Presented by : M Anang Firmansyah · PDF fileDesain Penelitian Presented by : M Anang...

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1 Desain Penelitian Presented by : M Anang Firmansyah

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Desain Penelitian

Presented by :

M Anang Firmansyah

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Argumen dalam Penelitian

• Deduction: penarikan kesimpulan yang dianggap konklusif

• Induction: pengambilan kesimpulan darisatu atau beberapa fakta

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Elemen Teori

Konsep dan Konstruk

Definisi: konseptual, teoretikal dan operasional

Variabel:

Laten dan Terobservasi

Independent, dependent, mediating (intervening), moderating, extraneous

Proposisi dan Hipotesis

Teori

Model: pengukuran dan struktural

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Theoretical Framework

A logically developed, described, and explained network of associations among variables of interest to the research study.

Five basic features of theoretical framework:

The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labelled in the discussions.

The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to one another.

If the nature and direction of the relationship can be theorized on the basis of the findings from previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussion as to whether the relationship would be positive or negative.

There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationship to exist.

A schematic diagram of the theoritial framework should be given so the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationship.

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Research Purpose

Exploration – exploratory research

If the issue was new or researchers had written little on it, you began at the beginning.

Exploratory researchers are creative, open minded, and flexible. It adopts and investigates stance; and explores all sources of information.

Description – descriptive research

Descriptive research presents a picture of the specific details of a situation, social setting, or relationship.

Descriptive researchers use data-gathering techniques: field research, content analysis, and historical-comparative research.

Explanation – explanatory research

When you encounter an issues that is already known and have a description of it, you might begin to wonder why things are the way they are.

The desire to know “why,” to explain, is the purpose of explanatory research.

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Probability Sampling Designs

Simple random sampling

Systematic sampling

Stratified sampling

Proportionate

Disproportionate

Cluster sampling

Double sampling

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Nonprobability Sampling

Convenience Sampling

Purposive Sampling

Judgment Sampling

Quota Sampling

Snowball Sampling

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Metode Pengumpulan Data

Eksperimen

Survey

Content analysis

Existing Statistic

Field Research

Historical Comparative

Wawancara

Kuesioner

Observasi

Motivational Techniques

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Power to Produce Effects:Control and Manipulation/treatment

Field Study

Field Experiment

Lab Experiment

Simulation

Ex Post Facto

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Dimensi Waktu Studi

Cross-sectional studies: pengukuran variabeldilakukan sekali; perbandingan antar unit pada titik waktu yang sama

Longitudinal studies: pengukuran variabeldilakukan lebih dari sekali (time series, panels, cohorts); pengukuranperubahan/perbedaan dari waktu ke waktu

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Cakupan Studi

Statistical studies berupaya menjelaskan karakteristik populasi melalui sampel, biasanya bersifat deskriptif

Case studies menekankan pada analisis kontekstual kejadian-kejadian atau kondisi, mengembangkan argumen mengenai kausalitas

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Unit Analisis(tingkat agregasi data)

Individu

Dyads, triads

Group

Organisasi

Industri

Kultur

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Level Analisis

Individu

Organisasi

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Pengukuran

Objects:

Things of ordinary experience

Some things not concrete

Properties: characteristics of objects

Observed Variables

Unobserved Variables (latent variables, constructs)

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PengukuranEmic and Etic Approach

An emic approach to the measurement processbegins with empirical indicators and aims to discover the constructs that facilitate our understanding of these indicators.

An etic approach to the measurement process begins with formal constructs and aims to select empirical indicators to represent these constructs.

Lee, C. J. (2002). Aspects of emic and etic measurement: Lessons from Mary Poppins. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 214–216.

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Model PengukuranFormatif dan Reflektif

Konstruk

Faktor

Faktor

Faktor

Indikator

Indikator

Indikator

Reflektif: to describeFormatif: to explain

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Tipe Data

Order Interval Origin

Nominal none none none

Ordinal yes unequal none

Interval yes equal or none

unequal

Ratio yes equal zero

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VALIDITAS INSTRUMEN

CONTENT AND FACE VALIDITY (JUDGMENTAL)

CONCURRENT VALIDITY (CORRELATION, CROSS SECTIONAL)

PREDICTIVE VALIDITY (CORRELATION, LONGITUDINAL)

CONSTRUCT VALIDITY (JUDGMENTAL, CONVERGENT –DISCRIMINANT TECHNIQUES, FACTOR ANALYSIS, MTMM ANALYSIS)

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INTERNAL CONSISTENCY (SPLIT HALF TECHNIQUE, ITEM-TO-TOTAL CORRELATION, CRONBACH’S COEFFICIENT ALPHA)

STABILITY (TEST-RETEST)

EQUIVALENCE (INTERRATER RELIABILITY, DELAYED EQUIVALENT FORMS)

CONSTRUCT RELIABILITY (CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS)

RELIABILITAS INSTRUMEN

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Analisis Data

Analisis Kuantitatif

Analisis Kualitatif