Prasangka, Diskriminasi Dan Anti Cina

7/23/2019 Prasangka, Diskriminasi Dan Anti Cina

1/23

Zpnunlobn# Mkubpkhklnuk mnl Nl}k Ekln

[n# ]wfnlugmghkbknl `glekl{nbnl hgpgbn znmn Ekln 9 nbw }kmnb

hgpnun mkpkbw `gp`gmn mglonl hgpgbn Nbw klk ipnlo Klmilgukn .

Mknl}}pwu Unzw}pn

Bw}kznl mkn}nu hgpwznbnl bn}n(bn}n {nlo hgcwlewp mnpk hwcw} }ibif zgpghzwnl

Ekln mncnh mncnh ug`wnf egpzgl bnp{n Ugli Owhkpn Ndkmnphn# {nlo `gpdwmwc Ecnpnn}nn Zgpghzwnl {nlo mk zgpbiun, Pn}nznl klk mk mnunpbnl znmn bgpwuwfnl >5 >= Hgk

>;;6 mk Dnbnp}n {lno hgpwznbnl hncnzg}nbn }gp`gunp `nok npon bg}wpwlnl Ekln,

Znmn }nloonc >5 Hgk >;;6# pk wnf hnuun `gpbwhzwc mk Mgznl BnhzwuWlkqgpuk}nu ]pkunb}k wl}wb hgl{nhznkbnl mwbn ek}n hgpgbn n}nu }gnul{n ghzn} ipnlo

hnfnukun ]pkunb}k {nlo }gpck`n} `gl}pib mglonl nznpn} bgnhnlnl znmn ]nloonc >0 Hgk

>;;6, Mk mncnh bnhzwu# nbuk `gpbn`wlo hnfnukun `gpdncnl mglonl }gp}k` mnl

hnfnukun mkcnpnlo bgcwnp bnhzwu wl}wb hglofklmnpk klukmgl, Nmnl{n bi`npnl nzk mnpk}pwb unhznf mk zgpghzn}nl dncnl cn{nlo znmn uknlo fnpk# hgh`wn} hnuun `gpw`nf `pw}nc

mglonl hwcnk hgcghznpk `npkunl nznpn} {nlo hgh`cibkp dncnl mk mgznl ogmwlo Hncc

Ekzw}pn mglonl `n}w# `i}ic mnl `glmn cnkll{n ugp}n hglen`w}k mnl hgpwunb pnh`w(pnh`wcncwckl}nu hnwzwl znonp zgh`n}nu dncnl, Pgl}g}nl }gh`nbnl zgpklon}nl mnl onu nkp hn}n

hgh`wn} hnuun `gpcnpk }wloonlo cnloonlo,

Zgpwunbnl mnl zgh`nbnpnl }gpwu hgl{g`np# hwcnk mnpk bnnunl mkugbk}np bnhzwu]pkunb}k, Hgldgcnlo uipg fnpk nbuk zgpwunbnl mnl zgh`nbnpnl hgcwu mnl hgldnwf mnpk

bnhzwu ]pkunb}k mkugp}nk mglonl kuwpnuknl nl}k Ekln, Hnuun hglonhwb mglonl

hgh`nbnp mnl hgpwunb ogmwlo hnwzwl hi`kc, Nmn kuk hi`kc mkdnpnf icgf hnuun# pwhnf(

pwhnf npon mnl ugdwhcnf }ibi hgldnmk ununpnl, Zgh`nbnl ogmwlo# hi`kc mnl zgldnpnfnl }ibi hnukf `gpcnlouwlo znmn hncnh nbnl }k n, Mk bnnunl ocimib#

zgh`nbnpnl mkcnzipbnl }gpdnmk ugbk}np zwbwc >;,:: _K@# mkhwcnk mglonl mk`nbnpl{n

znunp zgplknonnl, Zgpwunbnl mnl zgh`nbpnl znmn }nloonc >5 Hgk >;;6 klk hgcnlmnbnnunl Dnbnp}n @npn}# Dnbnp}n Zwun} mnl Dnbnp}n W}npn mglonl ubcn mnl cklobwz {nlo

`gp`gmn,

Bgpwuwfnl bgh`nck }gpdnmk znmn znok fnpk# }nloonc >= Hgk >;;6 mnl hgcwnufnhzkp bgugcwpwf kcn{nf Dnbnp}n mnl hgcwnu bgkcn{nf(kcn{nf ugbk}np Dnbnp}n ugzgp}k

@ioip# ]nloogpnlo# @gbnuk mnl Mgzib, Bgpwuwfnl znmn }nloonc >7 Hgk >;;6 }kmnb

ugfg`n} fnpk(fnpk ug`gcwhl{n, Hnuun zgldnpnf# zgpwunb# zghgpbiun mnl zgh`nbnp {nlo

hglonhwb mkugcwpwf bnnunl bi}n# }k n(}k`n hglofgl}kbnl nb}kqk}nul{n, Bgguibnlfnpkl{n# bilmkuk Dnbnpn}n hwcnk zwckf mnpk bgpwuwfnl, @g`gpnzn zgmnonlo bnbk ckhn hwcnk

hgloogcnp mnonlonll{n mk @cib H, mk`g`gpnzn pwnu dncnl hnukf `gpugpnbnl `nlobnk(`nlobnk bglmnpnnl {nlo mk`nbnp hnuun znmn fnpk ug`gcwhl{n, Ugdwhcnf zkl}w mgznl n}nwmklmklo }ibi(}ibi# zgpbnl}ipnl mnl pwhnf zglmwmwb nmn }wckunl Hkckb Zpk whk#

Zpk`whk Nuck# Nuck Klmilgukn,

]i}nc bgpwoknl akukb bgpwuwfnl >5 >7 Hgk >;;6 hglenzk ugbk}np Pz, 0#7 ]pkckwl{nlo hgpwunb =: Hncc n}nw Zcntn# >5 Znunp# >1:= }ibi# 0=?; pwbi# >0 fi}gc# 17 bnl}ip

`nlb# 565 bnl}ip unu}n# 0= pgu}ipnl# 6 `wu bi}n mnl hg}pi hklk# >>>; hi`kc# 60> hi}ip#

>_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


2/23


3/23

]ghwnl ]OZA hglwldwbbnl `nfn bgpwuwfnl Hgk >;;6 `wbnlcnf bgdnmknl

`gpukan} ugzil}nl, Nmn zicn `gpukan} hnuunc mnl zgpku}knl{n `gpcnlouwlo znpnccgc

mk`g`gpnzn bi}n {nlo hglwldwbbnl bgpwuwfnl k}w mkpglenlnbnl, Bgpwuwfnl mkcnbwbnlhnuunc cibnc mnl zglmn}nlo {nlo mkhwcnk icgf bgcihzib zglofnuw}, Mkunln(uklk hwlobkl

undn `gpukan} ugzil}nl, Zgcnbwl{n {nlo hnuunc mnl bgdnmknnll{n {nlo `gpcnlouwlo

mk`g`gpnzn bi}n ugenpn znpnccgc hglwldwbbnl bgpwuwfnl klk pglenlnbnl mln }gpiponlkunuk,Ugcnhn LBPK klk `gpmkpk `gcwh zgplnf nmn bgpwuwfnl nl}k Ekln ugzgp}k k}w,

Bgpwuwfnl Hgk >;;6 }gpdnmk }nb `kun mkcgznubnl mnpk bgugldnlonl uiuknc mnl

bgugldnlonl gbilihk, ]OZA hgcnzipbnl nl}npn cnkl# hgl{g`w}bnl mwn nbnp uiuknczgl{g`n` bgpwuwfnl, Zgp}nhn# ugl}khgl pnuknc }gpfnmnz oicilonl g}lku Ekln, Ugl}khgl

klk mkug`w} cn}gl mnl hgpwznbnl anb}ip zgl{g`n` mihklnl {nlo hwmnf mkgbzcik}kukp

wl}wb hglekz}nbnl bgpwuwfnl, Nmnl{n bilugl}pnuk }ibi(}ibi mnl pwhnf(pwhnf oicilonl

g}lku Ekln mk`g`gpnzn kcn{nf {nlo bghwmknl hgldnmk ununpnl nhwb hnuun, Bgmwn#nmnl{n bgugldnlonl uiuknc gbilihk, ]gbnlnl mnl bgugldnlonl uiuknc gbilihk {nlo

mkzgpznpnf icgf bgcnlobnnl `nfnl zibib {nlo mkncnhk hnu{npnbn}# pnnl }gpfnmnz

zglogbzcik}nuknl ugfklon hgcnfkpbnl mipilonl(mipilonl mgu}pwb}ka wl}wb hgcnbwbnl

}klmnbnl(}klmnbnl bgbgpnunl, Hgpgbn {nlo kb}w(kbw}nl }gpck`n}# mkbwnckakbnukbnl ug`nonkbip`nl mnpk bgnmnnl mnl u}pwb}wp {nlo }kmnb nmkc, Mnl hgpgbn bg`nl{nbnl `gpnunc mnpk

cnzkunl pnb{n} {nlo }gp`nnf,

Bgbgpnunl Uiuiuknc

]gpcgznu mnpk nmn }kmnbl{n ugipnlo mncnlo {nlo hgloogpnbbnl k}w# }kmnb mnzn}mkklobnpk ukl}ghgl nl}k Ekln, @nonkhnln hwlobkl hgpnbn k}w mkogpnbnl bncnw }kmnb nmn

uguwn}w {nlo hghnlo mnzn} `gpogpnb 9 uwck} mk`n{nlobnl nmn ugbgcihzib ipnlo {nlo

hghzpiqibnuk hnuun, Bncnw ugnlmnkl{n hnuun k}w uglmkpk }kmnb hghmnh zgpnunnl `glek}gpfnmnz ipnlo Ekln, Fnpwu nmn }gpcg`kf mnfwcw ugl}khgl} nl}k Ekln {nlo ewbwz zgbn}

ugfkloon mnzn} mkzpizibnuk,

Zgpnunnl ughnenh k}w hghzwl{nk nbnp znldnlo# hwcnk ugdnb bgpwuwfnl pnuknczgp}nhn znmn }nfwl >?=:, uwn}w bgdnmknl {nlo icgf bg`nl{nbnl ugdnpnfnl mknloonz

ug`nonk pimn {nlo znck zgl}klo mncnh ugdnpnf bi}n @n}nqkn, Zgh`nl}nknnl k}w `gphwcn

mnpk hkopnuk Ekln bg Lwunl}npn }gpwu `gp}nh`nf ugcnhn ghzn} mnunnpun zgp}nhn n`nm bg >6# ughgl}npn Zghgpkl}nf @n}nqkn hglonh`kc ukbnz pnow, Mk un}w zkfnb# ipnlo ekln

mk`w}wfbnl bnpgln hgpgbn hgpwznbnl zgbgpdn pndkl mnl }pnhzkc mk cnkl zkfnb ug`nonk

zgmnonlo# zgh`gpk zkldnhnl# mnl zghkckb }iib# hgpgbn hglkh`wcbnl hnuncnf, Hgpnbn

mk}wmwf hglofkunz hnu{npnbn}, Ugcnkl k}w# nbk`n} ughzk}l{n cnznlonl bgpdn# `nl{nbipnlo Ekln {lno }gpck`n} mncnh }klmnbnl epkhklnc,

Znmn `wcnl Dwck >?=:# Zghgpkl}nf @gcnlmn hglonh`kc }klmnbnl {nlo bwpnlo

`kdnbunln, Ughwn khkopnl Ekln ogcnz mk}nlobnz mnl mk`wnlo bg Upkcnlobn mnl ]nldwloFnpnznl wl}wb mkzgpbgpdnbnl mk bg`wl hkckb QIE, Bghwmknl }gpdnmk uncklo ewpkon nl}npn

ipnlo Ekln mnl @gcnlmn ugfkloon hglkh`wcbnl bg}gonlonl mnl bgogckunfnl, Ugdwhcnf

bgcihzib Ekln mk ugbk}np @n}nqkn znmn nbfkpl{n hgh`gpil}nb znmn hkloow bgmwn `wcnlIb}i`gp >?=:, Bgdnmknnl klk hgl{g`n`bnl @gcnlmn wl}wb hgcnbwbnl zgh`wlwfnl

}gpfnmnz ipnlo Ekln ugenpn hkuunc, Bip`nl {nlo }gnu }kmnb bwpnlo mnpk >:,::: ipnlo,

Ukunl{n {nlo ugcnhn} hgl{g`np bg ugcwpwf Dnn,

5_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


4/23

Nmn cnzipnl {nlo hglegpk}nbnl }nl}nlo bgdnmknl k}w, ]k`n(}k`n ugenpn }nb }gpmwon

ugbg}kbn k}w dwon }gpmglonp dgpk}nl `gpoghn mk zciuib bi}n# mnl }gpdnmkcnf zghnlmnlonl

bg`gmkn`nl {nlo hghkcwbnl mnl zgpnhzibnl mk ugoncn uwmw} bi}n, ]kmnb zgmwck zpkn#nlk}n mnl nlnb(nlnb mk ugpnlo, @nkb bnwh nlk}n fnhkc hnwzwl `n{k }kmnb cwzw} mnpk

zgh`nl}nknl {nlo }kmnb hgloglnc igpkbghnlwuknnl, Pn}wunl }nfnlnl mkugh`gckf ugzgp}k

hgl{gh`gckf mih`n, @g`gpnzn ipnlo Ekln bn{n hgcnpkbnl mkpk mnl hglenpk zgpcklmwlonl znmn zglmwmwb `nloun Gpiznf {nlo hglon`nkbnl ugoncn zpklukz

bghnlwuknnl# hgl{gpnfbnl hgpgbn bgznmn zgh`wpw(zgh`wpw {nlo fnwu mnpnf# cncw

hgl{gcgglobnl fnp}n hkckb {nlo mkzgpen{nbnl bgznmn hgpgbn,

Ug}gcnf zgh`nl}nknl hnuunc# ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln }kmnb mkzgpìcgfbnl bgh`nck

wl}wb }kloonc mkmncnh }ghìb bi}n cnok, Hgpgbn bghwmknl mk}ghzn}bnl mkug`gcnf ugcn}nl

}ghìb }gpug`w}, Ugmkbk} mghk ugmkbk} bgnmnnl hgldnmk }glnlo bgh`nck mnl }gpdnmkbgh`nck hkopnuk ugenpn zgun} znmn n`nm bg >;, Zghgpkl}nf @gcnlmn hghkckf }ghzn}

}gpug`w} bnpgln }gpdnlobnw icgf zgcwpw hgpknh hkckb @gcnlmn, _kcn{nf k}w mkbglnc

ugbnpnlo ug`nonk Ocimib, Ugcnkl mkowlnbnl ugònk }ghzn} zghwbkhnl# mngpnf Oicimib

dwon `gpbgh`nlo ug`nonk mngpnf zgpmnonlonl,Znmn `wcnl Ugz}gh`gp >607# znuwbnl `gpbwmn mk `nnf bihnlmnl Pnmgl N{w

[wmnbwuwhn# Zw}pk Uwc}nl zgp}nhn [io{nbnp}n hgl{gpnlo lonk {nlo }gpcg}nb mk uwlonkUncn, Ziu zgpmnonlonl {nlo mkugpnlo k}w hgpwznbnl }ghzn} zghwbkhnl ipnlo Ekln,

Bglmn}k hgpgbn }gcnf hgh`wn} `npkbnmg mkmncnh pwhnf(pwhnf zgmnonlo Ekln {nlo

}gpbghwbn# {nlo hghzwl{nk mnwl(mnwl dglmgcn mnl zkl}w(zkl}w {nlo }gp`wn} mnpk bn{w

dn}k {nlo bwbwf mnl bwn}, ]g}nzk }kmnb `nl{nb np}kl{n }gpfnmnz ugpnlonl {nlomkcnlenpbnl,

@g}nznzwl }klmnbnl k}w hglogpkbnl mkmncnh bgbgdnhnll{n# lnhwl zgh`nl}nknl

{nlo }gpdnmk mk Lonk k}w# hgpwznbnl bgdnmknl {nlo ugcncw `gpwcnlo mk ugcwpwf Dnn]glonf ugp}n mkugznldnlo uwlonk uici, Bg}kbn bgcihzib hnu{npnbn} Ekln {nlo }gpkuickp

mkugpnlo mnl ipnlo {nlo `gpfnukc ugcnhn}# hgl{gcnhn}bnl l{nn hgpgbn bg mncnh bi}n(

bi}n mk hnln }gpmnzn} bgun}wnl }gl}npn @gcnlmn mnl }ghzn} zghwbkhnl ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln{nlo }gpcg}nb mk znl}nk w}npn Zwcnw Dnn, @nfbnl bicilk(bicilk hnu{npnbn} Ekln {nlo

uwmnf hnznl ugbckzwl mgun mkugpnlo, Bgdnmknnl mkn}nu hgldgcnubnl `g}nzn bwpnlo

fnphilkul{n fw`wlonl Ekln Dnn, ]nlzn hglofkpnwbnl dgpk}(}nloku ipnlo(ipnlo#zgpghzwnl mnl nlnb(nlnb {nlo `gok}w hghkcwbnl# hnbn ughwn zglmwmwb Ekln {nlo

`gpnmn mk Lonk mk`wlwf, ]w`wf(}w`wf {nlo }gcnf mkzi}ilo(zi}ilo k}w mk knpbnl

`gpogckhznlonl `gok}w undn# mk hwbn zkl}w# mk dncnl(dncnl ugp}n pwhnf(pwhnf {nlo

`gpcwhwpnl mnpnf,Ug`gcwh }gpdnmkl{n zgpnlo Dnn ug}kmnb(}kmnbl{n mkcklobwlonl ku}nln# }gpdnmk

uwn}w fw`wlonl {nlo mkmnunpbnl bgzgl}klonl `gpunhn mnl bgpdnunhn nl}np bgcihzib

ugenpn }kh`ncg `nckb {nlo ewbwz hglildic, Mk cklobwlonl Ku}nln# ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln mk`w}wfbnl ug`nonk ipnlo(ipnlo {nlo mnzn} hgh`gpkbnl zkldnhnl wnlo mnl hghzwl{nk

bghnhzwnl `gpmnonlo, Nmn zg}wldwb }gpdnmk ugdwhcnf zgpbnklnl nl}npn bgcihzib

uwmnf `gpcnlouwlo mk n}npn oiciloln zpk{nk# Dnn mnl ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln, Bg}pkbn}nlhgpgbn mglonl Ku}nln bgpnz bnck hgpwznbnl zgpu{npn}nl {nlo fnpwu nmn `nok bgzgl}klonl

bg`gpfnukcnl zgpmnonlonl hgpgbn mk mngpnf zgmncnhnl icgf bnpgln k}wcnf hgpgbn uglmkpk

nbnl ugcncw `gpwunfn wl}wb cg kf cnok hghzgpbwn} kbn}nl(kbn}nl {nlo mghkbknl k}w

hgcncwk zgpbnklnl(zgpbnklnl ugp}n fw`wlonl(fw`wlonl zpk`nmk {nlo cg`kf mgbn},

=_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


5/23

Zgpnlo Dnn ugp}n ugoncn uguwn}w {nlo hglmnfwcwkl{n hglnlmnk onpku zghkunf

nl}npn bgmwn bgcihzib hnu{npnbn}, Ipnlo Dnn hglon}nbnl `nfn `nl{nb mnpkznmn

bgog}kpnl nl}k Ekln ugp}n bgewpkonnl {nlo }kh`wc bghwmknl# `gpuwh`gp mnpk zgloncnhnl{nlo hgpgbn zgpicgf ugcnhn `gp}nfwl(}nfwl klk# }n}bncn ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln }gpug`w}

ughnbkl fnpk# mk mncnh zkbkpnl mnl dkn hgpgb# ughnbkl gpn} `gpbnk}nl gpn} mglonl

bg`kdnbunlnnl bg`kdnbunlnnl zgpgbilihknl {nlo mkdncnlbnl icgf zghgpkl}nf @gcnlmn{nlo hglklmnu k}w,

Nbk`n} mnpk zgpku}kn(zgpku}kn {nlo }gpdnmk# ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln hgldnmk cg`kf

unmnp nbnl bgmwmwbnl hgpgbn {nlo }gp`wbn ugp}n zgbn mk mncnh mk mncnh cklobwlonlhnu{npnbn} Dnn k}, Zkckfnl wl}wb hglonmnbnl nukhkcnuk# bklk ughnbkl }kmnb hglnpkb

bgh`nck, Fnb(fnb fibwh ku}khgn {nlo bfwuwu mk`gpkbnl icgf @gcnlmn bgznmn hgpgbn

hgcncwk zgp}glonfnl n`nm bgugh`kcnl `gcnu mnl ugp}gpwul{n ugp}n zghnbunnl {nlo cg`kf

bgpnu }gl}nlo zgh`n}nunl(zgh`n}nunl hnu{npnbn} hndghwb, Eglmgpwlo wl}wb hglokpkloipnlo(ipnlo Ekln zgpnlnbnl ugenpn unmnp bgznmn zgloklmgl}kakbnuk mnpk hgpgbn mglonl

bgcihzib hnu{npnbn} Ekln mk Dnn,

Nmn bgunmnpnl uiuknc Unpgbn} Kucnh }gcnf hglklobn}bnl ugluk}kqk}nu mncnh

hglofnmnzk hnuncnf(hnuncnf bihzg}kuk mglonl zglowunfn nuklo mnl mkubpkhklnukhglwpw} onpku npln, Mglonl cnlmnunl bgunmnpnl k}w ugenpn hwmnf nbuk bicgb}ka mk

hi`kckunuk ugfkloon }nfwl(}nfwl zgp}nhn bgfkmwznl UK mk}nlmnk zglwf mglonl bgpgunfnl{nlo nb}w }gp}gl}w hgcgmnb hgldnmk klukmgl `gunp,Ogpnbnl UK hgldgchn hgldnmk

ogpnbnl nl}k Ekln# ug`nonkhnln }gpdnmk mk Bwmwu znmn }nfwl >;>6, Bgpwuwfnl k}w

hgpwznbnl un}w fwpw(fnpn nl}k Ekln }gp`wpwb {nlo zgplnf }gpdnmk Klmilgukn znmn nnc

n`nm bg 0: klk,Mncnh bgpwuwfnl k}w ugbk}np 7: pwhnf mkfnlewpbnl mnl 6 ipnlo Ekln mk `wlwf#

ug`noknl `gunp mnpk nl}npnl{n hn}k bnpgln mk `nbnp, Nmn ug}glonf ipnlo Ekln zglmwmwb

Bwmwu & 0::: ipnlo + hgcnpkbnl mkpk bgughnpnlo, Zickuk mnl }gl}npn mkbgpnfbnl wl}wbhglwhznu zgpwuwf(zgpwuwf k}w# mk nl}npnl{n mwn ipnlo }gp`wlwf mnl 1: ipnlo }gpcwbn,

Mnpk ?7 ipnlo {nlo mk}nlobnz# 16 ipnlo mk kl}iopnuk mnl bghwmknl 1> ipnlo hglmnzn}

fwbwhnl ugcnhn ; `wcnl unhznk >7 }nfwl,Bgdnmknl k}w hglofnukcbnl cnzipnl hglwpw} qgpuk hnuklo(hnuklo, Cnzipnl mnpk

zkfnb Kucnh Bwmwu hglgbnlbnl `nfn ipnlo Ekln {nlo hgl{wcw} bgpwuwfnl mglonl

hgh`nn lnon hgpgbn npnb(npnbnl hgcgn}k hnudkm, Uwlnl bwmwu mnl mglonl enpn(enpncnkll{n hglofkln nonhn Kucnh, ]g}nzk# bgl{n}nnll{n cg`kf zgl}klo uwmnf dgcnu `nfn

ughnbkl hnlmncnhl{n bg`gleknl }gpfnmnz ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln# mnl fnl{n hglenpk

bgughzn}nl wl}wb hgcgznubnll{n, Uwh`gp bg`gleknl klk }gpw}nhn nmncnf zgpuincnl

gbilihk# mnl hwlewcl{n klmwu}pk bpg}gb Ekln {nlo hglkh`wcbnl bgpwoknl bgznmnklmwu}pk bpg}gb zpk`whk bghwlobklnl `gunp hgldnmk zgl{g`n` w}nhnl{n, Znmn zkfnb cnkl

cnzipnl Ekln hgl{g`w}bnl nmn mwonnl bgpnu `nfn wunfnnl(wunfnnl unl}pk mncnl

klmwu}pk bpg}gb mnl `n}kb mglonl uglondn hglofnuw} ipnlo Bwmwu hgh`glek Ekln,Bg`nl{nbnl mnpk hgpgbn {nlo mkfwbwh bnpgln kbw} nh`kc `noknl mncnh bgpwuwfnl k}w

nmncnf npon bi}n# mk nl}npnl{n ugbk}np 0: ipnlo zgmnonlo mnl 0: ipnlo bknk,

Ugdnb bgpwuwfnl mk bwmwu# fw`wlonl bgmwn `gcnf zkfnb hgldnmk cg`kf `nkb, ]g}nzkbgpwbwlnl k}w `gpukan} ughw# bnpgln }g}nz }gpugh`wl{k bg`gleknl {nlo hglmncnh zkfnb

wunfnnl(wunfnnl Kucnh }gpfnmnz ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln# bg`gleknl mnzn} hgcgmnb cnok

mncnh `gl}wb bgbgpnunl znmn hnun nbnl mn}nlo, _ncnwzwl ugpklo mkl{n}nbnl mncnh

zpnunlobn# bg`gleknl klk bnmnlo(bnmnlo mnzn} mkmnunpbnl znmn zglonbwnl `nfn ipnlo



6/23

Ekln k}w nmn mnl `gpfnukc ugmkbk} `nl{nb }gcnf hglowpnlok fw`wlonl mk nl}npn oicilonl(

oicilonl uiuknc mk Klmilgukn {nlo `npnlo bnck hghzgpcnh`n} zgp}wh`wfnl gbilihk

ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln k}w uglmkpk# ug`nonk oicilonl hklipk}nu }gl}w undn }kmnb mnzn} hgldnmkbnwh ìpdwku {nlo `gpbwnun mnl znu}k }gponl}wlo znmn bghwpnfnl fn}k zgcklmwlo(

zgcklmwlo zpk`whk {nlo unlon} bwn} mncnh ogcnloonlo zick}kb, ]g}nzk# znmn nb}w {nlo

unhn# mglonl bg`gpfnukcnl hgpgbn mk`kmlno gbilihk# }g}nz hghzgpcnh`n} zgp}wh`wfnloicilonl hglglonf zpk`whk,

Znmn }nloonc >: Hgk >;15# }gpdnmk zgpbgcnfknl mk bnhzwu K]@# nl}npn ugbgcihzib

hnfnukun zpk`whk mglonl ugbgcihzib hnfnukun bg}wpwlnl Ekln, Hglwpw} bg}gpnlonlhnfnukun zpk`whk {nlo hglndmk ug`n` zgpbgcnfknl kncnf bnpgln uwmnf cnhn }gpnun nmn

bg}gonlonl nl}npn hnfnukun K]@ znmn whwhl{n mnl znpn hnukun ugp}n ugbgcihzib

miugl bg}wpwlnl Ekln, Icgf znpn hnfnukun zpk`whk# hgpgbn mknloonz `gpukbnz

uihìlo# ugcncw `gpbgcihzib }gpzkunf mnpk hnfnukun cnkll{n mnl uwbnhghnhgpbnlbgbn{nnll{n mglonl `gpìlmilo(ìlmilo lnkb ugzgmn hi}ip bncnw mn}nlo mnl

hglklooncbnl bnhzwu# nzn {nlo hgldnmk mnunp zgpbgcnfknl `gpbgcihzib k}w }kmnb dgcnu,

Nbnl }g}nzk {nlo hgldnmk bgl{n}nnl kncnf `nfn zgpbgcnkfknnl k}w }gpdnmk znmn

znok fnpk }nloonc >: Hgk# mnl uknlo fnpk }nloonc {nlo unhn ugbgcihzib hnfnukun mnl zgcndnp zpk whk `gpunhn(unhn mglonl ugdwhcnf `gunp ipnlo(ipnlo zpk whk cnkll{n

`gpnbuk hgpwunb pwhnf(pwhnf mnl }iib(}ibi `gugp}n kukl{n# hkckb zglmwmwb Ekln# mk`gp nonk uwmw} bi}n @nlmwlo, @npnlo( nplno hkckb zglmwmwb Ekln mkbgcwnpbnl mnpk

pwhnf n}nw }ibi icgf ugogpihìcnl ipnlo `nl{nb ugenpn `gpnhnk(pnhnk# mnl bghwmknl

mk`nbnp, Bgpwuwfnl hkuunc klk mnzn} mkznmnhbnl icgf }gl}npn,

]nhznbl{n ghiuk nl}k Ekln mnpk bncnlonl zglmwmwb zpk`whk klk mnzn} ugbnckhgldncnp bg}ghzn}(}ghzn} cnkl mkhnln }gpmnzn} zghwun}nl zghwbkhnl mnl wunfn

zglmwmwb bg}wpwlnl Ekln, Ug`gcwh mnl ugmnf bgdnmknl bgpwuwfnl hkuunc nl}k Ekln mk >:

bi}n# {nk}w `gp}wpw}(}wpw} mk ]gonc# @nlmwlo# Uwhgmnlo# @ioip# ]nukb Hncn{n# Onpw}#Uwbn`whk# Uwpn`n{n# Eknldwp# mnl {nlo }gpnbfkp mk [io{nbnp}n,

Kl}gluk}nu# dnlobn nb}w# ugp}n cwnu mngpnf bgpwuwfnl hkuunc {nlo }gpdnmk

mkhnuklo(hnuklo bi}n klk `gp`gmn, Fnc klk ug`nonkl `gunp }gonl}wlo bgunkz(uknonnlznuwbnl(znuwbnl bgnhnlnl mk }knz(}knz bi}n mnl bgeghn}nl hgpgbn `gp}klmnb ug}gcnf nmn

}nlmn(}nlmn zgp}nhn {nlo hgh`gpkbnl klmkbnuk nbnl }gpdnmk mk hnuklo(hnuklo bi}n k}w

`gp`gmn,@kcn mk}gck}k wluwp(wluwp uiukicioku {nlo }nhznb znmn bgpwuwfnl hnuunc {nlo

}gpdnmk mk ugzwcwf bi}n {nlo `gpdnwfnl cg}nbl{n hnbn zgp}nhn(}nhn mnzn} mkckfn} `nfn

bgpwuwfnl hkuunc k}w mkcnbwbnl ugenpn nb}ka icgf ugogpihìcnl ipnlo(ipnlo {nlo zpnb}ku

ughwnll{n mnpk bg}wpwlnl zpk`whk }gpfnmnz znpn zglmwmwb ug}ghn} bg}wpwlnl Ekln,Ugcnldw}l{n }nhznb dgcnu `nfn ughwn k}w }gpdnmk mk bi}n(bi}n mkhnln }gpmnzn}

zgphwun}nl zghwbklnl ugp}n wunfn zglmwmwb bg}wpwlnl Ekln, Zicn bgpwuwfnl hnuunc

}kmnb `nl{nb `gp`gmn mk `gp`nonk bi}n k}w, Hwcn(hwcn nmn zgpugckukfnl nl}npn `g`gpnznipnlo bg}wpwlnl Ekln, Bghwmknl mglonl nhn} egzn} ugbnck hgcwnu hgldnmk }klmnbnl(

}klmnbnl bgbgpnunl ogpihìcnl `gunp {nlo }gpmkpk mnpk ipnlo(ipnlo bg}wpwlnl zpk`whk

ug`nonk hn{ipk}nu }gpfnmnz znpn zglmwmwb bg}wpwlnl Ekln ug`nonk hklipk}nu, Nmn zwl{nlo nhn} hglofgpnlbnl kncnf `nfn bgpwuwfnl pnuknc k}w mnzn} hgldncnp mglonl egzn}

l{n bgbi}n(bi}n cnkl mk Dnn,

Uguwmnf zgpku}kn O 5: U# ugl}khgl nl}k Ekln hwlewc mkhnln(hnln, Unhznk

`n}nu(`n}nu }gp}gl}w klk hgpwznbnl uwn}w wlobnznl zgphwuwfnl }gpfnmnz PP] {nlo



7/23

mkzpi{gbukbnl ugepn }kmnb znlmnlo `wcw bgznmn ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln, Mncnh hkloow(

hkloow zgp}nhn ug}gcnf zgpku}kn O 5: U }nhznb nmn }kon bgcwfnl {nlo mknpnfbnl znmn

PPE, Zgp}nhn# Bgmw}nnl @gunp PP] mk Dnbnp}n }kmnb hglok`npbnl ug}glonf }knlo ug`nonk}nlmn }wpw} `gpmwbn ek}n n}nu }gp wlwfl{n znpn dglmgpnc, Bgmwn# Pnmki Zgbklo }gpwu

hglonmnbnl zpiqibnuk }gpfnmnz pgqicwuk Klmilgukn, Bg}kon# Zgpu Klmilgukn hgcnzipbnl

`nfn }gcnf mkbg}ghwbnl opnln} }nlonl mnl uglnznl pklonl `wn}nl PPE mk Zgcn`wfnl]nldwlo Zpkib# {nlo mkugcwlmwzbnl mk nl}npn hn}gpknc wl}wb zpi{gb EILGAI,

Zgl`wlwfnl hnuunc {nlo }gpdnmk ug`nonk gzkcio n}nu }gp`wlwfl{n znpn Dglmgpnc#

oicilonl Ekln }gpbgln pgcn}kqg pklonl, Ugdwhcnf ipnlo Ekln {nlo hgldnmk nlooi}n ZBKug`nonk `noknl mnpk zgh`wlwfnl hnuunc znmn whwhl{n# }g}nzk zgh`wlwfnl ipnlo Ekln

bnpgln hgpgbn Ekln nmncnf cg`kf `gpukan} uzipnmku mnl bwpnlo uku}ghn}ku,

]g}nzk znmn whwhl{n ugl}khgl nl}k Ekln {nlo zncklo Bfnu `wbnlcnf

zgh`wlwfnl# bgbgpnunl }gpfnmnz ipnlo n}nw zglnfnlnl }g}nzk cg kf hglonpnf znmnzglopwunbnl fnp}n hkckb# ugzgp}k hkuncl{n zgpnhznunl# zgpnhzibnl# zgh`nbnpnl }ibi#

ugbicnf# pwhnf mnl hi`kc, Fnc klk }kmnb `gpnp}k `nfn `gl}wb(`gl}wb bgbgpnunl cnkl }kmnb

}gpdnmk n}nw zglmwmwb Ekln }kmnb `gpnmn mncnh bg}nbw}nl }gpwu(hglgpwu `nfn fnc(fnc

ugzgp}k k}w `kun }gpdnmk, Bg bfnn}kpnl ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln ewbwz hgpn}n# mnl dwon `kun mkhglogp}k, Zgh`wlwfnl hnuunc }gpfnmnz ipnlo bihwlku hnukf ugonp mncnh klon}nl

hgpgbn mnl pwznl{n ugl}khgl nl}k Ekln {nlo mkwlobnzbnl ugenpn }gp wbn ughnbklhglewn}# onloownl nmhklku}pn}ka {nlo hglonpnf bgzglnpkbnl wnlo zgpcklmwlonl# mnl

}wl}w}nl(}wl}w}nl {nlo hglooghn nonp mkcnbwbnl `gp`nonk hnenh nbuk }gpfnmnz ipnlo

Ekln# {nlo `gpbkunp mnpk zgh`n}nunl gbilihk unhznk zglowukpnl hnuunc, Uwn}w

zgh`wlwfnl hnuunc {nlo }gpiponlkukp# {nlo nl}k Ekln }gl}wcnf }nhznb ug`nonkbghwlobklnl {nlo hgl{gpnhbnl,

Zibib zgpuincnl ugl}khgl} nl}k Ekln ugcnhn zgpkimg klk mnzn} mkmgbn}k mglonl

uwn}w zglmgbn}nl mglonl hglonlnckun ukan} zgpku}kn {nlo `gpunlobw}nl mnlhghzgp}kh`nlobnl# ug`nonk hnln nmnl{n# }ghn mnpk cgmnbnl }gp}gl}w, Hnuncnfl{n

mglonl zglmgbn}nl klk nmncnf `nfn zgpku}kn(zgpku}kn ugl}khgl nl}k Ekln ugpklo bnck

}kmnb }gp n}nu znmn un}w }ghn undn }g}nzk dwon znmn un}w enhzwpnl mnpk }ghn(}ghnughnenh k}w, Nmn ghzn} }ghn {nlo `kun hgldgcnubnl zgpku}kn k}w, Zgp}nhn# bgbgpnunl

nmncnf `noknl mnpk bnhznl{g whwh nl}k bihwlku {nlo }kmnb mnzn} mkzkunfbnl, ]ghn

bgmwn nmncnf mkhnln bgbgpnunl nl}k Ekln `gpbnk}nl mglonl mghil}pnuk {nlo hglgl}nloPP], ]ghn bg}kon kncnf mkhnln zghgpkl}nf ug}ghzn} `gpwunfn wl}wb hgcnbunlnbnl

zgpn}wpnl nl}k Ekln, ]ghn {nlo }gpnbfkp {nlo hwlobkl `kun mklnhnbnl bgbgpnunl nl}k

Ekln {nlo hwplk# znmn unn} bgbgpnunl k}w }kh`wc ugenpn uzil}nl# n}nw {nlo cg`kf `knun

}gpdnmk# mk}kpwl{n nl}k Ekln {nlo }gpdnmk mk }ghzn} cnkl# }g}nzk }nlzn ekpk(ekpk {nlohgl{gp}nk }kzg(}kzg }gpmnfwcw,

Bg}kbn Uigbnpli {nlo mkdnmkbnl bnh`klo fk}nh n}nu bgbnenwnl {nlo }gpdnmk

ugcnhn klk }gcnf mk eizi} mnpk dn`n}nll{n mnl mk}ghzn}bnl mncnh }nfnlnl# }g}nzk klacnukhnukf }gpwu `gpcnldw}, ]gl}w undn ipnlo hnukf mnzn} hglwl}w} nonp mkpkl{n mkndwbnl bg

zglonmkcnl# }g}nzk uwn}w bgeglmgpwlonl {nlo ndnp nmncnf hglenpk bnh`klo fk}nh {nlo

cnkl, Mkunhzklo k}w# bgun}wnl(bgun}wnl nbuk hwlobkl hghgpcwbnl uwn}w zibib zgpuincnl`npw nonp znpn nlooi}nl{n mk hi`kckunuk mnl mglonl mghkbknl mnzn} hghzgp}nfnlbnl

mn{n ogpnb {nlo }gcnf hgpgbn enznk mncnh fnpk(fnpk zglwf bg}gonlonl ug`gcwh }nloonc>>

Hnpg} >;11, PP] mnl ipnlo Ekln eieib ugbnck wl}wb bgzgpcwnl k}w, Hgpgbn mglonl

hwmnf mnzn} mk zgpen{n ug`nonk nbkc nlenhnl bihwlku# bicilg bg ckhn mnl zgl{n`i}

?_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


8/23

gbilihk, Nmn bgwl}wlonl }nh`nfnl `nfn hgpgbn hgpwznbnl ununpnl {nlo pgcn}ka }kmnb

zwl{n zgp}nfnlnl, Oicilonl Ekln {nlo }kmnb zwl{n unpnln zgpcklmwlonl {nlo bgckfn}nl,

Bnpgln ncnunl k}wcnf# hnbn unn}l{n }k`n bgbnn}kpnl ipnlo Ekln k}w uglmkpk# bg}kbn }ghziugpnlonl }gpfnmnz ogmwlo(ogmwlo mkzcihn}kb mnl biluwcgp PP] mk}klobn}bnl# ugbicnf(

ugbicnf ]kilobib mkpnhznu mnl mk}w}wzk# mnl hnuncnf fw`wlonl mglonl PP] ugp}n

bgmwmwbnl ipnlo Ekln Klmilgukn hglnpkb zgpfn}knl {nlo unlon} `gunp mk npgln zick}kbKlmilgukn,

Bg}kbn bnhznl{g }gpfnmnz PP] mnl ipnlo Ekln nuklo hglklobn}# oicilonl _nck

bg}wpwlnl Ekln hnbkl hglmnzn} }gbnlnl wl}wb hgl{n}nbnl bgug}knnl hgpgbn bgznmnKlmilgukn, Znmn ]nloonc >7 Nzpkc >;1?# ugbk}np 7:,::: ipnlo Ekln Klmilgukn `gpbwhzwc

mk Cnznlonl @nl}glo# Dnbnp}n, Hgpgbn hglondwbnl zgpl{n}nnl bgug}knnl hgpgbn bgznmn

Klmilgukn# mglonl }gonu hglow}wb ugoncn enhzwp }nlonl hnuncnf mncnh lgogpk

Klmilgukn# mnl `gpugpw bgznmn zghgpkl}nfnl Klmilgukn wl}wb hghw}wubnl fw`wlonlmkzcihn}ke mglonl Zgbklo, Hgpgbn dwon hglwl}w} zglw}w}wznl wl}wb ug}gpwul{n ughwn

ugbicnf Ekln nuklo mk Klmilgukn mnl hgl{n}nbnl mkpk hgpgbn ugzglwfl{n ug}wdw dkbn

npon lgonpn PP] klokl bgh`nck bg ]kilobib, Ug}gcnf pnzn} whwh# `nl{nb mknl}npn

bnwh mghilu}pnl `gpogpnb bg mw}nnl `gunp PP] mkhnln hgpgbn hghgenfbnl zkl}wogp`nlo# hglofnmkpbnl zgpncn}nl bnl}ip mnl hgcwbnk ugdwhcnf ipnlo u}na bgmw}nnl,

]gpl{n}n `nl{nb ipnlo Klmilgukn hgpnun `nfn `nln{b zgpl{n}nnl mnl pnzn}whwh k}w ughwnl{n `nkb# }g}nzk }klmnbnll{ncnf {nlo zgl}klo, Bncnw oicilonl Ekln

hnukf hghzgp}nfnlbnl gbubcwukakuhg mk `kmnlo gbilihk# uiuknc mnl `wmn{n, Bncnw

hgpgbn {nlo hgldnmk npon Lgonpn Klmilgukn mglonl mknh(mknh ug}kn bgznmn ]klobib

mncnh fn}k hgpgbn, Bncnw hgpgbn }gpwu hglklobn}bnl fnpon `npnlo mkznunp {nlohghnlo hgpgbn bwnunk# hnbn zgpl{n}nnl(zgpl{n}nnl bgug}knnl mnl pnzn} whwh k}w

fnl{n unlmknpn undn,

Ug}gcnf hnun mwn }nfwl ug}gcnf zgpku}kn Ogpnbnl 5: Ugz}gh`gp >;17# bgbgpnunlnl}k Ekln unlon} hgcwnu ugzgp}k {nlo `gcwh zgplnf }gpdnmk ug`gcwhl{n# hgckzw}k cgmnbnl(

cgmnbnl bgbgpnunl mk zwcnw Dnn# Uwhn}pn# Uwcnguk mnl Bnckhnl}nl# }g}nzk bgbgpnunl k}w

}kmnb }gpwu hglgpwu ugcnhn bwpwl nb}w k}w, ]nfwl(}nfwl k}w hgpwznbnl hghzgp`wpwb`nok ipnlo Ekln Klmilgukn, U}kohn(u}kohn cg`kf hgcgbn} znmn mkpk hgpgbn mk bghwmknl

fnpk,

Uwn}w klukmgl cnkl nmncnf Zgpku}kn Uwpn`n{n }nloonc 0> Ib}i`gp >;16, bgpwuwfnlk}w hwlewc mnpk uwn}w mghil}pnuk BNZZK wl}wb hghzgpi}gu mkonl}wlol{n mwn ipnlo

hnpklgp Klmilgukn mk uklonzwpn n}nu bgokn}nl n}nu bgokn}nl {nlo hgpgbn cnbwbnl `g`gpnzn

}nfwl ug`gcwhl{n ugcnhn bilail}pnuk Klmilgukn(Hncn{ukn# {nlo }gcnf hglmnzn}

zgpug}wdwnnl ug`gcwhl{n mnpk Bimnh @pnkdn{n# hgpiui} hgldnmk uwn}w zglopwubnl n}nufnb hkckb ipnlo Ekln, Hi`kc# Ugzgmn Hi}ip# `nfbnl `genb mkfgl}kbnl# mk`nckbbnl mnl

mk`nbnp# }ibi mnl pwhnf mk mi pnb mnl kukl{n mkcghznp bgdncnlnl mnl mk`nbnp#

zglopwunbnl k}w `gpcnldw} ugznldnlo fnpk unhznk dnh hncnh mk`gpcnbwbnl bg}kbn hncnh}k`n,

Bgpwuwfnl k}w hgl{g`n`bnl ;6 hi`kc# >?1 ugzgmn hi}ip mnl ubw}gp# = `ghi# =6

`genb mnl 17: ugzgmn mkpwunb, Bgpwunbnl dwon hglkhzn znmn ?> pwhnf mnl === }ibi# `gpunhn mglonl zgpn`i}nl mnl `npnlo mnonlonll{# mkunhzklo ; zn`pkb, Nmn }wdwf

nlooi}n ZBK {nlo mk}nfnl ug}gcnf mghil}pnuk }gpug`w}# mnl znpn zglownun hgl{n}nbnl

`nfn zkhzklnl BNZZK(cnf {nlo hgpglenlnbnl zglogpwunbnl k}w# mglonl hglmna}npbnl



9/23


10/23

}nlzn nmn bkn} wl}wb hglg}nz ugenpn zgphnlgl, Lnhwl# znmn nbfkpl{n `nl{nb mnpk

hgpgbn# mglonl `gp`nonk ncnunl# hghw}wubnl wl}wb }g}nz }kloonc mnl hglg}nz,

Znmn }nfwl >100 Ow`gplwp QIE DZ Eigl# mncnh pnlobn hghglwfk bg`w}wfnl}glnon bgpdn# hglokpkh bnznc(bnznc bg znl}nk Ekln ]gloonpn wl}wb hgh`nn ipnlo(

ipnlo Ekln bg @n}nqkn, Nmn {nlo uwbn pgcn mn}nlo }g}nzk }kmnb ugmkbk} {nlo mn}nlo bnpglg

mk ewckb, Hgpgbn mkmn}nlobnl wl}wb hglokuk mngpnf zghwbkhnl `npw k}w mglonl }glnonbgpdn# zgmnonlo# lgcn{nl# zg}nlk# `wpwf zgpbg`wlnl mnl zgpndkl,

Ow`gplwp DZ Eigl hglghzwf ugoncn hnenh enpn wl}wb `wdwb ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln

mnpk kcn{nf hnlnzwl dwon, ]g}nzk zgzgpnlonl {nlo }gpdnmk znmn }nfwl >17: mk ZpizklukAwdknl hgl{g`n`bnl zglowlouknl `gunp(`gunpnl mk Nukn ]gloonpn# mnl hglklobn}bnl

zizwcnuk zglmwmwb ipnlo Ekln mk Lwunl}npn,

Hgpgbn {nlo mn}nlo hgh`nn ku}pk# hglkbnfk zgpghzwnl cibnc {nlo bg`nl{nbnlmnpk bnwh `wmnb @nck# Hnbnunp mnl Dnn# mnl ugcnldw}l{n hgpgbn hgh`gl}wb bihimk}nu

uglmkpk, Fnukc nukhkcnuk klk bghwmknl hgcnfkpbnl bgcihzib hnu{npnbn} {nlo `knun mk

bglnc mglonl ku}kcnf Ekln Zgpnlnbnl mnl klk {nlo bghwmknl `gpbgh`nlo mnl hglg}nz mk

Klmilgukn,Znmn n`nm bg(>; znpn zgpnl}nw Ekln }kmnb }gp`n}nu znmn bnwh cnbk(cnbk undn# }g}nzk

dwon bnwh nlk}nl{n# `nfbnl mglonl ugcwpwf bgcwnponl{n, Mglonl mghkbknl dwhcnfipnlo Ekln zgpnl}nwnl klk hnbkl `nl{nb mnl zpiugu nukhkcnuk {nlo }nmkl{n ugpklo

mkcnbwbnl icgf ipnlo Ekln zgpnl}nwnl mglonl zglmwmwb ug}ghzn} hgldnmk bwpnlo#

`nfbnl nbfkpl{n hglw}wz mkpk mnl hgh`gl}wb oicilonl }gpuglmkpk cglobnz mglonl

bgfkmwznl }pnmkukilncl{n, Hgpgbn klkcnf {nlo mkug`w} Ekln ]i}ib,Hgloglnk bgfkmwznll{n# bnwh ]i}ib cg`kf uwbn `gbgpdn wl}wb mkpkl{n uglmkpk

mnl ug`noknl `gunp `gpbgekhzwlo mncnh `kmnlo wunfn, Zgpnlnbnl {nlo }gcnf `gpnlgbn

pnonh `kmnlo zgbgpdnnll{n# hglwldwbbnl `nfn hgpgbn uwbn zgbgpdnnl bgdwpwnl mnlnmhklku}pnuk n}nw u}na mk zgpwunfnnl `gunp, Zghkckfnl `kmnlo zgbgpdnnl klk hglegphklbnl

zgp gmnnl {nlo hgl{icib mncnh ipkgl}nuk lkcnk, ]i}ib cg kf hglofnponk bgbn{nnl#

bgfghn}nl# bgpdn# bgzgpen{nnl znmn mkpk uglmkpk mnl bg`gpnlknl mnpk znmn bnwhZgpnlnbnl, Ugmnlobnl bnwh Zgpnlnbnl cg kf hglofnponk bglkbhn}nl fkmwz# nb}w

ugloonlo# bgmwmwbnl uiuknc mnl zgpnunnl }gpdnhkl mnpk znmn bnwh Ekln ]i}ib,

Mk bi}n `gunp n}nw bgekc hnlnzwl mk Dnn# bnwh ]i}ib `gpbwhzwc mk mngpnf zwun} zgpmnonlonl mglonl ekpk bfnu }kloonc mk pwhnf(pwhnf {nlo hgpwznbnl }ibi mnl

ugbnckowu dwon }ghzn} }kloonc ugzgp}k {nlo dwon }gpmnzn} mk bi}n(bi}n ]kilobib ]gloonpn,

Ug`nckbl{n bnwh Zgpnlnbnl }gpug`np cg`kf cwnu mk ugcwpwf bi}n mnl }kloonc mk pwhnf(

pwhnf {nlo }kmnb nunc `kun mk}kloonck undn, Hgpgbn hglwldwbbnl bguwbnnl nbnl pwhnf`gpon{n Npukb}wp @npn} {nlo himgpl,

Nmnl{n fibwh {nlo hgh`nok zglmwmwb bgmncnh }kon oicilonl {nlo `gp`gmn(

`gmn {nblk oicilonl Gpizn# ]khwp Nuklo# Oicilonl Zpk`whk, ]kon oicilonl klk hghkckbkfnb(fnb fwbwh mnl fnb(fnb ku}khgn {nlo dwon `gp`gmn(`gmn# mnl znmn whwhl{n#

ipnlo Ekln ug`nonk oicilonl ]khwp Nuklo hghzwl{nk bgmwmwbnl {nlo cg`kf

hglowl}wlobnl mk`nlmklobnl zglmwmwb zpk whk, Hnbn mnpk k}w# nukhkcnuk mglonlzglmwmwb zpk`whk nbnl hglwpwlbnl u}n}wu uiuknc mnl hgl{g`n`bnl hgpgbn bgfkcnlonl

`g`gpnzn fnb ku}khgn mncnh fwbwh, @nfbnl ugbnckowu nmn bgkloklnl wl}wb

`gpnukhkcnuk# zick}kb zghgpkl}nf @gcnlmn ughnbkl hghzgpuwck}l{n, Uku}gh zgpbnhzwlonl

{nlo hglofnpwubnl ipnlo Ekln `gphwbkh mk bnl}ilo(bnl}ilo bi}n }gp}gl}w, ]gcnf

>:_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


11/23

mkzgpfg`n} mnl bklk zwl hgpgbn mk fnpwubnl hghzgpicgf uwpn} dncnl nzn`kcn hgpgbn

fglmnb hgcnbwbnl zgpdncnlnl bgcwnp, Eil}if klk hgh`gpkbnl onh`npnl whwh

`nonkhnln zghgpkl}nf bicilknc @gcnlmn mglonl okn} hglofncnok g}lku k}w, Ipnlo Eklnmkfnpnzbnl `gpznbnknl ug`nonkhnln `knunl{n ipnlo Ekln `gpznbnknl mnl hghnbnk bwlekp

mnl hgpwznbnl zgcnloonpnl bpkhklnc nzn`kcn }nhzkc mk hwbn whwh `gpznbnknl ugzgp}k

ipnlo Gpizn n}nw zglmwmwb zpk`whk,Bg`kdnbunlnnl hghkunfbnl bgcihzib(bgcihzib mnl cg`kf hwmnf `nok @gcnlmn

wl}wb hgloglnck ipnlo Ekln mnpk znbnknll{n# }ghzn} zghwbkhnll{n# mnl }nlmn(}nlmn

{nlo hwmnf mkbglnck {nlo nmn znmn hgpgbn, ]kmnb nmn zpiugmwp {nlo mkcgh`nonbnl{nlo hghwlobklbnl ugipnlo zglmwmwb Ekln mnzn} hgcgznubnl mkpk mnpk oicilonl Ekln

mnl hgldnmk zglmwmwb zpk`whk, Zick}kb @gcnlmn `npnlo bnck# hghnklbnl zgpnlnl ugbnck

mncnh hghnu}kbnl `nfn uwn}w hnu{npnbn} Zgpnlnbnl {nlo hnl}nz }gp gl}wb mnpk

bg}wpwlnl khkopnuk Ekln mnl `nfn khkopnuk klk }kmnb }gpugpnz icgf zglmwmwb zpk`whk,Bg`kdnbunlnnl zghgpkl}nfnl @gcnlmn }gpfnmnz ipnlo Ekln hnbkl `gpbgh`nlo

ugfkloon hgpgbn mnzn} hglghzn}k uwn}w ziukuk zgpnl}npn zgl}klo {nlo mk ug`w} _gp}fgkh

ug`nonk u}pwb}wp bnu}n zgldndnfnl {nlo `gpmnunpbnl n}nu uku}gh u}pn}kzkbnuk uiuknc

mkhnln ipnlo Ekln `gpnmn mk nl}npn cnzkunl `nnf hn{ipk}nu ipnlo Klmilgukn mnl cnzkunln}nu# {nk}w ipnlo Gpizn, Hgpgbn }gpck`n} bfwuwul{n ug`nonk zglowhzwc zndnb ugfkloon

hghzwl{nk bgughzn}nl wl}wb hgldncnlbnl zghgpnunl }gpfnmnz pnb{n}# hglowunfnbnlzglonmnnl# hghilizick onpnh mnl zgpmnonlonl enlmw {nlo mkcnbunlnbnl n}nu lnhn

zghgpkl}nfnl @gcnlmn, Mnpk bgmwmwbnl zgl}klo }gpug`w} hghwlobklbnl hgpgbn

hghzgpcwnu dnpklonl bil}nb zgpmnonlonll{n hgldnmk zgh`gpk zkldnhnl wnlo# zgmnonlo

`gunp mnl zgh`gck `nfnl(`nfnl zibib owln znunpnl gbuzip# hgubkzwl hgpgbn fnl{n`gpfnukc hglmnzn} ugmkbk} dncnl bg npnf ugb}ip bgfkmwznl gbilihk {nlo mkbwnunk icgf

ipnlo(ipnlo @gcnlmn# hkuncl{n zgpbg`wlnl# khzip gbuzip# zgpmnonlonl ugenpn `gunp(

`gunpnl mnl zgp`nlbnl unhznk `gpnbfkpl{n zgldndnfnl,

Ziukuk ipnlo Ekln ug`nonk zgpnl}npn hncnf ughnbkl mk zgpbwn} mglonl

mkzgpbglncbnll{n Uku}gh ]nlnh Znbun }gpug`w}, Bg}kbn klmwu}pk `nlobk} mk Gpizn @npn}#znpn zpimwugl hglenpk znunp `nok `npnlo(`npnlo {nlo mkzpimwbuk ugenpn hnunc, Mk cnkl

zkfnb# kcn{nf bicilk hghnuibbnl `nfnl(`nfnl hgl}nf {nlo mk`w}wfbnl klmwu}pk {nlo

mkbgh`nlobnl mk Gpizn @npn} k}w# {nlo }kmnb }gpfklmnpbnl nmncnf bgl{n}nnl `nfnzglmwmwb zpk`whk }kmnb hghkckbk unpnln }pnluzip}nuk wl}wb hgh`nn fnukc zpimwbuk

hgpgbn bgznmn zgh`gck, Ugfkloon nzn {nlo zglmwmwb dwnc bgznmn zkfnb Gpizn# hgpgbn

dwnc hgcncwk ipnlo Ekln# mnl nzn {nlo zglmwmwb `gck mnpk zkfnb Gpizn# hgpgbn `gck cgn}

}nlonl ipnlo ]kilofin,]nlnh Znbun mnl zgpnl zgpnl}npn {nlo mkugpnfbnl bgznmn zglowunfn Ekln k}w

}kmnb undn hghkubklbnl hnuun(pnb{n} zpk whk# }g}nzk uguwloowfl{n dwon hnhzw

hghzipn(zipnlmnbnl bgpwbwlnl }pnmkukilnc {nlo nmn ugcnhn klk, Zgpnl ug`nonk zgmnonlo zgpnl}npn hghwlobklbnl oicilonl Ekln wl}wb }gpwu `gpbgekhzwlo mncnh `kulku mnl

mku}pk`wuk bg`w}wfnl ugfnpk(fnpk {nlo dwon mk bil}pic icgf zghgpkl}nf, Ugdwhcnf `wb}k

hglwldwbbnl `g}nzn pwl{nhl{n fkmwz ugfnpk(fnpk nbk`n} uknun} mkubpkhkln}ka ugzgp}k k}wnbfkpl{n hglofnukcbnl bg`knunnl enpn `gpmnonlo {nlo zglwf wl}wb# uncklo ewpkon mnl

}kmnb }pnuznpnl, Ugcnkl ughn}n(hn}n bnpgln oicilonl Ekln hghnlo }gpnhzkc `gpmnonlo#

zgh`gpknl zpgkqkcgug ug`nonk zgpnl}npn bgznmn oicilonl Ekln ug`glnpl{n dwon mghk

bgzgl}klonl cnkl mnpk zglownun bicilknc, Zglownun bicilknc unmnp mnl zgpen{n `nfn

>>_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


12/23

cg`kf ugmkbk} pgukbil{n wl}wb hgh`gpkbnl bgbwnunnl gbilihk bg}kh`nlo mkugpnfbnl

bgznmn oicilonl zpk`whk,

Ug`glnpl{n znpn zgdn`n} @gcnlmn hgpnun kpk znmn bgmwmwbnl gbilihk ipnlo Ekln{nlo bwn} mnl hgpnun eghnu fnc klk nbnl hgh`nfn{nbnl gbilihk zgpbg`wlnl# }g}nzk

hgpgbn }kmnb `gpnlk hglonbwkl{n ugenpn }gpnlo(}gpnlonl {nlo hgpgbn bn}nbnl kncnf

`nfn ziukuk bwn} ipnlo Ekln k}w mkug`n`bnl icgf ukan} `ipiu mnl bg`knunnl `wpwb ipnlo(ipnlo zpk`whk# mnl bnpgln k}w hgpgbn hglmgunb nonp ipnlo(ipnlo zpk`whk mkugcnhn}bnl

mnpk eglobpnhnl ckl}nf mnpn} mnl mk `gpk `kh`klonl,

Hgubkzwl znpn zgdn`n} @gcnlmn hgloonlonz ipnlo Ekln ug`nonk k`cku `nokzglmwmwb mgun Dnn# hgpgbn unmnp ugzglwfl{n `nfn ipnlo Ekln mkzgpcwbnl wl}wb

hghzgp}nfnlbnl u}pwb}wp zndnb bicilknc mnl hgh`gpk lkcnk }nh`nf znmn zgpmnonlonl

@gcnlmn, Ipnlo Ekln hglonlobw} `npnlo(`npnlo {nlo mk Khzip} mnpk Lgogpk @gcnlmn mnl

lgonpn Gpizn cnkll{n bgmngpnf zgmncnhnl mnl hgh`nn zpimwb(zpimwb zgmncnhnl bgbi}n(bi}n mnl zgcn`wfnl bicilknc, Cnok zwcn# `noknl mnpk zndnb bicilknc {nlo zgl}klo

}gponl}wlo znmn zgl{gpnfnl }wonu zghwlow}nl zndnb mnl zgh`gpknl fnb(fnb hilizick

bgznmn ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln bn{n,

Ug`glnpl{n ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln fnl{n mkzgp`icgfbnl fkmwz mk bi}n(bi}n {nlohghzwl{nk zghwbkhnl {nlo }gcnf mkugmknbnl bfwuwu `nok hgpgbn, Bg}kbn zgh`n}nunl

k}w mkdncnlbnl }nlzn nhzwl znmn }nfwl >65:# `nl{nb ipnlo Ekln {nlo }klooncmkzgmncnhnl mk znbun zklmnf bg bi}n ugzgp}k k}w mglonl hglklooncbnl wunfn# pwhnf# mnl

hkckb hgpgbn cnkll{n mk }ghzn} hgpgbn }kloonck, @g`gpnzn ipnlo Ekln cg`kf hghkckf

`gpnukhkcnuk mglonl zglmwmwb ug}ghzn} bg}kh`nlo hglklooncbnl hkckb hgpgbn mnl

zklmnf bg bi}n(bi}n `npw, Nmn cnzipnl {nlo hglwldwbbnl `nfn `gpcnlouwlol{n uku}gh}nlnh znbun# bg`kdnbnl wl}wb hghnbun ipnlo Ekln wl}wb zklmnf bg bi}n ewbwz ugpklo

mkcnbwbnl# {nk}w ug}knz bnck fnb zghwlow}nl zndnb mk nh`kc nckf icgf zghgpkl}nf# mnl

ipnlo Ekln }kmnb mkzgpcwbnl cnok wl}wb hgcnbunlnbnl }wonu klk mk mngpnf zgmgunnl,Mglonl hgh`gpcnbwbnl WW Nopnpkn }nfwl >6?:# mk mncnh wunfn hgh`gpkbnl

zgpcklmwlonl bgznmn npon zpk`whk mnl kh`nu zick}kb gbilihk cg`gpnc fnl{n

hglghzn}bnl hn{ipk}nu zglmwmwb znmn ziukuk znuka mk }glonf(}glonf nb}kak}nu gbilihkunu}n)Gpizn, Zglmwmwb zpk whk }g}nz hgldnmk zg}nlk mglonl u}nlmnpm fkmwz {nlo

pglmnf# {nlo `kcnhnln hgh`w}wfbnl zglmnzn}nl }nh`nfnl# hgpgbn fnl{n hgl{gnbnl

}glnon ug`nonk `wpwf {nlo mk`n{np mglonl hwpnf,Zick}kb g}ku {nlo mkhnbuwmbnl wl}wb hglklobn}bnl }npnz fkmwz zglmwmwb

zpk`whk# }gpl{n}n }kmnb `gpfnukc, Zglmkmkbnl {nlo mkfnpnzbnl hgh`wbn cnznlonl bgpdn

`npw }gpl{n}n ugpklo }kmnb }gp}nhzwlo mncnh zglghzn}nl bgpdn, Zglmkmkbnl ug`nonk

zpimwb zick}kb g}ku fnl{n hghnuibnl }glnon `wpwf hwpnf mnpk Dnn wl}wb bg`w}wfnlzgpbg`wlnl(zgpbg`wlnl `gunp mkcwnp Dnn, Bnpgln bicilk mkzgpcnbwbnl fnl{n ug`nonk

zghnuib `nfnl hgl}nf ugbnckowu znunp `nok `npnlo(`npnlo zpimwb Gpizn @npn}# hnbn

bg`kdnbnl zick}kb ugzgp}k klk }kmnb hglekz}nbnl bnzk}nc zpk`whk, Mnpk ugok klk# kmgnckuhgfwhnlk}npknl mnpk zick}kb g}ku mncnh zpnb}gbl{n }kmnb ugcnpnu mglonl zick}kb gbilihk

bicilknc, Nzn`kcn zpiopnh zgh`npwnnl unhn ugbnck }kmnb hgh`nn zgpw`nfnl u}pwb}wp

uiuknc gbilihk hnu{npnbn} Klmilgukn,Bg`kdnbnl zick}kb @gcnlmn {nlo fwhnlk}npknnl k}w mk }npog}bnl wl}wb

hglklobn}bnl }npnz fkmwz pnb{n} ugbnckowu dwon mknpnfbnl wl}wb hghi}ilo zgpnl

gbilihk ipnlo Ekln mk bicilk, Ug`glnpl{n nmn wzn{n ugpkwu mnpk zghgpkl}nf bicilknc

wl}wb hgckbkmnuk `nuku gbilihk g}lku Ekln klk `gpfnukc `gp}nfnl mnpk wunfn(wunfn

>0_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


13/23


14/23

Ekln ugp}n bnpgln bgononcnl uku}gh k}w uglmkpk# zghgpkl}nf Klmilgukn bghmknnl

hglofgl}kbnl ugenpn pguhk znmn }nfwl >;7=,

Uku}gh @g}glo }kmnb hglenznk }wdwnnll{n# bnpgln }gpcg}nb znmn bgbwpnlonlzgloncnhnl ipnlo zpk`whk# bwn}l{n iziukuk mnpk ipnlo Ekln# mnl `gpcnlouwlol{n klacnuk

}gpwu(hglgpwu hghnbun zghgpkl}nf hglonmnbnl zglkcnknnl bgh`nck n}nu zpiopnh

}gpug`w}, Uku}gh k}w }gcnf hglonbk`n}bnl }kh`wcl{n khzip}kp khzip}kp Nb}gl}nu {nlonmncnf ipnlo Klmilgukn nuck {nlo }kmnb zwl{n fnp}n `glmn cnkl bgewnck nb}gl}nul{n

ug`nonk bnl}ip, Un}w(un}wl{n }wdwnl znpn khzip}kp k}w nmncnf wl}wb hglmnzn}bnl ktkl

hghkckbk ncn} zgh`n{npnl cwnp lgogpk &aipgkol gvefnlog+ ugmnlo hk}pn Ekln hgpgbn&hk}pn mknh+ cnf {nlo hgldncnlbnl zgpwunfnnl, Bgpdnunhn nl}npn zghgonlo ktkl {lno

zpk`whk mnpk Ekln Klmilgukn }gpbglnc mglonl uku}gh Nck @n`n# mnl fnc k}w `nl{nb ipnlo

zpk`whk mknloonz ug`nonk fnc {nlo }kmnb nmkc mnl hgpwokbnl bnpgln ipnlo Ekln

hglgpkhn `noknl }gp gunp mnpk cn`nl{n# ugmnlobnl ipnlo Klmilgunk nuck {nlo znbnkug`nonk {nlo hndw bgmgznl }kmnb hglmnzn}bnl nzn(nzn mncnh fnc zgloncnhnl

`gpwunfn,

Bg`kdnbunlnnl cnkl {nlo `gpzglonpwf }gpfnmnz ipnlo Ekln mglonl mkbgcwnpbnll{n

zgpn}wpnl {nlo hglon}wp zglownunnl zglokcklonl `gpnu icgf zghgpkl}nf, Bn`klg} NckUnu}pi Nhkmdidi K, Zgpn}wpnl }nfwl >;7= `gp}wdwnnl wl}wb zglonckfnl zghkckb mnpk ipnlo

Ekln bgznmn zpk`whk, Zpn}wpnl k}w hgl{n}nbnl `nfn }kmnb nbnl mk`gpkbnl ktkl `npwwl}wb wunfn zglookcklonl `gpnu {nlo nmn fnpwu mkzklmnf }nlonlbnl bgznmn npon lgonpn

Klmilgukn# {nk}w hgpgbn {nk}w hgpgbn {nlo }kmnb hghzwl{nk bgnponlgonpnnl cnkl

bgewnck Klmilgukn, Bnpgln znmn nb}w k}w npon lgonpn Klmilgukn bg}wpwlnl Ekln ugenpn

}gblku hnukf `gpbgnponlgonpnnl onlmn# zgpn}wpnl }gpug`w} hglogln dwon bgznmnhgpgbn, ]klmnbnl mkubpkhkln}ka# ug`nonkhnln uku}gh `nl}glo# hglmnzn} }nloonznl bpk}ku

mnpk hnu{npnbn} Ekln, Mncnh `wcnl ugz}gh`gp >;7=# Hgl}pk Zpgbilihknl Kufnb

]dibpifnmkuwp{i &ZLK+ hglowhwhbnl `nfn zgpn}wpnl }gpug`w} fnl{n mk}wpwlbnlbgznmn ipnlo nuklo,

Ugcnkl wunfn hghzpk`whkbnl zgpwunfnnl zglokcklonl `gpnu# dwon mkbgcwnpbnl

zgpn}wpnl {nlo }wdwnnl{n hghzpk`whkbnl anukck}nu zgcn`wfnl mncnh bn`klg} Nck Unu}piNhkmdidi &>;7=+ zgpn}wpnl k}w hglgl}wbnl `nfn wunfn `ilobnp hwn}# nlobw}nl

zgcn`wfnl# mnl zgpowmnlonl zgcn`wfnl fnpwu hghkl}n ktkl `npw {nlo nbnl mk`gpkbnl

bgznmn npon lgonpn Klmilgukn nuck, Zghzpk whknnl anukck}nu zpk`whk fnl{nhglowl}wlobnl zkhzklnl znp}nk(znp}nk `gunp mncnh zgghpkl}nfnl# bnpgln fnl{n

hgpgbncnf {nlo mnzn} hglonh`kc nckf anukck}nu }gpug`w} hgcncwk zgpun}wnnl wunfn

zgpowmnlonl,

Bg`gpfnukcnl }gp`n}nu mnpk zghzpk`whknl mkugb}ip unu}n hglkh`wcbnl bg}kmnbuglnlonl mnl zpwu}nuk }gpug`w} }gpeg}wu mncnh uwn}w bnhznl{g {nlo }gpbglnc Ogpnbnl

Nuunn}, Nuunn}# ugipnlo zick}kuk {nlo `gpnckf hgldnmk zglowuwunfn# hgloiponlkunuk uwn}w

bnhznl{g mk nnc >;71 wl}wb hglmgunb zghgpkl}nf hgh`gpkbnl zglow}nhnnl mncnhwpwunl bgznmn ipnlo zpk`whk, Hgpgbn hglondwbnl ncnunl `nfn zghgpkl}nf bililknc

@gcnlmn }gcnf hgh`wn} oicilonl Ekln bwn} mk `kmnlo gbilihk mnl oicilonl zpk`whk

cghnf, Icgf bnpgln k}w zghgpkl}nf `gpbgndk`nl wl}wb hglofkcnlobnl ukun bililknckuhgklk, Ogpnbnl klk hglmnzn} mwbwlonl }gpw}nhn mnpk Hnu{whk# }g}nzk hn{ipk}nu zghkhzkl

Klmilgukn ugonl hgh`gpkbnl mwbwlonl ugenpn }gp wbn bnpgln bghwlobklnl nbnl

hgh`nfn{nbnl zgpgbilihknl Klmilgukn ugp}n bnpgln `gp}gl}nlonl mglonl ughnlon}

WWM `nfn ug}knz npon lgonpn hglzwl{nk fnb mnl bgndk`nl {nlo unhn,

>=_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


15/23

Uwn}w bgnmnnl onn} {nlo l{npku hglegcnbnbnl ugcwpwf bgmwmwbnl ipnlo Ekln

nuklo mk Klmilgukn }gcnf mk zgpegzn} mglonl nmnl{n zgpn}wpnl(zgpn}wpnl {nlo mkbgcwnpbnl

znmn `wcnl Liqgh`gp >;7;, zgpn}wpnl Zpgukmgl Li, >: hgl{n}nbnl `nfn ipnlo nuklo}kmnb mkzgpìcgfbnl `gpwunfn mk `kmnlo zgpmnonlonl gegpnl mnl icgf fwbwh mkndk`bnl

wl}wb hglonckfbnl zgpwunfnnl hgpgbn bgznmn npon lgonpn Klmilgukn ug`gcwh > Dnlwnpk

>;1:, zgpn}wpnl }gpug`w} hglon}nbnl `nfn ipnlo nuklo k}w hnukf mkzgpìcgfbnl }klooncmk mngpnf }gpug`w} bgewnck dkbn bihnlmnl hkck}gp ug}ghzn} hglg}nzbnl cnkl mglonl ncnunl

bgnhnlnl, Zgpn}wpnl Zpgukmgl Li, >: hglnlmnk uwn}w zgl{khznlonl mnpk u}pn}gok

ug`gcwhl{n mncnh wunfn hglowpnlok bgbwn}nl gbilihk Ekln mncnh nl}k `nfn cnpnlonl}gpug`w} fnl{n `gpcnbw }gp`n}nu znmn zgmnonlo Ekln nuklo, Klk hwlobkl mkmnunpbnl znmn

zgp}kh`nlonl `nfn }wdwnl {nlo mkkloklbnl hwlobkl }kmnb nbnl }gpenznk `kcn mkbglnbnl

znmn ughwn ipnlo Ekln,

@nl{nb ipnlo Ekln ug}ghzn} {nlo }kmnb hnw hglw}wz wunfn hgpgbn bnpglnugmkbk} undn ipnlo Klmilgukn {nlo hghzwl{nk himnc {nlo ewbwz wl}wb hglonh`kc nckf

wunfn hgpgbn, Bgglonlnl hgpgbn k}w ìcgf dnmk dwon mk mipilo icgf fnpnznl `nfn

zghgpkl}nf Klmilgukn hwlobkl }kmnb nbnl hghnbunbnl `gpcnbwl{n wlmnlo(wlmnlo

}gpug`w} dwon nmn bghwlobklnl `nfn znpn zgdn`n} bgmw}nnl PPE hgl{wpwf ipnlo Eklnk}w hgcnldw}bnl undn wunfn hgpgbn ugzgp}k `knun, Hgubkzwl mghkbknl `nl{nb dwon npon

lgonpn Klmilgukn bg}wpwlnl Ekln# bfwuwul{n bnwh zgpnlnbnl {nlo hglmwmwbwlo`gpcnbwl{n ZZ(>: bnpgln hgpgbn }kmnb }gpbgln n}wpnl }gpug`w}, Mk unhzklo k}w hwlobkl

zwcn hgpgbn mk mipilo icgf zpnunlobn }gpfnmnz bnwh ]i}ib ugp}n hgckfn} `nfn k}w

hgpwznbnl uwn}w unpnln wl}wb hglwldwbbnl bgug}knnl hgpgbn znmn `nloun Klmilgukn mnl

wl}wb hgl{gcnhn}bnl mkpk uglmkpk, Mk Dnn @npn}# bg}kbn ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln nuklo hglicnbwl}wb hglowlouk mnpk zgmgunnl# hnbn znpn zgdn`n} hkck}gp hgldnmk hnpnf mnl cncw

hgloowlnbnl bgbgpnunl wl}wb hghnbun hgpgbn hghn}wfk zgpn}wpnl(zgpn}wpnl k}w,

Zgpwlmklonl mkzcihn}kb hgldnmk hneg} ugcnhn fnhzkp 6 `wcnl# mnl uglobg}n nl}npn ipnloKlmilgukn mnl Ekln klk hgl{g`n`bnl fw`wlonl Klmilgukn ]kilobib hglwpwl unhznk

}k}kb }gpglmnf, Znmn `wcnl Mgugh`gp >;7=# }gcnf mk hwcnk pgzn}kunuk ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln

{nlo klokl hglofklmnpk uk}wnuk {nlo hgh`wpwb k}w# mnl mncnh ug}nfwl bkpn(bkpn ;1,:::ipnlo }gcnf }k`n mk PPE,

Zgpku}kn {nlo `gpcnpw}(cnpw} klk hglwldwbbnl mglonl dgcnu `g}nzn cghnfl{n

bgmwmwbnl ipnlo Ekln nuklo {nlo ugbnpnlo }kloonc mk Klmilgukn, Zgp}nhn(}nhn# fnc k}whglwldwbbnl `nfn ipnlo Ekln k}w hghnlo ugmkbk} }ghnll{n mk mncnh u}pwb}wp

bgbwnunnl Klmilgukn {nlo `npw, Bgmwn# bgdnmknl k}w hglwldwbbnl }gp`n}nul{n

bggagb}kanl bgbwn}nl Zgbklo mk Klmilgukn, Bg}kon# zgpku}kn klk hghzgpckfn}bnl mglonl

dgcnu bgznmn ipnlo Ekln nuklo `nfn pgzn}kunuk hnunc klgv}pghku }kmnbcnf `kun mkcnbwbnlmnl ug`glnpl{n dwon }kmnb mkkloklbnl,

PPE }kmnb mnzn} hgl{gpnz hgh`nldkpl{n Ekln {nlo zwcnlo mnpk zgpnl}nwnl k}w

mncnh zgpgbilihknl lgonpnl{n, Mk unhzklo k}w# PPE hgl{nmnpk `nfn bgzgpoknl `gok}w `nl{nb Ekln ugenpn }k n(}k`n nbnl hglonbk n}bnl hgh`wpwbl{n zgpgbilihknl

Klmilgukn, Ugcnldw}l{n fnc k}w nbnl `gpnbk n} hgcghnfl{n bgbwnunnl Uigbnpli mnl

bwn}l{n bgmwmwbnl hkck}gp {nlo ug`noknl `gunp nl}k(PPE, Mglonl hnbuwm hghzgp`nkbkbgpdn unhn nl}k khzgpknckuhg mk Nukn# PPE hglgpkhn }klmnbnl mkubpkhkln}ka Klmilgukn

mglonl enpn hglowpnlok oglenpl{n bnhznl{g hgcnnl Klmilgukn, Uigbnpli {nlo

hgl{nmnpk `nfn{nl{n hgcnldw}bnl bnhznl{g nl}k(Ekln `nkb `nok zgpgbilihknl lgonpn

hnwzwl `nok }gonbl{n bgbwnunnll{n# `gpfnukc hgpgmnhbnl }klmnbnl nl}k Ekln, Lnhwl



16/23

ZZ(>: }kmnb mken`w}# fnl{n khzcghgl}nuk ugcnldw}l{n fnl{n mk}nloowfbnl wl}wb

ughgl}npn, Zgbklo {nlo unmnp nbnl zgbnl{n bgmwmwbnl Ekln nuklo mk Klmilgukn# mnl

bguwck}nl hgpgbn hgl{guwnkbnl mkpk mk mnpn}nl Ekln cncw hglmipilo ipnlo Ekln wl}wbhglonh`kc bgnponlgonpnnl Klmilgukn,

Ug}gcnf zgpku}kn O 5: U)>;17# znpn Ekln zgpnl}nwnl mknloonz `gp}nloowlo dnn`

n}nu nzn {nlo mk}wmwfbnl ug`nonk zgpnlnl PP] mncnh zgpku}kn bgcn`w k}w, Zgnpunnl nl}k(Ekln hgcnh`wlo }klook mnl ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln hgloncnhk hnun {nlo uwck}, Hwcn(hwcn

ugpnlonl mk}wdwbnl bgznmn ipnlo Ekln ugenpn whwh# }g}nzk mncnh zgpbgh`nlonll{n

ugpnlonl bghwmknl mkzwun}bnl znmn ipnlo Ekln Nuklo, Zglownun mngpfn hglonh`kc}klmnbnl hnuklo(hnuklo }gpfnmnz hgpgbn, Hkuncl{n znmn nnc }nfwl >;1? znpn zglownun

hkck}gp mk Dnn ]khwp mnl ug`noknl Uwhn}pn hgcnpnlo ipnlo Ekln nuklo wl}wb `gpmnonlo,

Znmn }nloonc ? Dwlk >;1?# uwfnp}i hglogcwnpbnl Uwpn} Gmnpnl Bg`kdnbnl Zibib

Zgl{gcgunknl Hnuncnf Ekln {nlo ugenpn gbuzckuk} hgl{nlobw} g}lku Ekln nuklo mnlbnk}nll{n mglonl PPE, Mncnh Uwpn} Gmnpnl k}w mkl{n}nbnl `nfn g}lku Ekln _LN

{nlo `gpk}kbnm `nkb nbnl mk`gpkbnl dnhklnl bgnhnlnl mnl zgpcklmwlonl# bgzghkckbnl

mnl wunfnl{n , Nbnl }g}nzk# hgpgbn {nlo nbnl }gp`wn} bgdnfn}nl n}nw }gpbnk} mglonl

}klmnbnl uw`qgpuka nbnl mkfwbwh n}nw mkwukp mnpk Klmilgukn,Mkunhzklo k}w# }kmnb hglokdklbnl `gpmkpkl{n ugbicnf Ekln mnl hgndkmbnl nlnb(

nlnb Ekln wl}wb `gpugbicnf mkugbicnf cibnc# `nkb hkckb zghgpkl}nf hnwzwl unu}n,Zghgpkl}nf fnl{n hglokdklbnl iponlkunuk ipnlo Ekln _LN {nlo `gpbgekhzwlo mk`kmnlo

bgnonhnnl# bgugfn}nl# zghnbnhnl# icnf pnon# mnl pgbpgnuk G}lku Ekln _LN mnzn}

hglondwbnl zgphifilnl bgnponlgonpnnl# nuncbnl hghglwfk zgpu{npn}nl {nlo `gpcnbw,

Mnl {nlo }gpnbfkp# fw`wlonl mkzcihn}kb mglonl PPE nbnl mkpgowcnukbnl uguwnk mglonlbgzgl}klonl lnukilnc,

Uwpn} Gmnpnl klk bghwmknl mk}klmnb cnldw}k cgn} bgzw}wunl Zpgukmgl {nlo

mkbgcwnpbnl znmn `wcnl Mgugh`gp >;1? mnl mk}wdwbnl `nok g}lku Ekln _LK, MncnhBgzpgu klk Uigfnp}i hgl{n}nbnl `nfn zgghpkl}nf }kmnb nbnl hgh`gmnbnl zgpcnbwnl

g}lku Ekln nuklo mnl Ekln _LK, Bgmwnl{n mk`gpk fnb mnl bgughzn}nl {nlo unhn wl}wb

hglmn{nowlnbnl himnc bnzk}nc hgpgbn wl}wb hghzgpegzn} zpiugu zgh`nlowlnl mnlwl}wb hglklobn}bnl bghnbhwpnl ugp}n bgbn{nnl lgonpn,

Wl}wb hglofklmnpk gbucwqk}nu pnuknc# zghgpkl}nf hghkckf wl}wb

hglonukhkcnukbnl ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln cgn} zghw}wunl fw`wlonl `wmn{n mglonl lgogpkcgcwfwp hgpgbn, Zpiugu nukhkcnuk klk hgndk`bnl ipnlo(ipnlo Ekln wl}wb hgloonl}k

lnhn hgpgbn hgldnmk Klmilgukn# hgcnpnlo zglgp`k}nl `gp`nfnun Ekln# bgewnck Fnpknl

Klmilgukn {nlo mk}gp`k}bnl icgf zghgpkl}nf# hgh`n}nuk bgokn}nl bgnonhnnl fnl{n mk

mncnh cklobwz bgcwnpon# hgcnpnlo zgloowlnnl `nfnun Ekln k}w mkhwbn whwh mnl }kmnbhglokdklbnl znogcnpnl zgpn{nnl fnpk `gunp }pnmkukilnc Ekln mkhwbn whwh,

Mk `kmnlo gbilihk zghgpkl}nf Uigfnp}i hghkckbk bgkloklnl wl}wb hghi`kcnuk

mnl hghnlann}bnl himnc g}lku Ekln _LN mglonl hghnuwbbnll{n mncnh bn}goipkhimnc nuklo mncnh lgogpk mnl hgl{n}nbnl ug`nonk bgbn{nnl lnukilnc, Mncnh WW Li,

>)>;1? }gl}nlo Zglnlnhnl Himnc Nuklo mkug`w}bnl `nfn nmn }kon hnenh himnc {nlo

hnw mkoncnlo# {nblk himnc nuklo# himnc nuklo mihgu}kb mnl himnc mihgu}kb, Mwn {nlo}gpnbfkp# whwhl{n mkhkckbk icgf znpn zglowunfn oicilonl Ekln,

Nmn }kon ug`n` {nlo hgl{g`n`bnl pgtkh Ipmg @npw {nlo mkbwnunk icgf hkck}gp

hghkckf himnc oicilonl g}lku Ekln ug`nonk bihzilgl zgh`gl}wbnl himnc mncnh

lgogpk, Zgp}nhn ugenpn bwc}wpnc oicilonl Ekln zgpnl}nwnl }gcnf unlon} nbpn` mglonl



17/23

mwlkn `kulku, Mwlkn `kulku mnl bihgpuknc `kun mkbn}nbnl uwmnf hgldnmk }pnmkuk mk

bncnlonl g}lku Ekln zgpnl}nwnl, Bgmwn# znpn zglogcicn bgbwnunnl {nlo ug`noknl `gunp

nmncnf zgdn`n} hkck}gp hghkckbk zgloncnhnl mncnh bgpdnunhn `kulku mglonl oicilonlEkln, Bpnb}gp uiuknc oicilonl Ekln hwmnf mkuknun}k icgf zglownun hgldnmk ununpnl

bg`kdnbnl mnl ugbnckowu hgh`gpkbnl bgwl}wlonl zpk`nmk, Bg}kon# gbilihk Klmilgukn

mkpnlenlo icgf znpn }gblibpn} {nlo fglmnb hgln}n gbilihk ugenpn pnukilnc, Mk}kldnw mnpkzgpagb}ka pnukilnc nmncnf hnuwb nbnc `kun zgl{gp}nnl himnc Ekln mncnh zgpdncnlnl gnpnf

bnzk}nckuhg hgldnmk fnc {nlo zncklo hglowl}wlobnl, Mncnh znlmnlonl znpn }gblibpn}#

himnc Ekln mkzgpcwbnl ugcnhn zgpkimg }pnlukuk ug`gcwh znpn zglownun }wh`wf bnpglnkldgbuk klqgu}nuk bnzk}nc `gunp(`gunpnl,

Cklobwlonl wunfn mk Klmilgukn mk }nh`nf mgllonl wlmnlo(wlmnlo mnl zpnb}gb

mkubpkhkln}ka }gpfnmnz Ekln hgl{g`n`bnl ipnlo Ekln hghnlmnlo `nfn bgpdnunhn

mglonl ipnlo zpk whk {nlo `gpbwnun hgpwznbnl enpn }gp nkb wl}wb hglmnzn}bnlzgpwunfnnl {nlo `kun hglmnzn}bnl bgwl}wlonl, Bnwh hklipk}nu Ekln hghkckbk cnlmnunl

zick}ku {nlo cghnf mnl ziukukl{n pnnl, Hk}pn Ekln hgpnunbnl hglmnzn}bnl

zgpcklmwlonl gbilihku hgcncwk bgpdnunhn k}w# ncnwzwl k}w }kmnb `gpcnbw `nok

hnu{npnbn} zglowunfn Ekln znmn whwhl{n, Bglmn}kzwl mghkbknl# ewbilo(ewbilok}wzwl hnukf hgloncnhk }gbnlnl `wmn{n# uiuknc mnl zick}ku {nlo unhn mglonl Ekln

Klmilgukn {nlo cnkl,Ncknluk nln}np zglowunfn g}lku Ekln# zgdn`n} mnl klqgu}ip Dgznlo k}w hglowlmnlo

ugdwhcnf bgenhnl }gpfnmnz bg`kdnbnl gbilihk Ipmg @npw, @gp`nonk hgmkn hwcnk

hgh`gpk}nbnl }gl}nlo Ewbilo mnl zpnb}gb `kulkul{n mk hnln znpn ewbilo mkbpk}kb

bnpgln hgpgbn `nl{nb hglmnzn}bnl bil}pnb(bil}pnb mnl ckugluk `kulku mnl bghwmknlbpgmk} ug`nonk kh`ncnl n}nu mwbwlonl mnln n}nw zgh`noknnl bgwl}wlonl bgznmn znpn

zgdn`n},>

Hghnuwbk zgp}glonfnl }nfwl >;?5# bpk}kb n}nu zpnb}gb `kulku mnl zgpmg`n}nl n}nubg`kdnbnl gbilihk k}w `gpbgh`nlo hgldnmk zpi}gu }gp`wbn icgf bnwh kl}gcgb}wnc mnl

hnfnukun, Zpi}gu klk }gp`wbn klk ugenpn cwonu zglogenh zpnb}gb ncknluk g}lku, Ekln(

Hkck}gp(Klqgu}ip Dgznlo {nlo hgpwznbnl uwh`gp bipwzuk, Klk mkkbw}k mglonl mghil}pnukhnfnukun hglg}nlo Nuzkpnuk &Nuku}gl Zpk nmk Uigfnp}i+ {nlo mk}wmwf hglonh`kc

bgwl}wlonl mnpk fw`wlonl hgpgbn mglonl znpn Ewbilo mnl dwon znpn klqgu}ip Dgznlo,

Pnlobnknl mghil}pnuk klk nbfkpl{n hgcgmnb mncnh bgpwuwfnl Hncnpk >;?=, Mncnhzgpku}kn k}w zgpi}gu nl}k Nuzpk# nl}k Ekln mnl Nl}k Dgznlo `gpw`nf hgldnmk zglopwunbnl

mnl zglofnlewpnl }ibi(}ibi g}lku Ekln mnl zpimwb(zpimwb Dgznlo,

Zgloowlnnl ku}kcnf zpk whk mnl lil zpk`whk {nlo mkzpnbnpunk icgf

Nhklwmmk Ntku mnl F,G, Binpn# bg}wn mnl nbkc bg}wn Aipwh Unu}n Lnukilnc znmnDwlk >;?= `kun mkckfn} mnpk bgcnldw}nl mnpk uku}gh nl}k Ekln, Zgloowlnnl ku}kcnf klk mkkbw}k

mglonl cnfkpl{n ug`wnf iponlkunuk `kulku `gplnhn Fkhzwlnl Zglowunfn Zpk whk

Klmilgukn &FKZZK+ {nlo `gpmkpk mk`nnf BNMKL, FKZZK mkmkpkbnl mglonl }wdwnnl wl}wbhgcklmwlok zglowunfn zpk`whk# mnl zgloowlnnl ku}kcnf lil(zpk`whk hghnlo

mkuglondn ug`nonk bpk}kbnl }gpfnmnz zglowunfn g}lku Ekln,

Wl}wb hglowpnlok bg}gonlonl ughnenh k}w# zghgpkl}nf uigfnp}i hglogcwnpbnlbg kdnbnl `npw {nlo znmn mnunpl{n wl}wb hgh`gpmn{nbnl zglowunfn zpk`whk

> Ewbilo nmncnf ku}kcnf Ekln &Fibbkgl+ {nlo `gpnp}k hndkbnl# }g}nzk mk Klmilgukn ku}kcnf k}w mkowlnbnl wl}wb

hglwldwb zglowunfn Ekln {nlo }pnhzkc# {nlo `gpbgpdnunhn ugenpn gpn} mglonl hgpgbn {nlo ugmnlo

gpbwnun# bfwuwul{n hkck}gp ug`nonk zgpnl}npn,

>?_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


18/23

bg`kdnbunlnnl klk nl}npn cnkl# hkuncl{n# mk mncnh pgzgck}n KK mkenl}whbnl `nfn bpgmk}

klqgu}nuk mnpk @nlb lgonpn# ugzgp}k bpgmk} klqgu}nuk bgekc &BKB+# Bpgmkp Himnc Bgpdn

Zgphnlgl &BHBZ+ mnl Bpgmk} Wunfn Bgekc &BWB+ fnl{n nbnl mk`gpkbnl bgznmnzglowunfn zpk`whk, @g`gpnzn }nfwl bghwmknl# cgn} Bgzpgu Li, >= }nfwl >;?; {nlo

bghwmknl mkughzwplnbnl icgf Bgzpgu Li, >= N)>;6:# zghgpkl}nf uigfnp}i hgl{n}nbnl

`nfn ugcwpwf mgznp}ghgl mnl kl}k}wuk zghgpkl}nf fnpwu hgh`gpkbnl bil}pnb zpi{gbuglkcnk unhznk mglonl Pz, >:: dw}n bgznmn wunfn oicilonl cghnf, Ughgl}npn# wunfn

oicilonl gbilihk cghnf mk mgaglkukbnl ug`nonk ug`wnf zgpwunfnnl {nlo 7: '

bgzghkckbnll{n `gpnmn mk}nlonl zpk`whk,_ncnwzwl nmn n}wpnl ugzgp}k Bgzpgu >=# ugenpn bgugcwpwfnl# zglowunfn g}lku Ekln

}gpl{n}n cg`kf `nl{nb {nlo }wh`wf mnl hgldnmk `gunp, Uncnf un}w zgl{g`n`l{n# nmncnf

n}wpnl k}w fnl{n hgh`nl}w ug`onknl zglowunfn zpk`whk# }gpw}nhn hgpgbn {nlo fnl{n

hghkckbk fw`wlonl mglonl bgbwnunnl n}nw hghnlo uwmnf hghkckbk ncknluk mglonl zglowunfn g}lku Ekln, Ncfnukc# zipuk bgzghkckbnl mk ugb}ip unu}n hghnlo hnukf

mk}nlonl zglowunfn g}lku Ekln,

Zgpbgh`nlonl `kulku g}lku Ekln mk mncnh lgogpk mnpk }nfwl bg }nfwl ughnbkl

hglklobn} mnl `gpbgh`nlo mnpk `kmnlo zgpmnonlonl bg `kmnlo hnlwanb}wp, Hgpgbn`nl{nb hlownunk ugb}ip klmwu}pk hnlwanb}wp ugzgp}k hnbnlnl mnl hklwhnl# }gbu}kc#

bkhkn# zpimwb(zpimwb hg}nc mnl zpimwb(zpimwb biluwhuk zgloonl}k `npnlo khzip {nlohgl{gpnz }glnon bgpdn, Mnl# znmn nnc }nfwl >;;:(nl bk}n hwcnk hgckfn} hwlewcl{n

`g`gpnzn zgpwunfnnl bilocihgpnuk ugzgp}k Unckh Opiwz# Mnphncn Opiwz# Uklnp Opiwz#

Unhzigpln Opiwz mnl cnkl(cnkl,

Hwlewcl{n bilocghgpn} Klmilgukn {nlo `gok}w zgun} hglkh`wcbnl bgbfnn}kpnl`nfn bilocihgpn} `kun hgh`wn} Klmilgukn }gpdgpgh`n` bgmncnh uku}gh gbilihk bnp}gc

}pwu}, Nmn zwcn bgbfnn}kpnl mnl bgewpkonnl `nfn }gcnf }gpdnmk nmn bgugznbn}nl

}gpugh`wl{k nl}npn zglowunfn mnl zglownun, Klk `kun }gpckfn} mnpk bgl{n}nnl `nfn `gok}w ugb}ip unu}n mk `gpk zgpnlnl {nlo cg`kf `gunp mk`kmnlo gbilihk# hnbn {nlo

hgldnmk `gunp nmncnf {nlo k}w(k}w undn, Zgpnlnl {nlo cg`kf `gunp mnpk znpn zglowunfn `kun

hglkh`wcbnl mnhznb zick}kb# {nk}w zglowunfn `kun hglownunk zglownun n}nw zglowunfnhglmkb}g bg`kdnbnl zghgpkl}nf, ]wdwnl w}nhn bgfnmkpnl bilocghgpn} k}w `wn}

hglwhzwb bgwl}wlonl zpk`nmk mnl `wbnll{n `wn} bghnbhwpnl ugcwpwf `nloun,

Bilocghgpn} {nlo hghzwl{nk bgeglmgpwlonl hglenzcib zgpwunfnnl hglglonf mnlbgekc, Nzn`kcn bilocihgpn} uwmnf hglownunk =: zgpugl znloun znunp# hnbn bilocihgpn}

uwmnf }gphnuwb bn}goipk {nlo hgh`nfn{nbnl bgzgl}klonl whwh,

Mkunhzklo k}w# Uigfnp}i uglmkpk hglowhzwcbnl ugcwpwf bilocghgpn} g}lku Ekln

mkzgp}gplnbnll{n mk ]nziu# @ioip, Mncnh zgp}ghwnl k}w Uigfnp}i hghkl}n bgznmnugcwpwf zglowunfn `gunp }gpug`w} wl}wb hgl{gpnfbnl 07 zgpugl unfnhl{n bizgpnuk,

Klk nmncnf uncnf un}w wunfn mnpk zghgpkl}nf Ip`n wl}wb hglei`n hgpgmnh nl}k(

bilocihgpnuk, Nbnl }g}nzk# hgcncwk Cn``gdklo ugenpn mknh(mknh znpn bilocghgpn} {nloug`noknl `gunp nmncnf g}lku Ekln `gpfnukc hglenznk bgugznbn}nl wl}wb fnl{n

hgh`gpkbnl > zgpugl unfnhl{n znmn bizgpnuk,

Zgpbgh`nlonl mnl zgp}wh`wfnl g}lku Ekln dwon }nb cgznu mnpk }npkb(hglnpkbbg`kdnbnl znmn hnun Ip`n, Fnl{n undn }npkb hglnpkb klk cg`kf znmn }klobn} pg}ipkbn

zick}kb mnpk znmn zglgpnznl bg`kdnbnl {nlo lil(mkubpkhkln}ka, Uncnf un}w `gl}wb mnpk }npkb

hglnpkb pg}ipku klk nmncnf zgloowlnnl(zgloowlnnl ku}kcnf nl}npn cnkl# zpk whk(lil



19/23

zpk`whk# zglowunfn bwn}(zglowunfn cghnf# zglowunfn `gunp(zglowunfn bgekc# {nlo znmn

mnunpl{n hghnlo hgh`gmnbnl nl}npn g}lku Ekln mnl zpk`whk,

Mglonl bn}n cnkl# zglowunfn g}lku Ekln hghnlo uglondn mkcghznpbnl mncnhziukuk pnnl, Mk un}w zkfnb# hgpgbn mkdnmkbnl unzk zgpnfnl mncnh nl}k mk `knpbnl }wh`wf

`gunp mnl bghwmknl mncnh ug}knz bgughzn}nl hgpgbn mkzgpowlnbnl ug`nonk uncnf un}w

uwh`gp aklnluknc {nlo unlon} zi}gluknc, Ugmnlobnl mk zkfnb cnkl, G}lku ekln dwonmkziukukbnl ugenpn mkubpkhkln}ka cgn} bg`kdnbnl(bg kdnbnl nukhkcnuk zghgpkl}nf Ip`n

{nlo eglmgpwlo np}kakuknc mnl hgpwznbnl zgldklnbnl bwc}wpnc, Ugfkloon g}lku Ekln

hghnlo hwmnf hgldnmk ununpnl mncnh ug}knz bgpwuwfnl mnl ugenpn gbilihk dwonhgldnmk bnh`klo fk}nh mnpk bgonocnl zghgpkl}nf hglon}nuk hnuncnf bgugldnlonl

uiuknc# bghkubklnl mnl zgh`gpknnl bgughzn}n wunfn {nlo unhn# }kmnb fnl{n }gp`n}nu

znmn bpilk zglowunfn ughn}n, Np}kl{n# wl}wb bgzgl}klonl wunfn mnl bgnhnlnl wunfn#

zglowunfn g}lku Ekln# hghnlo fnpwu ugcncw nmn}ka }gpfnmnz uku}gh zghgpkl}nfnl n}nwzwluku}gh wunfn {nlo nmn, Ugznldnlo zghgpkl}nfnl Ip`n# nmnz}n`kck}nu klk hghnlo `nl{nb

}gpwdwm cgn} zpimwb BBL, Mnl fnc ughnenh klk bghwlobklnl nbnl `gpcnldw} }gpwu#

ugznldnlo bg`kdnbnl tnhnl Ip`n hnukf }gpwu mkzgp}nfnlbnl# mnl g}lku Ekln uglmkpk hnukf

hghkckf wl}wb hglgpkhn bg`kdnbnl ughnenh k}w,

Zglw}wz

Ug}kmnb(}kmnbl{n nmn }kon owowu bg`kdnbnl Ip`n }gpfnmnz oicilonl g}lku Ekln,

Zgp}nhn# u}kohn}kunuk mglonl mk`gpcnbwbnl cnpnlonl hghnbnk bn}n ]kilofin mnlhgloonl}kl{n mglonl bn}n Ekln, Mglonl hghzgpbglncbnl bn}n k}w# {nlo klokl

mkbn}nbnl `nfn hgpgbn nmncnf oicilonl {nlo }mknb mkuwbnk# {nlo cn{nb hgldnmk ununpnl

nhnpnf mnl bg`gleknl, Hgpgbn mkdnmkbnl u}kohn mncnh hnu{npnbn}# bnpgln hgpgbnhghzwl{nk ughwn enz `wpwb 4 }kmnb zn}pki}ku# gbubcwuka# }kmnb uiuknc mnl hghwzwb

bgbn{nnl, Bgmwn# Hnpdklnckunuk# {nlo mknloonz ug`nonk bilugbwgluk cioku mnpk }nfnz

u}kohn}kunuk, Bnpgln hgpgbn dnfn}# hnbn fnpwu mkdnwfbnl, Mkbgcwnpbnl ugpnlobnknlbg`kdnbnl {nlo hglg}nzbnl nonp oicilonl Ekln bgcwnp mnpk cklobnpnl }glonf hnu{npnbn}(

hnu{npnbn}, Hkuncl{n# uku}gh bwi}n mncnh zgpugbicnnl mnl cnpnlonl ugoncn nb}kak}nu

bg`wmn{nnl Ekln, Bg}kon# Qkb}khkunuk# {nlo `gphnbuwm hgldnmkbnl oicilonl g}lku Eklnug`nonk `kln}nlo bip`nl, Bg`kdnbnl klk }kmnb mkpwhwubnl mncnh ug`wnf mibwhgl

fwbwh }g}nzk mkzpnb}gbbnl ugenpn cwnu, Hkuncl{n# mcnh hghkl}n uwh`nlonl {nlo cg`kf,

Mkcklobwlonl P])P_ ipnlo Ekln ugcncw mk }wl}w} wl}wb hgl{wh`nlo cg`kf, Mnl ughwn

}klmnbnl zghgpnunl mncnh wpwunl mglonl `kpibpnuk,Klmilgukn }gcnf hgpn}kakbnuk bilqgluk Kl}gplnukilnc }gl}nlo ugoncn zglofnzwunl

ugoncn `gl}wb Mkubpkhklnuk pnuknc znmn }nfwl >;;;# hgcncwk WW Li, 0;)>;;;# lnhwl

Klmilgukn `gcwh hgl{wuwl wlmnlo(wlmnlo nl}k mkubpkhklnuk bnpgln k}w# `gp`nonk zpnb}gbmkubpkhklnuk pnuknc ug`nonk zpimwb fwbwh hnukf }g}nz `gpcnldw}# ugfkloon lgonpn hnukf

hglgpwubnl zgpnll{n ug`nonk uziluip w}nhn mkubpkhklnuk uiuknc,

Bgcwnpl{n bgzww}wunl Zpgukmgl Li, 1)0::: mkunh`w} ug`nonk zglgonunl bgh`nckbihk}hgl zghgpkl}nfnl N`mwpnefhnl _nfkm }gl}nlo zcwpnckuhg `nloun Klmilgukn

ugzgp}k {nlo mkononu znpn zglmkpk pgzw`ckb klk, Fnc ziuk}ka mnpk zgghpkl}nfnl

N`mwpnefhnl _nfkm nmncnf `gpfgh`wu nlokl ugonp bg`g`nunl, Nlokl ugonp k}w fnpwu

>;_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


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mk}nlobnz ug`nonk hgh`wbn zgcwnlo bg`nlobk}nl bgh`nck zcwpnckuhg mncnh bgug}npnnl

}nlzn mkubpkhklnuk,

Bgzpgu k}w hgh`nlobk}bnl ughnlon} bgegpknnl hwlewc bgh`nck cgn} gbuzpgukbg`wmn{nnl# bgcnldw}}nll{n nzn {nlo uwmnf nmn ug`gcwhl{n znl}nu Ekln, Bgmwn(mwnl{n

hglwldwbbnl }gp wbnl{n bgughzn}nl ughwn bgcihzib hgh`gpkbnl bil}pk`wuk `nok

zgpdncnlnl fkmwz `nloun klk, Ugkpklo mglonl bgug}npnnl ziukuk ug`nonk npon `nloun#}nloowlo dnn` hnu{npnbn} Ekln zwl ughnbkl `gunp,

]gl}w undn mk`w}wfbnl bgpdn bgpnu mnl bihk}hgl {nlo }klook mnpk `gp`nonk zkfnb 4

}kmnb undn znmn }klobn}nl klmkqkmw, Mnl fnpwu mkunmnpk `nfn mkubpkhklnuk }kmnb ugcncw}gpdnmk mnpk hn{ipk}nu }gpfnmnz hklipk}nu# `kun ug`nckbl{n Ipnlo Ekln fnpwu hgl{nmnpk

fnc k}w# ug`n` `nl{nb ipnlo zpk`whk hgpnun hglmnzn} zgpcnbwnnl mkubpkhkln}ka mnpk ipnlo

ekln,

Mna}np Zwu}nbn

0:_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


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N, Himg ]il{ Uwzpkn}ln# @kulku mnl Zick}kb 4 Bnzk}nckuhg mnl Oicilonl ]kilofin mk

Klmilgukn# mncnh cgh`non U}wmk Pgnckli# fnc, 1= ;:,5

@wmk Uwunl}i# Pgbn{nun Bgbwnunnl Gbilihk &Klmilgukn >6::(>;7:+ 4 Uknun} Zglownun]kilofin# mncnh Cgh`non U}wmk Pgnckli# Zglownun Gbilihk mnl Uknun}

Zglowunfn ]kilofin# [io{nbnp}n 4 Bnlkukwu# >;;1# fnc, >>(00,

Efnpcgu N, Eizzgc# ]kilofin Klmilgukn Mncnh Bpkuku# Dnbnp}n 4 Zwu}nbn Uklnp Fnpnznl#

>;;=,

Mknl}}pwu Unzw}pn# Hnpoklnckunuk Zgpghzwnl Ekln &]kilofin+ Mk Klmilgukn# DwplncZgpghzwnl# Li 0?# 0::># fnc, 6? >:0,

G, Ufi`kpkl Lnmd# Zpi`cghn}kbn Ugopgonuk Uiuknc mnl Wzn{n Hgh`nlowl Zick}kb

Bgnponlgonpnnl# mncnh Nlmpgnu Znpmgmg g}, nc# Nl}npn Zpnunlobn mnl pgnck}n,]gcnf Bpk}ku _nenln nl}k Ekln mk Klmilgukn, Dnbnp}n 4 Zwu}nbn Kluzkpnuk# 0::0# fnc,

;; >>6,

Gmm{ Zpnìi _k}nl}i# Hglonzn Zghwbkhnl Hgpgbn Mkdnpnf, Bndknl Fku}ipkuZghwbkhnl G}lku Ekln mk Klmilgukn# mncnh K, _kìi# fnc, >;> >0>,

O, _kccknh Ubkllgp# Oicilonl Hklipk}nu ]kilofiw# mncnh Hgc{ O, ]nl# Oicilonl

G}lku ]kilofiw mk Klmilgukn, Uwn}w hnuncnf zgh`glnnl bgun}wnl `nloun,

Dnbnp}n 4 Z], Opnhgmkn# >;6># fnc, >(07,

Fnpkhnl Ukpgonp# Fn}k Lwpnlk Ugipnlo Mghilu}pnl# Dnbnp}n 4 Z], Hnl}kbn HgmknW}nhn# >;;=,

K _kìi# Zglmnfwcwnnl# mncnh K _kìi# >;;;# fnc, KV VVVK,

Bkb Bknl Okg mnl @,L, Hnp`wl# Bilocihgpn} Klmilgukn, Zgphnuncnfnl mnl Ugznb

]gpdnlol{n, Dnbnp}n 4 Zwu}nbn Uklnp Fnpnznl# >;;:# fnc, ?(>:,

Cnleg Enu}cgu # ]klobnf Cnbw Nonhn# Zick}kb mnl Gbilihk mk Dnn 4 Klmwu}pk PibibBwmwu, Dnbnp}n 4 Uklnp Fnpnznl# >;60# fnc, >:> >>5,

Cgi Uwp{nmkln}n# Mkcghn Hklipk}nu ]kilofin# Dnbnp}n 4 Z], Opnak}k Zgpu# >;6=# fnc, >5=(>=:,

Hiln Cifnlmn# Hnuncnf Ekln Mncnh Zgpdncnlnl Ugdnpnf Klmilgukn# mncnh NlmpgnuZnpmgmg g}, nc# fnc, =;(?1,

0>_g`4 ,zg}gpbnuglmn,ipmzpguu,eihGhnkc4 hp,bnuglmnJohnkc,eih# zg}gpbnuglmnJpiebg}hnkc,eih


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L, Lipnl}i# Bg`kdnbnl ]gpfnmnz @kulku Ekln mk Hnun Ipmg @npw# mncnh K _kìi

&Gmk}ip+, Bg}kiuzgbuk mnl Bgbil}gbu}wnckunuk, Hnucnf Ekln, Dnbnp}n 4 Opnhgmkn

Zwu}nbn W}nhn# >;;;# fnc, 7: ?=,Ilofibfnh# Bnzk}nckuhg Ekln mk Fklmkn @gcnlmn# mncnh [iufkfnpn Bwlki &gm#

Bilocihgpn} Igk ]kilo Fnh, Bgpndnnl @kulku Zgp}nhn mk Nukn ]gloonpn,

Dnbnp}n 4 Zwu}nbn W}nhn Opnak}k# >;;># fnc, 6:(>>0,

Ill{ U, Zpkdili# Cn}np @gcnbnlo Uiuki Fku}ipku Bgcihzib Bg}wpwlnl Ekln mkKlmilgukn# Nlnckun >;6= >;6;# fnc, ?>7 ?0;,

Zg}gp Enpg{# Ipnlo Dnn mnl Hnu{npnbn} Ekln &>?77 >607 +# Dnbnp}n 4 Zwu}nbn Ntg}#

>;67# fch, ? >5,

Pglg C, Zn}}kpknmdnnlg# Zgpku}kn Hgk >;;6 mk Dnbnp}n 4 ]k}kb ]gpglmnf Ugdnpnf g}ku#

mncnh K,

Unp}ili Bnp}imkpmdi# Zglonl}np Ugdnpnf Klmilgukn @npw 4 Ugdnpnf Zgpogpnbnl Lnukilnc,Mnpk Bicilkcnkuhg Unhznk Lnuklnckuhg# Dkckm 0# Dnbnp}n 4 Z}, Opnhgmkn# >;;:# fnc,

>:1 >>>,

Ugci Uighnpmdnl# Zgloowlnnl Bgbgpnunl Ugenpn Hnuunc# Zpkuhn# Li, ?# Nowu}wu

>;?6# fnc, >= 07,

Udnfpkp#Gbilihk Zick}kb Bg`w}wfnl Zibib, Ug`wnf ]kldnwnl Zpiuzgb}ka, Dnbnp}n 4 CZ5GU#

>;61# fnc, >5:,

_kìi# Fnpon {nlo Fnpwu mk`n{np, Ubg}un Zgpowcn}nl G}lku Ekln mk Klmilgukn# Dnbnp}n 4

Z], Opnhgmkn Zwu}nbn W}nhn# 0:::# fnc, 0>5 070,

_kccnpm N, Fnlln#Fkbn{n} Dnbnp}n# Dnbnp}n 4 [n{nunl Iìp Klmilgukn >;;6# fnc, >05

>50,



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05_g`4 zg}gpbnuglmn ipmzpguu eih

Prasangka, Diskriminasi Dan Anti Cina

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