Pra Rencana Pabrik Karbon Aktif Dari Tempurung Kelapa

8/15/2019 Pra Rencana Pabrik Karbon Aktif Dari Tempurung Kelapa

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YQM QDF@MFM YMAQNO OMQAHF MOSNL CMQNSDKYTQTFJ ODBMYM%Adqomympnsmp 1999 shf(smetf.

BMYHQMF STJMP MOENQ

Kdqtymomf pmbme pmst p~mqms tfsto kdkydqhbde jdbmqPmqgmfm Sdofno %Psqmsm +=.

HBDEAdmfshfnm Q& Jh„h Pnjm 90949=9990

@mdsmfh Cm @hpsm 93949=9993

GTQTPMF SDOFNO ONKNM

LMOTBSMP SDOFNO

TFN\DQPNSMP SQNAETZMFM STFJJMCDZN

KMBMFJ

1995


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1

n

OMSM YDFJMFSMQ

Ytgn cmf p~totq ydftbnp ymfgmsomf odemcnqms Stemf ^mfj Kmem Otmpmomqdfm adqoms qmekms cmf omqtfnm+F~m" moenqf~m ydf~tptfmf poqnypn nfn cmymscnpdbdpmnomf&

Poqnypn nfn cnatms cdfjmf kmoptc pdamjmn pmbme pmst ydqp~mqmsmfyqhjqmk pmqgmfm P+= ymcm gtqtpmf Sdofno Onknm" Lmotbsmp Sdofno‐Tfn|dqpnsmpSqnaetzmfm Stfjjmcdzn Kmbmfj" cdfjmf gtctb ‒Yqm Qdf`mfm Ymaqno OmqahfMosnl cmqn Sdkytqtfj Odbmym Adqomympnsmp 1999 shf(smetf‛& Cmbmkydf~dbdpmnmf bmyhqmf nfn pm~m kdfcmyms amfstmf cmqn amf~mo ynemo& Hbde omqdfmnst ptcme pdbm~mof~mbme ymcm odpdkymsmf nfn ydf~tptf kdf~mkymnomf qmpm

sdqnkm ompne ~mfj pdadpmq‐adpmqf~m odymcm7=& Yqhl& Cq& Nq& Zmfn Emcn Tshkh" Qdoshq Tfn|dqpnsmp Sqnaetzmfm

Stfjjmcdzn Kmbmfj" ~mfj sdbme kdkadqnomf ngnf odymcm ydf~tptftfsto adbmgmq cn Tfn|dqpnsmp Sqnaetzmfm Stfjjmcdzn Kmbmfj&

1& Fmznq Qmpncn" PS&"KS" Cdomf Lmotbsmp Sdofno ~mfj sdbme kdkadqnomfngnf odymcm ydf~tptf tfsto adbmgmq cn Tfn|dqpnsmp SqnaetzmfmStfjjmcdzn Kmbmfj&

0& Nat Maqnfm Mfjjqmnfn PS&"KS" pdamjmn Odstm Yqhjqmk Pstcn Sdofno Onknm pdombnjtp Chpdf ydkankanfj NN ~mfj sdbme kdkadqnomfankanfjmf cmf mqmemf cmbmk ydf~tptfmf poqnypn nfn&

3& Nq& M`ekmc @etkmncn" KS" Chpdf ydkankanfj N ~mfj sdbmekdkadqnomf ankanfjmf cmf mqmemf cmbmk ydf~tptfmf poqnypn nfn&

4& Hqmfj stm ~mfj sdbme kdkadqn ctotfjmf amno kmsdqnmb kmtytfpynqnstmb&


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0

nn

MAPSQMO

Omqahf mosnl mcmbme ptmst amemf ymcms adqyhqn ~mfj kdqtymomf empnb

ydkamomqmf amemf ~mfj kdfjmfctfj omqahf& Omqahf mosnl cmyms cnyqhpdp

kdbmbtn yqhpdp omqahfnpmpn cmf mosnlmpn& Ymaqno omqahf mosnl cnqdf`mfmomf adqcnqn

cn Kam~ Lbhqdp FSS& Cmqn empnb ydqenstfjmf mfmbnpm dohfhknf~m cnydqhbde fnbmn

S@N ; Qy& 05&515&900&=0>" ADY ; 35"51$" YHS ; 1"14 smetf" NQQ ; 01"9:$"

QHN pdadbtk ymgmo ; 3>"09$ cmf QHN pdsdbme ymgmo ; 03"01$& Adqcmpmqomf empnb

mfmbnpm dohfhkn cnmsmp" kmom ymaqno omqahf mosnl cdfjmf omympnsmp 1999 shf(smetf

bm~mo tfsto cncnqnomf&


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=

AMA NYDFCMETBTMF

=&=& Bmsmq Adbmomfj Ydfcnqnmf Ymaqno

Pmms nfn nfctpsqn omqahf mosnl cncmbmk fdjdqn kdfjmbmkn

ydqodkamfjmf ~mfj `toty ydpms& Cmqn cmsm ~mfj cnodbtmqomf cmqn ytpms

psmsnpsno dopyhq omqahf mosnl pdsnmy smetff~m `dfcdqtfj kdfnfjoms adjnst ytbm

cdfjmf ohfptkpn cmbmk fdjdqn pdenfjjm adqcmpmqomf cmsm sdqpdats ymaqno

cncnqnomf tfsto kdkdften odatstemf cmbmk fdjdqn cmf dopyhq&

Yqhctopn omqahf mosnl ydqsmkm ombn cn Nfchfdpnm cnbmotomf ymcm smetf

=>51 hbde YS Nfsmf Yqnkm Omqahf Nfctpsqn" omqahf mosnl ~mfj cnempnbomf

cmbmk adfsto atsnqmf cmf pdqato cdfjmf omympnsmp yqhctopnf~m pdadpmq >999

shf& Pdenfjjm pmms nfn ptcme mcm =3 ydqtpmemmf ~mfj kdfdqgtfn ancmfj

nfctpsqn nfn cdfjmf omympnsmp yqhctopn pdbtqtef~m kdf`mymn 3>&3


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1

=&1& Pdgmqme cmf Ydqodkamfjmf Yqhcto

Omqahf mosnl sdbme cnodfmb pdadbtk ydqmfj ctfnm N& Ydqsmkm ombn ymcm

smetf =5:0 cnjtfmomf tfsto maphqapn jmp& Ymcm ydqktbmmf mamc nfn omqahf

mosnl sdbme cnjtfmomf sdqtsmkm tfsto ydfgdqfnemf cmqn yqhcto‐yqhcto onknm"

hams+hamsmf cmf nfctpsqn kmomfmf& Ymcm zmost ~mfj pmkm omqahf mosnl gtjm

cnjtfmomf cmbmk ydfgdqfnemf mnq knftk& Cmbmk smetf‐smetf adbmomfjmf nfn

odjtfmmf omqahf mosnl pdkmonf adqodkamfj tfsto kdfjmsmpn kmpmbme yhbtpn

bnfjotfjmf" ydfjjtfmmff~m cdfjmf jmp pdydqsn tfsto kdknfcmeomf hqjmfno

|myhq cmf gtjm tfsto qd`h|dq~ phb|dfs oetptpf~m cn ctfnm nfctpsqn"

ydfjjtfmmf omqahf mosnl sdbme amf~mo cnjtfmomf cmbmk cdohbhqnpmpn

%ydfjenbmfjmf. bmqtsmf adqzmqfm cmf gtjm cmbmk ydktqfnmf jtbm&

%Mjtpsnf" =>5


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0

1& Ydktqfnmf jtbm

Pdbmnf tfsto kdfjenbmfj wms zmqfm" omqahf mosnl gtjm cmyms kdf~dqmy

pdf~mzm fnsqhjdf pdenfjjm yqhpdp ydf~mqnfjmf kdfgmcn bdane pdkytqfm&

Atpm ~mfj snkatb yqhpdp ydfjtmymf momf adqotqmfj" pdqsm momf

kdkydq`dyms yqhpdp oqnpsmbnpmpn&

0& Ydfgdqfnemf mnq

Ydkmomnmf obhqnf pdamjmn cdpnfldosmf ymcm ydfgdqfnemf mnq momf

kdfnkatbomf amt cmf qmpm ~mfj sncmo dfmo ~mfj cnsnkatbomf hbde qdmopn

mfsmqm obhqnf cdfjmf knoqhhqjmfnpkd& Tfsto kdf`djme emb nfn" kmom ymcm

smemymf yqhpdp ~mfj sdqmoenq cmyms cnymomn omqahf mosnl&

3& Amemf kmomfmf bmnf

Mqmfj mosnl cnjtfmomf cmbmk amemf kmomfmf ~mfj sncmo cmyms cnktqfnomf

cdfjmf ydfjoqnpsmbmf cmf cdpsnbmpn amemf onknm& Mqmfj mosnl kdkydqamnon

zmqfm cmf qmpm cmqn kmomfmf&

Ydfjjtfmmf cmbmk nfctpsqn fhf ymfjmf 7

=& Nfctpsqn Onknm cmf Lmqkmpn

Mqmfj mosnl cnydqjtfmomf tfsto kdftqtfomf amemf‐amemf onknm pdydqsn

mpmk pnsqms" mpmk jmbbms" mpmk jbtsmkms cbb&

1& Ydktqfnmf Ydbmqts

Ydbmqts ~mfj ptcme cnjtfmomf cmbmk ptmst yqhpdp momf sdqomqahfnpmpn&

Amemf mpnfj cmbmk ydbmqts cmyms cnpdqmy hbde mqmfj mosnl" knpmbf~m amemf

mpnfj cmbmk knf~mo jhqdfj cmf bmqtsmf ydkmsmfjmf %`tqnfj. cmjnfj&


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3

0& Kdktqfnomf ptmst wms ~mfj cmyms cnpdqmy

Mqmfj mosnl cnjtfmomf tfsto kdfcmymsomf wms cmbmk adfsto sdqtqmn& Pdbmnf

nst mqmfj mosnl cnjtfmomf tfsto kdktqfnomf ydfn`nbbnf" |nsmknf cmf

ehqkhf&

3& Omsmbnp cmf Qdmopn

Mqmfj mosnl cmyms cnjtfmomf pdamjmn omsmbnp" knpmbf~m cmbmk ydkadfstomf

ptbltq~b obhqncm cmf obhqnf&

=&0& Ydqodkamfjmf Yqhctopn

Ymcm smetf 1999 ydkmflmmsmf omympnsmp yqhctopn omqahf mosnl

kdfnfjoms 0>$ enfjjm yqhctopnf~m kdf`mymn =>&9:4 shf& Fmktf ymcm smetf

199= yqhctopn ktbmn kdftqtf kdfgmcn =0&51> shf cmf kdftqtf bmjn kdfgmcn

=9&14< shf& Pdgmo smetf 1990 ktbmn odkambn kdfnfjoms kdfgmcn =0&999 shf

cdfjmf bmgt ydqstkatemff~m 1&999 shf cdfjmf bmgt ydqstkatemf qmsm‐qmsm ydq smetff~m

pdadpmq =:$& Odfmnomf omympnsmp yqhctopn nfn cnpdamaomf hbde mcmf~m

bhfgmomf dopyhq ~mfj `toty adpmq&

Smadb =&=& Ydqodkamfjmf Yqhctopn Omqahf Mosnl smetf 1999‐1994

Smetf Yqhctopn %shf.1999 =>9:4

199= =051>

1991 =914<

1990 =0999

1993 =3999

1994 =


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4

Ptcme mcm bdane cmqn =3 ydqtpmemmf ~mfj sdbme adqhydqmpn" cdfjmf

omympnsmp yqhctopn ~mfj sdqod`nb cnyqhctopn hbde YS& Penfmkgm~m Mamcn

pdadpmq =&999 shf& Adqcmpmqomf bnsdqmstq pmkymn smetf 1993 adbtk mcm nf|dpshq

~mfj kdfjmgtomf ydqkhehfmf ngnf nf|dpsmpn tfsto kdfcnqnomf ymaqno omqahf

mosnl" pdenfjjm cnydqonqmomf pmkymn smetf 199< adbtk momf mcm ydfcnqnmf

ymaqno amqt& Cdfjmf ydqonqmmf sncmo mcm ymaqno amqt ~mfj adqcnqn" kmom

yqhctopn omqahf mosnl cn cmbmk fdjdqn momf sdsmy&

=&0&=& Ydqodkamfjmf Nkyhq

Omqahf mosnl sdbme cnyqhctopn cn cmbmk fdjdqn" fmktf enfjjm pmms

nfn Nfchfdpnm kmpne sdqtp kdbmotomf nkyhq ohkhcnsmp zmbmtytf

gtkbmef~m sncmo pdamf~mo smetf pdadbtkf~m cdfjmf ydqstkatemf qmsm‐

qmsmf~m =4"


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<

=&0&1& Ydqodkamfjmf Dopyhq Omqahf Mosnl smetf 1999‐1994

Smadb =&0& Ydqodkamfjmf Dopyhq Omqahf Mosnl smetf 1999+1994

Smetf Dopyhq %shf.

1999 =1014

199= 5304

1991


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:

=&3& Ydfdfstmf Omympnsmp Yqhctopn

Fnbmn nkyhqs omqahf mosnl adqcmpmqomf smadb =&1& kdfjmbmkn odfmnomf

qmsm+qmsm nkyhqs pdadpmq 43 $" pdenfjjm ydqonqmmf odatstemf nkyhqs ymcm

smetf 1995 pdadpmq 333": oj cmf fnbmn dopyhqs adqcmpmqomf smadb =&0

kdfjmbmkn odfmnomf qmsm+qmsm dopyhqs pdadpmq =4"< $" pdenfjjm ydqonqmmmf

dopyhqs smetf 1995 pdadpmq =3433"0 oj& Pdcmfjomf adqcmpmqomf smadb =&=

yqhctopn omqahf mosnl cn Nfchfdpnm kdfjmbmkn odfmnomf qmsm+qmsm pdadpmq

0> $" pdenfjjm cnydqonqmomf yqhctopn omqahf mosnl ~mfj ptcme mcm ymcm

smetf 1995 pdadpmq =>&999 oj& Zmbmtytf yqhctopn omqahf mosnl kdfjmbmkn

ydfnfjomsmf" fmktf ohfptkpn omqahf mosnl gtjm kdfjmbmkn ydfnfjomsmf

pdydqsn ~mfj sdqbnems ymcm smadb =&3" odfmnomf qmsm+qmsm ohfptkpn omqahf mosnl

pdadpmq 1< $" pdenfjjm ydqonqmmf ohfptkpn omqahf mosnl pmkymn cdfjmf

smetf 1995 pdadpmq


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5

Kmom 7 %N / Y=. / Y1 ; %O / D.

Y1 ; %O / D. ‐ %N / Y =.

; %


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>

AMA NN

PDBDOPN CMF TQMNMF YQHPDP

1&=& Ydfjdqsnmf Pdbdopn cmf Tqmnmf Yqhpdp

Pdbdopn cmf tqmnmf yqhpdp kdqtymomf ptmst amjnmf cmbmk ydqdf`mfmmf

ydfcnqnmf ptmst ymaqno cnkmfm ymcm amjnmf sdqpdats momf cnynbne cmf cnpdbdopn

adadqmym mbsdqfmsnl yqhpdp ~mfj kdktfjonfomf& Ydknbnemf yqhpdp momf

cntqmnomf sdfsmfj amjmnkmfm kdknbne yqhpdp cdfjmf kdkydqemsnomf

ymqmkdsdq pdjn sdofnp cmf pdjn dohfhknp& Pdjn sdofnp kdbnytsn yqhpdp cmf

ohfcnpn hydqmpn" pdcmfjomf pdjn dohfhknp kdbnytsn anm~m hydqmpn&

1&1& Stgtmf Pdbdopn cmf Tqmnmf Yqhpdp

Stgtmf pdbdopn cmf tqmnmf yqhpdp mcmbme tfsto kdfcmymsomf yqhpdp

~mfj sdqamno cnmfsmqm adadqmym mbsdqfmsnl yqhpdp ~mfj kdktfjonfomf amno cmqn

pdjn sdofnp kmtytf pdjn dohfhknp&

1&0& Ohkyhfdf+ohkyhfdf Odbmym

1&0&=& Odbmym

Odbmym mcmbme pmst ohkhcnsn ~mfj amf~mo cntpmemomf hbde

kmp~mqmoms omqdfm kmflmmsf~m `toty adpmq cmbmk kdkdften odatstemf

pdsnmy emqn& Nfchfdpnm kdqtymomf fdjmqm ydfjempnb odbmym odctm cn ctfnm

pdsdbme cn lnbnynfm" fmktf ydfjjtfmmf odbmym sdqpdats ymcm tktkf~m

pmfjms sdqamsmp ~mnst cmjnfjf~m cnatms ohyqm pdamjmn amemf amot nfctpsqn

knf~mo jhqdfj cmf gtjm cnatms pmfsmf tfsto odydqbtmf qtkme smfjjm&


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=9

\mqndsmp smfmkmf odbmym ~mfj cnodfmb otqmfj bdane mcm =99

km`mk& Smfmkmf nfn ktbmn adqatme ymcm tktq


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==

1&0&0& Mqmfj Sdkytqtfj Odbmym

Mqmfj mcmbme ptmst amemf ymcms ~mfj adqyhqn cmf kdqtymomf empnb

ydkamomqmf cmqn amemf ~mfj kdfjmfctfj tfptq @& Pdamjmnmf adpmq cmqn

yhqn+yhqnf~m kmpne sdqststy cdfjmf encqhomqahf cmf pdf~mzm hqjmfno

bmnf~m& Ohkyhfdff~m sdqcnqn cmqn 7 ‒ lnudc @mqahf‛" mat" mnq fnsqhjdf cmf

ptbltq&

Mqmfj sdkytqtfj %`h`hfts pedbb `emq`hmb. mcmbme mqmfj ~mfj

cnatms cdfjmf `mqm omqahfnpmpn cmqn sdkytqtfj msmt amsho odbmym& Mqmfj

sdkytqtfj ~mfj amno mcmbme adqzmqfm ensmk pdqmjmk cmf gnom cnymsmeomf

msmt cnemf`tqomf" kmom ymcm ynfjjnqmf adomp ymsmemff~m sncmo kdfjonbmy&

Pdcmfjomf sdkytqtfj ~mfj sdqbmbt bmkm ydkamomqmff~m %emfjtp. kmom

mqmfj nst ktcme emf`tq cmf anbm cngmsteomf ymcm adfcm odqmp momf

adqatf~n f~mqnfj&

Ohkyhpnpn mqmfj sdkytqtfj ~mfj amno mcmbme pdamjmn adqnots 7

Smadb 1&1& Ohkyhpnpn Mqmfj Sdkytqtfj

Mqmfj Sdkytqtfj $

Mnq Kmu


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=1

pdf~mzm hjmfno bmnf& Ohkyhfdff~m sdqcnqn cmqn ‒lnudc `mqahf‛" mat" mnq"

fnsqhjdf cmf ptbltq&

Ymcm yqnfpnyf~m pdktm gdfnp ahsmfn %stkate‐stkatemf. cmyms

cngmcnomf amemf amot ydkatms mqmfj& Momf sdsmyn otmbnsmp mqmfj ~mfj

cnempnbomf sncmo sdqbdymp cmqn gdfnp amemf amot cmf sdofno msmt yqhpdp

ydkatmsmff~m& Ymcm tktf~m amemf amot ydkatmsmf mqmfj cmqn gdfnp

adqnots nfn 7

=. Gdfnp om~t 7 amomt" bdamf" gmkat obtsto" omqds" ohyn " om~t

etsmf ~mfj odqmp cmf bmnf‐bmnf&

1. Gdfnp amkat 7 adqcmpmqomf ydfjmbmkmf pdktm gdfnp amkat

cmyms cngmcnomf mqmfj&

0. Gdfnp bnkame 7 om~t bnkame nfctpsqn" pnpm msmt bnkame

ydqsmfnmf" bnkame ydqodatfmf %sdkytqtfj cmf pmats odbmym"

`mfjomfj cmf ydbdyme odbmym pmzns" pdomy ymcn" shfjohb

gmjtfj" qtkyts " qmfsnfj cmf gdqmkn.&

3. Gdfnp atme %mqmfj enmp. 7 ynpmfj" qmkatsmf" ctqnmf" kmfjjnp

cmf pdamjmnf~m

Pdktm gdfnp mqmfj mcmbme ensmk zmqfmf~m" fmktf cdknonmf cmyms

cnpdatsomf adadqmym gdfnp mqmfj ~mfj mcm" ~mnst7

=. Mqmfj anmpm %mqmfj ensmk. 7 `toty odqmp" kdfjempnbomf dfdqjn

ymfmp ~mfj snfjjn" sncmo adqmpmy&


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=0

1. Mqmfj ytsne %mqmfj anf`eh. 7 pmfjms odqmp" kdfjempnbomf dfdqjn

ymfmp ~mfj snfjjn" sncmo adqmpmy" adqcdfsnfj pdydqsn adpn& Sncmo

pdktm gdfnp amemf amot anpm cnyqhctopn kdfgmcn mqmfj ytsne&

0. Mqmfj aqnods %mqmfj ensmk ~mfj cnjnbnfj" cnqdoms cmf cnadfsto

pdptmn odnfjnfmf empnb nfctpsqn msmt ymaqno.&

3. Mqmfj amsmfjmf %mqmfj om~t tste cmf ymfgmfj" anmpm cngtmb cmbmk

adfsto amsmfjmf.&

4. Mqmfj pdqato %mqmfj ~mfj ptcme cngmcnomf pdqato tfsto mbmpmf

odjtfmmf sdqsdfst msmt mqmfj ~mfj kdkmfj cnatms cmqn amemf amot

pdqato.&


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=3

. Lnpno mqmfjf~m odqmp" kdfjonbms cmf adqcdfsnfj atf~nf~m

=9. Sncmo adqmpmy odsnom amqm mynf~m ptcme kdf~mbm

==. F~mbm amqm mynf~m cmyms adqsmemf bdane ymfgmfj %sncmo ktcme

sdqamomq emanp.&

1&3& Omqahf Mosnl

Amemf amot mqmfj anpm adqmpmb cmqn amemf fmamsn msmt empnb notsmff~m

cmf empnb notsmf cmqn edzmfn" cnmfsmqmf~m pdqato jdqjmgn" mkymp sdat"

sdkytqtfj odbmym" shfjohb gmjtfj cmf pdamjmnf~m& Omqahf mosnl msmt mqmfj

mosnl mcmbme mqmfj ~mfj ptcme cnmosnlomf pdenfjjm yhqn+yhqnf~m sdqatom cmf

cdfjmf cdknonmf cm~m pdqmyf~m snfjjn& Pdamjmn amemf ydfjmosnl cnydqjtfmomf

amemf onknm cmf jmp&

Tfptq omqahf mcmbme ptmst wms nfdqs" sncmo bmqts cmbmk mnq" ampm" mpmk

df`dq cmf ydbmqts hqjmfno& Ymcm ptet snfjjn mshk @ adqjmatfj cdfjmf hopnjdf

kdkadfsto omqahf khfhopncm cmf omqahf cnhopncm& Amemf onknm ~mfj amno

cnjtfmomf pdamjmn ydfjmosnl mcmbme 7 @m%HE.1" @m0%YH3.1" ‒@~mfncm‛" EFH0"

E0YH3" FmHE" Fm1PH3" Wf@b1" Fm1 PH0 cmf bmnf+bmnf& Mqmfj ~mfj amno

ktstf~m mcmbme mqmfj ~mfj kdkytf~mn omcmq omqahf snfjjn cmf omcmq mat

pdqsm mnq ~mfj qdfcme& Cnpmkynfj nst mosnlmpn mqmfj cmyms cnbmotomf cdfjmf

kdfjjtfmomf psdmk ymcm ptet >999@+=1999@&


18/223

=4

1&3&=& Pnlms ‐ pnlms amemf cmf yqhcto

1&3&=&=& Pnlms Amemf Amot

Sdkytqtfj odbmym 7

Odbdkamamf 7 5$

Bnjfnf 7 1>"3$

Pdbtbhpm 7 1


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=<

Kdkytf~mn cm~m pdqmy ~mfj gmte bdane adpmq

cnamfcnfjomf cdfjmf mqmfj ~mfj adbtk kdfjmbmkn

mosnlmpn&

1&4& Pdbdopn Yqhpdp

Mcm ctm snfjomsmf yqhpdp cmbmk ydkadfstomf omqahf mosnl" ~mnst

omqahfnpmpn %ydfjmqmfjmf. cmf mosnlmpn cmqn mqmfj ~mfj cnadfsto&

1&4&=& Yqhpdp omqahfnpmpn

Smemy omqahfnpmpn kdqtymomf smemy ~mfj pmfjms ydfsnfj cmbmk

yqhpdp ydkatmsmf mqmfj& Pdbmkm adqbmfjptfjf~m yqhpdp omqahfnpmpn kmom

sdkydqmstq cn cmbmk obnf momf sdqtp kdfnfjoms pd`mqm fmstqmb cmf momf

cnydqhbde mqmfj ~mfj adqotmbnsmp snfjjn&

1&4&1& Yqhpdp Ydfjmosnlmf Mqmfj

Ymcm yqnfpnyf~m ydfjmosnlmf mqmfj cmyms cnbmotomf cdfjmf ctm

`mqm ~mnst pd`mqm onknm msmtytf cdfjmf `mqm hopncmpn jmp&

=& Ydfjmosnlmf Pd`mqm Onknm

Ymcm yqhpdp ydfjmosnlmf pd`mqm onknm" smemy ydfjmqmfjmf cmf

ydfjmosnlmf adqbmfjptfj cmbmk pmst smemy& Amemf amot ~mfj sdbme

cnjnbnfj" cnqdfcmk cmbmk bmqtsmf ydfjmosnl pdbmkm =1+13 gmk&

Pdsdbme amemf cnsnqnpomf odktcnmf cnbmotomf ydfjmqmfjmf& Ymcm

ptet snfjjn amemf ydfjmosnl kmpto cnmfsmqm ydbms+ydbms edopmjhfmb

cmqn oqnpsmbns+oqnpsmbns mqmfj pdenfjjm cmyms kdkatom ydqktommf

mqmfj ~mfj sdqststy&


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=:

1& Ydfjmosnlmf Pd`mqm Hopncmpn Jmp

Ydfjmosnlmf cdfjmf `mqm nfn sdqcnqn cmqn ctm lmpd" ~mnst lmpd

ydkadfstomf yhqn cmf lmpd ydfjmosnlmf& Lmpd ydkadfstomf yhqn

sdqgmcn pmms ydfjmqmfjmf amemf amot ~mfj cnbmotomf ymcm ptet

3999@+=9999@& Ydfjmqmfjmf cnmsmp ptet =9999@ momf

kdfjempnbomf mqmfj cdfjmf khcnlnompn pnlms ~mfj ptomq cnmosnlomf&

Pdcmfjomf mqmfj ~mfj cnempnbomf ymcm ptet ydfjmqmfjmf cn amzme

=9999@ pmfjms dldosnl tfsto cnmosnlmpn" sdsmyn mqmfj nfn momf cnbmynpn

hbde empnb ydkd`memf pdf~mzm omqahf ~mfj odkambn kdfjdkatf&

Tfsto kdkadqpneomf ydqktommf mqmfj cmqn pdf~mzmmf nfn

cmyms cnbmotomf cdfjmf kdfjmbnqomf jmp ydfjhopnc ymcm ptet

>999@+=1999@& Ymcm ptet cnamzme >999@ mopn hopncmpn tmy mnq

msmtytf @H1 pmfjms bmkams" pdcmfjomf cnmsmp =1999 @ momf sdqgmcn

ydftqtfmf cm~m pdqmy mqmfj mosnl ~mfj cnempnbomf& Ydfjmosnlmf

cdfjmf jmp ydfjhopnc bdkme pdydqsn tmy mnq cmf @H1 qdmopnf~m

adqgmbmf pd`mqm dfchsdqknp" pdenfjjm mosnlmpn ~mfj sdqgmcn otqmfj

dldosnl omqdfm otqmfjf~m ymfmp& Yqhpdp ydfjmosnlmf mqmfj cdfjmf

tmy mnq kdftqts @htqhtbdmt cmf Ahfphf cmbmk Emppbdq %=>:3.

pmfjms amno cnbmotomf ymcm ptet >999@+=1999@&

Pdbmkm ydfjmosnlmf cdfjmf jmp+jmp ydfjhopnc" ydbms+ydbms

omqahf oqnpsmbns ~mfj sncmo sdqmstq momf kdfjmbmkn ydqjdpdqmf ~mfj

kdf~damaomf ydqktommf oqnpsmbns msmt `dbme sdqatom pdenfjjm jmp+

jmp nfdqs ydfjmosnl cmyms kdfchqhfj qdpnct+qdpnct encqhomqahf


21/223

=5

pdydqsn pdf~mzm sdq" ldfhb" kdsmfhb cmf pdf~mzm bmnff~m ~mfj

kdfdkydb ymcm ydqktommf mqmfj& @mqm ~mfj pmfjms dldosnl tfsto

kdfcdpmo qdpnct+qdpnct sdqpdats mcmbme cdfjmf kdf~dkyqhsomf

jmp ydfjhopnc ymcm ydqktommf kmsdqn ohqamf&

Smadb 1&3& Pdbdopn Yqhpdp Ydfjmosnlmf

Ydqkmpmbmemf Yqhpdp onknm Yqhpdp Hopncmpn jmp

Amemf amot Ktqme %E0YH3" E1PH3cmf mpmk Fnsqms.

Ktqme %tmy mnq.

Empnb Yqhctopn Snfjjn Snfjjn

Otmbnsmp Qdfcme Snfjjn

Yqhpdp Gmqmfj cnjtfmomf cmfptomq

Amf~mo cnjtfmomfcmf Ktcme

Ydqmbmsmf @toty ptbns

Nf|dpsmpn kmemb

Pdcdqemfm

Nf|dpsmpn qdfcme

Cnbnems cmqn pdbdopn yqhpdp ydfjmosnlmf cnmsmp kmom tfsto yqm qdf`mfm

ymaqno omqahf mosnl nfn cnjtfmomf yqhpdp hopncmpn jmp msmt yqhpdp pd`mqm lnpnom&

Mosnlmpn lnpnom ~mnst yqhpdp kdfjjtfmomf jmp mosnlmpn knpmbf~m tmy mnq msmt @H 1

~mfj cnmbnqomf ymcm mqmfj empnb omqahfnpmpn&

1&


22/223

=>

Ydkamomqmf sdkytqtfj odbmym cnbmotomf cmbmk stfjot ydkamomqmf&

Jmp+jmp ~mfj cnempnbomf adqtym @H" @H1" E1" @E3 cmf dsnbdf& Cnatmfj od

tcmqm kdbmbtn `dqhahfj mpmy& Cnpmkynfj nst sdkytqtfj odbmym sdqtqmn

kdfgmcn mqmfj cmbmk stfjot ydkamomqmf ymcm ptet =9999@& Bmbt cnbmotomf

ydfjd`nbmf totqmf mqmfj cdfjmf kdfjjtfmomf ambb knbb cmf cnm~mo cdfjmf

|naqmsnfj p`qddf


23/223

19

AMA NNN

FDQM@M KMPPM

Omympnsmp yqhctopn 7 1999 shf(smetf

Hydqmpn 7 009 emqn

Ampnp ydqenstfjmf 7 = gmk hydqmpn

Pmstmf 7 oj(gmk

0&=& Qhsmq~ Onbf+ 9= %QO+9=.

Ltfjpn7 Omqahfnpmpn sdkytqtfj odbmym kdfgmcn mqmfj&


24/223


25/223

11

QHSMQ^ CQ^DQ

=4

=3

=<

=1

TCMQM YMFMP

=0

Kmpto %Oj. Odbtmq %Oj.Ohkyhfdf=1 =0 =1 =0

Mqmfj 1>>1 Mqmfj 1>>1

Mnq 33"31: + Mnq 33"31: +

039"


26/223

10

\NAQMSNFJ P@QDDF

=5

19

=>

Kmpto %Oj. Odbtmq %Oj.Ohkyhfdf=: => =5

Mqmfj 1> 0=="::1Mnq 1"11= 9"==: 1"005

1>5"393 =4":9


27/223

13

QHSMQ^ @HHBDQ

13

14

15

1:

1<11

QHSMQ^ ONBF 1

19 1=

10

11

Kmpto %Oj. Odbtmq %Oj.Ohkyhfdf19 1= 11 10

Lnudc Omqahf 14:" + + +

\hbmsnbd Kmssdq 10"4 + + 10"4

Mpe =3"59> + + =3"59>E1H 1"11= + + 1"11=

E1HPsdmk + 1>5"393 + 1>9"

Mqmfj Mosnl + + 141"414 +

1>5"393 1>5"393 141"414 033"150Shsmb4>


28/223

14

Kmpto %Oj. Odbtmq %Oj.Ohkyhfdf

11 14 13 15 1: 1<@&mosnl 141"414 + 1"44= 141"414 + 1"44=Tcmqm + 345"0=< + + 345"0=< +

141"414 345"0=< 1"44= 141"414 345"0=< 1"44=Shsmb:=0"0>1 :=0"0>1


29/223

1<

AMA N\

FDQM@M DFDQJN

Ampnp ydqenstfjmf 7 = gmk

Pmstmf 7 OG

Odmcmmf 7 Psdmc~ psmsd

3&=& Qhsmq~ Onbf+9= %QL+9=.

Amemf ~mfj kmpto

Sdkytqtfj ymcm ptet 7 099@ ; 090 O

Tcmqm ymcm ptet 7 =999 9@ ; =1:0 O

Amemf ~mfj odbtmq

Yqhcto ymcm ptet 7 599 9@ ; =9:0 O

Lbtd jmp ymcm ptet 7 143"51 9@ ; 41:" 51 O

Ohkyhfdf Knf %Oj. Khts %Oj. Enf %oomb. Ehts %oomb.

Sdkytqtfj >>:"3:1 =4>4">44 +

Tcmqm >>"49= 144:3 +

Jmp = =9>": + >">5<Jmp 1 ="9>0 + 4:=:>1 1>>"=:3 530">:= 530>:"9:1

∌E`b + 31390"55=∌E`1 + =503:"013

Cdohkyhpnpn + 09>:


30/223

1:

Ohkyhfdf Kmppm %Oj. @y %oomb(Oj&O. Enf %oomb.

Mqmfj 1>=0

Shsmb 4>1"0= ="991 13>9"914

Shsmb 335":9= + 3:3="30>

Fdqm`m Dfdqjn

Ohkyhfdf Nfyts %oomb. Htsyts %oomb.Kmpto 54903"9=3 +

Odbtmq + 3:3="30>

Ydfjtmymf mnq +


31/223

15

Ohkyhfdf Nfyts %oomb. Htsyts %oomb.

Kmpto 115 O

Shts ; 41""03= +Odbtmq + 1:=1"440

Ymfmp enbmfj + 9"1

3&4& \naqmsnfj P`qddf

Kmpto 7 Snf ; 41"5 O

Shts= ; 3:"1:1H

@ ; 019"1:1 O

Shts1 ; 3:"1:1H@ ; 019"1:1 O

Sqmsm ; 09>"=0< O


32/223

1>

Fdqm`m Dfdqjn

Ohkyhfdf Nfyts %oomb. Htsyts %oomb.Kmpto = 1:=1"440 +

Kmpto 1 + 194 =94="50:

E1HPsdmk 1>5"393 =:3439">0< 0: + :9541"1:0∌Eqdmopn 1:>3"00="955

3&:& Qhsmq~ @hhbdq

Amemf ~mfj odbtmq 7 39 9@ ; 0=0 O

Tcmqm ymcm ptet 7 5999@ ; =9:0 O


33/223

09

Amemf ~mfj Kmpto

Ptet qmsm+qmsm @mosnl ; %=1:0 / 1>5. ( 1 ; :5< O

Ptet qmsm+qmsm Tcmqm ; %090/1>5. ( 1 ; 09= O

Fdqm`m Dfdqjn

Ohkyhfdf Nfyts %oomb. Htsyts %oomb.

Kmpto >1513":153 +

Odbtmq + >1513":151

Shsmb >1513":15 >1513":15


34/223

0=

AMA \

PYDPNLNOMPN YDQMBMSMF

4&=& @qtpedq %@Q.

Ltfjpn 7 Tfsto kdfjemf`tqomf sdkytqtfj odbmym

Snyd 7 Chjbd Gmz @qtpedq

Totqmf 7 3 u < nf

Ytsmqmf 7 1:4 qyk

Gmz khsnhf 7 » nf

Yhzdq 7 0 Ey

Pdssbnfj 7 » nf

Gtkbme mbms 7 = tfns

4&1& \naqmsnfj P`qddf %\P.

Ltfjpn 7 Kdknpmeomf ymqsnodb totqmf 19+39 kdpe

Gdfnp 7 Pnfjbd cd`o enje pyddc |naqmsnfj p`qddf Fh\h" Cdqqno

Btmp p`qddf 7 9"


35/223

01

Snfjjn ehyydq 7 9"11> k

Sdamb ehyydq 7 9"=14 nf

4&3& Atòds Dbd|mshq %AD.

Ltfjpn 7 + Tfsto kdfjmfjoms sdkytqtfj odbmym ~mfj odbtmq cmqn

ehyydq %AD+9=.

+ Tfsto kdfjmfjoms mqmfj cmqn qhsmq~ cq~dq od ambb knbb

%AD+91.

+ Tfsto kdfjmfjots mqmfj ~mfj momf cnmosnlomf cmqn

qhsmq~ onbf %AD+90.

S~yd 7 @dfsqnltjmb ‐ Cnpèmqjd Dbd|mshq

Totqmf 7 < u 3 u 3"4 nf

Atòds pym`nfj 7 =3 nf

Snfjjn 7 14 ls

Od`dymsmf 7 114 ls(kfs

Bdamq adbs 7 : nf

Yhzdq 7 = Ey

4&4& Qhsmq~ Onbf %QO.

Ltfjpn 7 Omqahfnpmpn sdkytqtfj odbmym kdfgmcn mqmfj

Gdfnp 7 Cnqd`s ‐ Edms Qhsmq~ Onbf

Omympnsmp 7 13 shf(emqn

Amemf 7 @mps nqhf

Gtkbme 7 = tfns


36/223

00

Ohfcnpn hydqmpn 7

Sdkydqmstq ymcmsmf kmpto 7 09 9@

Sdkydqmstq ymcmsmf odbtmq 7 5999@

Sdomfmf 7 = msk

Cnmkdsdq 7 1"=00< k

Ymfgmfj 7 1="00< k

Sdamb 7 4(=< nf ; 9"1


37/223

03

@~`bhfd ‐ 90

Ltfjpn 7 Kdknpmeomf ymcmsmf ~mfj sdqamzm

odbtmq tcmqm ydfjdqnfj

Bmgt |hbtkdsqno tcmqm 7 9"435k0 (kdfns

Od`dymsmf tcmqm kmpto 7 =4 k(cso

4&:& Abhzdq

Abhzdq + 9=

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjmbnqomf tcmqm od cmbmk qhsmq~ onbf

Kmppm tcmqm 7 34" 115 ba(gmk ; 9":405 ba(kdfns

Cdfpnsmp tcmqm 7


38/223

04

Cdfpnsmp tcmqm 7 ="3035 oj(k0

; 9"95>< ba(ls0

Bmgt |hbtkdsqno 7 =5:"443 ls0 (kdfns

Amemf 7 @mqahf psddb PM 150 jqmcd @

Cm~m Abhzdq 7 4 Ey

4&5& Lmf

Lmf + 9=

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjdbtmqomf tcmqm ymfmp cmqn Qhsmq~ Onbf

Cdfpnsmp tcmqm 7 9"3"4>"49= oj(gmk ; ="=: ls0 (kdfns


Cm~m lmf 7 0 Ey

Lmf ‐ 90

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjdbtmqomf tcmqm ymfmp cmqn qhsmq~ ̀ hhbdq

Gtkbme tcmqm kmpto 7 345"0=< oj(gmk ; :"


39/223

0<

Bmgt |hbtkdsqno 7 5=5"314 ls0 (kdfns


Cm~m lmf 7 0 Ey

4&>& P`qdz @hf|d~hq

P`qdz @hf|d~hq + 9=

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjmfjots mqmfj cmqn qhsmq~ onbf+= od qhsmq~

cq~dq

Lddc kmpto 7 1>< shf(gmk

Cmqn Ydqq~„p sma&:+< emb& :+:

Ymfgmfj p`qdz 7 =4 ls

Omympnsmp p`qdz 7 4 shf(gmk

Cnmkdsdq hl lbnjes 7 > nf

Od`dymsmf p`qdz 7 39 qyk

Lddc pd`snhf cnmkdsdq 7 < nf

Yhzdq 7 9"30 Ey

P`qdz @hf|d~hq ‐ 91

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjmfjots mqmfj cmqn ambb knbb od at`ods

dbd|mshq







40/223

0:


Lddc pd s̀nhf cnmkdsdq 7 < nf

Yhzdq 7 9"30 Ey


Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjmfjots mqmfj cmqn ambb knbb od at`ods

dbd|mshq







Lddc pd s̀nhf cnmkdsdq 7 < nf

Yhzdq 7 9"30 Ey


Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjmfjots omqahf mosnl cmqn Qhsmq~ @hhbdq od

At`ods Dbd|mshq

Lddc kmpto 7 141"414 oj(gmk ; 9"14 shf(gmk







41/223

05


Yhzdq 7 9"30 Ey


Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjmfjots omqahf mosnl od tfns ydfjdkmpmf

Lddc kmpto 7 141"414 oj(gmk ; 9"14 shf(gmk







Yhzdq 7 9"30 Ey

4&=9& Qhsmq~ Cq~dq %QC.

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjtmyomf omfctfjmf mnq cmbmk tkymf

pmkymn omfctfjmf mnq yqhcto ~mfj cnnfjnfomf

S~yd 7 Qhsmq~ Cq~dq

Shydqmpn 7 =199@

Yhydqmpn 7 = msk

Cnmkdsdq 7 1"33 ls

Amemf ohfpsqtopn 7 @mps Nqhf

Gtkbme 7 = tfns

Btmp ydfmkymfj 7 3""04 ls


42/223

0>

Od`dymsmf ytsmqmf 7 =9 qyk

Zmost snfjjmb 7 :"9> gmk

Gtkbme lbnjes 7 5 atme

Snfjjn lbnjes 7 9"13 ls

Sdfmjm 7 3 Ey

4&==& Ambb Knbb

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfjembtpomf mqmfj ~mfj momf cnmosnlmpn cn

Qhsmq~ Onbf+91

Gdfnp 7 Ambb Knbb

Ymfgmfj 7 < ls

Cnmkdsdq 7 3"4 ls

Yhzdq 7 >4 Ey

Knbb Pyddc 7 13 qyk

Totqmf ahbm %Ca. 7 1"35< nf

4&=1& Qhsmq~ @hhbdq %Q@.

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfcnfjnfomf omqahf Mosnl

Cnmkdsdq 7 1" ls

Ymfgmfj 7 19":> ls

Gtkbme 7 = tfns

Od`dymsmf 7 =1 qyk

Zmost snfjjmb 7 1"13 gmk

Gtkbme lbnjes 7 < atme

Gmqmo mfsmq lbnjes 7 3"=03 ls


43/223

39

Amemf 7 @mps nqhf

Cm~m 7 0 Ey

4&=0& Pnbh

Ltfjpn 7 Kdfmkytfj pdkdfsmqm omqahf mosnl

Gdfnp 7 Pnbh cdfjmf ststy cmsmq cmf ststy adqadfsto

odqt`ts sdqymf`tfj %Ehyydq.

Gtkbme 7 = tfns

S cdpmnf 7 = msk

Ptet hydqmpn 7 09 9@

\hbtkd pnbh 7 45"=51 k0

NC 7 9":045 k

Snfjjn anf 7 =9"095

Snfjjn ehyydq 7 9">19< k

Snfjjn pnbh 7 =="5:15 k

Sdamb pnbh 7 =(0 nf ; 9"995 k

Amemf ohfpsqtopn 7 PM ‐ 105 jqmcd @


44/223

3=

AMA \N

YDQMF@MFJMF MBMS TSMKM

Fmkm mbms 7 Qhsmq~ Onbf

Gdfnp 7 Cnqd`s ‐ Edms Qhsmq~ Onbf

Ltfjpn 7 Tfsto kdfjmosnlmpnomf omqahf kdfgmcn omqahf mosnl

Yqnfpny Odqgm 7

Qhsmq~ onbf adqtym pnbnfcdq ~mfj adqytsmq ymcm admqnfj cmf pdcnons

kdkadfsto ptcts sdqemcmy ehqnwhfsmb& Lddc kmpto cmqn tgtfj pnbnfcdq ~mfj bdane

snfjjn cdfjmf amfstmf ydqytsmqmf pedbb cmf pbhyd cmqn pnbnfcdq cmf kmsdqnmb momf

odbtmq cmqn tgtfj ~mfj bmnff~m& Tcmqm ymfmp ~mfj cnempnbomf kmpto odcmbmk

pnbnfcdq cdfjmf amfstmf abhzdq& Tfsto pdbmfgtsf~m lbtd jmp cmqn cmbmk pnbnfcdq

cdfjmf amfstmf duemtps cnmbnqomf od cmbmk `~`bhfd cnkmfm odktfjonfmf ymqsnodb

embtp cmyms cnsmkytfj& Ydfjmbnqmf lddc qmsd cmf tcmqm ymfmp cnbmotomf pd`mqm

adqbmzmfmf mqme %`htfsdq `tqqdfs.&

Ohfcnpn Hydqmpn 7

Od`dymsmf mbnq lddc ; 4>


45/223

31

Od`dymsmf tcmqm ymfmp ; =95&>"0:9< oj(gmk

; =9&99>":34 ba(gmk

Smemy+smemy ydqmf`mfjmf qhsmq~ onbf kdbnytsn 7

m. Ydqdf`mfmmf cnkdfpn qhsmq~ onbf cmf amemf ohfpsqtopnf~m

a. Ydqdf`mfmmf ydfjjdqmo tfsto ydktsmq qhsmq~ onbf

`. Ydqdf`mfmmf yhqhp ydf~mfjjm cmf qhbb ptyhqsnfj

c. Ydqdf`mfmmf odbdfjomymf qhsmq~ onbf


46/223

30

a. Kdf`mqn ymfgmfj qhsmq~ onbf

B ; Bs u Fs &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&%Ydqq~„p dc&: emb =1+43.

Cnkmfm 7

B 7 Ymfgmfj Qhsmq~ Onbf

Bs 7 9"= u @y u J 9"53 u C ; Ymfgmfj sqmfpldq tfns

Fs 7 Gtkbme sqmfpldq tfns

@y 7 Ymfmp pydpnlno tcmqm ymcm s qmsm+qmsm

;="445=3:0

; =9=4"454

J 7 Bmgt lbtd jmp ; 399 ba(gmk ls1

Bs 7 9"= u 9"141 u %399. 9"35 u 4"


47/223

33

pdcmfjomf tfsto bmpf~m kdfjjtfmomf chtabd zdbcdc ats gnhfs 9"5

% Edppd" emb 53.&

s ;.: %Edppd emb 5=.

l q cmf l m ; =

l p ; lmoshq ohqhpn ~mfj adqetatfjmf cdfjmf pmlds~ lmoshq %9"14.

%Edppd" emb 53& smadb 3+1.

Kmom 7

P ; :4&999 u 9">: u =u= u 9"14 ; =5=5:"4 ypn

Qhsmq~ onbf adodqgm ymcm sdomfmf = msk ; =3": ypnm

psdbb ; 35> ba(ls0

Sdomfmf encqhpsmsno ;=33

B u ;

=33

9="0535> u; =1>"9:4< ypnm


48/223

34

Sdomfmf shsmb %Y. ; Y encqhpsmsno / Y mskhpldq

; =1>"9:4< / =3":

; =30"::4< ypnm

Pdenfjjm 7

sp ;.::4


49/223

3<

Pdenfjjm 7

Zp ; %ω (3. u %C11+C=1 . u B u ύ

Zp ; %0"=3(3. u %4"1+4"11"4=< ba

; 5:1"943 oj

`& Adqms lbnjes

Zl ; f u B u e u s u ύ

Cnkmfm 7

f 7 Gtkbme lbnjes ; 9"


50/223

3:

Kmom 7

Zl ; f u B u e u s u ύ

; < u 05"9= u 9":4 u 9"9=4

; =09=< oj

d& Adqms jdmq

Zj ; %ω (3. u %C1+c1. u a u ύ

Cmqn ydqpmkmmf totqmf jdmq cmf ynfnhf cncmyms 7

a 7 Bdamq ydqktommf jdmq ; :">< nf

C7 Cnmkdsdq jdmq ; =95 nf

c 7 Cnmkdsdq pedbb qhsmq~ onbf ; 4" ls

ύ 7 Cdfpnsmp `mps nqhf ; 349 ba(`tls %Ydqq~„p" emb&0+>4.


51/223

35

Kmom 7

Zj ; %ω (3. u %C1+c1. u a u ύ

; %0"=3(3. u %%=95.1

‐ %4".1. u :">< u 349

; ==0>0"4.

a 7 Jdmq qncnfj qnfj ; :" nf

c 7 Cnmkdsdq btmq pedbb qhsmq~ onbf ; 4" ls

C 7 Cnmkdsdq qncnfj qnfj ; c / 1 ; :" ls

%Ydqq~„p emb& 19+39.

Kmom 7

Zq ; 1 u %ω (3. u %C1+c1. u a u ύ

; 1 u %0"=3(3. u %%:".1 ‐ %4".1 u %:"(=1. u 349

; =1439">3 ba

; 4:4 / ==":33 /

==0>0"


52/223

3>

9 ls(kdfns %Ydqq~ dc" :

emb =1+49

; 3" qyk

F u C ; 14+09& %Ydqq~ dc" 0 emb 5+01.

F u C ; 3" u


53/223

49

Cnkmfm 7

ε 7 snkd hl ymppmjd

B 7 ymfgmfj onbf

F 7 ytsmqmf onbf

C 7 cnmkdsdq onbf

P 7 pbhyd cmqn onbf ; ² + ¶ nf(ls %Ydqq~ dc : emb&=1+4"9

; 93=:"933=4""9

u u

u

; 4":009 kdfns

a& Kdfjenstfj Ptct+ptct %Lbnjes.

Cmqn Ydqq~"dc& < emb&19+00" cnodsmetn 7

Gtkbme lbnjes ; 9"< C+C

Snfjjn lbnjes ; .=1

% C %5

C .

Cnmkdsdq ; 9"0 +1 k

Ydqmf`mfjmf 7

Gtkbme lbnjes ; 9"5 C

; 9"5 u


54/223

4=

Snfjjn qmcnmb lbnjes ;5

C ;5

9


55/223


56/223

40

Kmom 7 Cy ;

1'04; 11"0 nf

Ytsmqmf cmqn ynfnhf

fy ; Cy

Cju fj

Cnkmfm 7

fy ; Ytsmqmf cmqn ynfnhf

fj ; Ytsmqmf cmqn jdmq % 3" qyk.

kmom 7 fy ;0"11

=95u 3"

; 11": qyk

Kdfdfstomf yns`e bnfd |dbh`ns~ cmqn jdmq cmf ynfnhf

Tfsto yns`j bnfd |dbh`ns~ cmqn jdmq mcmbme 7

\k ;Yc

qyk F

'=1

'' %Edppd" emb&300.

Cnkmfm 7 F ; gtkbme jnjn cmqn jdmq ; =:9 atme

qyk ; ytsmqmf cmqn jdmq ; 3" qyk

kmom 7

\k ; 4:"='=1

"3'=:9'=3"0

; =01"55 ls(kdfns

Tfsto yns`e |dbh`ns~ cmqn ynfnhf 7

\k ;c

Y u

qyk u F u

=1


57/223

43

Cnkmfm 7

F ? gtkbme jnjn cmqn ynfnhf ; 04 atme

Qyk 7 ytsmqmf cmqn ynfnhf ; 11": qyk

Kmom 7

\k ;4:"==1

:"1104=3"0

u

u u

; =01"43 ls(kdfns

Kdfdfstomf pmld psqdfjse jdmq cmf ynfnhf

Lp ;Yc

^ aO P '''%Edppd" ydqp =4+=4 emb&30=.

Cnkmfm 7

p ; Psqdpp ~mfj cnngnfomf ; 5999 ypn tfsto `mps nqhf

o ; Lmoshq od`dymsmf

a ; Bdamq ydqktommf ynfnhf cmf jdmq %nf.

ΰ ; Lmoshq ydqktommf jnjn

tfsto `hkkdq`nmbb~ `ts kdsmbn` cdfjmf yns`e bnfd |dbh`ns~ =999

ls(kdfns %Edppd emb 30=. kdkytf~mn lmoshq od`dymsmf 7

O ;

\k

Bdamq ydqktommf" a ;Yc

4">pmkymn

Yc

4"=1

Yc

4"=1%Edppd" emb& 309.

Cnmkanb a ;Yc

4"=1


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44

Kmom a ;4:"=

4"=1; :">< nf

Lmoshq ydqktommf jnjn %ΰ. 7

Cnjtfmomf snyd jnjn =3 » nf Nf|hbtsd" kmom 7

ΰ ; 9"0> +=4"1

%Edppd" emb&309.

Tfsto ynhf cdfjmf gtkbme jnjn" F ; 04 atme" kmom 7

ΰ ; 9"0> +=4"1

; 9"0> +4

1=4; 9"015< atme

Tfsto jdmq cdfjmf gtkbme jnjn" F ; =:9 atme" kmom 7

ΰ ; 9"0> +=4"1

; 9"0> +=:9

1=4; 9"0::3 atme

Gmcn pmld psqdfjse cmqn ynhf 7

Lp ;4:"=

015=5"=>0 ba

Gmcn pmld psqdfjse cmqn jdmq 7

Lp ;4:"=

0::3"9'>


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4<

Tfsto ynfnhf 7

Ey ;990

'\kLp

;00999

43"=01'=>0"=9>=5; 30"54

Tfsto jdmq 7

Ey ;990

'\kLp

;00999

43"=01'=< oZ

Y ; 1="39 Ey ≅ 1= EY


60/223

4:

] 7 \dbh`ns~ qmsnh lm`shq ; Fy Fj

Fj

'1%Edppd ydqp& =4&=: emb 301.

;04=:9

=:9'1

; ="5 ba& Shsmb ktmsmf ~mfj cnsdqnkm kmpne od`nb cmqn amsmp

ktmsmf" kmom totqmf+totqmf cmqn jdmq cmf ynfnhf cmyms cnjtfmomf

%kdkdften.&

4">5 ba" pdenfjjm snmy

ydf~mfjjm kdfdqnkm adamf |dqsnomb pdadpmq 7

Y| ;>5"044>4

; 55>5">>4 ba

Pdcmfjomf adamf ~mfj cnsdqnkm qhbb ptyyhqsnfj %Y=. mcmbme 7


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Y= ;09`hp

Y|; >>5:">5:"5


62/223

4>

; 43>0"19< u 9"4 u 13

; =5"359 ba

Pdenfjjm 7

P

K AS O 0=

4"911 .'%.'%'>9"4C

599&=9

.=5'5"=%.9'=%'>9"4C

0=

4"911

; 9"99:: nf

Cmqn ydqenstfjmf cnmsmp" kmom cnynbne yhqhp cdfjmf cnmkdsdq 9"99:: nf"

ymfgmfj mfsmq yhqhp ; 13 nf&

Amemff~m lhqjdc hq ehs qhbbdc %19$ `mqahf `hfsdfs.

Adqms yhqhp ;''' 1 Bc

; 3

150"9'13'.99::&9%' 1

; 9"99901 ba

Adqms qhbb ptyyhqs %cnqdf`mfmomf amemf `mps nqhf. 7

C 7 Cnmkdsdq ; =1 nf

a 7 Bdamq qncnfj qnfj ; :">< nf

ύ 7 Cdfpnsmp `mps nqhf ; 349 ba(ls

0

; 9"1


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ba

Y ;114"9

31>"494>; 1135


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69/223

:9 %kdftqts TT

ydqatqtemf." mcmbme 7

=& Kdbnfctfjn sdfmjm odqgm msmp emo odpdbmkmsmff~m cmbmk

kdbmotomf ydodqgmmf encty cmf kdfnfjomsomf yqhctopn pdqsm

yqhctosnlnsmp odqgm&

1& Kdfgmknf odpdbmkmsmf pdsnmy hqmfj ~mfj adqmcm cn mqdm odqgm&

0& Kdkdbnemqm ptkadq yqhctopn cmf tfsto kdfjjtfmomff~m pd`mqm

mkmf cmf dlnpndf&


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:9

Sdfsmfj odpdbmkmsmf cmf odpdemsmf odqgm" ~mfj kdqtymomf

pydpnlnompn cmqn ympmb =9 TT fh& =>:9" odpdbmkmsmf odqgm adqstgtmf tfsto 7

=& Kdbnfctfjn sdfmjm odqgm msmp emo odpdbmkmsmff~m cmbmk

kdbmotomf ydodqgmmf cdkn odpdgmesdqmmf cmf

kdfnfjomsomf yqhctopn pdqsm yqhctosnlnsmp fmpnhfmb&

1& Kdfgmknf odpdbmkmsmf odqgm pdsnmy hqmfj ~mfj adqmcm cn

sdkyms odqgm&

0& Kdkdbnemqm ptkadq yqhctopn cmf tfsto kdfjjtfmomff~m

pd`mqm mkmf cmf dlnpndf&

3& Tfcmfj+Tfcmfj Fh&0 smetf =>>1 sdfsmfj gmknfmf phpnmb sdfmjm

odqgm

Tfcmfj+Tfcmfj nfn cnkmoptcomf tfsto kdkadqn ydqbnfctfjmf

gmknfmf phpnmb odymcm pdsnmy sdfmjm odqgm cdfjmf kdomfnpkd

mptqmfpn& Qtmfj bnfjoty gmknfmf phpnmb sdfmjm odqgm cmbmk Tfcmfj+

Tfcmfj nfn kdbnytsn 7

=& Gmknfmf od`dbmommf odqgm

1& Gmknfmf odkmsnmf

0& Gmknfmf emqn stm

3& Gmknfmf ydkdbnemqmmf odpdemsmf


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:9

Kdf~dptmnomf cmf kdf~dkytqfmomf ydfjmkmfmf ymcm ydodqgmmf

~mfj amem~m od`dbmommff~m kdfgmcn adqsmkame snfjjn&

:&1&0& Ydfdqmymf odpdbmkmsmf cmf odpdemsmf Odqgm %O0.

Odadqempnbmf Ydfdqmymf Odpdbmkmsmf cmf Odpdemsmf Odqgm %O0.

cncmpmqomf msmp odangmopmfmmf ydfjdbhbmmf O0 ~mfj cnmkanb hbde ynkynfmf

ydqtpmemmf ~mfj cnmfsmqmf~m mcmbme 7

Ohknskdf cnqdostq tsmkm

Odydknkynfmf ~mfj sdjmp

Hqjmfnpmpn O+0 cncmbmk psqtostq hqjmfnpmpn ydqtpmemmf

Pmqmfm cmf yqmpmqmfm ~mfj kdkmcmn

Nfsdjqmpn O+0 ymcm pdktm ltfjpn ydqtpmemmf

Ctotfjmf pdktm omq~mzmf cmbmk kdbmopmfmomf O+0

Pmpmqmf ydf`mymnmf ydfjdbhbmmf O+0 mcmbme kdknfnkmbomf

od`dbmommf ~mfj cnpdqsmn mcmf~m yqhctosnlnsmp ~mfj snfjjn pdenfjjm stgtmf

ydqtpmemf cmyms cn`mymn pd`mqm hysnkmb& Ydqbnfctfjmf kdkytf~mn stgtmf

mjmq sdfmjm odqgm pd`mqm mkmf kdbmotomf ydodqgmmff~m pdemqn+emqn tfsto

kdfnfjomsomf yqhctopn cmf yqhctosnlnsmp fmpnhfmb& Sdfmjm odqgm emqtp

kdkydqhbde ydqbnfctfjmf cmqn adqamjmn emb cnpdonsmqf~m ~mfj ktfjonf

cmyms kdfnkym cmf kdfjjmfjjt cnqnf~m cmbmk kdbmotomf ydodqgmmff~m&

Yqhjqmk O+0 ydqbt kdfcmymsomf ctotfjmf cmqn sdfmjm odqgm nst

pdfcnqn" mcmytf odzmgnamf cmf emo sdfmjm odqgm nst mcmbme 7

Kdkadqnomf odsdqmfjmf mymanbm cnknfsm hbde ydjmzmn msmt mebn

YO0


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:=

Kdkmomn mbms+mbms ydqbnfctfjmf cnqn

Kdfsmmsn p~mqms+p~mqms O0 ~mfj cnzmgnaomf

Kdknfsm ydfjtqtp tfsto kdbmopmfmomf p~mqms+p~mqms O0 ~mfj

cnzmgnaomf

Kdf~msmomf odadqmsmf sdqemcmy ydodqgmmf cnkmfm p~mqms+p~mqms O0

cmqn ydqmbmsmf ydqbnfctfjmf cnqn sncmo kdfgmknf odpdbmkmsmff~m&

:&0& Pnlms cmf Amem~m

Amemf adqamem~m mcmbme amemf ~mfj cmyms kdfjempnbomf jmp" cdat

msmt qmcnmpn ~mfj cmyms kdfnkatbomf nqnsmpn" bdcmomf" ohqhpn" odqm`tfmf cmf

amem~m bmnff~m msmt kdqtpmo amemf bmnf pdbmkm ydkatmsmf" ydfjhbmemf"

ydfjmfjotsmf" ydf~nkymfmf msmt ydfjjtfmmmf amemf sdqpdats&

Ydf~mons monams odqgm cnpdamaomf hbde adqamjmn lmoshq" mfsmqm bmnf 7

m& Lmoshq onknm sdqkmpto cdat cmf tmy bhjmk

a& Lmoshq lnpno sdqkmpto odanpnfjmf(jdsmqmf" qmcnmpn" ydfdqmfjmf" ptet cmf

odbdkamamf

`& Lmoshq ypnohbhjnp omqdfm sdomfmf kdfsmb msmt psqdp

Adqomnsmf cdfjmf emb cnmsmp" ydqbt cnodsmetn adadqmym emb" ~mnst 7

m. Pnlms+ pnlms cmqn gdfnp amemf onknm ~mfj cnjtfmomf

a. Gdfnp amem~m ~mfj cmyms cnsnkatbomf hbde amemf onknm sdqpdats

`. @mqm ydfmfjmfmf amemf+amemf onknm sdqpdats

c. Ydf`djmemf cmf `mqm ydqshbhfjmf ydqsmkm anbm sdqgmcn od`dbmommf ~mfj

cnsnkatbomf hbde amemf onknm sdqpdats


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d. Bmkamfj msmt pnkahb ~mfj cnjtfmomf pdamjmn ydqnfjmsmf msmt

ydkadqnsmetmf tfsto kdfgmknf odpdbmkmsmf odqgm ymqm ydodqgm&

l. Mbms ydqbdfjomymf ~mfj cnjtfmomf

j. Ydf~nkymfmf ~mfj kdbdanen omympnsmp emqtp cnenfcmqn

e. Yqhpdp yqhctopn cnmstq pdcdknonmf qtym pdenfjjm ohfsmo bmfjptfj

ydodqgm cdfjmf amemf adqamem~m cmyms cnenfcmqn pdknfnkmb ktfjonf&

Cmbmk ymaqno omqahf mosnl" mcm adadqmym odsdfstmf kdfjdfmn pnlms+pnlms

amemf ~mfj ydqbt cnodsmetn tfsto kdf`djme sdqgmcn od`dbmommf" ~mnst 7

Omqahf Mosnl %ymcmsmf.

Ltfjpn 7 Yqhcto tsmkm

Omfctfjmf tsmkm 7 Omqahf

Pnlms lnpno cmf onknm 7

Zmqfm 7 Ensmk

Adfsto 7 Jqmftbm msmt atato

Sdqkmpto amemf ~mfj pmfjms maqmpn|d" hbde omqdfm mcmf~m ohfsmo

cdfjmf cdat ~mfj cnempnbomf adqydfjmqte yhsdfpnmb sdqemcmy

odpdemsmf ydodqgm" mfsmqm bmnf 7

m& Ohfsmo cdfjmf kmsm

Sdqgmcn nqnsmpn ymcm kmsm cmf kdf~damaomf kmsm kdfgmcn ydqne"

adqmnq cmf kdqme&

a& Ymqt+ymqt

Gnom ohfsmo ~mfj sdqgmcn `toty bmkm pdenfjjm cdat ~mfj

cnempnbomf amf~mo ~mfj sdqenpmy odcmbmk ymqt+ymqt cmyms


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kdf~damaomf nqnsmpn sdqemcmy pnpsdk ydqfmympmf" mfsmqm bmnf 7

yfdtkh`hfnhpnp ~mnst kdftkytof~m cdat cmbmk gtkbme ~mfj

`toty amf~mo cncmbmk ymqt+ymqt" yfdtkhfnsnp msmt qmcmfj ymqt+

ymqt" amsto cmf fmlmp kdfgmcn ydfcdo&

Ydfmfjmfmf 7

Kmsm 7 Ampte cdfjmf mnq pdbmkm =4 kdfns" gnom nqnsmpn

pdkmonf ymqme pdjdqm cnamzm odchosdq&

Ydqfmympmf 7 Pdjdqm cnynfcmeomf od tcmqm sdqatom" gnom

ohqamf sncmo adqfmlmp" pdjdqm adqnomf mbms adqfmympmf cmqn

ktbts od ktbts&

Ydf`dqfmmf 7 Gmfjmf cnymopmomf tfsto cnktfsmeomf& Gnom

ohqamf kmpne odmcmmf pmcmq" pdjdqm adqnomf 1+3 jdbmp ptpt

msmt mnq&

:&0&=& Amem~m cmf Ydf`djmemf

Mcm snjm gdfnp amem~m ~mfj cnmonamsomf hbde amemf amot cmf

yqhcto sdqpdats cnmsmp " ~mnst 7

Amem~m odamomqmf monams mqtp bnpsqno&

Tfsto kdfjenfcmqn mcmf~m odamomqmf monams mqtp bnpsqno"

cnydqemsnomf emb+emb pdamjmn adqnots 7

Tfsto kdf`djme sdqgmcnf~m amem~m odamomqmf" kmom

cnpdcnmomf adadqmym ydqmbmsmf ydkmcmk odamomqmf pdydqsn

lnqd ahu" lnqd encqmfs lhmk" zmsdq pyqm~ gds cmf yqnfodb cmbmk

qtmfjmf pdqsm tfns ydkmcmk odamomqmf&


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Tfsto kdf`djme kdfgmbmqf~m myn ~mfj sdyms mymanbm sdqgmcn

odamomqmf kmom cnatms ohfpsqtopn amfjtfmf ~mfj smemf myn

ymcm pdsnmy amfjtfmf lnpno&

Kdfjjtfmomf nphbmpn ymcm gmqnfjmf bnpsqno&

Kdfjjtfmomf mbms ymfjomb ydsnq&

Ydfjmzmpmf sdqemcmy omadb sdqympmfj&

Ydkmpmfjmf nfpsmbmpn bnpsqno sncmo kdfjembmfjn gmbtq odqgm&

Ydqshbhfjmf ydqsmkm sdqemcmy sdqgmcnf~m odamomqmf cmyms

cnbmotomf cdfjmf kdf~dcnmomf mbms ydkmcmk odamomqmf ~mfj

`hkymsnabd cdfjmf amemf ~mfj sdqamomq" ~mnst gdfnp 7

Mb`hehb+ qdpnpsmfs lhmk

Cq~ yhzdq

@mqahf cnhuncd

Zmsdq pyqm~ gds

Emb bmnf ~mfj ydqbt cnydqemsnomf gtjm mcmbme" kdf~dcnmomf mbms

amfst ydqfmympmf pdydqsn fmpodq(smatfj hopnjdf amjn ydstjmp

ydkmcmk odamomqmf&

Amem~m bdcmomf

Duybhpn|d bnkns mcmbme amsmp(qmfjd cnkmfm ohkyhpnpn tmy sdqemcmy

`mkytqmf shsmb tmy cmf tcmqm cmyms kdf~damaomf bdcmomf& @mqm

ydf`djmemff~m mcmbme cdfjmf kdfgmteomf smfjon ydf~nkymfmf

cmqn ymfmp %myn. cmf odmtpmf ~mfj cmyms kdfjmonamsomf odah`hqmf

smfjon pdqsm kdkadqbmotomf bmqmfjmf kdqhoho cn mqdm ymaqno&


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:4

Amem~m Nqnsmpn" odqm`tfmf cmf odpdemsmf

Nqnsmpn ymcm kmsm momf kdfjmonamsomf ydqne ameomf cmyms

kdf~damaomf odatsmmf& Pdamnof~m cnpdcnmomf `mnqmf ydf`t`n kmsm

gnom pdzmost+zmost sdqgmcn od`dbmommf& Nqnsmpn gtjm anpm sdqgmcn ymcm

otbns pdenfjjm ydqbt cnenfcmqn& @mqm ydf`djmemff~m ~mnst cdfjmf

kdkatms sdkyms ydf~nkymfmf sdqststy cmf cnadqn bmadb ~mfj gdbmp

sdqtsmkm gnom amemf sdqpdats adqpnlms shun` %adqm`tf.& Ydstjmp

cnemqtpomf kdkmomn ydqmbmsmf ydbnfctfj kmsm cmf otbns" pdydqsn

om`mkmsm cmf amgt yqhctopn&

:&0&1& Snfcmomf Ydf`djmemf Bmnff~m

Pdamjmn snfcmomf ydf`djmemf bmnf tfsto kdfmfjjtbmfjn

amem~m ~mfj ktfjonf snkatb" cnbmotomf emb+emb pdamjmn adqnots 7

Ydf~dcnmmf mbms ydfjmkmf" ~mnst 7

Ltbb kmpodq tfsto ydodqgmmf ~mfj adqetatfjmf bmfjptfj

cdfjmf amemf onknm bmnff~m&

Edbkds msmt ydbnfctfj odymbm ~mfj cnjtfmomf cn mqdm

yqhctopn

Pdymst ydfjmkmf oetptp ~mfj cnymomn hbde omq~mzmf cmf

smkt" ~mfj adqetatfjmf bmfjptfj cdfjmf bmymfjmf&

Pmqtfj smfjmf ~mfj cnymomn omq~mzmf" jdctfj amemf amot"

yqhcto cmf tsnbnsmp&

Dmq ybtj tfsto kdbnfctfjn sdbnfjm cmqn yhbtpn ptmqm


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Pnpsdk ydkmcmk odamomqmf cnpdptmnomf cdfjmf pnqotbmpn mqtp

yqhpdp" pdenfjjm anbm sdqgmcn odamomqmf myn cmyms cnbhombnpnq

cdfjmf `dyms&

Ydf~dcnmmmf mbms ydkmcmk odamomqmf ~mfj cnbdsmoomf cnpdonsmq

amfjtfmf ymaqno" cdfjmf kmoptc tfsto kdf`djme kdfgmbmqf~m

myn anbm sdqgmcn odamomqmf&

Ydfdqmfjmf ymcm pdbtqte ymaqno emqtp kdkmcmn cmf ymcm

odmcmmf cmqtqms pnpsdk emqtp cmyms sdsmy adodqgm&

Ydknymmf cnmsmp smfme pdcnonsf~m cnympmfj ymcm odsnfjjnmf 1

kdsdq" pdcmfjomf ydknymmf cncmbmk smfme cnmstq pdcdknonmf

qtym pdenfjjm sncmo kdfjembmfjn bmbt bmbmfj ydodqgm& Tfsto ynym

~mfj cnmbnqn amemf ~mfj ktcme sdqamomq msmt kdbdcmo" cnympmfj

lnqd pshy ymcm gmqmo sdqsdfst cmf cnadqn smfcm&

Ymcm cmdqme yqhpdp ~mfj adqamem~m" cnympmfj ymymf ydqnfjmsmf

~mfj ktcme sdqbnems hbde ymqm ydodqgm&

Kdf~dcnmomf yhbnobnfno mjmq cmyms kdkadqnomf ydqshbhfjmf

kdcnp ~mfj sdyms&

\dfsnbmpn ~mfj amno ymcm qtmfjmf" pdenfjjm sncmo sdqgmcn

motktbmpn cdat cmqn yqhcto omqahf mosnl&

Kdf~dcnmomf amemf ydf~dqmy %maphqadfs . pdydqsn ympnq msmt omytq

tfsto kdfjmkanb amemf ~mfj sdqstkyme&


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Kdponytf cmqn pdjn ydqdf`mfmmf odktfjonfmf sdqgmcn amem~m

cnatms pdod`nb ktfjonf" fmktf lmoshq kmftpnm cmf odpmcmqmf ydodqgm

pmfjms adqydqmf cmbmk tpmem odpdbmkmsmf odqgm&

Cmqn ydfdbnsnmf sdqemcmy od`dbmommf+od`dbmomf ~mfj sdqgmcn"

sdqf~msm lmoshq kmftpnm cmbmk snkatbf~m od`dbmommf pmfjms adpmq" ~mnst

pdonsmq 59+54 $" ~mfj cnmonamsomf hbde odbmbmnmf cmbmk kdkmsten

ydqmstqmf odpdbmkmsmf odqgm mfsmqm bmnf 7

Odjnmsmf ~mfj kdf~nkymfj cmqn ydqmstqmf

Sncmo kdkmflmmsomf ydqmbmsmf odpdbmkmsmf odqgm

Ydfjjtfmmf mbms ~mfj sncmo sdyms msmt pmbme

Hbde omqdfm nst" ydqbt cnatms ydqmstqmf ~mfj gdbmp cmf pmfjpn ~fj

sdjmp& Pdbmnf nst cnpnmyomf ytbm yqhjqmk ydbmsnemf kdfjemcmyn amem~m&

Cdfjmf ydbmsnemf ~mfj ydqnhcno sdfstf~m odpmcmqmf omq~mzmf momf

odpdbmkmsmf odqgm cmyms cnsnfjomsomf&

:&0&0& Snfcmomf Otqmsnl %Ydqshbhfjmf ymcm pmms sdqgmcn od`dbmommf.

Kdponytf snfcmomf yqd|dfsnl sdbme cnbmotomf" fmktf

odktfjonfmf sdqgmcnf~m od`dbmommf kmpne sdsmy mcm& Hbde omqdfm nst

ydqbt gtjm cnodsmetn `mqm ydqshbhfjmf anbm sdqgmcn emb+emb ~mfj sncmo

cnnfjnfomf&

Omqdfm amem~m ~mfj cnsnkatbomf cmqn kmpnfj+kmpnfj amemf amot

emkynq pmkm" kmom ymcm cmpmqf~m ydqshbhfjmf ~mfj cnadqnomf mymanbm

sdqgmcn emb+emb ~mfj sncmo cnnfjnfomf mcmbme pmkm&

Ydqshbhfjmf+ydqshbhfjmf sdqpdats mfsmqm bmnf 7


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Kdfjenqty amemf amot ~mfj adqamem~m

Ydqshbhfjmf ~mfj cnadqnomf mymanbm pdpdhqmfj kdfjenqty tmy ~mfj

adqamem~m mcmbme cdfjmf kdknfcmeomf ohqamf od tcmqm sdqatom&

Ohqamf cnadqnomf hopnjdf gnom kdfjmbmkn odptbnsmf adqfmymp&

Mymanbm `mnqmf amemf amot sdqodfm otbns

Ydqshbhfjmf ~mfj cnadqnomf mcmbme cdfjmf `dyms+`dyms cn`t ǹ

cdfjmf mnq pmatf&

@mnqmf sdqodfm kmsm

Ydqshbhfjmf ~mfj cnadqnomf mcmbme cdfjmf kdf`t`n kmsm ohqamf

cdfjmf `mnqmf ydf`t`n kmsm( ahhqzmsdq&

Sdqcdpmo( sdqenqty od cmbmk ktbts

Ydqshbhfjmf ~mfj cnadqnomf mcmbme cdfjmf kdkadqnomf mnq adqpne

tfsto adqotktq" bmbt cnadqnomf gtjm tfsto cnknftk&


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AMA \NNN

PMQMFM YDFTFGMFJ YQHCTOPN %TSNBNSMP.

Pmqmfm ydftfgmfj yqhctopn %tsnbnsmp. kdqtymomf amjnmf ~mfj

ydfsnfj cmbmk odbmf`mqmf odjnmsmf hydqmpnhfmb pdatme ymaqno& Tfns nfn

adqydqmf cmbmk kdftfgmfj yqhpdp yqhctopn pd`mqm odpdbtqtemf& Tfsto nst"

cnydqbtomf ptmst ydqdf`mfmmf ~mfj amno cmbmk kdqmf`mfj ydkdftemf pmqmfm

ydftfgmfj yqhctopn nfn&

Pmqmfm ydftfgmfj yqhctopn nfn sdqamjn kdfgmcn adadqmym amjnmf" ~mnst7

Tfns ydf~dcnmmf mnq

Tfns ydf~dcnmmf bnpsqno

Tfns ydf~dcnmmf amemf amomq

5&=& Tfns Ydf~dcnmmf Mnq

Mnq ~mfj cnjtfmomf mcmbme mnq ptfjmn ~mfj kmpne amf~mo kdfjmfctfj

ohshqmf+ohshqmf" knfdqmb" ympnq cmf nhf+nhf ~mfj cmyms kdqtpmo ydqmbmsmf cmf

kdf~damaomf qdmopn mfsmqm qdmosmf+qdmosmf ~mfj sdqcmyms cmbmk yqhpdp anbm mnq

sdqpdats bmfjptfj cnjtfmomf smfym cnhbme sdqbdane cmetbt&

Odatstemf mnq ymcm ymaqno nfn kdbnytsn 7

5&=&=& Mnq pdamjmn Tkymf Ahnbdq

Psdmk mcmbme kdcnm ydkmfmp ~mfj cnjtfmomf cmbmk yqhpdp

yqhctopn" ~mnst ymcm edmsdq& Psdmk ~mfj cnjtfmomf mcmbme

ptydqedmsdc psdmk cdfjmf sdkydqmstq =1999@&


83/223

59

Tfsto kdfjempnbomf psdmk nfn" cnatsteomf mnq pdamjmn

tkymf ahnbdq" cnkmfm mnq nfn emqtp sdqadamp cmqn nhf+nhf bhjmk ~mfj

cmyms kdf~damaomf odpmcmemf pdenfjjm kdfnkatbomf dfcmymf cmf

odqmo cmym ahnbdq& Monamsf~m kdfjtqmfjn yqhpdp ydqynfcmemf ymfmp

msmt cdfjmf omsm bmnf cmyms kdftqtfomf dlnpndfpn ahnbdq&

Ydkadampmf nhf+nhf nfn cnbmotomf cdfjmf `mqm

cdknfdqmbnpmpn kdbmbtn smfjon ydftomq nhf& Mnq ~mfj sdbme

cncdknfdqmbnpmpn cn smkytfj cmbmk amo ydfmkytfj tkymf ahnbdq&

Odatstemf mnq pdamjmn tkymf ahnbdq mcmbme pdadpmq :9>">9< oj(gmk

ymcm pmms psmqs ty cmf :9">>9< oj(gmk pdamjmn kmod ty zmsdq &

Mnq tkymf ahnbdq kdkytf~mn p~mqms pdamjmn adqnots 7

Shsmb ymcmsmf %SCP. ; 0499 yyk

Mbombnfnsmp sdqbmqts ; :99 yyk

Ymcmsmf sdqbmqts ; 099 yyk

Pnbnom ; +:


84/223

5=

Wms+wms ~mfj kdf~damaomf atpm" ~mnst wms hqjmfno" mf

hqjmfno cmf wms sdqbmqts cmbmk gtkbme adpmq

Tfsto kdkdften ydqp~mqmsmf sdqpdats cmf kdf`djme odqtpmomf

ahnbdq" pdadbtk kdfjjtfmomf mnq tkymf ahnbdq emqtp cnhbme sdqbdane

cmetbt kdbmbtn 7

Cdknfdqmbnpmpn" tfsto kdfjenbmfjomf nhf+nhf

ydfjjmfjjt

Cmdqmshq" tfsto kdfjenbmfjomf jmp+jmp sdqbmqts&

5&=&1& Mnq Pmfnsmpn

Mnq pmfnsmpn cnjtfmomf tfsto odydqbtmf mnq knftk omq~mzmf"

K@O" odydqbtmf bmahqmshqntk" omfshq cbb kdfjjtfmomf mnq ptfjmn

~mfj sdbme cnhbme cmf cnsmkytfj cmbmk amo ydfmkytfj mnq adqpne&

Psmfcmq mnq pmfnsmpn ~mfj emqtp cnydften ~mnst 7

P~mqms lnpno kdbnytsn ? sncmo adqamt" sncmo adqzmqfm" sncmo adqatpm"

kdkytf~mn ptet cnamzme ptet tcmqm cmf yE fdsqmb

P~mqms onknm kdbnytsn ? sncmo adqm`tf" sncmo kdfjmfctfj amosdqn

ymshjdf ~mfj cmyms kdqtame pnlms+pnlms lnpno mnq

Kmom shsmb odatstemf mnq ~mfj momf cnyqhpdp cmyms cnbnems ymcm

smadb adqnots 7


85/223

51

Smadb 5&1& Shsmb Odatstemf Mnq

Fh Gdfnp Psmqs ty %oj(gmk. Ohfsnft %oj(gmk.

= Ahnbdq :9>">9< +

1 Kmod ty ahnbdq + :9">>9<

0 Mnq pmfnsmpn


86/223

50

0&Smemy Ydfjdcmymf

Mnq ~mfj adqmpmb cmqn amo ydfjdfcmy `dyms cdfjmf lbho ~mfj

sdbme sdqadfsto cncmbmkf~m" cnmbnqomf pd`mqm h|dqlbhz od amo

ydfjdfcmy" tfsto kdfjdfcmyomf lbho+lbho ~mfj adbtk sdqdfcmyomf

cmbmk amo pdadbtkf~m& Hbde omqdfm nst" zmost snfjjmb cmbmk amo

ydfjdfcmy bdane bmkm anbm cnamfcnfjomf zmost snfjjmb cmbmk amo

ydfjmctomf ̀ dyms&

3&Smemy Ydf~mqnfjmf

Smemy nfn kdqtymomf smemy ydf~dkytqfmmf cmqn smemy

pdadbtkf~m" cnkmfm mnq cnyhkym cmqn amo ydfjdfcmy od smfjon lnbsqmpn

~mfj adqstgtmf tfsto kdf~mqnfj pnpm+pnpm ohshqmf msmt ymqsnodb ymcms

sdqptpydfpn cdfjmf totqmf qdbmsnl od`nb ~mfj adbtk kdfjdfcmy ymcm

smemy pdadbtkf~m& Mbms ~mfj cnjtfmomf mcmbme pmqnfjmf ympnq %pmfc

lnbsdq . cdfjmf kdcnm ydf~mqnfj adqtym odqnonb cmf ympnq& Mnq ~mfj

odbtmq cmqn smfjon nfn momf cnsmkytfj cmbmk smfjon ydfmkytfj mnq

adqpne tfsto odktcnmf cnmbnqomf pdamjnmf od smfjon cdknfdqmbnpmpn&

4&Smemy Cdknfdqmbnpmpn %ydbtfmomf.

Mnq ~mfj sdbme adqpne kmpne kdfjmfctfj nhf+nhf sdqsdfst ~mfj

kdf~damaomf odpmcmemf mnq pdenfjjm emqtp cnenbmfjomf sdqtsmkm

tfsto mnq ~mfj momf cnjtfmomf pdamjmn tkymf ahnbdq" cnkmfm mnq

sdqpdats emqtp adamp cmqn odpmcmemf pdenfjjm cmyms kdf`djme

snkatbf~m odqmo cmf qtpmof~m ydqmbmsmf& Mnq ~mfj cncdknfdqmbnpmpn

mcmbme mnq tfsto tkymf ahnbdq& Nhf+nhf ~mfj sncmo cnodedfcmon cmbmk


87/223

53

Mnq Ptfjmn P q̀ddf Qdpdq|nhqAmoYdfjmcto

@dymsAmoYdfjdfcmy N

AmoYdfjdfcmy NN

Smfjon Lnbsqmpn

AmoChkdpsno

AmoMnq Adqpne

Smfjon

CdknfdqmbnpmpnAmoTkymfAhnbdq

AmoMnq Yqhpdp

CnmjqmkYdfjhbmemfMnq

mnq ptfjmn mcmbme nhf fdjmsnl pdydqsn @B+" PH3

1+cmf YH3

1+& Nhf+nhf nfn

cnenbmfjomf cdfjmf `mqm ydqstomqmf nhf&

5&0& Tfns Ydqpdcnmmf Bnpsqno

Sdfmjm bnpsqno ~mfj cnjtfmomf tfsto tfns ymaqnompn %ptkadq sdfmjm"

ydfjjdqmo" mbms khshq yqhpdp cmf ydfjjdqmo khshq mbms tsnbnsmp. cmf tfns fh

ymaqnompn %ydqadfjodbmf" nfpsqtkdfsmpn" ydfdqmfjmf" ydfcnfjnf qtmfjmf cmf

ydqomfshqmf.& Odatstemf bnpsqno pd`mqm odpdbtqtemf cmyms cnbnems ymcm smadb

adqnots


88/223

54

Smadb 5&3& Shsmb odatstemf Bnpsqno

Fh Gdfnp Ydfjjtfmmf Cm~m%ey(emqn.

= Bnpsqno tfsto mbms yqhpdp =41"=19

1 Bnpsqno tfsto tsnbnsmp "1:9

Pd`mqm odpdbtqtemf bnpsqno nfn cnydqhbde cmqn Ydqtpmemmf Bnpsqno Fdjmqm

%YBF. pdadpmq 1>4 oZ(emqn ; 0>4"=>: Ey(emqn ; =1"1> oZE& Pdamjmn

`mcmfjmf gnom pdsnmy pdsnmy emqn cnmptkpnomf sdqgmcn ydktstpmf mbnqmf bnpsqno

cmqn YBF pdbmkm = gmk" kmom cnpdcnmomf 1 atme jdfdqmshq `mcmfjmf adqamemf

amomq phbmq cdfjmf omympnsmp pdadpmq =49 oZ pdamjmn ydkamfjons sdfmjm

bnpsqno&

5&3& Tfns Ydqpdcnmmf Amemf Amomq

Amemf amomq ~mfj cnjtfmomf cmbmk ymaqno nfn mcmbme phbmq& Phbmq nfn

cnatsteomf tfsto 7

Amemf amomq ahnbdq

Amemf amomq jdfdqmshq

Shsmb odatstemf phbmq pdadpmq =>59"503 bnsdq(emqn& \hbtkd phbmq pdbmkm =3

emqn mcmbme 1:":0=: k0& phbmq nfn cnsmkytfj cmbmk smfjon amemf amomq&


89/223

5<

AMA NU

BHOMPN CMF SMSM BDSMO YMAQNO

>&=& Bhompn Ymaqno

Odytstpmf tfsto kdfdfstomf bhompn ymaqno pmfjms ydfsnfj" omqdfm

momf kdkydfjmqten odctctomf ydqtpmemmf& Lmoshq+lmoshq ~mfj emqtp

cnydqemsnomf cmyms cnamjn kdfgmcn 1 jhbhfjmf adpmq" ~mnst 7

Lmoshq tsmkm

Lmoshq oetptp

>&=&=& Lmoshq Tsmkm

m& Amemf amot

Emb+emb ~mfj emqtp cnydqemsnomf cmqn pdjn amemf mcmbme 7

Bdsmo ptkadq amemf amot

Omympnsmp amemf amot

@mqm kdkydqhbde cmf kdkamzmf~m od ymaqno

Otmbnsmp amemf amot ~mfj mcm

a& Ydkmpmqmf

Emb+emb ~mfj emqtp cnydqemsnomf kdfjdfmn cmdqme ydkmpmqmf

mcmbme 7

Cmdqme cnkmfm yqhcto momf cnympmqomf

Cm~m pdqmy ympmq cmf yqhpydo cnkmpm ~mfj momf cmsmfj

Ydfjmqte pmnfjmf ~mfj mcm


90/223

5:

Gmqmo cmdqme ydkmpmqmf cmf `mqm kdf`mymn cmdqme

sdqpdats

`& Tsnbnsmp

Lmoshq tsnbnsmp kdfgmcn pmfjms ydfsnfj omqdfm kdf~mfjots

yqhpdp yqhctopn& Tsnbnsmp kdbnytsn odatstemf amemf amomq" mnq cmf

bnpsqno&

Amemf amomq cnjtfmomf tfsto kdfjjdqmomf jdfdqmshq msmt

mbms ~mfj kdfjempnbomf ymfmp pdydqsn ahnbdq& Tfsto kdkdften

odatstemf mnq pdemqn+emqn cnmkanb ctm ptkadq 7 mnq ptfjmn cmf mnq

YCMK& Mnq ptfjmn cnhbme sdqbdane cmetbt ymcm tfns tsnbnsmp tfsto

kdfjempnbomf mnq ~mfj adqotmbnsmp pdptmn cdfjmf odsdfstmf&

Mymanbm cmbmk kmpm odkmqmt mnq ptfjmn ptqts kmom cnjtfmomf

mnq YCMK tfsto kdkdften odatstemf pdemqn+emqn& Gmcn mnq

YCMK emf~m adqpnlms `mcmfjmf& Mnq cnjtfmomf tfsto pmfnsmpn

cmf tfsto odatstemf yqhpdp %mnq ydfcnfjnf.&

Ptkadq bnpsqno cnydqhbde cmqn YBF" zmbmtytf cdknonmf

jdfdqmshq pmfjms cnydqbtomf pdamjmn `mcmfjmf ~mfj emqtp pnmy

anbm pdsnmy pmms cnydqbtomf omqdfm bnpsqno YBF sncmo momf

pdbmkmf~m adqltfjpn cdfjmf amno ~mfj cnpdamaomf ydkdbnemqmmf

msmt ydqamnomf gmqnfjmf bnpsqno&


91/223

55

c Odmcmmf Jdhjqmlnp cmf kmp~mqmoms

Odmcmmf jdhjqmlnp cmf kmp~mqmoms emqtp kdfctotfj nobnk

nfctpsqn tfsto kdf`nysmomf odf~mkmfmf cmf odsdfsqmkmf cmbmk

adodqgm& Emb+emb ~mfj ydqbt cnydqemsnomf mcmbme 7

Odpnmymf kmp~mqmoms pdsdkyms tfsto adqtame kdfgmcn

kmp~mqmoms nfctpsqn

Odmcmmf mbmk pdydqsn jdkym atkn" amfgnq" mfjnf shymf

cmf bmnf+bmnf

Ohfcnpn smfme sdkyms ymaqno adqcnqn ~mfj cmyms

kdf~tbnsomf ydkmpmfjmf ohfpsqtopn amfjtfmf msmt

ydqmbmsmf yqhpdp&

>&=&1& Lmoshq Oetptp

m& Sdfmjm Odqgm

Emb+emb ~mfj ydqbt cnydqemsnomf mcmbme 7

Ktcme(ptomqf~m kdfcmymsomf sdfmjm odqgm cnpdonsmq

ymaqno

Snfjoms ydfjempnbmf sdfmjm odqgm cncmdqme sdqpdats

Ydqatqtemf cmf pdqnoms atqte

a& Sqmfpyhqsmpn

Cmbmk emb nfn ~mfj emqtp cnydqemsnomf mcmbme ydfjmfjotsmf

amemf amomq cmf yqhcto ~mfj cnempnbomf adqomnsmf cdfjmf

lmpnbnsmp+lmpnbnsmp ~mfj mcm" ~mnst 7

Gmbmf qm~m ~mfj cmyms cnbmbtn sqto


92/223

5>

Ptfjmn cmf bmts ~mfj cmyms cnbmbtn hbde omymb

ydfjmfjotsmf

Ydbmatemf cmf pdqnoms atqte

`& Omqmosdqnpsno Bhompn


Ptptfmf smfme" cm~m ctotfj sdqemcmy yhfcmpn amfjtfmf

ymaqno" ohfcnpn gmbmf pdqsm ydfjmqte mnq

Ydf~dcnmmf cmf lmpnbnsmp smfme tfsto ydqbtmpmf msmt

amfjtfmf tfns amqt

Emqjm smfme

c& Lmoshq+lmoshq bnfjotfjmf bhompn ymaqno


Mcms npsnmcms" odatcm~mmf cmdqme pdonsmq bhompn ymaqno

Lmpnbnsmp ydqtkmemf" pdohbme" yhbnobnfno cmf sdkyms

namcme


93/223

>9

Jmkamq >&=& Ydsm Bhompn Ymaqno Omqahf Mosnl


94/223

>=

>&1& Smsm Bdsmo Ymaqno

Ydqdf`mfmmf smsm bdsmo amfjtfmf ymaqno" mbms+mbms yqhpdp" ydf~nkymfmf

amemf amot cmf yqhcto ymaqno emqtp cnqdf`mfmomf pd`mqm kmsmfj cmf sdqymct

pdenfjjm cnydqhbde ohhqcnfmpn odqgm ~mfj dldosnl cmf pddlnpndf ktfjonf&

Adadqmym lmoshq ~mfj cnydqemsnomf cmbmk kdfdfstomf smsm bdsmo ymaqno

% ybmfs bm~ hts . mfsmqm bmnf 7

Odktcmemf cmbmk hydqmpn cmf yqhpdp ~mfj cnpdptmnomf cdfjmf

odktcmemf cmbmk kdkdbnemqm ydqmbmsmf pdqsm odktcmemf kdfjhfsqhb

empnb yqhctopn&

Cnpsqnatpn tsnbnsmp ~mfj sdyms cmf dohfhknp&

Odpdbmkmsmf odqgm&

Kdkadqnomf odadampmf adqjdqmo ~mfj `toty bdbtmpm cnmfsmqm ydqmbmsmf

yqhpdp cmf ydqmbmsmf ~mfj kdf~nkymf amemf ‐ amemf adqamem~m&

Mcmf~m ydf~dcnmmf bmemf ~mfj momf cnymomn tfsto ydqbtmpmf ymaqno

cnkmpm kdfcmsmfj&

Kmpmbme ydfjhbmemf bnkame ymaqno mjmq sncmo kdfjjmfjt bnfjotfjmf&

Gmbmf cmf amfjtfmf ~mfj mcm&

Smsm bdsmo ymaqno sdqcnqn msmp adadqmym amjnmf ~mnst 7

Mqdmb yqhpdp

Mqdmb yqhpdp kdqtymomf sdkyms adqbmfjptfjf~m yqhpdp ydkatmsmf

omqahf mosnl" smsm bdsmo mbms cnptptf adqcmpmqomf mbnqmf yqhpdp ~mfj mcm&

Cmdqme nfn cnbdsmoomf ymcm bhompn ~mfj cmyms kdktcmeomf ptybmn

amemf amot cmqn sdkyms ydf~nkymfmf cmf ydfjnqnkmf yqhcto od mqdmb


95/223

>1

ydf~nkymfmf yqhcto pdqsm kdktcmeomf ydfjmzmpmf cmf ydknbnemqmmf

mbms ‐ mbms yqhpdp&

Mqdmb ydf~nkymfmf(Jtcmfj

Mqdmb ydf~nkymfmf kdqtymomf sdkyms ydf~nkymfmf amemf amot cmf

yqhcto ~mfj cnempnbomf pdqsm mbms‐mbms yqhpdp %ptot `mcmfj.&

Ydf~nkymfmf amemf amot cmf yqhcto cnbdsmomf cncmdqme ~mfj ktcme

cngmfjomt hbde ydqmbmsmf ydfjmotsmf&

Mqdmb ydkdbnemqmf(Adfjodb

Mqdmb nfn kdqtymomf sdkyms tfsto kdbmotomf odjnmsmf ydqmzmsmf cmf

ydqamnomf ydqmbmsmf pdptmn cdfjmf odatstemf ymaqno&

Mqdmb Tsnbnsmp (Pmqmfm Ydftfgmfj

Mqdmb nfn kdqtymomf sdkyms tfsto kdf~dcnmomf odydqbtmf cmbmk

kdftfgmfj gmbmff~m yqhpdp yqhctopn& Adqtym sdkyms ydf~dcnmmf mnq"

sdfmjm bnpsqno" ydkmfmp cmf pmqmfm ydfjhbmemf bnkame&

Mqdmb Ydqomfshqmf cmf Mcknfnpsqmpn

Mqdmb nfn kdqtymomf ytpms odjnmsmf mcknfnpsqmpn ydqtpmemmf pdemqn+

emqn cmbmk kdfjmstq ymaqno pdqsm kdfjmstq odjnmsmf bmnff~m& Mqdmb nfn

cn sdkymsomf cn amjnmf cdymf ymaqno mjmq sncmo kdfjjmfjt odjnmsmf

cmf odmkmfmf ymaqno&

Mqdmb bmahqmshqntk

Mqdmb nfn kdqtymomf sdkyms tfsto }tmbns~ ohfsqhb sdqemcmy yqhcto

msmtytf amemf amot" pdqsm sdkyms tfsto ydfdbnsnmf&


96/223

>0

Lmpnbnsmp tktk

Lmpnbnsmp tktk sdqcnqn cmqn omfsnf" obnfno ydfjhamsmf" bmymfjmf ymqonq

pdqsm ktpehbbm pdamjmn sdkyms ydqnamcmsmf& Lmpnbnsmp tktk nfn

cnbdsmomf pdcdknonmf qtym pdenfjjm pdbtqte omq~mzmf cmyms

kdkmflmmsomff~m&

Mqdmb ydqbtmpmf

Mqdmb nfn kdqtymomf bmemf ohphfj ~mfj cnpdcnmomf tfsto ydqbtmpmf

ymaqno cn kmpm ~mfj momf cmsmfj& Ydqbtmpmf cnbmotomf omqdfm mcmf~m

ydfnfjomsmf omympnsmp yqhctopn cnkmfm ydqbtmpmf ~mfj cnbmotomf

mcmbme cdfjmf `mqm kdfmkame mbms yqhpdp&

Mcmytf ydqnf`nmf btmp smfme tfsto amfjtfmf ymaqno mcmbme pdamjmn

adqnots 7


97/223

>3

Smadb >&=& Ydqnf`nmf btmp cmdqme ymaqno

Fh Amfjtfmf Btmp %k1.= Yhp odmkmfmf 131 Smkmf 099

0 Mqdm omfshq ==993 Mtbm =334 Shnbds


98/223

>4

==

=

T

1 = =1

>0

3 : < 4

5

=0 =9 =3

10

1=

19=5

=:

=4=11

Jmkamq >&1& Smsm bdsmo ymaqno omqahf mosnl

Gmbmf qm~m


99/223

><

>&0 & Smsm Bdsmo Mbms Yqhpdp

Ohfpsqtopn ~mfj dohfhknp cmf hydqmpn ~mfj dlnpndf cmqn ptmst tfns

yqhpdp momf sdqjmfstfj odymcm amjmnkmfm ydqmbmsmf yqhpdp cnptptf& Lmoshq‐

lmoshq ~mfj cnydqsnkamfjomf cmbmk ydf~tptfmf smsm bdsmo mbms mcmbme 7

Ydqsnkamfjmf dohfhknp

Anm~m ohfpsqtopn cnknfnktkomf cdfjmf gmbmf kdfdkymsomf ydqmbmsmf

~mfj kdkadqnomf pnpsdk ydknymmf pdcdoms ktfjonf cnmfsmqm mbms‐mbms

yqhpdp"pdenfjjm momf kdfjtqmfjn cm~m sdomf mbms sdqemcmy amemf(

`mkytqmf" ~mfj odktcnmf momf kdfjtqmfjn anm~m |mqnmabd&

Odktcmemf hydqmpn

Bdsmo snmy mbms cntpmemomf mjmq cmyms kdkadqnomf odbdbtmpmf adqjdqmo

ymcm ymqm ydodqgm cmbmk kdbmopmfmomf mosnlnsmp yqhctopn& Ydqmbmsmf ~mfj

kdkatsteomf hydqmshq emqtp cnbdsmoomf ymcm yhpnpn ~mfj sdyms cmf

pdptmn" pdenfjjm ktcme tfsto cnbmotomf ydfjmkmsmf(ydfjhfsqhbmf cmf

ydfjhydqmpnmf&

Odktcmemf ydkdbnemqmmf

Odktcmemf ydkdbnemqmmf mbms gtjm cmyms cnydqsnkamfjomf cmbmk

ydfdkymsmf mbms ‐mbms yqhpdp& Emb nfn cnpdamaomf omqdfm ydkdbnemqmmf

mbms kdqtymomf emb ~mfj ydfsnfj tfsto kdfgmjm mbms mjmq adqhydqmpn

pdamjmnkmfm kdpsnf~m cmf adqtktq ymfgmfj& Ydfdkymsmf mbms ~mfj amno

momf kdkadqnomf qtmfj jdqmo ~mfj `toty tfsto kdkydqamnon kmtytf

tfsto kdkadqpneomf ydqmbmsmf&


100/223

>:

0

1

=

3

4

<

:

5

Odmkmfmf

Mbms ‐ mbms ~mfj adqhyqdmpn ymcm sdkydqmstq snfjjn ydqbt cnnphbmpn tfsto

kdkydqod`nb qdpnoh sdqgmcnf~m emb‐emb ~mfj sncmo cnnfjnfomf pdenfjjm

sncmo kdkamem~momf ydodqgm& Pdbmnf nst ydqbt cnpdcnmomf ynfst odbtmq

`mcmfjmf msmt cmqtqms" pdenfjjm kdktcmeomf ymqm ydodqgm tfsto

kdf~dbmkmsomf cnqn gnom sdqgmcn pdptmst ~mfj sncmo cnnfjnfomf&

Jmkamq >&0& Smsm Bdsmo Mbms Yqhpdp

Odsdqmfjmf 7

=& @qtpedq

1& Ehyydq

0& Qhsmq~ Onbf+9=

3& Qhsmq~ cq~dq

4& Ambb Knbb


101/223

>5

AMA U

PSQTOSTQ CMF HQJMFNPMPN YDQTPMEMMF

Adfsto" psqtostq cmf kmfmgdkdf ptmst ydqtpmemmf pmfjms

adqydfjmqte sdqemcmy sdq`mymnf~m stgtmf ydqtpmemmf& Odsnjm tfptq sdqpdats

sncmo cmyms cnynpmeomf cmbmk kdf`mymn stgtmf ydqtpmemmf& Ydqtpmemmf mcmbme

ptmst tfns odjnmsmf dohfhkn ~mfj cnhqjmfnpnq cmf cngmbmfomf msmt cnhydqmpnomf

tfsto kdf~dcnmomf amqmfj cmf gmpm amjn kmp~mqmoms" cdfjmf stgtmf

kdkydqhbde bmam msmt odtfstfjmf&

Odadqempnbmf ptmst ydqtpmemf cncmbmk kdfgmbmfomf odjnmsmf yqhpdp

yqhctopn pmfjms sdqjmfstfj ymcm pnpsdk ydfjdbhbmmf %kmfmjdkdfs . hqjmfnpmpn

ydqtpmemmf kdbnytsn 7 ydqdf`mfmmf" ydbmopmfmmf cmf ydfjdfcmbnmf& Odsnjm emb

cnmsmp emqtp cmyms sdqohhqcnfmpnomf cdfjmf amno& Cnpmkynfj nst gtjm" emqtp

cnydqemsnomf dldosnlnsmp odqgm" tfsto kdfcmymsomf odtfstfjmf ~mfj

kmopnktk amjn ydqtpmemmf" pdenfjjm ydqtpmemmf momf adqodkamfj sdqtp cmf

cmyms adqpmnfj cdfjmf ydqtpmemmf+ydqtpmemmf bmnf amno cn cmbmk kmtytf cn

btmq fdjdqn&

=9&=& Adfsto Amcmf Etotk Ydqtpmemmf

Ymaqno omqahf mosnl nfn sdqjhbhfj cmbmk odbhkyho pzmpsm" omqdfm

ptkadq khcmb ~mfj cnymomn tfsto ydkamfjtfmf ymaqno" ydbmopmfmmf pdbtqte

odjnmsmf yqhctopn" ydkmpmqmf cmf pdbtqte odjnmsmf cncmbmk ymaqno adqmpmb

cmqn khcmb pdfcnqn cmf ynfgmkmf amfo&


102/223

>>

Kdfjnfjms adjnst adpmqf~m nf|dpsmpn ~mfj cnatsteomf hbde ymaqno

omqahf mosnl ~mfj momf cncnqnomf nfn" kmom adfsto ydqtpmemmf ~mfj cnynbne

mcmbme Ydqpdqhmf Sdqamsmp %YS.&

Ydqpdqhmf Sdqamsmp mcmbme ptmst Amcmf Etotk ~mfj cncnqnomf hbde

adadqmym hqmfj cnkmfm amcmf etotk nfn kdknbnon odom~mmf emo cmf

odzmgnamf sdqpdfcnqn sdqynpme cmqn ydfcnqn" ydknbno %ydkdjmfj pmemk. kmtytf

ydfjtqtpf~m %Cnqdostq" ohknpmqnp.&

Mcmytf odtfstfjmf cnynbnef~m adfsto Ydqpdqhmf Sdqamsmp nfn" mcmbme ?

Ydfjdbhbmmf ydqtpmemmf cmyms cnbmotomf bdane dlnpndf pdqsm yqhlpnhfmb& Emb

nfn omqdfm ydkamjnmf stjmp cmf smfjjtfj gmzma ydfjtqtp cmf ydkdjmfj

pmemk cnmstq pd`mqm gdbmp&

Odom~mmf ydqtpmemmf sdqynpme cmqn odom~mmf yqnamcn ydknbno pmemk&

Odbmfjptfjmf encty ydqtpmemmf qdbmsnl bdane bmkm" omqdfm sncmo sdqjmfstfj

ymcm pmst ynemo& Cnpmkynfj nst ydkdjmfj pmemk cmyms kdfgtmb pmemkf~m

anbm kdfjedfcmon adqedfsn pdamjmn ydkdjmfj pmemk&

Ydfjdbhbmmf ydqtpmemmf sdqynpme cmqn ydknbno pmemk" pdenfjjm smfjjtfj

gmzma gmbmff~m ydqtpmemmf adqmcm cnsmfjmf ydfjdbhbm %Cdzmf Cnqdopn.&

Ydkdjmfj pmemk kdfmfjjtfj qdpnoh ydqtpmemmf emf~m sdqamsmp pdadpmq

cmfm ~mfj cnpdqsmomf cn Ydqpdqhmf Sdqamsmp&

Pmemk" pdamjmn smfcm odydknbnomf ydqtpmemmf qdbmsnl ktcme

cnydqgtmbadbnomf&


103/223

=99

=9&1& Psqtostq Hqjmfnpmpn

Tfsto kdf`mymn dlnpndfpn cmf dldosnlnsmp ydqtpmemmf ~mfj snfjjn"

cnydqbtomf psqtostq hqjmfnpmpn ydqtpmemmf ~mfj amno& Psqtostq hqjmfnpmpn nfn

cmyms kdfdfstomf odbmf`mqmf mosnlnsmp ydqtpmemmf pdemqn+emqn cmbmk

kdkydqhbde odtfstfjmf ~mfj kmopnkmb" cmyms adqyqhctopn pd`mqm ohfsnft

cmf adqodkamfj pd`mqm ydpms& Adfsto hqjmfnpmpn ydqtpmemmf kdfjjmkamqomf

etatfjmf mfsmq tfns ~mfj mcm cmbmk hqjmfnpmpn sdqpdats cmf kdftfgtomf jmqnp

zdzdfmfj ~mfj mcm&

Pnpsdk hqjmfnpmpn ~mfj cnmfts ydqtpmemmf nfn mcmbme pnpsdk hqjmfnpmpn

jmqnp cmf psmll ~mfj kdkytf~mn adadqmym odtfstfjmf 7

Psqtostq hqjmfnpmpn pdcdqemfm cmf gdbmp

Kdktcmeomf ydfjmkanbmf odytstpmf

Cnpnybnf odqgm cmyms cnydbnemqm cdfjmf amno

Ydfjmqmemf cmf nflhqkmpn cmyms cnydqhbde cdfjmf ktcme cdfjmf

kdbnems jmqnp cmbmk pnpsdk ~mfj adqpmfjotsmf&

=9&0& Cdpoqnypn Gmamsmf

Cmbmk kdbmopmfmomf odjnmsmf tpmemf~m" ydqpdqhmf sdqamsmp cnmstq hbde 7

=9&0&=& Qmyms Tktk Ydkdjmfj Pmemk %QTYP.

Qmyms tktk ydkdjmfj pmemk kdqtymomf ydkdjmfj odotmpmmf

sdqsnfjjn& Qmyms nfn cnbmotomf pdptmn cdfjmf gmfjom zmost ~mfj cnsdsmyomf

cmbmk mosd ydfcnqnmf ydqtpmemmk" ~mfj tktkf~m cnbmotomf pdsmetf

pdombn&


104/223

=9=

Ydkdjmfj pmemk mcmbme adadqmym hqmfj ~mfj kdfjtkytbomf

khcmb tfsto odydfsnfjmf ydfcnqnmf cmf adqgmbmff~m hydqmpn ydqtpmemmf

sdqpdats& Mcmytf stjmp cmf zdzdfmfj Qmyms Tktk Ydkdjmfj Pmemk

mcmbme 7

Kdfjmfjoms cmf kdkadqedfsnomf Cdzmf Ohknpmqnp cmf Cdzmf

Cnqdopn pdqsm kdfjdpmeomf mfjjhsm ydkdjmfj pmemk anbm mcm ~mfj

adqjmatfj kmtytf kdfjtfctqomf cnqn&

Kdfdsmyomf ydqsmfjjtfjgmzmamf Cdzmf Ohknpmqnp cmf Cdzmf

Cnqdopn msmp kmfcms ~mfj cnydq`m~momf odymcm kdqdom&

Kdfjdpmeomf mfjjmqmf ydfcmymsmf cmf anm~m ~mfj cnatms hbde Cdzmf

Cnqdopn&

Kdfdsmyomf bmam smetfmf ~mfj cnydqhbde tfsto cnamjnomf cmf cnymomn

odkambn tfsto ydfmkamemf khcmb cdkn odkmgtmf ydqtpmemmf&

=9&0&1& Cdzmf Ohknpmqnp

Cdzmf ohknpmqnp nfn cnadfsto cmf kdkytf~mn stjmp pdamjmn

adqnots 7

Kdkadqnomf ydqsmfjjtfj gmzmamf odymcm Qmyms Tktk Ydkdjmfj

Pmemk %QYTP.

Kdf~dstgtn cmf kdfnbmn yqhjqmk odqgm Cdzmf Cnqdopn ~mfj

cnmgtomf

Kdfjdpmeomf ydfjdbtmqmf khcmb cmf ydkamjnmf odtfstfjmf

Cmyms kdfjmfjoms cmf kdkadqedfsnomf cdzmf cnqdopn msmp fmkm

Qmyms Tktk Ydkdjmfj Pmemk&


105/223

=91

Kdfjmzmpn ydodqgmmf cnqdopn pd`mqm ohfsnft cmf sdqmstq

Kdbmyhqomf empnb odqgm pd`mqm qtsnf odymcm ydkdjmfj pmemk

=9&0&0& Psmll Mebn

Psmll mebn sdqcnqn cmqn sdfmjm+sdfmjm mebn ~mfj adqstjmp kdkamfst

cdzmf cnqdopn cmbmk kdfgmbmfomf stjmpf~m amno ~mfj adqetatfjmf

cdfjmf sdofno kmtytf mcknfnpsqmpn ~mfj pnlmsf~m sncmo qtsnf pdydqsn 7

kmpmbme etotk cmf sdofhbhjn& Psmll mebn nfn adqsmfjjtfj gmzma bmfjptfj

odymcm cdzmf cnqdopn pdptmn cdfjmf ancmfj odmebnmf kmpnfj+kmpnfj&

Stjmp psmll mebn kdbnytsn 7

m& Kdkadqnomf pmqmf cmbmk ydqdf`mfmmf ydfjdkamfjmf ydqtpmemmf

a& Kdfjmcmomf d|mbtmpn ancmfj sdofno cmf dohfhkn ydqtpmemmf

`& Kdkadqnomf pmqmf cmbmk ancmfj etotk

=9&0&3& Cdzmf Cnqdopn

Cdzmf Cnqdopn cnmfjoms cmf cnadqedfsnomf hbde qmyms tktk

ydkdjmfj pmemk& Cdzmf cnqdopn pd`mqm odpmstmf adqsmfjjtfj gmzma

cmbmk kdbmopmfmomf odangmopmfmmf tktk ydqtpmemmf ~mfj sdbme

cnsdsmyomf hbde qmyms tktk ydkdjmfj pmemk %QTYP.& Ydkamjnmf stjmp

mfsmq mfjjhsm cnqdopn cnmstq hbde qmyms cdzmf cnqdopn cnamzme ohhqcnfmshq

cnqdostq& Cdzmf cnqdopn sdqcnqn cmqn cnqdostq cmf cnamfst hbde dkyms

kmfmgdq&

=9&0&4& Cnqdostq

Cnqdostq kdqtymomf ynkynfmf sdqsnfjjn cmqn odangmomf ydqtpmemmf

~mfj kdknbnon zdzdfmfj cmf smfjjtfj gmzma pdamjmn adqnots 7


106/223

=90

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma ydfte msmp gmbmff~m odjnmsmf hydqmpnhfmb

ydqtpmemmf

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp onfdqgm ydqtpmemmf odymcm qmyms tktk

ydkdjmfj pmemk %QTYP.

Kdfdsmyomf odangmomf hydqmpnhfmb ydqtpmemmf

Kdfjmfjoms cmf kdkadqedfsnomf omq~mzmf

Cmbmk kdfgmbmfomf stjmp" cnqdostq cnamfst hbde dkyms hqmfj kmfmjdq"

~mnst 7

>& Kmfmjdq Yqhctopn cmf Sdofno" ~mfj kdkamzmen 7

m& Amjnmf Yqhctopn sdqcnqn cmqn7

Psmll yqhpdp

Psmll tsnbnsmp

Psmll }tmbns~ `hfsqhb

Psmll ydfdbnsnmf cmf ydfjdkamfjmf

Psmll jtcmfj

a& Amjnmf Sdofno" sdqcnqn cmqn 7

Psmll ydkdbnemqmmf

Psmll nfpsqtkdf

Psmll kdpnf


107/223

=93

:& Kmfmjdq Ydqphfmbnm" kdkamzmen 7

m& Amjnmf Ydqphfmbnm" sdqcnqn cmqn 7

Psmll odydjmzmnmf

Psmll ydfcncnomf cmf bmsnemf

a& Amjnmf Tktk" sdqcnqn cmqn 7

Psmll qtkme smfjjm cmf odpdgmesdqmmf

Psmll odmkmfmf

Psmll etkmp

`& Amjnmf Odmkmfmf cmf Odpdbmkmsmf Odqgm %O0.

Psmll O0

5& Kmfmjdq Odtmfjmf" kdkamzmen7

m& Amjnmf odtmfjmf

a& Amjnmf motfsnfj

`& Amjnmf ydkadbnmf

Psmll nkyhqs

Psmll ydkadbnmf bhomb

=9&0&


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=94

m& Odymbm Amjnmf yqhctopn

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm kmfmjdq yqhctopn cmf sdofno

Kdfjmzmpn cmf adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp odbmf`mqmf yqhctopn

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp odbmf`mqmf ltfjpnhfmb tfns+tfns

pmqmfm ydftfgmfj %tsnbnsmp.

Kdkamzmen amjnmf ydfdbnsnmf cmf ydfjdkamfjmf

Kdfjmzmpn ydqpdcnmmf amemf amot cmf ydf~nkymfmf empnb

yqhctopn pdqsm sqmfpyhqsmpn empnb yqhctopn

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp ydkdqnompmmf ktst yqhcto

Kdkatms bmyhqmf qtsnf cmqn odjnmsmf cnamjnmf yqhctopn cmf

kdfjmcmomf d|mbtmpn sdqemcmy odjnmsmf ~mfj cngmbmfomf

a& Odymbm Amjnmf Sdofno

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm kmfmjdq yqhctopn cmf sdofno

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma sdqemcmy ydkdbnemqmmf ydqmbmsmf ymaqno

Kdbmotomf ydqamnomf pdqsm kdfgmjm odbmf`mqmf kdpnf cmf

ydqmbmsmf yqhctopn bmnff~m

Kdkatms bmyhqmf qtsnf cmf d|mbtmpn cmqn odjnmsmf cnamjnmf

ymaqno

=9&0&:& Kmfmjdq ydkmpmqmf cmf cnpsqnatpn

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm cnqdostq

Adqzdfmfj tfsto kdbmotomf ydkmpmqmf empnb yqhctopn cmf

kdfcnpsqnatpnomff~m


109/223

=9<

m& Odymbm amjnmf Ydkmpmqmf

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm kmfmjdq ydkdpmqmf cmf

odtmfjmf

Kdfdsmyomf ydqmstqmf+ydqmstqmf hydqmpnhfmb ydkmpmqmf

cmf ydkadbnmf

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp pdbtqte odjnmsmf ydkmpmqmf ~mfj

cnbmotomf ydqtpmemmf ~mfj sdqkmpto yqhkhpn

Kdfdfstomf cmdqme ydkmpmqmf empnb yqhctopn

Kdfjdbhbm pdbtqte odjnmsmf ~mfj adqetatfjmf cdfjmf

ydkmpmqmf cmf ydfgtmbmf yqhcto

a& Odymbm amjnmf Yqhctopn

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm kmfmjdq ydkmpmqmf cmf

cnpsqnatpn&

Kdfdsmyomf cmf kdfdfstomf cmdqme ydf~damqmf cmf

ydf~mbtqmf amqmfj+amqmfj yqhctopn pdenfjjm gmbtq yqhctopn

bmf`mq cmf mkmf pmkymn od ohfptkdf&

=9&0&5& Kmfmjdq Odtmfjmf

Kmfmjdq odtmfjmf kdkytf~mn zdzdfmfj tfsto kdqdf`mfmomf

mfjjmqmf adbmfgm cmf ydfcmymsmf ydqtpmemmf pdqsm kdbmotomf ydfjmzmpmf

sdqemcmy odtmfjmf ydqtpmemmf& Kmfmjdq odtmfjmf kdkamzmen 7

m& Odymbm amjnmf odtmfjmf" kdkytf~mn zdzdfmfj 7

Kdfjmzmpn cmf kdfjmstq pdsnmy ydfjdbtmqmf tfsto

kdkadbn amemf amot cmf ydkmptomf cmqn ydfgtmbmf yqhcto&


110/223

=9:

Kdfjmstq cmf kdbmotomf ydkam~mqmf jmgn omq~mzmf

Kdfjmstq cmf kdqdf`mfmomf ydkadbnmf amqmfj nf|dfsmqnp

a& Odymbm amjnmf motfsnfj" kdkytf~mn zdzdfmfj 7

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm kmfmjdq odtmfjmf

Kdbmotomf ydfjdbhbmemf cmsm sdqemcmy pdbtqte odjnmsmf

ydqtpmemmf ~mfj adqetatfjmf cdfjmf odtmfjmf

Kdkatms bmyhqmf odtmfjmf pdsnmy atbmf cmf pdsnmy smetf

Kdkatms bmyhqmf fdqm`m bmam(qtjn

`& Odymbm amjnmf ydkadbnmf" kdkytf~mn zdzdfmfj 7

Kdbmotomf sqmfpmopn ydkadbnmf sdqemcmy amemf amot

Kdbmotomf ydfjd`domf emqjm ydkadbnmf amemf amot

=9&0&>& Kmfmjdq Ydqphfmbnm cmf Tktk

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm cnqdostq

Kdkamzmen amjnmf ydqphfmbnm cmf tktk

Kdfdsmyomf ydqmstqmf+ydqmstqmf hydqmpnhfmb ydqphfmbnm

Kdbmopmfmomf smsm bmopmfm pdbtqte tfptq cmbmk hqjmfnpmpn

m& Odymbm amjnmf ydqphfmbnm

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm kmfmjdq ydqphfmbnm

Kdfjmstq cmf kdfjdbhbm odjnmsmf ydbmsnemf amjn omq~mzmf

amqt

Kdfmfjmfn ydqkmpmbmemf ~mfj snkatb cmqn omq~mzmf ~mfj

adqodfmmf cdfjmf ydqtpmemmf


111/223

=95

Kdfjmstq pdjmbm emb ~mfj adqodfmmf cdfjmf odydjmzmnmf"

pdydqsn ydfjmstqmf gmczmb odqgm" `tsn omq~mzmf cmf bmnf+

bmnf&

a& Odymbm amjnmf tktk

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp pnpsdk sqmfpyhqsmpn omq~mzmf cmf

cnpsqnatpn odfcmqmmf hydqmpnhfmb ymaqno

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp odadqpnemf bnfjotfjmf" jdctfj" smkmf

cmf bhompn ymaqno

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp tqtpmf qtkme smfjjm %ohfptkpn

kmomfmf omq~mzmf cmf K@O.

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma msmp odmkmfmf ymaqno pd`mqm kdf~dbtqte

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma odymcm kmfmjdq ydqphfmbnm cmf tktk

`& Odymbm amjnmf O0

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma sdqemcmy pdjmbm emb ~mfj adqodfmmf cdfjmf

odmkmfmf cmf odpdbmkmsmf odqgm ymcm pdsnmy tfns yqhctopn&

=9&0&=9& Pdoqdsmqnp

Pdoqdsmqnp kdqtymomf mpnpsdf cnqdostq kmtytf kmfmjdq ~mfj

adqstjmp kdf~tptf mjdfcm odjnmsmf %qmyms msmt ydqsdktmf anpfnp." pdamjmn

fhstbnp cmbmk qmyms cmf ydqsdktmf+ydqsdktmf lhqkmb ~mfj cnmcmomf"

kdfjmstq ptqms kdf~tqms ~mfj adqetatfjmf cdfjmf odydfsnfjmf cmf

odjnmsmf ydqtpmemmf&


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=9>

=9&0&==& Odymbm Pdopn

Adqsmfjjtfj gmzma tfsto kdknkynf amjnmff~m mjmq

adqgmbmf cdfjmf amno

Kdfjmcmomf ydfjmzmpmf cmf d|mbtmpn msmp pdktm odjnmsmf

cmbmk ancmfjf~m cmf kdbmyhqomf odymcm odymbm amjnmf

pd`mqm adqombm&

=9&3& Odydjmzmnmf

=9&3&=& Ydfjmstqmf Gmczmb Odqgm

Zmost hydqmpn ymaqno mcmbme pdamjmn adqnots 7

Cmbmk pmst emqn 7 13 gmk

Cmbmk pmst knfjjt 7 : emqn odqgm

Cmbmk pmst smetf 7 009 emqn odqgm

Pnpm emqn ~mfj atomf emqn bnatq cnjtfmomf tfsto ydqamnomf msmt

ydqmzmsmf cmf pets chzf& Gmk odqgm pdbtqte omq~mzmf cnpdptmnomf cdfjmf

ydqmstqmf PYPN %Pdqnoms Ydodqgm Pdbtqte Nfchfdpnm. ~mnst 39 gmk

pdknfjjt&

Omqdfm yqhpdp yqhctopnf~m adqbmfjptfj pdbmkm 13 gmk" kmom

omq~mzmf

Pra Rencana Pabrik Karbon Aktif Dari Tempurung Kelapa

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