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    Analisis Perilaku

    Biaya

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-2

    Pengklasifikasian biaya berdasar

    perilaku biaya:

    1. Biaya Tetap (Fixed cost)

    biaya yang tidak berubah secara total dalamhubungan dengan beberapa aktivitas atau output

    yang dipilih 2. Biaya Variabel (Variable cost)

    biaya yang berubah secara total dalam hubungandengan beberapa aktivitas atau output yang dipilih

    3. Biaya Semivariabel (Semivariable cost) biaya yang memiliki baik komponen tetap dan

    variabel

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-3

    Fixed Costs

    A cost that stays thesame as outputchanges is a fixedcost.

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-4

    Lease ofMachine

    s

    Numberof Units

    $60,000 0 N/A60,000 60,000 $1.0060,000 120,000 0.5060,000 180,000 0.33

    60,000 240,000 0.25

    UnitsCost

    Fixed Costs

    Total Fixed Cost Graph

    TotalCosts

    $120,000

    $100,000

    $80,000

    $60,000

    $40,000

    $20,000

    60 120 180 2400

    Units Produced (000)

    F =$60,000

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-5

    VariableCost

    A variable cost is a costthat, in total, varies indirect proportion tochanges in output.

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-6

    Total Variable Cost Graph

    Cost ofPower

    Numberof Units

    $ 0 0 $ 012,000 60,000 0.2024,000 120,000 0.2036,000 180,000 0.20

    48,000 240,000 0.20

    UnitsCost

    TotalCosts

    0

    Units Produced (000)

    $48,000

    $36,000

    $24,000

    $12,000

    60 120 180 240

    Variable CostYv = .20x

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-7

    A mixed cost is acost that has both a

    fixed and a variablecomponent.

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-8

    InsertsSold

    VariableCost ofSelling

    40,000 $ 20,000 $30,000 $ 50,000 $1.2580,000 40,000 30,000 70,000 0.86

    120,000 60,000 30,000 90,000 0.75160,000 80,000 30,000 110,000 0.69

    200,000 100,000 30,000 130,000 0.65

    TotalSellingCost

    FixedCost ofSelling

    SellingCost perUnit

    Mixed Cost Behavior

    TotalCosts

    0

    Units Sold (000)

    $130,000

    $110,000

    $90,000$70,000

    $50,000

    $30,000

    40 80 120 160 180

    200

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-9

    Tujuan pemisahan biaya semivariabel:

    Perhitungan tarif biaya overhead dan analisis varian

    Persiapan anggaran fleksible dan analisis varians

    Perhitungan biaya langsung dan analisis varians

    Analisis titik impas dan analisis biaya-volume laba Analisis biaya differensial dan komparatif

    Maksimisasi laba dan minimisasi biaya jangkapendek

    Analisis anggaran modal Analsis profitabilitas pemsaran berdasarkan daerah,

    produk dan pelanggan.

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-10

    Asumsi-asumsi Fungsi Biaya

    1. Perilaku biaya diperkirakan dengan fungsibiaya linear dalam rentang yang relevan

    Secara grafis, biaya total versus tingkat suatu

    aktivitas tunggal yang berhubungan denganbiaya itu adalah suatu garis lurus dalamrentang yang relevan

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-11

    Fungsi Biaya Linear

    y = a + bX

    Variabel Terikat:Biaya yangdiprediksi

    Variabel Bebas:Pemicu Biaya

    Titik Potong:Biaya tetap

    Kemiringan Garis:Biaya variableper unit

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-1212

    Perilaku Biaya Campuran

    (Mixed-Cost Behaviour)

    Total Biaya

    Biaya

    Kuantitas Produk

    Biaya Tetap

    Biaya Variabel

    Asumsi Linearitas

    Total Biaya = Biaya Tetap + Total Biaya Variabel

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-13

    Fungsi Biaya Tetap, Secara Grafis

    Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000

    $-

    $10,000

    $20,000

    $30,000

    $40,000

    $50,000

    $60,000

    0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-14

    Fungsi Biaya Variabel, secara Grafis

    Fungsi Biaya Total : Y = $5X

    $-

    $10,000

    $20,000

    $30,000

    $40,000

    $50,000

    $60,000

    0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-15

    Fungsi Biaya Total, secara Grafis

    Fungsi Biaya Total: Y = $10,000 + $5X

    $-

    $10,000

    $20,000

    $30,000

    $40,000

    $50,000

    $60,000

    $70,000

    0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-16

    Fungsi-fungsi Biaya Digabungkan

    $-

    $10,000

    $20,000

    $30,000

    $40,000

    $50,000

    $60,000

    $70,000

    0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

    Variable Cost Y = $5X

    Fixed Cost Y = $10,000

    Total Cost Y = $10,000 + $5XB

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-17

    Metode Pemisahan Biaya

    Semivariabel:

    1. Metode Titik tertinggi dan terendah

    2. Metode Scattergraph

    3. Metode Least Square

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-18

    Metode Tinggi-Rendah

    Metode analisis kuantitatif paling sederhana

    Menggunakan hanya nilai-nilai teramati yangtertinggi dan terendah

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-19

    Langkah-langkah dalam

    Metode Tinggi-Rendah

    1. Hitung biaya variabel per unit aktivitas

    Biaya Biaya terkait Biaya terkaitVariabel per= tingkat aktivitas tertinggi tingkat aktivitas terendah

    Unit Aktivitas Tingkat aktivitas tertinggi - Tingkat aktivitas terendah{ - }

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-20

    Langkah-langkah dalam

    Metode Tinggi-Rendah

    2. Hitung Biaya Tetap Total

    3. Buat ringkas dengan menuliskan persamaan linear

    Biaya Total dari tingkat aktivitas tertinggi atau terendah

    (Biaya Variabel per unit aktivitas X Aktivitas terkait dengan biaya total di atas)

    Biaya Tetap

    Y = Biaya Tetap + ( Biaya variabel per unit Aktivitas * Aktivitas )

    Y = FC + (VCu* X)

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-21

    High Low Method

    Penentuan bagian Biaya Variabel dan biaya tetap didasarkan

    pada pengamatan data masa lalu yaitu data pada posisi

    ekstrim tinggi dan posisi ekstrim rendah.

    Keunggulan:

    - Mudah dilakukan

    - Tidak perlu banyak data

    Kelemahan :-Tidak memperhatikan fluktuasi dan tendensi perkembangan

    data biaya

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-22

    Contoh :

    Dari penelitian biaya pemeliharaan selama 5 (lima)bulan terakhr sbb :

    Bulan Jam Kerja Total BiayaJanuariFebruariMaret

    AprilMei

    9.8709.2349.100

    9.8759.650

    Rp. 109.415.000Rp. 106.553.000Rp. 105.950.000

    Rp. 109.437.500Rp. 108.425.000

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-23

    Pemisahan biaya

    Tertinggi 9.875 Rp. 109.437.500Terrendah 9.100 Rp. 105.950.000

    Perubahan 775 Rp. 3.487.500

    3.487.500Biaya Variabel = --------------------- = Rp. 4.500/jam kerja

    775

    Total Biaya Bulan Maret Rp. 105.950.000Biaya Variabel 9.100 X 4.500 Rp. 40.950.000Komponen Biaya Tetap Rp. 65.000.000

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-24

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-25

    Metode Scattergraph:

    Langkah-langkahnya:

    1. Buat grafik

    2. Buat titik-titik di grafik

    3. Tarik garis lurus dengan melewati titik-titik

    4. Hitung biaya variabel dan biaya tetapseperti dalam metode titik tertinggi dan

    terendah

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-26

    Metode Stand By Cost

    Metode ini diterapkan apabila adakesempatan perusahaan dihentikansemetara.

    Padasaat perusahaan dihentikan maka biayayang tetap harus dikeluarkan disebut denganStand by Cost yang dianggp setara denganFixed Cost.

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-27

    Biaya Variabel per unit dihitung dengan rumus

    Rata-rata Total BiayaStand by Cost

    BVU = -------------------------------------------------------

    Rata-rata Kapasitas

    Dari data contoh sebelumnya :Rata-rata Total Biaya = 539.780.500 / 5 = Rp. 107.956.100

    Rata-rata Jam kerja = 4.729 / 5 = 9.546 jam kerja

    Jika diketahui Stand by Cost = Rp. 67.000.000 maka sesuai denganrumus yang ada

    107.956.10067.000.000

    Biaya Variabel = ------------------------------------- = Rp. 4.290/jam

    9.546

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-28

    Analisis Regresi / Least Square

    Analisis Regresi adalah metode statistik yangmengukur jumlah rata-rata perubahan dalam variabeldependen yang terkait dengan suatu unit perubahandalam salah satu atau lebih variabel independen

    Lebih akurat dari metode Tinggi-Rendah karenapersamaan regresi mengestimasi biaya menggunakaninformasi dari semuapengamatan; metode Tinggi-Rendah menggunakan hanya duapengamatan

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-29

    Jenis-jenis Regresi

    Simplemengestimasi hubungan antaravariabel dependen dan satuvariabelindependen

    Multimengestimasi hubungan antaravariabel dependen dan dua atau lebihvariabel independen

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-30

    Untuk mendapatkan persamaan garis regresi

    Y = a + b X dapat dihitung dengan rumus

    ( Y ) (X2) - ( X)( X Y)

    a = ----------------------------------------

    n X2(X) 2

    nX Y - ( X)( Y)b = --------------------------------------

    nX2 - (X) 2

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    To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved. 10-31

    n X Y X.Y X2

    1 9.870 109,4 1.079.778 97.416.900

    2 9.234 106,5 983.421 85.266.756

    3 9.100 105,9 963.690 82.810.000

    4 9.875 109,4 1.080.325 97.515.625

    5 9.650 108,4 1.046.060 93.122.50047.729 539,6 5.153.274 456.131.781

    Persamaan garis projeksi menurut metode

    least square :

    Y = 64.615.260 + 4.537 X