e" o consciousness in*o"*e -"ockae

    o the phar!n2 -! the tonue, a orein -od!, or  *omit.

     At a -asic "e*e", openin o the air$a! is achie*ed throuh manua" mo*ement o the head usin *arious

    techni7ues, $ith the most $ide"! tauht and used -ein the :head ti"t J chin "it:, a"thouh other methods such

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Liaison_Committee_on_Resuscitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting

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    as the :modiied  #a$ thrust: can -e used, especia""! $here spina" in#ur! is suspected,%&=' a"thouh in some

    countries, its use is not recommended or "a! rescuers or saet! reasons. %&5'

    ;iher "e*e" practitioners such as emerenc! medica" ser*ice personne" ma! use more ad*anced techni7ues,

    rom orophar!nea" air$a!s to intu-ation, as deemed necessar!.%3'

    Conscious patients%edit'

    In the conscious patient, other sins o air$a! o-struction that ma! -e considered -! the rescuer inc"ude

    parado2ica" chest mo*ements, use o accessor! musc"es or -reathin, trachea" de*iation, nois! air entr! or

    e2it, and c!anosis.%&'

    Breathin%edit'

    8nconscious patients%edit'

    In the unconscious patient, ater the air$a! is opened the ne2t area to assess is the patients -reathin,

    %&5' primari"! to ind i the patient is makin norma" respirator! eorts. ?orma" -reathin rates are -et$een &

    and 3 -reaths per minute,%&' and i a patient is -reathin -e"o$ the minimum rate, then in current I@COR -asic

    "ie support protoco"s, CPR shou"d -e considered, a"thouh proessiona" rescuers ma! ha*e their o$n protoco"s

    to o""o$, such as artiicia" respiration.

    Rescuers are oten $arned aainst mistakin aona" -reathin, $hich is a series o nois! asps occurrin in

    around 3K o cardiac arrest *ictims, or norma" -reathin. %&5'

    I a patient is -reathin, then the rescuer $i"" continue $ith the treatment indicated or an unconscious -ut

    -reathin patient, $hich ma! inc"ude inter*entions such as the reco*er! position and summonin

    an am-u"ance.%'

    Conscious or -reathin patients%edit'

    In a conscious patient, or $here a pu"se and -reathin are c"ear"! present, the care pro*ider $i"" initia""! -e

    "ookin to dianose immediate"! "ie+threatenin conditions such as se*ere asthma, pu"monar!

    oedema or haemothora2.%&' >ependin on ski"" "e*e" o the rescuer, this ma! in*o"*e steps such as9 %&'

    • Checkin or enera" respirator! distress, such as use o accessor! musc"es to -reathe, a-domina"

    -reathin, position o the patient, s$eatin, or  c!anosis

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_thrusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonal_breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukbls-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_oedemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-rsukils-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis

  • 8/16/2019 Prinsip Dan Prosedur T

    20/21

    • Checkin the respirator! rate, depth and rh!thm + ?orma" -reathin is -et$een & and 3 in a hea"th!

    patient, $ith a reu"ar pattern and depth. I an! o these de*iate rom norma", this ma! indicate an

    under"!in pro-"em (such as $ith Che!ne+Stokes respiration)

    • Chest deormit! and mo*ement + The chest shou"d rise and a"" e7ua""! on -oth sides, and shou"d -e

    ree o deormit!. C"inicians ma! -e a-"e to et a $orkin dianosis rom a-norma" mo*ement or shape o

    the chest in cases such as pneumothora2 or haemothora2

    • @istenin to e2terna" -reath sounds a short distance rom the patient can re*ea" d!sunction such as a

    ratt"in noise (indicati*e o secretions in the air$a!) or stridor  ($hich indicates air$a! o-struction)

    • Checkin or surica" emph!sema $hich is air in the su-cutaneous "a!er $hich is suesti*e o

    a pneumothora2

    •  Auscu"tation and percussion o the chest -! usin a stethoscope to "isten or norma" chest sounds or

    an! a-norma"ities

    • Pu"se o2imetr! ma! -e useu" in assessin the amount o o2!en present in the -"ood, and -!

    inerence the eecti*eness o the -reathin

    Circu"ation%edit'

    Once o2!en can -e de"i*ered to the "uns -! a c"ear air$a! and eicient -reathin, there needs to -e a

    circu"ation to de"i*er it to the rest o the -od!.

    ?on+-reathin patients%edit'

    Circu"ation is the oriina" meanin o the C as "aid do$n -! Hude, nicker-ocker L Saar, and $as intended to

    suest assessin the presence or a-sence o circu"ation, usua""! -! takin a carotid pu"se, -eore takin an!

    urther treatment steps.

    In modern protoco"s or "a! persons, this step is omitted as it has -een pro*en that "a! rescuers ma! ha*e

    diicu"t! in accurate"! determinin the presence or a-sence o a pu"se, and that, in an! case, there is "ess risk

    o harm -! perormin chest compressions on a -eatin heart than ai"in to perorm them $hen the heart is not

    -eatin.%' For this reason, "a! rescuers proceed direct"! to cardiopu"monar! resuscitation, startin $ith chest

    compressions, $hich is eecti*e"! artiicia" circu"ation. In order to simp"i! the teachin o this to some roups,

    especia""! at a -asic irst aid "e*e", the C or Circu"ation is chaned or meanin CPR or Compressions. %'%0'%1'

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne-Stokes_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-SRAB-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne-Stokes_respirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_emphysemahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothoraxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stethoscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(medicine)#cite_note-SRAB-26

  • 8/16/2019 Prinsip Dan Prosedur T

    21/21

    It shou"d -e remem-ered, ho$e*er, that hea"th care proessiona"s $i"" oten sti"" inc"ude a pu"se check in their

     ABC check, and ma! in*o"*e additiona" steps such as an immediateECG $hen cardiac arrest is suspected, in

    order to assess heart rh!thm.

    Breathin patients%edit'

    In patients $ho are -reathin, there is the opportunit! to undertake urther dianosis and, dependin on the

    ski"" "e*e" o the attendin rescuer, a num-er o assessment options are a*ai"a-"e, inc"udin9

    • O-ser*ation o co"our and temperature o hands and iners $here co"d, -"ue, pink, pa"e, or mott"ed

    e2tremities can -e indicati*e o poor circu"ation

    • Capi""ar! rei"" is an assessment o the eecti*e $orkin o the capi""aries, and in*o"*es app"!in

    cutaneous pressure to an area o skin to orce -"ood rom the area, and countin the time unti" return o

    -"ood. This can -e perormed periphera""!, usua""! on a inernai" -ed, or centra""!, usua""! on the sternum

    or orehead

    • Pu"se checks, -oth centra""! and periphera""!, assessin rate (norma""! 13+53 -eats per minute in a

    restin adu"t), reu"arit!, strenth, and e7ua"it! -et$een dierent pu"ses

    • B"ood pressure measurements can -e taken to assess or sins o shock

    •  Auscu"tation o the heart can -e undertaken -! medica" proessiona"s

    • O-ser*ation or secondar! sins o circu"ator! ai"ure such as oedema or rothin rom the mouth

    (indicati*e o conesti*e heart ai"ure)

    • ECG monitorin $i"" a""o$ the hea"thcare proessiona" to he"p dianose under"!in heart conditions,

    inc"udin m!ocardia" inarctions

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_refillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_(medicine)&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capillary_refillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctions