PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI - core.ac.uk · harga je ruk impo r, harg a je ruk lok al...

KUREJ AGRAH ,NEMUSNOK NATAPADNEP HURAGNEP

HRET LAKOL KUREJ AGRAH NAD ROPMI HALMUJ PADA

ID GNAY ROPMI KUREJ ILEB ID NEMUSNOK

NAMELS NETAPUBAK KOPED NATAMACEK

ATRAKAYGOY

ISPIRKS

tarayS utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnU nakujaiD nakididneP anajraS raleG helorepmeM

orP imonokE nakididneP idutS marg

: helO

atiuseY airaM itutsaitsawS

430423180 : MIN

IMONOKE NAKIDIDNEP IDUTS MARGORP LAISOS NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP NASURUJ

NAKIDIDNEP UMLI NAD NAURUGEK SATLUKAF AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU

ATRAKAYGOY 102 3

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

GNEP KUREJ AGRAH ,NEMUSNOK NATAPADNEP HURA

HRET LAKOL KUREJ AGRAH NAD ROPMI HALMUJ PADA

ID GNAY ROPMI KUREJ ILEB ID NEMUSNOK

NAMELS NETAPUBAK KOPED NATAMACEK

ATRAKAYGOY

ISPIRKS

tarayS utaS halaS ihunemeM kutnU nakujaiD nakididneP anajraS raleG helorepmeM

margorP imonokE nakididneP idutS

: helO

atiuseY airaM itutsaitsawS

430423180 : MIN

IMONOKE NAKIDIDNEP IDUTS MARGORP LAISOS NAUHATEGNEP UMLI NAKIDIDNEP NASURUJ

NAKIDIDNEP UMLI NAD NAURUGEK SATLUKAF AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU

ATRAKAYGOY 102 3


ii


iii


vi

AYRAK NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP

kadit ini silut ayas gnay ispirks awhab aynhuggnuses nagned nakataynem ayaS

malad naktubesid halet gnay ilaucek ,nial gnaro ayrak naigab uata ayrak taumem

.haimli ayrak aynkayal anamiagabes ,akatsup ratfad nad napituk

,atrakaygoY 82 3102 iraurbeF

P silune

itutsaitsawS atiuseY airaM


v

NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL

SIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU HAIMLI AYRAK ISAKILBUP

: amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisaham ayas ,ini hawab id nagnat adnatreb gnaY

amaN itutsaitsawS atiuseY airaM :

aM romoN awsisah 80 : 4231 430

naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,nauhategnep umli nagnabmegnep imeD: ludujreb gnay ayas haimli ayrak amrahD atanaS satisrevinU

NAD ROPMI KUREJ AGRAH ,NEMUSNOK NATAPADNEP HURAGNEPNAY ROPMI KUREJ HALMUJ PADAHRET LAKOL KUREJ AGRAH G

NEMUSNOK ILEBID ID NAMELS NETAPUBAK KOPED NATAMACEK.ATRAKAYGOY

atanaS satisrevinU naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas naikimed nagneD ,nial aidem kutneb malad nakhilagnem ,napmiynem kutnu kah amrahD

subirtsidnem ,atad nalakgnap kutneb malad aynalolegnem nad ,satabret araces nakiaynnakisakilbupmem simedaka nagnitnepek kutnu nial aidem uata tenretnI id

ayas adapek ytlayor nakirebmem nupuam ayas irad niji atnimem ulrep apnat.silunep iagabes ayas aman nakmutnacnem patet amales

ini naataynrep naikimeD gnay .aynranebes nagned taub ayas

atrakaygoY id taubiD

laggnat adaP 3102 iraurbeF 82 :

akataynem gnaY n



iv

NAHABMESREP NAD OTTOM NAMALAH

.uknanohomrep nakragnednem halet nahuT

.ukaod amirenem nahuT

) 01 : 6 rumzaM (

halaticakusreB malad halrabas ,naparahgnep malad.aod malad halnuketreb nad ,nakasesek

) 21 : 21 amoR (

adapek nahuT nakainurakid gnay apa sata halrukuysreB.atik

nalaj ada naka itsap ipadah atik gnay halasam paiteS.aynraulek ) siluneP (

tnu nakhabmesrepuk ini ayraK : ku

suseY nahuT

airaM adnuB

ubI & kapaB


iiv

KARTSBA

NAD ROPMI KUREJ AGRAH ,NEMUSNOK NATAPADNEP HURAGNEPHRET LAKOL KUREJ AGRAH GNAY ROPMI KUREJ HALMUJ PADA

ID ILEB NAMELS NETAPUBAK KOPED NATAMACEK ID NEMUSNOKATRAKAYGOY


evinU amrahD atanaS satisr atrakaygoY

3102

iuhategnem kutnu ini naitilenep naujuT p ,nemusnok natapadnep huragne ,ropmi kurej agrah hret lakol kurej agrah id gnay ropmi kurej halmuj pada ileb

atrakaygoY namelS netapubaK kopeD natamaceK id nemusnok . ini naitileneP sinej nakapurem naitilenep fitanalpske , adap nakukalid gnay

2102 rebmetpeS nalub . halada nakanugid gnay atad nalupmugnep kinkeT.renoiseuk nad aracnawaw ased id nakukalid ini naitilenep malad isalupoP

ay agraulek alapek 66 kaynabes ) nacirm ( laggnutrutac haub ismusnokgnem gn modnar lepmas ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay lepmaS .ropmi kurej

.gnilpmas alakS kinkeT .oisar alaks halada nakanugid gnay atad narukugnep raenil iserger nakanuggnem ini naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay atad sisilana

.adnagreb isaH huragnepreb nemusnok natapadnep )1( halada ini naitilenep irad l

)2( ,nemusnok ilebid gnay ropmi kurej halmuj padahret nakifingis nad fitisop ropmi kurej halmuj padahret nakifingis nad fitagen huragnepreb ropmi kurej agrah

j agrah )3( ,nemusnok ilebid gnay nakifingis nad fitisop huragnepreb lakol kure isanimreted neisifeok ialiN .nemusnok ilebid gnay ropmi kurej halmuj padahret

R( 2 nednepedni lebairav huragnep nakkujnunem gnay 104,0 rasebes helorepid )akgnades % 1,04 rasebes halada nedneped lebairav padahret ihuragnepid aynasis n

.nial lebairav helo


iiiv

TCARTSBA

EHT EULFNI ECN FO ECIRP EGNARO DETROPMI ,EMOCNI REMUSNOCOMA EHT SDRAWOT ECIRP EGNARO LACOL DNA DETROPMI FO TNU

SREMUSNOC YB THGUOB EGNARO BUS KOPED NI - ,TCIRTSIDATRAKAYGOY ,TCIRTSID NAMELS

Y airaM itutsaitsawS atiuse amrahD atanaS U ytisrevin

atrakaygoY 3102

eht ,emocni remusnoc fo ecneulfni eht laever ot si hcraeser siht fo mia ehT fo tnuoma eht sdrawot egnaro lacol fo ecirp eht dna egnaro detropmi fo ecirp

D ni sremusnoc yb thguob segnaro detropmi buS kope - tcirtsiD namelS ,tcirtsid .atrakaygoY

hcraeser sihT na si hcaorppa evitanalpxe , .2102 rebmetpeS ni detcudnoc fo stnednopser ehT .seriannoitseuq dna sweivretni yb enod si noitcelloc atad ehT

v laggnutrutaC ni elpoep era hcraeser siht nacirM( egalli 66 fo gnitsisnoc ) seilimaf .gnilpmas modnar yb derehtag erew atad ehT .segnaro detropmi emusnoc ohw

yb derusaem erew ataD ataD .elacs oitar erew a yb dezylan raenil elbuod .noisserger

na evitisop sah emocni ’sremusnoc )1( :era hcraeser siht fo stluser ehT d detropmi fo ecirp eht )2( ,segnaro thguob fo tnuoma eht no tcapmi tnacifingis ,segnaro thguob eht fo tnuoma eht no tcapmi tnacifingis dna evitagen sah segnaro fo tnuoma eht no tcapmi tnacifingis dna evitisop sah segnaro lacol fo ecirp eht )3(

thguob eht R( eulav tneiciffeoc tnanimreteD .segnaro 2 eht swohs hcihw 104.0 si ) eht elihw ,% 1.04 si elbairav tnedneped sdrawot selbairav tnednepedni fo tcapmi

ecneulfni si tser d .selbairav rehto yb


xi

RATNAGNEP ATAK

asE ahaM gnaY nahuT adapek rukuys nad ijuP ainurak nad hakreb sata

nagned ispirks nakiaseleynem tapad silunep aggnihes nakhapmilid ulales gnay

“ luduj ROPMI KUREJ AGRAH ,NEMUSNOK NATAPADNEP HURAGNEP

J HALMUJ PADAHRET LAKOL KUREJ AGRAH NAD GNAY ROPMI KURE

NEMUSNOK ILEBID ID K NETAPUBAK KOPED NATAMACE NAMELS

nakididneP anajraS raleg tapadnem anug silutid ini ispirkS .”ATRAKAYGOY

.atrakaygoY amrahD atanaS satisrevinU imonokE nakididneP margorP adap

tapad kadit ini ispirks nanusuynep malad awhab iradaynem siluneP

nad nautnab aynada apnat racnal nalajreb helO .kahip iagabreb irad nagnukud

hisak amiret nakpacugnem silunep ,uti anerak alages sata kahip aumes adapek

akaM .silunep adapek nakirebid halet nay nagnibmib nad ,nautnab ,nagnukud

silunep halnaknanekrep ,itah nahadnerek nad nasulutek paneges nagned

em : adapek hisak amiret nakpacugn

.1 kapaB .hP ,idnahoR umlI nad naurugeK satlukaF nakeD ukales D

amrahD atanaS satisrevinU nakididneP

.2 kapaB .cS.M ,dP.S ,neyaduM .V.M.Y gnay I gnibmibmep nesod iagabes

mem nad gnibmibmem rabas atres utkaw nakgnaulem kaynab halet ireb

.ini ispirks ayndujuwret imed naras

.3 kapaB .iS.M ,E.S ,nawamraD ardnI iagabes nad idutS margorP auteK

naras ,nagnipmadnep sata II gnibmibmep nesod halet gnay nagnibmib nad

.ini ispirks ayndujuwret imed ini amales nakirebid

.4 kapaB ,onoylaD hugeT .C .rD .S.M jugnep nesod iagabes halet gnay i

.silunep adapek naras nakirebmem nad utkaw nakgnaulem

.5 irad kartsba nagnibmib sata hisakamiret ,.iS.M ,.oyociW okoJ .srD kapaB

.kapab

.6 halet gnay )nitniT kabm amaturet( imonokE nakididneP idorP tairaterkeS

nabmem kaynab .silunep adapek isamrofni nakirebmem nad ut

.7 irebmem kaynab halet gnay ukubI nad kapaB s ,nagnukud tagname aod nad

hisak alages nagned .ayngnayas


x

.8 nakirebmem halet gnay lebanA uknakanopek nad gnanA sam ,itsirK kabM

aod nad tagnames .ispirks nanusuynep malad

.9 B itah sulut nagned gnay hisak amireT .atrakaygoY aralK atnaS arai

aynispirks nakiaseleynem asib silunep aggnihes silunep nakaodnem

.tagnames hunep nagned

.01 .olowusraB gnayE )mla( nad omonidnoT habmis raseB agrauleK

ailak irad nagnukud nad aod sata hisakamireT .aumes n

.11 K etnat ,gnejA ,areV ,nerI ibiB ,anaY ibib : 6 ayrus gnag nayajeg tso

dnE amireT .taR kap nad okE mo ,gna nagnukud ,naamasrebek sata hisak

.aynnaod nad

.21 renoiseuk isignem kutnu utkaw nakgnaulem halet gnay nacirm agraW

pad ispirks naitilenep aggnihes .kiab nagned nalajreb ta

.31 sugilakes uktabahas idajnem halet ini amales gnay zzztumI oirT tauB

hailuk uka amales agraulek tabahas gnamem nailak ,itnaS nad irsA gnay

uuullales kapmok nad nakam akus gnilap .

.41 nemeT - akI ,anaN ,atiN ,uyA ,itnaS ,irsA .80 EP nemet ,ynnoD ,naiR ,avE ,

lodneP , ,lerahC .utasrep utas naktubes ayas asib kadit gnay nad irT

!!!!!.nailaK tauB seskuS .ini amales atik naamasrebek sata hisakamireT

.51 halet gnay utasrep utas naktubes silunep tapad kadit gnay kahip aumeS

eynem malad utnabmem kaynab nakpacugnem siluneP .ini ispirks nakiasel

.hisakamiret

ispirks awhab iradaynem silunep itah nahadnerek alages nagneD

anrupmes irad huaj ini ,kitirk alages kutnu akubret silunep uti anerak helo ,

unep atak rihkA .ini ispirks nakiabrep imed nalusu atres naras parahreb sil

.aynacabmem gnay kahip aumes igab taafnamreb tapad ini ispirks

iraurbeF 82 ,atrakaygoY 3102

siluneP



ix

ISI RATFAD

LUDUJ NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ..................... i

GNIBMIBMEP NAUJUTESREP NAMALAH ................................ ........... ii

NAHASEGNEP NAMALAH ................................ ................................ ....... iii

TAYNREP AYRAK NAILSAEK NAA ................................ ........................ vi

ISAKILBUP NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP ................................ ......... v

OTOM NAD NAHABMESREP NAMALAH ................................ .............. iv

KARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... iiv

TCARTSBA ................................ ................................ ................................ .. iiiv

RATNAGNEP ATAK ................................ ................................ ................... xi

ISI RATFAD ................................ ................................ ................................ . ix

NAULUHADNEP I BAB

.A halasaM gnakaleB rataL ................................ ................................ . 1

.B halasaM nasumuR ................................ ................................ ........... 9

.C lanoisarepO isinifeD ................................ ................................ ....... 9

.D aB halasaM nasat ................................ ................................ ............. 9

.E naitileneP naujuT ................................ ................................ ............ 9

.F naitileneP taafnaM ................................ ................................ .......... 01

IROET NASADNAL II BAB

.A naatnimreP iroeT ................................ ................................ ............ 21

naatnimreP naitregneP .1 ................................ ............................... 21


iix

naatnimreP mukuH .2 ................................ ................................ .... 31

naatnimreP avruK .3 ................................ ................................ ...... 41

rasaP naatnimreP nad nagnaroesreP naatnimreP .4 ......................... 51

eP iroeT .B natapadn ................................ ................................ ............ 91

naimonokereP malaD agraH emsinakeM .C ................................ ........ 12

nemusnoK ukalireP .D ................................ ................................ ........ 22

lanoisanretnI nagnagadreP .E ................................ .............................. 32

lanoisanretnI nagnagadreP taafnaM nad naitregneP .1 ................... 32

rotkaF .2 – lanoisanretnI nagnagadreP rotkaf ................................ 42

naitileneP .F - aynmulebeS naitileneP ................................ .................... 72

rikipreB akgnareK .G ................................ ................................ .......... 92

sisetopiH .H ................................ ................................ ........................ 03

NAITILENEP EDOTEM III BAB

.A naitileneP sineJ ................................ ................................ ............... 23

naitileneP kejbO nad kejbuS .B ................................ ........................... 33

naitileneP utkaW nad tapmeT .C ................................ ......................... 33

aynnarukugneP nad naitileneP lebairaV .D ................................ .......... 33

ataD nalupmugneP kinkeT .E ................................ .............................. 53

rP ataD .1 remi ................................ ................................ ............... 53

rednukeS ataD .2 ................................ ................................ .......... 63

lepmaS nad isalupoP .F ................................ ................................ ....... 63


iiix

lepmaS nalibmagneP kinkeT .G ................................ .......................... 73

lebairaV lanoisarepO isinifeD .H ................................ ......................... 73

taraysarP ijU .I ................................ ................................ .................... 73

satilamroN naijugneP .1 ................................ ................................ . 73

satiraeniL naijugneP .2 ................................ ................................ .. 83

kisalK ismusA ijU .J ................................ ................................ ............ 93

ireinilokitluM ijU .1 sat ................................ ................................ .. 93

satisitsadeksoreteH ijU .2 ................................ .............................. 04

isergeR isgnuF ledoM ijU .K ................................ ............................... 04

)DWM( nosdivaD nad etihW ,nonnikcaM edoteM .1 ..................... 04

ataD sisilanA kinkeT .L ................................ ................................ ....... 14

adnagreB raeniL isergeR sisilanA .1 ................................ .............. 14

F( natlumiS nad ledoM ijU .2 - )tset ................................ ................ 24

T( laisraP ijU .3 - )tset ................................ ................................ ..... 43

MUMU NARABMAG VI BAB

.A aisenodnI sifargoeG isnetoP ................................ ...................... 64

.B lanoisaN ajreK aganeT nad natapadneP isnetoP ........................ 74

nahaubeB namanaT nagnologgneP .C ................................ ............ 84

kureJ gnatneT salikeS .D ................................ ............................... 15

kureJ nagnologgneP .E ................................ ................................ .. 35

nagnaP napukuceK mumU pesnoK .F ................................ ............ 75


vix

meP naujuT .G nagnaP nanahateK nanugnab ................................ .. 95

NASAHABMEP nad ATAD SISILANA V BAB

.A nednopseR mumU narabmaG sisilanA ................................ ...... 06

.1 nimalek sineJ ................................ ................................ ....... 06

.2 nednopseR aisU ................................ ................................ ... 16

.3 nednopseR rihkareT nakididneP takgniT .............................. 16

nednopseR naajrekeP sineJ .4 ................................ .................. 26

nednopseR natapadneP .5 ................................ ........................ 26

ropmI hauB agraH .6 ................................ .............................. 36

lakoL hauB agraH .7 ................................ ............................... 56

nemusnoK naatnimreP .8 ................................ ......................... 66

kisalK ismusA ijU nad taraysarP ijU .B ................................ ......... 76

satilamroN ijU .1 ................................ ................................ ..... 76

satireiniL ijU .2 ................................ ................................ ........ 86

satireinilokitluM ijU .3 ................................ ............................. 96

satisitsadeksoreteH ijU .4 ................................ ......................... 96

ledoM nataraysreP ijU .C DWM ................................ .................... 07

adnagreB reiniL isergeR sisilanA .D ................................ .............. 37

adnagreB reiniL isergeR lisaH .1 ................................ ............. 37

)F ijU( kapmereS araceS naijugneP .2 ................................ ..... 57

)T ijU( laisraP araceS isergeR neisifeoK naijugneP .3 .............. 67


vx

erauqS R detsujdA naijugneP .4 ................................ ............... 08

naitileneP lisaH nasahabmeP .E ................................ ..................... 18

NAITILENEP NASATABRETEK nad NARAS ,NALUPMISEK IV BAB

nalupmiseK .A ................................ ................................ ............... 58

naraS .B ................................ ................................ ......................... 68

naitileneP nasatabreteK .C ................................ ............................. 78

AKATSUP RATFAD ................................ ................................ .................... 88

NARIPMAL


1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

.A halasaM gnakaleB rataL

iagabes nakatakid tapad aisenodnI gnay aragen utiay sirarga aragen

araces uata inatep iagabes nairahacnep atamreb aynkududnep raseb naigabes

hauB .nainatrep tafisreb nakatakid tapad anahredes - alad ek kusamret nahaub m

aragen halada atik aragen gnamem akij ,aynitrA .nainatrep satidomok utas halas

utnu akam ,sirarga nagnap nahutubek ihunemem k satidomok kutnu aynsusuhk ,

haub - akij nakukalid ulrep haub ropmI .nakukalid ropmi aynitsemes kadit nahaub

it atik aragen id gnamem gnay haub lisahgnep namanat anerak aidesret kad

uata amruk nad iwik ,raep haub aynlasim ,hubmut asib kadit natukgnasreb

( naatnimrep tabika naaidesrep nagnarukek gnamem dnamed ihibelem gnay )

( nakosap ylppus haub raga nailadnegnep aynada ulrep patet ipatet ,) kadit lakol

haub aynkaynab nagneD .isanimodid - haub nagned sinejes gnay ropmi nahaub

lakol ruggna nad ,lepa ,kurej itrepes hisam ini atik aragen awhab nakisakidnignem

al aragen padahret iggnit pukuc gnay nagnutnagretek ikilimem .ni

pudih nahutubek agit adA : utiay ,irikgnupid asib kadit gnay aisunam

nad ,)gnadnas( naiakap naka nahutubek ,)nagnap( nanakam naka nahutubek

nanakam akam ,uti itrepes naturu nagneD .)napap( hamur naka nahutubek

aynpudih nagnusgnalek raga aisunam kokop nahutubek nakapurem )nagnap(

nahutubek nakrikimem aisunam halurab ihunepret nagnap haleteS .nimajret tapad

nataheseK .natahesek naka nahutubek kusamret aynmaladid gnay ayntujnales


2

utas halaS .gnabmies gnay izig helorepid raga ismusnokid gnay nanakam

e kusamret nad izigreb gnay nanakam haub halada anrupmes amil tahes tapm -

.nahaub

utiay rutagnep taz gnudnagnem haub ,aynizig nagnudnak irad uajnitiD

nad nimatiV .aisunam hubut helo nakulrepid tagnas gnay larenim nad nimativ

nakam naanrecnep malad emsilobatem naracnalek kutnu anugreb larenim gnay na

.natahesek agajnem kutnu kiab tagnas gnudnagnem kurej haub itrepeS nakosap

taafnamreb C nimatiV .C nimativ napusa kutnu nairah ialin irad nesrep 2,611

risugnem utnabmem asib anerak raseb susu reknak okisir naknurunem kutnu

beynem gnay sabeb lakidar asib aguj uti nialeS .AND adap nakasurek nakba

.hubut malad nalabekek naktakgninem haub sinej tapadret aisenodnI iD - nahaub

haub nad lakol haub utiay ,haub lasa haread nakrasadreb nakadebid tapad gnay

lasareb naklisahid gnay haub nakapurem lakol hauB .ropmi .iregen malad irad

.iregen raul irad nakgnatadid gnay haub nakapurem ropmi haub nakgnadeS

lebaT 1.I hauB naatnimreP naarikreP - d nahaub irad aisenodnI i0002 nuhat - 0102 .

nuhaT

kududneP isalupoP)atuj(

hauB latoT

rep ismusnoK)gk( atipak

oT ismusnok lat)not naubir(

0002

000.312

67,63

88,928.7

5002

000.722

07,54

09,373.01

0102

000.042

29,75

08,009.31

: rebmuS 1102 ,akiporT hauB naijaK tasuP


3

,1.I lebat nakrasadreB uj natakgninep haub naatnimrep halm - idajret nahaub

naradasek ayntakgninem atres kududnep halmuj nahabmatrep aynada tabika

haub irad izig napukucek ayngnitnep naka takaraysam - nakkujnutid gnay nahaub

haub ismusnok ayntakgninem helo - atipak rep nahaub . adaP 2891 nuhat – 2991

haub ropmi gnaralem kutnu nakajibek nakraulegnem hatniremep - kusam nahaub

iregen malad id haub inatep raga halai hatniremep irad naujuT .aisenodnI ek

haub aggnihes iskudorp naktakgninem kutnu gnorodret - kadit tubesret nahaub

maN .ropmi haub nagnias tapadnem tubacid tubesret nagnaral ,2991 nuhat adap nu

haub akam - .ropmi haub nagned gniasreb halak uti iregen malad nahaub alamruN(

)2102 : 261

aparebeb aynnakukalid nagned iadnatid aisenodnI id sabeb nagnagadreP

tubes ,lanoiger takgnit iD .lanoisanretni naijnajrep NAESA ajas aerA edarT eerF

aisenodnI kilbupeR sinsibirgA amasajreK ,)ATFA( - aisenodnI ,arupagniS - napaJ

tnemeergA pihsrentraP cimonocE JI( - NAESA ,)APE - anihC aerA edarT eerF

NAESA nad ,)ATFCA( - aeroK aerA edarT eerF naijnajrep aynadA .)ATFKA( -

esret naijnajrep hadum nikames aragen ratna nagnagadrep seska nakbabeynem tub

haub kudorp aggnihes rabel akubret nad - hadum nagned nial aragen irad nahaub

atpicret gnay rasap gnaulep ,numaN .aynkilabes aguj nad aisenodnI ek kusam

ktaafnamret muleb tubesret amasajrek iulalem satidomok igab lamitpo araces na

haub - ropmi nad ropske acaren ialin irad nimrecret ini laH .aisenodnI nahaub

haub - .tisifed hisam gnay aisenodnI nahaub


4

2.II lebaT id haub ropmi nad ropske emulov nagnabmekrePaisenodnI 6002 nuhat - 0102

nuhaT

ropskE jaL u )%(

ropmI ujaL )%( emuloV

)gK( ialiN )$ SU(

emuloV )gK(

ialiN )$ SU(

6002 372.914.61 419.094.01 _ 208.423.673 374.117.762 -

7002 858.687.31 450.478.8 - 30,61 507.093.903 606.858.542 - 97,71

8002 461.633.22 449.171.21 10,26 626.791.184 19.344 604.8 35,55

9002 695.564.91 532.679.11 - 58,21 096.637.716 919.792.395 73,82 *0102 571.453.71 190.413.31 - 58,01 370.661.225 864.226.215 - 74,51

ropskE emuloV nahubmutreP ujaLataR - ataR 75,5 emuloV nahubmutreP ujaL

ataR ropmI - ataR 66,21

rebmuS iretnemeK : d( 1102 ,nainatreP na )haloi iraunaJ ataD * :nagnareteK – rebotkO

nakrasadreB 2.II lebat id haub ropmi ialin nad emulov awhab iuhatekid ,

satidomoK .aynropske ialin nad emulov nakgnidnabid raseb hibel hisam aisenodnI

haub - da nial aratna duskamid gnay nahaub ,ubmaj ,takupla ,sanan ,gnasip hala

,icel ,irec ,rip ,nairud ,lepa ,akgnames ,nomel ,gnibmileb ,kurej ,siggnam ,aggnam

nupuam rages kutneb malad nakgnagadrepid gnay natubmar nad ,irebwarts

.nahalo r awhab nakkujnunem 1102 ,nainatreP nairetnemeK id ataD ata - atar

paites nesrep 66,21 rasebes takgninem aisenodnI id haub ropmi nahubmutrep

atar nakgnades ,0102 iapmas 6002 nuhat adap nuhat - ropske nahubmutrep atar

iapmas 6002 nuhat adap nuhat paites nesrep 75,5 rasebes aynah aisenodnI id haub

p acaren aggniheS .0102 haub nagnagadre - iapmas 6002 nuhat aisenodnI nahaub

.fitagen ialinreb ulales 0102


5

,lepa haub itrepes nial aratna lanekid hadus inik kajes aggnih ropmi hauB

hauB .aisenodnI rasap irijabmem naik gnay nairud nad raep ,ruggna ,kurej - nahaub

gned tapad inik ropmi lanoisidart rasap ,tekramrepus id iapmuj atik hadum na

ilebid asib hadum nagned tapad nialeS .nalaj nariggnip id haub laujnep nakhab

haub agrah nagned huaj adeb kadit ropmi haub agrah akam tapmet halmujesid

haub aynrijnabmeM .lakol - nakitkubmem ropmi nahaub natutnut aynada

haub naka nemusnok - kiranem ,magares nalipmanep nagned utumreb gnay nahaub

taler gnay ropmi halmuJ .utumreb gnay haub sahk asar atic nagned nad raseb evi

haub itrepes - nahaub , iregen malad rasap nahutubek awhab nakitkubmem ini lah

muleb gnay .lakol lisah helo ihunepret upmam

tagnas ropmi haub laujnem awhab nakatagnem haub gnagadep irad atkaF

laujnem asib haub gnagadep aggnihes kusubmem tapec kadit nad amal nahat

05 kaynabes - nakgnatadid gnay naknop kurej haub itrepes irah paites sudrak 001

rad haub itrepes namisum taas adap gnutnagret lakol hauB .aniC aragen i

helO .ilakes nuhat utas ratikes aynnenap asam gnay aggnam ,ukud ,natubmar

tubesret lah ropmi haub laujnem hilimem hibel haub gnagadep ,uti anerak

ah paites ada ulales aynnakosap nakbabesid ini taas ropmi haub igalapA .aynir

gnay haub tiluk anraw nial aratna nemusnok igab iridnesret kirat ayad ikilimem

nialeS .kane hibel gnurednec ropmi haub nad naragesek takgnit ,naruku ,kiranem

uabreb gnay gnarab ilebmem nagned awhab paggnagnem nemusnok uti ropmi

aggnihes nemusnok igab iridnesret nasaupek iaynupmem nad sugab hibel itsap

.nemusnok atam id nakiabaret idajnem lakol kudorp nakbabeynem naka


6

irad isneukesnok nakapurem nagnap satidomok ropmi ayniggniT

ggnihes raseb gnay kududnep halmuj natakgninep igab narasas idajnem a n arage

al D .aynkudorp nakkusamem kutnu ni rep natapadnep natakgninep uti gnipmasi

( ucimep utas halas iagabes gnadnapid tapad atipak reggirt ayntakgninem )

tubesret natapadnep natakgninep alib igalapa ,ismusnok gnarab ropmi naatnimrep

t ( gnubanem takgnit nahubmutrep nagned itukiid apna etar gnivas .iadamem gnay )

.)7991 ,anayruS(

eP irad tahilid gnaroeses natapadn nalub utas amales aynnalisahgnep

irahes pudih nahutubek ipukucnem kutnu nad ajrekeb - nakukalid akam irah

nnagnutihrep as amales ay .tubesret nalub ut takgniT hadus nemusnok natapadnep

alibapa nakirebid gnay iskaer nad naatnimrep alop ihuragnepmem naka itsap

reb nemusnok aggnat hamuR .agrah nakajnol idajret naka hadner natapadnep

hulegnem p akiJ .iggnit tagnas nakrawatid gnay agrah akij nemusnok natapadne

nakianek imalagnem aguj ropmi haub padahret naatnimrep akam habmatreb

aynutum kiab gnaruk gnay gnarab irad ismusnok nakbabeynem ini lah aggnihes

gnarab adapek - aynsatilauk sugab hibel gnay gnarab

graH kurej a uakgnajret tagnas gnamem ropmi paites ada ulales anerak ,

asar nad satilauk irad tahilid akij aggnihes misum lanegnem kadit nad aynnuhat

alup habmatiD .ropmi haub kiranem tagnas gnamem nahaburep aynada nagned

gnay nemusnok ukalirep k ,ropmi kudorp iakuynem nikames pmi haub anera ro

s gnay gnamem anic aragen irad aynsusuhk ropmi hauB .harum nad hadum nikame

iapmas gk/000.11 pR ratikes laujid gnay naknop kurej haub itrepes harum tagnas

kian asib nanikgnumek nemusnok adapek laujid gnay agrah idaJ .gk/000.51pR


7

lin irad gnutnagret ini lah ,nurut harum ropmi haub agrah alibapA .haipur rakut ia

agrah alibapa ,aynkilabes tubesret ropmi haub ek hilareb naka nemusnok akam

.aynismusnokgnem kutnu tikides nikames nemusnok akam laham ropmi haub

kurej agraH tafis lakol haub anerak ,laham tagnas gnamem lakol aynrasad

asib kadit lakol haub nakbabeynem aggnihes kusubmem tapec nad namisum

helo nakbabesid gnay isidnok ikilimem lakol hauB .taas paites kosapid gnaruk

kutnu urab inatep aynhamel ,iadamem halmuj malad satilaukreb hineb aynaidesret

haub kudorp - nahaub . id lakol haub naaidesretek nad nemusnok tanim uti nialeS

aynlasiM .gniasreb halak lakol kudorp tubmem lanoisidart nupuam nredom rasap

pR iapmas gk/000.81 pR ratikes laujid nadeM uata kanaitnoP kurej haub

ihuragnepmem tapad itnaggnep gnarab agraH .gk/000.02 gnay gnarab naatnimrep

akam ,harum habmatreb itnaggnep gnarab agrah aynarikeS .aynnakitnagid tapad

.naatnimrep malad nagnarugnep imalagnem naka aynnakitnagid gnay gnarab

naka ropmi kurej haub agrah naatnimrep akam ,nurut lakol haub agrah alibapA

gnarukreb agrah naatnimrep akam ,kian lakol haub agrah alibapa ,aynkilabeS .

tubesret agrah nagnidnabrep tahilem nagneD .takgninem naka ropmi kurej haub

ropmi haub anerak ropmi haub hilimem kutnu gnurednec naka nemusnok akam

usnok igab iridnesret kirat ayad ikilimem aynsatilauk irad tahilid akij lahadaP .nem

.ismusnok id kutnu sugab tagnas lakol haub

halmuJ amem inik ropmi haub na aynbabeynep ,iggnit pukuc gn nial arat

rah rotkaf ,ag haub agrah - haub gnabmitek harum hibel uti ropmi nahaub - nahaub

.lakol p nial isis iD akosa suret gnusgnalreb asib uti ropmi haub n - surenem

anegnem apnat nuhat gnajnapes ,ayntabikA .kilkecap misum l lakol haub nakosap


8

gnires urtsuj aynlasiM .acauc rotkaf helo aladnekret aniC irad tseiknus kureJ ada

isubirtsid nagniraJ .nuhat gnajnapes suret i haub aggnih kusam hadus uti ropm

ased - id atarem ropmi haub narabeynep ,aynkefE .aisenodnI id licnepret ased

.aisenodnI hurules .aisenodnI rasap iajarem hadus ropmi haub gnalibid asiB

nanigniekreb nad kiratret silunep akam ,sata id gnakaleb ratal nakrasadreB

lem luduj nagned naitilenep nakuka agraH ,nemusnoK natapadneP huragneP“

kureJ opmI kureJ agraH nad r eT lakoL kureJ halmuJ padahr bid gnay ropmI ile

nemusnok id kopeD natamaceK aK namelS netapub .”

.B halasaM nasumuR

.1 ada hakapA k natapadnep huragnep padahret nemusno kurej halmuj ropmi

ilebid gnay nemusnok ?

.2 ada hakapA kurej agrah huragnep opmi kurej halmuj padahret r ropmi gnay

id ileb nemusnok ?

.3 ada hakapA kurej agrah huragnep akol kurej halmuj padahret l ropmi gnay

id ileb nemusnok ?

.4 ada hakapA huragnep emusnok natapadnep agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah ,n

kurej akol padahret l j kurej halmu ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok ?

.C lanoisarepO isinifeD

.1 helorepid gnay nemusnok nalisahgnep iagabes nemusnok natapadneP

.haipur malad nakataynid gnay ajrekeb nalub utas amales


9

.2 kurej agraH abes ropmi helo ilebid gnay ropmi kurej haub agrah takgnit iag

haipur nautas malad nakataynid gnay nalub utas amales nemusnok rep

margolik .

.3 kurej agraH lakol takgnit iagabes h nalub utas amales lakol kurej haub agra

haipur nautas malad nakataynid gnay margolik rep .

.4 uJ kurej halm ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok )gk( ropmi haub halmuj iagabes

haread utaus malad nemusnok helo atnimid gnay agrah adap .utnetret

.D halasaM nasataB

,saul ulalret kadit raga itiletid naka gnay halasam isatabmem kutnU

nasatab taubmem silunep akam - satab huragnep utiay ini naitilenep malad na

kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep nad ropmi padahret lakol kurej agrah

kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok haub amaturet atrakaygoY atok id

.kurej haub halada hilipid gnay

.E naitileneP naujuT

da ini naitilenep naujuT : hala

.1 emusnok natapadnep huragnep iuhategnem kutnU kurej halmuj padahret n

ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok .

.2 utnU kurej agrah huragnep iuhategnem k opmi kurej halmuj padahret r



01

.3 utnU kurej agrah huragnep iuhategnem k hret lakol halmuj pada kurej ropmi

id gnay ileb nemusnok .

.4 lebairav huragnep iuhategnem kutnU kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep

kurej agrah nad ropmi padahret lakol kurej halmuj ropmi gnay id ileb

nemusnok .

.F naitileneP taafnaM

: igab taafnamreb tapad nakparahid ini naitileneP

.1 aB ig nainatreP saniD

nid igaB nainatrep sa gnay rutagnem kutnu nakajibek libmagnem ,

hatniremep igab nakusam idajnem aggnihes takaraysam helo nakasarid

aisenodnI lakol haub ismusnok nakgnanacnem fitkefe hibel tapad kutnu

haub namanat naayadidubmep malad nad - ahaub haub inatep igab n

.aisenodnI

.2 igaB nemusnoK

takaraysam imonoke laisos naadaek iuhategnem ,nemusnok igaB

hakgnit iuhategnem nad nagnap nahutubek ihunemem kutnu akgnar malad

.ropmi haub ismusnokgnem malad nemusnok ukal


11

.3 hauB gnagadeP igaB

aub gnagadep igaB lakol haub laujnem kaynab hibel raga ,h

haub ismusnokgnem kutnu kiratret hibel nemusnok aynitnan aggnihes

.lakol

.4 siluneP igaB

umli nakparenem kutnu silunep igab anaras nakapurem naitileneP

iroet nakgnidnabmem tapad sugilakes ,hailuk amales helorepid gnay nad

.namalagnep nad nasawaw habmanem tapad aggnihes ketarp


21

II BAB

IROET NASADNAL

.A naatnimreP iroeT

.1 naatnimreP naitregneP

halmuj iagabreb halada saul itra malad naatnimrep naitregneP

tnu rasap utaus malad nemusnok atnimid gnay asaj nad gnarab edoirep ku

takgnit uata agrah takgnit nanikgnumek iagabreb adap utnetret utkaw

iaynupmem gnay nial gnarab agrah takgnit iagabreb uata ,natapadnep

ileb ayad helo gnukudid alib itra ikilimem naka naatnimreP .tare nagnubuh

alin ikilimem rasap id gnarab anerak iatresid gnay naatnimreP .i

naatnimrep nakgnades ,fitkefe naatnimrep tubesid ileb ayad naupmamek

gniek sata nakrasadid gnay i naatnimrep tubesid ajas nahutubek uata nan

.)3891 ,onosraduS( laisnetop uata tulosba

us satitnauk awhab nakataynem imonoke sisilanA gnay gnarab uta

uata rotkaf aparebeb atres ,iridnes uti gnarab helo ihuragnepid atnimid

ynem kutnU .nial lebairav e rotkaf ,tubesret nagnubuh nakanahred - rotkaf

ismusa iagabes tubesid gnay uata )habureb kadit( natsnok paggnaid nial

subirap siretec , j aggnihes helo ihuragnepid aynah asaj uata gnarab halmu

.agrah iagabreb halada asaj uata gnarab utaus naatnimrep isinifeD

ke adap ilebmep helo atnimid gnay asaj uata gnarab halmuj nanikgnum

rasap utaus malad nad utnetret utkaw edoirep kutnu agrah takgnit iagabreb

ret .utnet


31

agrah nahaburep anamiagab naksalejid tapad sitametam araceS

em tapad m naatnimrep mukuH .atnimid gnay gnarab satitnauk ihuragnep

akretek tafis naksalejnem i atnimid gnay asaj uata gnarab halmuj aratna nat

m ayntakikah adap naatnimrep mukuH .agrah nagned utaus nakapure

s agrah hadner nikames awhab nakataynem gnay sisetopih u uata gnarab uta

.atnimid gnay tubesret asaj uata gnarab halmuj kaynab nikames ,asaj

nikames ,asaj uata gnarab utaus agrah iggnit nikames akij aynkilabeS

b halmuj tikides a y asaj uata gnar .atnimid gna

aparebeb helo nakbabesid tapad sata id tubesret nagnubuh tafiS

tna id ,rotkaf a : )3891,onosraduS( halada aynar

.a nial gnarab iracnem nemusnok nakbabeynem agrah nakianek aynadA

gnay asaj uata gnarab itnaggnep iagabes nakanugid tapad gnay

imalagnem s ;agrah nakianek e akam ,nurut agrah alibapa aynkilab

nad nial asaj uata gnarab nailebmep ignarugnem naka nemusnok

runep imalagnem gnay asaj uata gnarab nailebmep habmanem u nan

.)isutitsbus kefe( agrah

.b reb nemusnok liir natapadnep nakbabeynem agrah nakianeK .gnaruk

ignarugnem kutnu ilebmep askamem gnarukreb gnay natapadneP

imalagnem gnay asaj uata gnarab sinej iagabreb irad aynnailebmep

.)natapadnep kefe( agrah nakianek

.2 naatnimreP mukuH

gnarab aratna kilabret nagnubuh nakapurem naatnimrep mukuH

ed asaj uata hadner nikameS .amiretid gnay asaj uata gnarab halmuj nagn


41

asaj uata gnarab halmuj kaynab nikames ,asaj uata gnarab utaus agrah

s akij aynkilabeS .atnimid gnay tubesret e gnarab utaus agrah iggnit nikam

asaj uata gnarab halmuj tikides nikames akam ,asaj uata .atnimid gnay

)3891,onosraduS(

.3 naatnimreP avruK

gnay avruk utaus iagabes nakisinifedid tapad naatnimrep avruK

abmaggnem r utnetret asaj uata gnarab utaus agrah aratna nagnubuh nak

j uata gnarab halmuj nagned a .)2002 ,onrikuS( atnimid gnay tubesret as

k malaD agrah nad atnimid gnay asaj uata gnarab halmuj ,ini avru

ilabes nad nurut P alib kian Q ,kilabret gnay nagnubuh iaynupmem k .ayn

avruk nakbabeynem ,naatnimrep mukuh aynukalreb tabika iagabeS

imrep n ini gnitnep atkaF .hawab nanak ek sata irik irad gnirim naat tubesid

fitagen nagnirimek nagned naatnimrep mukuh drawnwoD fO waL ehT(

)evruC dnameD gnipolS lret itrepes i :ini tukireb rabmag malad tah

P

D

0 Q

1.II rabmaG

)naatnimrep mukuh ukalreb( naatnimreP avruK


51

aratna naadebrep iradasid ulrep ,naatnimrep sisilanagnem malaD

halitsi .atnimid gnay gnarab halmuj nad naatnimrep duskamid gnaY

nagned naatnimrep j nad agrah aratna nagnubuh nahurulesek halada halmu

nakgnadeS .naatnimrep atnimid gnay gnarab halmuj aynkaynab aynitra

.utnetret agrah takgnit utaus adap naatnimrep

.4 rasaP naatnimreP nad nagnaroesreP naatnimreP

aud irad tahilid tapad asaj uata gnarab utaus padahret naatnimreP

naatnimrep utiay ,tudus udividni uata gnaroeses helo nakukalid gnay

.rasap malad gnaro aumes helo nakukalid gnay naatnimrep nad utnetret

naatnimrep avruk aratna nakadebid ulrep sisilana malad ,uti anerak helO

avruk helorepmem kutnU .rasap naatnimrep avruk nad nagnaroesrep

nimrep surah rasap malad udividni iagabreb naatnimrep avruk ,rasap naat

.nakhalmujid

.a rotkaF - naatnimreP ihuragnepmeM gnay rotkaF

ihuragnepid atnimid gnay asaj uata gnarab halmuj aynkaynaB

rotkaf ,rotkaf kaynab helo - : )7991,onrikuS( halada tubesret rotkaf

)1 habureP )xP( iridnes uti asaj uata gnarab agrah na

araces iridnes uti gnarab agrah nahaburep huragneP

naatnimrep avruk gnajnapes nakaregrep nakbabeynem lanimon

nahaburep helo nakkujnutid anam id ,utnetret )naatnimrep isgnuf(

alreb araces atnimid gnay gnarab halmuj ismusa nagneD .nanaw

nial lebairav nad lamron gnarab halada atnimid gnay gnarab

fitagen gnay nagnubuH .)subirap siretec( natsnok paggnaid


61

akam ,X agrah aynhadner nikames anam id naadaek nakkujnunem

aynkilabeS .kaynab nikames naka atnimid gnay gnarab halmuj ,

atnimid gnay gnarab halmuj akam X gnarab agrah iggnit nikames

naatnimrep avruk nakbabeynem ini laH .tikides nikames naka

nanak ek sata irik irad nurunem kutneb nagned fitagen epolsreb

.hawab

2.II rabmaG

nahabureP huragneP P( iridneS utI gnaraB agraH x)

gnay gnarab halmuj ,naatnimrep mukuh nagned iauseS

.agrah nahaburep nagned hara nanawalreb araces habureb atnimid

P ek oP irad nurut agrah alibapa tahilid tapad sata id rabmag adaP 1 ,

treb naka atnimid gnay gnarab halmuj akam Q ek oQ irad habma 1 .

P ek oP irad kian agrah akij ,aynkilabeS 2 gnarab halmuj akam ,

Q ek oQ irad nurut naka atnimid gnay 2.

0 Q2 Q0 Q1 Qx

P2

P0

Px

P1

D

D

D

D


71

)2 aynnial asaj uata gnarab agraH

iagabreb nagned asaj uata gnarab utaus aratna nagnubuH

jnem nakadebid tapad nial asaj uata gnarab sinej :utiay ,agit ida

)a )isutitsbus( itnaggnep asaj uata gnaraB

,isutitsbus gnarab nakapurem Y nad X gnarab akiJ

X gnarab agrah nakgnades nurut Y gnarab agrah akitek akam

kaynab hibel X gnarab ilebmem naka nemusnok ,patet

k resegreb naka naatnimrep avruk aggnihes .irik e

3.II rabmaG

isutitsbuS gnaraB agraH nakianeK huragneP

halada naatnimrep avruk ,utnetret agrah takgnit adaP

Y gnarab naatnimrep akam ,kian X gnarab agrah haleteS .DD

narab agrah taas ,nial atak nagneD .’DD idajnem naka X g

halmuj nakbabeynem Y gnarab agrah aynkian akam ,PO halada

.3Q0 idajnem 2Q0 irad kian atnimid gnay X gnarab

0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Qx

Px

P

”D D ’D

”D D ’D


81

)b )retnemelpmok( pakgnelep asaj uata gnaraB

,retnemelpmok gnarab nakapurem Y nad X gnarab akiJ

nakkianem naka nurut Y gnarab agrah akitek akam naatnimrep

naknurunem naka Y gnarab agrah nakianek nad X gnarab

.X gnarab naatnimrep

)c nemusnok nalisahgnep uata natapadnep nahabureP

fitisop nagnubuh ikilimem nemusnok nalisahgneP

kifarg nakrasadreB .)xD( gnarab naka naatnimrep nagned

p alibapa ,ini hawabid naatnimrep avruk akam kian natapadne

D irad resegreb naka nurut natapadnep alibapa nad ,1D ek ○

D irad resegreb naka naatnimrep avruk akam akiJ .2D ek ○

gnarab halmuj akam ,patet agrah nakgnades kian naatnimrep

Q irad kian atnimid gnay .1Q ek ○

4.II rabmaG

gnaraB naatnimreP padahreT natapadneP nahabureP huragneP

0 Q2 Q0 Q1 Qx

Px

P0

D2 D0 D1


91

)3 natapadnep isubirtsiD

karoc nahaburep ,utnetret takaraysam natapadnep adaP

naatnimrep karoc nakbabeynem naka natapadnep isubirtsid

.adebreb gnay takaraysam

)4 p nad areleS isnerefer

habureb nemusnok isnereferp uata areles ,aynmumu adaP

gnarab utaus naka ismusnok areles aynkiaN .utkaw ek utkaw irad

tubesret asaj uata gnarab naatnimrep nakkianem naka asaj uata

.aynkilabes aguj utigeb

)5 kududnep halmuJ

ududnep halmuj aynhabmatreB gnusgnal kadit araces k

.naatnimrep aynhabmatreb nakbabeynem

)6 gnatad naka gnay asam id nalamaR

nahabureP - id naadaek gnatnet naklamarid gnay nahaburep

.naatnimrep ihuragnepmem naka gnatad asam

.B natapadneP iroeT

malaD r irad iridret gnay naimonokerep nataigek aggnat hamu

ihunemem kutnu nakulrepid tagnas natapadnep nad naahasurep ,)nemusnok(

irahes pudih nahutubek - malad nalisahrebek rotakidni utas halaS .irahes

naarethajeseK .takaraysam naarethajesek ayntakgninem nagned naimonokerep

nagned helorepid iridnes uti .takaraysam helo amiretid gnay natapadnep


02

( natapadnep mumu araceS emocni salab apureb ijag uata hapu kutneb halada )

.iskudorp sesorp kutnu aynnaatrestukiek malad gnaroeses amiretid gnay asaj

utas nakapurem natapadnep )521:7791( otraybuM turuneM - aynutas

f rotkaf nad habugnep rotka - gnay gnarab agrah amaturet aynnial rotkaf

ilakes gnitnep naatnimrep sata natapadnep satisitsale pesnoK .natukgnasreb

ukalirep naadebrep nakgnarenem upmam anerak imonoke umli malad

araysam natapadnep nagnolog iagabreb irad imonoke nailebmep malad tak

.gnarab

nakapurem ilebmep arap natapadnep )65:7991( onrikuS turuneM

sata ek naatnimrep karoc nakutnenem malad gnitnep tagnas gnay rotkaf

naklubminem ulales natapadnep malad nahabureP .gnarab sinej iagabreb

b naatnimrep sata ek nahaburep tafis adapek nakrasadreB .gnarab sinej iagabre

,habureb natapadnep alibapa ukalreb naka gnay naatnimrep nahaburep

:nagnolog aud idajnem nakadebid tapad gnarab sinej iagabreb ab lamron gnar

.roirefni gnarab nad nakatakid utauseS lamron gnarab alagnem alibapa im

.natapadnep nakianek irad tabika iagabes naatnimrep malad nakianek

nakgnadeS roirefni gnarab , gnaro helo atnimid kaynab gnay gnarab halada -

.hadner natapadnepreb gnay gnaro

narumkamek takgnit halada uti natapadnep awhab )47:4991( oradoT

gnay aragen utaus halmuj utiay )PNG( kudorP lanoitaN ssorG nagned rukuid

takgnit aggnihes aynkududnep hurules helo naklisahid gnay kudorp hurules

gnay PNG halmuj igabmem nagned iuhatekid tapad atipak rep natapadnep


12

amek nimajnem kadit ini nad kududnep halmuj nagned iapacid narumk

.takaraysam

irad isneukesnok nakapurem nagnap satidomok ropmi ayniggniT

igab narasas idajnem aggnihes raseb gnay kududnep halmuj natakgninep

natakgninep uti gnipmasiD .aynkudorp nakkusamem kutnu nial aragen

abes gnadnapid tapad atipak rep natapadnep ( ucimep utas halas iag reggirt )

natakgninep alib igalapa ,ismusnok gnarab ropmi naatnimrep ayntakgninem

gnubanem takgnit nahubmutrep nagned itukiid apnat tubesret natapadnep

( etar gnivas .)7991 ,anayruS( .iadamem gnay )

.C naimonokereP malaD agraH emsinakeM

H nakapurem agra naimonokerep malad gnitnep nataukek utas halas

rotkaf idajnem gnires agrah ini lah malad ,rasap adap isatneiroreb gnay

: ilha arap turunem agrah naitregnep aparebeB .nailebmep malad utnenep

asaib imonoke sketnok malad )8:2991( eornoM turuneM agrah ayn

naktapadnem kutnu nakraulek atik surah gnay halmujes iagabes gnadnapid

utaus iagabes agrah paggnagnem atik utiay ,naknigni atik gnay gnarab utaus

nakulrepid gnay gnau satilauk nakisakidnignem gnay lamrof nagnidnabrep

ab halmujes helorepmem kutnu .asaj uata gnar

gnay gnarab )rakut( ialin halada agrah )07:2991( osraliG turuneM

.amas kadit agrah uata ialin aratna idaj ,gnau nagned rukuid uata nakataynid

gnarab nagned aynnakgnidnabmem nagned rukuid gnarab utaus rakut ialiN


22

rukuid agrah nakgnades nial halada gnarab utaus )eulav( ialiN .gnau nagned

.tubesret gnarab agrah nautnenep kutnu rasad

halmujes halada agrah awhab nakitraid tapad sata id naitregnep iraD

aynah ini lah malaD .asaj uata kudorp utaus sata naknabebid gnay gnau

u utnenep rotkaf idajnem nemusnoK .ilebmep nahilip ihuragnepmem kutn

ialin nakutnenem malad amatu airetirk iagabes agrah nakanuggnem gnires

iggnit paggnaid aynasaib iggnit agrah nagned gnaraB .gnarab utaus

hadner paggnaid hadner agrah iaynupmem gnay gnarab nad aynnatakgnit

takgnit kiab nakarikrepid halsurah lauj agrah nautnenep uti anerak helo ,aynna -

.kiab

.D nemusnoK ukalireP

ai akij saup asarem naka nemusnok ,ropmi haub nailebmep malaD

haletes tapadid gnay taafnam nad asar ,satilauk iuhategnem hadus

runeM .tubesret haub ismusnokgnem tu riaH )881:1002( nemusnok ukalirep

aguj ,ilebmem nasutupek taubmem malad naggnalep gnaroes sesorp halada

mret aguj ilebid gnay asaj nad gnarab rutagnem nad nakanuggnem rotkaf kusa -

gnay rotkaf .kudorp naanuggnep nad nailebmep nasutupek ihuragnepmem

rotkaF tu ukalirep ihuragnepmem gnay ama nahutubek rotkaf halada nemusnok

dub itrepes sos rotkaF .laisos salek nad aya isnerefer kopmolek itrepes lai

sutats nad narep ,agraulek sos itrepes idabirp rotkaf nakgnades nemusnok lai

ad naidabirpek ,pudih sulkis pahat ,aisu sigolokisp rotkaf atres irid pesnok n

.pakis nad naayacrepek rajaleb , ispesrep ,isavitom itrepes


32

gnay rotkaf tapme tapadret )711:7991( ztiwokreB turuneM

,lanoisautis huragnep utiay nemusnok nailebmep nasutupek ihuragnepmem

s huragnep ,sigolokisp huragnep oiso - .narasamep naruab huragnep nad ,ayadub

lucnum gnay rotkaf nakapurem sigolokisp rotkaf ,tubesret rotkaf tapmeek iraD

nasutupek ihuragnepmem gnay sigolokisp rotkaF .nemusnok irid malad irad

,isavitom : utiay macam amil idajnem nakrabajid tapad nemusnok ,naidabirpek

.pudih ayag nad ,pakis ,ispesrep

gnadnap tudus iaynupmem )972:1002( gnortsmA nad reltoK turuneM

awhab aynita nailebmep ispesrep nagned rukuid satilauk awhab utiay

nakrasadreb uti kudorp utaus satilauk aynkurub kiab ialinem naggnalep

ynispesrep nahutubek ihunemem akij satilaukreb nakatakid kudorp utauS .a

namalagnep nad nagnadnap helo nakutnetid satilauK .ilebmep nanigniek nad

nailebmep ukalirep padahret pakis huragneP .kudorp utaus padahret akerem

emusnok natabilretek adap gnutnagreb mumu araces .nailebmep malad n

natiakreb nakukalid gnarab ilebmem mulebes nemusnok nagnabmitreP

kaynab apareb nagnabmitrep ulrep nad ilebmem kadit uata ilebmem nagned

nakitahrepmem ulrep aguj nemusnok uti nialeS .ilebid naka gnay gnarab

kraulekid naka gnay anad halmuj gnay gnarab ilebmem kutnu na

.aynnaknigniid

.E lanoisanretnI nagnagadreP

.1 lanoisanretnI nagnagadreP taafnaM nad naitregneP

,lanoisanretni nagnagadrep nakapurem ropmi nad ropske nataigeK

imonoke nataigek akam tubesret lanoisanretni nagnagadrep aynada nagned


42

aus gnay naujut iapacnem upmam nad kiab nagned nalajreb tapad aragen ut

,otraybuM( .kiab hibel gnay ayntaykar narumkamek utiay aynnaknigniid

)7791

: nial aratna lanoisanretni nagnagadrep taafnaM

.a gnarab nakrakutrepmem utnabmem iregen raul nagnagadreP - gnarab

nay gnarab nagned hadner nahubmutrep naupmamek iaynupmem g -

.iggnit nahubmutrep naupmamek iaynupmem gnay iregen raul gnarab

.b ladom nakusamep igab rasad nakirebmem iregen raul nagnagadreP

raul ladom akam iregen raul nagnagadrep ada kadit akij ,iregen raul

iregen .niksim aragen ek ayak aragen irad rilagnem naka kadit

mumu naulrepek nad ropmi isutitsbus kutnu gnisa ladom naanuggneP

kutnu taafnamreb hibel naka rutkafunam irtsudni nupuata

.ropske natakgninep kutnu adap irad nanugnabmep nagnabmekrep

.2 rotkaF - reP rotkaf lanoisanretnI nagnagad

nagnagadrep aynlubmit gnorodnem gnay gnitnep rotkaf aparebeB

ropske( lanoisanretni - rotkaF .nial aragen nagned aragen utaus )ropmi -

rotkaf ,narasamep saulrepmem kutnu nanigniek utiay nial aratna tubesret

rasebrepmem ,asived naamirenep malad fitaler ayaib naadebrep aynada

naklisahgnem nad naatnimrep naadebrep atres utnetret itidomok

ratna narawanep n nakaideynem upmam aragen aumes kadit anerak arage

.takaraysam nahutubek


52

X

arageN neP( A g )ropmi retnI nagnagadreP lanoisan arageN )ropskegneP( B

5.II rabmaG

sanretnI nagnagadreP avruK i lano

:nagnareteK

AP : lanoisanretni nagnagadrep apnat A aragen id kitsemod agraH

BP : lanoisanretni nagnagadrep apnat B aragen id kitsemod agraH

AQ J : nakgnagadrepid gnay halmu nagnagadrep apnat A aragen id

lanoisanretni

BQ J : nagnagadrep apnat B aragen id nakgnagadrepid gnay halmu

lanoisanretni

M : A aragen helo ropmi id gnay halmuJ

X : B aragen helo ropske id gnay halmuJ

*P : noisanretni rasap id agraH lanoisanretni nagnagadrep haletes la

*Q : lanoisanretni rasap id nakgnagadrepid gnay halmuJ

agadrep aynidajreT adap tahilid tapad nagn 5.II rabmag nagned

.kitsemod narawanep nad naatnimrep isgnuf rasad pesnok nakanuggnem

utauS gnuf ikilimem B nad A aragen narawanep nad naatnimrep is

gnisam ,kitsemod - gnisam nad AD atres A aragen kutnu AS nad AD halada

.B aragen kutnu BS id nagnabmiesek ,nagnagadrep aynidajret mulebeS

M

PA SA

DA

QA 0

P*

SE

ED

*Q

*E PB

SB

DB

QB 0


62

adap iapacid A aragen AP agrah nad AQ halmuj nagned AE isidnok

B aragen id nakgnades bmiesek agrah nad BE isidnok adap iapacid nagna

awhab ismusa nagned ,BP iggnit hibel fitialer A aragen id kitsemod agrah

agrah nagned nakgnidnabid .B aragen id kitsemod

naka A aragen akam ,AP hawab id lanoisanretni agrah alibapA

tubek adapirad kaynab hibel atnimem id aggnihes aynismusnok nahu

idajret halet A aragen dnamed ssecxa anerak )naatnimrep nahibelek(

.aynkitsemod iskudorp adapirad raseb hibel aynkitsemod ismusnok

naka B aragen akam ,BP sata id lanoisanretni agrah akij ,uti aratnemeS

kaynab hibel iskudorpmem id aggnihes aynismusnok nahutubek adapirad

idajret halet B aragen ylppus ssecxa nagneD .)narawaneP nahibelek(

nahibelek laujnem natapmesek iaynupmem B aragen naikimed

.nial aragen ek ayniskudorp

t alibapa ayntujnaleS ek aratna id nagnagadrep idajre agen aud .ar

ropske narawanep nad DE helo nakrabmagid ropmi naatnimreP

isidnok adap idajret ainud rasap id nagnabmieseK .SE helo nakrabmagid

naka A aragen anamid ,*P rasebes ainud agrah naklisahgnem gnay *E

X rasebes ropskegnem naka B aragen nad M rasebes ropmignem gnay

ropskE halmuJ .A aragen irad ropmi nagned amas gnay halmuj nakapurem

adap *Q rasebes nagnagadrep halmuj helo nakkujnutid tubesret ropmi nad

.ainud rasap )7991 ,erotavlaS(


72

.F naitileneP - aynmulebeS naitileneP

.1 uduj itileneM .)9002( ,ailamA itaH anitsirK ,iskudorP nagnubuH gnatnet l

sareB agraH nagneD isutitsbuS gnaraB agraH nad ropmI ,ismusnoK

4891 nuhaT lanoisaN - sinej kusamret nakanugid gnay naitileneP .3002 xe

.otcaf tsop utiay lapisra araces nakukalid atad nalupmugnep kinkeT

sra irad atad naklupmugnem sisilanaid ataD .)SPB( kitsitatS tasuP oriB pi

nakukalid haletes adnagreb reinil isalerok neisifeok sumur nagned

)a :awhab nakkujnunem aynnaitilenep lisah anamiD .satilamron naijugnep

agrah nagned sareb iskudorp aratna nakifingis nad fitisop nagnubuh ada

b lanoisan sareb ismusnok aratna fitagen nagnubuh ada )b ;lanoisan sare

aratna nakifingis nad fitisop nagnubuh ada )c ;lanoisan sareb agrah nagned

nakifingis nad fitisop nagnubuh ada )d ;lanoisan sareb agrah nad ropmi

h nagned isutitsbus gnarab agrah aratna .lanoisan sareb agra

.2 isnereferP sisilanA gnatnet luduj itileneM .)6991( ,anitsirhC avoN

.ropmI hauB nad lakoL hauB padahreT recegneP gnagadeP nad nemusnoK

nednopser 03 nad nemusnok nednopser 06 naktabilem tubesret naitileneP

nautneneP .recegnep gnagadep araces nakukalid nemusnok lepmas

gnilpmas tneinevnoc deifitarts nalisahgnep salek adap nakrasadid gnay

nakukalid recegnep gnagadep nautnenep nakgnades ,iggnit nad hadner

araces gnilpmas tneinevnoc nakanuggnem ini naitileneP . retfA ehT

nhceT gninoitpmusnoC euqi ropmi siport bus haub isisop iuhategnem kutnu

nad nemusnok isnereferp nautneneP .nemusnok takgnit adap lakol nad


82

naakusek takgnit nakgnidnabmem nagned nakukalid recegnep gnagadep

.ropmi nad lakol haub nalaujnep emulov uata nailebmep isneukerf nad

.3 rotkaF nad nalamareP gnatnet luduj itileneM .)6002( ,aratnasuN S nafuaT -

hauB ropmI ihuragnepmeM gnay rotkaf - .aisenodnI nahaub gnay ataD

naropal atad utiay ,rednukes atad halada ini naitilenep malad nakanugid

02 nuhat irad kitstatS tasuP nadaB ropmi nanalub 10 - rasaP atad nad 5002

2002 nuhat itaJ tamareK kudnI - halada nakanugid gnay edoteM .5002

edotem irad iridret seires emit edoteM .iserger nad seires emit nakanugid

haub ropmi naatnimrep naklamarem kutnu - .naped ek nalub 21 nahaub

ugid iserger edotem nakgnadeS rotkaf sisilanagnem kutnu nakan - rotkaf

haub ropmi naatnimrep ihuragnepmem gnay - .aisenodnI nahaub araceS

haub naatnimrep padahret huragnepreb gnay lebairav nahurulesek - haub -

nakkujnunem ini laH .namisum ymmud nad gal lebairav halada nahaub

isatskepske aynada gnay ropmi halmuj irad ropmignem nakukalem kutnu

imalagnem ropskegnep aragen taas adap nad aynmulebes utkaw adap

haub kutnu ropmi naatnimrep nenap misum kacnup - imalagnem nahaub

nahurulesek araces iridnes uti lepa haub agrah nad rakut ialiN .natakgninep

it atayn huragnepreb kad ,ropmi haub naatnimrep padahret agudid

araces nakgnadeS .harum hibel fitaler gnay haub agrah helo nakbabesid

padahret huragnepreb kadit itaj tamarek kudni rasap haub nakosap mumu

haub ropmi naatnimrep - idni tapadret nakkujnunem ,nahaub awhab isak

.taas paites nakukalid tapad haub ropmi nakitahrepmem kadit haub ropmI


92

,isapisitna nakukalid kadit alibapA .iregen maladid haub nakosap halmuj

haub ropmi gnajnap akgnaj adap - .lakol haub macnagnem tapad nahaub

.G rikipreB akgnareK

atnimrep aynraseB nikames helo gnorodid nagnap nahutubek na

nahal nakhutubid aggnihes aisenodnI id kududnep nahubmutrep ayniggnit

nup uata nahamurep nakidajid nahal itrepes sativitkudorp agajnem kutnu

.aisenodnI id nainatrep nahal aynminim alup gnipmasiD .narotnakrep tapmet

adap nemusnok naatnimrep aynraseb nakidajid gnay lah ini tukireb ,akaM

haub - nakutnetid atrakaygoY atok id ropmi nahaub ,irad natapadneP

nemusnoK akij aynitra ropmi haub naatnimrep padahret fitisop huragnepreb

es naka nakianek imalagnem nemusnok natapadnep ropmi haub kaynab nikam

iggnit natapadnepreb kududnep alibapA .nial aragen irad nakgnatadid gnay

takgnit aisenodnI id imonoke nahubmutrep nakbabeynem akam

.rumkam nikames aynnaarethajesek kurej agraH ropmi fitagen huragnepreb

opmi haub naatnimrep padahret r rasebes agrah nakianek idajret akij aynitra

haub ropmi naatnimrep aynnurunem nakbabeynem naka akam nautas utas -

senodnI nahaub akam nanurunep imalagnem ropmi haub agrah aynkilabes ai

haub ropmi naatnimrep nakianek naktabikagnem naka - aisenodnI id nahaub

mes .takgninem nika kurej agraH lakol padahret fitisop huragnepreb

asib ropmi gnarab aggnihes ropmi isutitsbus ada akij ropmi haub naatnimrep

helo iramegid nikames raga lakol kudorp kaynabrepmem nad ignarukid

l narasap id lakol haub agraH .aisenodnI takaraysam nakgnidnabid iggnit hibe


03

takaraysam taubmem tubesret agrah naadebreP .ropmi haub agrah nagned

uata nakol kurej haub itrepes ropmi haub ismusnokgnem kaynab hibel

nadem uata kanaitnop kurej haub itrepes lakol kurej haub adapirad niradnam

haub agrah nupiksem anerak sugab hibel aynsatilauk ipatet naka laham lakol

agnudnak ada kadit kurej agraH .ayntewagnep ayahab n gnay ropmi hibel

kurej agrah adapirad harum imalagnem lakol inatep naktabikagnem asib lakol

.naturkgnabek nad naigurek

rabmaG 6.II

narikimeP akgnareK

.H sisetopiH

nad iroet nasadnal ,halasam nasumur ,gnakaleb ratal nakrasadreB

malad nakujaid gnay sisetopih akam ,nakrabajid halet gnay rikipreb akgnarek

: tukireb iagabes ini naitilenep

.1 P fitisop huragnepreb nemusnok natapadne s nad akifingi halmuj padahret n

kurej ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok .

natapadneP nemusnoK )1X(

kureJ agraH ropmI)2X(

kureJ agraH lakoL)3X(

ropmI kureJ halmuJbiD gnaY ile nemusnoK )Y(


13

.2 kurej agraH fitagen huragnepreb ropmi akifingis nad halmuj padahret n


.3 kurej agraH fitisop huragnepreb lakol akifingis nad kurej halmuj padahret n



23

III BAB

EDOTEM NAITILENEP

.A naitileneP sineJ

edoteM tala nad rudesorp irad nahurulesek nakapurem ini naitilenep

tagnas idajnem naitilenep edotem nautneneP .naitilenep malad nakanugid gnay

nem kutnu nakanugid anerak gnitnep gnay nahalasamrep irad nabawaj nakutne

.itiletid

naitilenep sinej nakanuggnem silunep ,ini naitilenep malaD fitanalpskE

naitileneP .itiletid naka gnay halasam maladnem araces haalenem kutnu

fitanalpskE aus apagnem gnatnet naksalejnem gnay naitilenep halada ut

nakrabmaggnem ini naitilenep irad rihka lisah ,idajret alajeg uata naidajek

malaD .)34:8002 ,hannaJ nad oytesarP( .tabika babes nagnubuh ianegnem

huragnep gnatnet silunep ini naitilenep kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep

akol kurej agrah nad ropmi ahret l kurej halmuj pad ropmi id gnay ileb

nemusnok . gnay nemusnok adap ukalreb aynah libmaid gnay nalupmiseK

,namelS netapubak kopeD natamacek laggnutrutaC ased id laggnit

.atrakaygoY

mi haub itilenem silunep nagned natiakreB 0002 nuhat atad irad ,rop

haub sinej nad lepa ,)%42( kurej : nial aratna tubesret lanoisanretni narasap id

aep B .)%7( ruggna nad ,)%71( r halada hilipid gnay hau kurej haub kurej kiab

siluneP .ropmi kurej nupuam lakol kiratret nasala nagned kurej haub hilimem

aynab gnudnagnem kurej haub anerak nad c nimativ k kurej haub satilauk


33

aumes aggnihes patnasid kutnu pais gnay haub iagabes naragesek ikilimem

.aynismusnokgnem kutnu akus tagnas gnaro

.B naitileneP kejbO nad kejbuS

.1 naitileneP kejbuS id nemusnok halada naitilenep kejbus idajnem gnay :

d ratikes atrakaygoY namelS netapubak kopeD natamacek laggnutrutaC ase

haub ilebmem hanrep gnay kurej haub nupuam ropmi kurej .lakol

.2 naitileneP kejbO halada naitilenep kejbo idajnem gnay : natapadnep

kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok .lakol

.C tkaW nad tapmeT naitileneP u

tapmeT : K kopeD natamaceK laggnutrutaC aseD namelS netapuba

.atrakaygoY

utkaW : 2102 rebmetpeS naluB

takaraysam raseb naigabes anerak tubesret hayaliw libmagnem itileneP

m nagnolog irad lasareb ropmi kurej haub ismusnokgnem gnay takaraysa

.sata ek hagnenem

.D aynnarukugneP nad naitileneP lebairaV

.1 sabeb lebairav/nednepednI lebairaV kadit gnay lebairav halada

halada ini naitilenep irad sabeb lebairaV .nial lebairav adap gnutnagret

kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep mi kurej agrah nad rop .lakol

.2 takiret lebairav/nednepeD lebairaV adap gnutnagret gnay lebairav halada

malad takiret lebairaV .nial lebairav halmuj halada ini naitilenep kurej


.3 takiret nad sabeb lebairav paites irad narukugneP


43

.a k natapadneP nemusno ukuid sumur nagned oisar alaks nagned r

:tukireb iagabes

iggnitret natapadneP + hadneret

= nemusnok natapadnep oisaR ---------------------------------------- 2

)1 000.000.1 pR <

)2 000.000.1 pR – 999.994.2 pR

)3 000.005.2 pR – 999.999.3 pR

)4 000.000.4 pR – 999.994.5 pR

)5 R 000.005.5 p – 999.999.6 pR

)6 pR 000.000.7 – 999.994.8 pR

)7 000.005.8 pR – 999.999.9 pR

.b kureJ agraH ropmI iagabes sumur nagned oisar alaks nagned rukuid

:tukireb

agraH iggnitret + hadneret R oisa kurej agrah ropmi = ----------------------------------------

2 )1 pR 000.5 – 000.01 pR

)2 11 pR 000. – 000.51 pR

)3 61 pR 000. – 000.02 pR

)4 > 000.02 pR

.c l kurej agraH lako iagabes sumur nagned oisar alaks nagned rukuid

:tukireb

agraH iggnitret + hadneret oisaR kurej agrah lakol = ---------------- ----------------------

2 )1 00.5 pR 0 – 000.01 pR


53

)2 11 pR 000. – 000.51 pR

)3 61 pR 000. – 000.02 pR

)4 > pR 2 000.0

.d kurej halmuJ ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok oisar alaks nagned rukuid

:tukireb iagabes sumur nagned

kurej halmuJ iggnitret + hadneret oisaR kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay = --------- ----------------------------

--- 2

)1 1 – margolik 5

)2 6 – margolik 01

)3 11 – margolik 51

)4 margolik 51 ≥

.E ataD nalupmugneP kinkeT

ini naitilenep malad nakhutubid gnay atad naktapadnem kutnU akam ,

: utiay ,atad nalupmugnep edotem aparebeb nakanuggnem silunep

.1 remirP ataD

ataD rebmus irad helorepid gnay atad nakapurem remirp - .ilsa rebmus

lsa rebmuS tubesret atad anamid amatrep rebmus iagabes nakitraid i

:tukireb iagabes naitilenep nataigek malad naitilenep rebmuS .helorepid

.a renoiseuK

gnay atad naklupmugnem kutnu taubid gnay renoiseuk kutneB

ileneP .utnetret isamrofni naklisahgnem raga nakanugid naka it

gnay naaynatrep ratfad apureb gnay renoiseuk nakanuggnem


63

naaynatrep amatrep naigab utiay ,naigab aud idajnem nakopmolekid

irad iridret audek naigab nad ,nednopser irid atad ianegnem

naaynatrep - atad naktapadnem kutnu naaynatrep - gnukudnem gnay atad

ragnep hu kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep

adahret lakol ilebid gnay kurej halmuj p .

akam nednopser irad nabawaj paites iuhategnem kutnU

alaks nakanuggnem kutnu nakanugid namttuG alaks ,namttuG

ep utaus padahret saget gnay nabawaj naktapadnem gnay nahalasamr

.nakaynatid aratna ini naaynatrep irad nakirebid gnay namttuG alakS

.”KADIT“ nad ”AY“ nial irebid ay nabawaJ irebid kadit nad 1 roks

.0 roks

.b aracnawaW

araces atad naklupmugnem kutnu nakanugid gnay aracnawaW

dapek nakukalid aracnawaW .taruka haub gnagadep arap a sanid ,

nad nainatrep gnay nemusnok hanrep nupuam ropmi haub ilebmem

.lakol haub

.2 rednukeS ataD

kahip helo naklupmukid halet gnay atad halada rednukes ataD

.aynnaitilenep kutnu ada gnay atad naktaafnamem aynah itileneP .nial

d gnay ataD ad gnusgnal helorepi ,kitsitats tasup nadab ir ,nainatrep sanid

gnay halasam nagned natiakreb gnay tenretni aidem nupuam rabak tarus

.itiletid

.F lepmaS nad isalupoP


73

.1 isalupoP nakapurem gnay naitilenep kejbo uata kejbus nahurulesek

em gnay atad rebmus nakapurem utaus malad utnetret kitsiretkarak ikilim

p malad isalupoP .naitilenep agraulek alapek nakapurem ini naitilene gnay

b nupuam ropmi kurej haub ilebmem hau kurej ased hayaliw id lakol

laggnutrutaC )nacirm( kopeD natamacek .atrakaygoY namelS netapubak

rasadreB isalupop nakidajid naka gnay akam 1.III lebat nak: tukireb iagabes

laggnuT rutaC aseD )nacirM( agrauleK alapeK halmuJ

20 WR/50 TR KK 35 30 WR/60 TR 26 KK

latoT KK511

.2 lepmaS m ikilimid gnay kitsiretkarak nad halmuj irad naigab nakapure

isalupop helo lepmaS .tubesret 66 halada ini naitilenep malad nednopser

ilunep nial nasalA .nemusnok kitsiretkarak ilikawem halet gnay s

66 halmujreb lepmas libmagnem a ismusnokgnem gnay nemusnok halad

.ropmi kurej haub

.G lepmaS nalibmagneP kinkeT

nep ini naitilenep malaD nakanuggnem silu gnilpmaS modnaR elpmiS

alada h apnat kaca araces nakukalid isalupop irad lepmas atoggna nalibmagnep

uti isalupop malad ada gnay atarts nakitahrepmem )28:8002 ,onoyiguS( .


83

.H lebairaV lanoisarepO isinifeD

.1 isahgnep iagabes nemusnok natapadneP helorepid gnay nemusnok nal

.haipur malad nakataynid gnay ajrekeb nalub utas amales

.2 kurej agraH helo ilebid gnay ropmi kurej haub agrah takgnit iagabes ropmi

haipur nautas malad nakataynid gnay nalub utas amales nemusnok rep

margolik .

.3 kurej agraH lakol bes takgnit iaga h nalub utas amales lakol kurej haub agra

haipur nautas malad nakataynid gnay margolik rep .

.4 id gnay ropmi kurej halmuJ ileb nemusnok )gk( ropmi haub halmuj iagabes

haread utaus malad nemusnok helo atnimid gnay agrah adap utnetret .

.I taraysarP ijU

.1 satilamroN naijugneP

hakapa iuhategnem kutnu nakduskamid satilamron naijugneP

satilamron ijugnem kutnU .kadit uata lamron isubirtsidreb lebairav paites

.vonrimS vorogomloK elpmaS enO iju nakanugid ,lebairav atad paites

akukalid satilamron naijugneP nagned n 61 SSPS margorp nautnab akiJ .

pait kutnu gnutih α ialin - 50,0 = α hawabid ini naitilenep lebairav pait

gnisam akiJ .lamron kadit halada tubesret lebairav atad isubirtsid akam -

naklupmisid tapad akam 50,0 sataid ialin iaynupmem lebairav gnisam

subirtsidreb naitilenep lebairav awhab iju sumur nupadA .lamron i

onrimS vorogomloK ,ilazohG( : tukireb iagabes v .)63 : 2002

X( oF xaM =D i ) - SN X( i)


93

: nagnareteK

mumiskaM isiveD = D

X( oF i nakutnetid gnay fitalumuk isneukerf isubirtsid isgnuf = )

SN esboid gnay fitalumuk isneukerf isubirtsiD = isavr

nagnareteK :

.a F ialin akiJ gnutih ≥ F ialin irad lebat adap %5 nakifingis farat

akam )50,0=α( nakatakid atad isubirtsid .lamron

.b F ialin akiJ gnutih ≤ F ialin irad lebat adap %5 nakifingis farat

nakatakid atad isubirtsid akam )50,0=α( kadit .lamron

.2 satiraeniL naijugneP

d satiraenil naijugneP satiraenilek ijugnem kutnu nakduskami

.adnagreb raenil iserger naijugnep malad naraggnalep aynkadit ada iserger

gnay iju akaM :halada nakukalid tapad

ijU M egnargaL reilpitlu i iju nuhat elgnE helo nakgnabmekid in

c ialin naktapadnem naujut nagned 2891 2 ata R x n( u 2 hakgnaL .) – hakgnal

: aynnaijugnep

.a f = RCSML amatu naamasrep nagned iserger nakukaL

)FR ,R ,RPDGL( .

.b ,aynisakifiseps raneb tubesret amatu naamasrep paggnaid akiJ

tardauk ialin nagned nakgnubuhid surah aynlaudiser ialin akam

ned nednepedni lebairav : iserger naamasrep nag

RPDGL 1b + 0b = tU 2 R 2b + 2 FR 3b + 2

.c R ialin naktapaD 2 c gnutihgnem kutnu 2 gnutih .


04

.d c akiJ 2 ih c > gnut 2 nakataynem gnay sisetopih akam ,lebat

.kalotid raenil ledom c nakgnadeS 2 c < gnutih 2 akam ,lebat

ledom nakataynem gnay sisetopih .amiretid raenil

.J kisalK ismusA ijU

.1 satireinilokitluM ijU

ledom hakapa ijugnem kutnu naujutreb naujutreb satireinilokitluM ijU

pedni( sabeb lebairav ratna isalerok aynada nakumetid iserger e .)nedn

id isalerok idajret kadit aynsurahes kiab gnay iserger ledoM av aratna lebair

.)59 : 6002 ,ilazohG( nednepedni

iserger sisilana kutnu nakparetid ini sinej kisalk ismusa ijU

,3X ,2X ,1X( sabeb lebairav hibel uata aud sata iridret gnay adnagreb

uata nagnubuh isaisosa takgnit ruku id naka anam id ,)nX ..…,4X

na huragnep isalerok neisifeok naraseb iulalem tubesret sabeb lebairav rat

na isalerok neisifeok akij ,satireinolokitlum idajret nakatakiD .)r( rat

)nX ,..…,3X ,2X ,1X( sabeb lebairav nad 05,0 :nial tapadnep( 06,0 ≥

isalerok neisifeok akij satireinolokitlum idajret kadit nakatakiD .)09,0

sabeb lebairav aratna ,0 ≤ r( 06,0 ≤ 41 :1102 ,gnanaD( .)06 )

.2 sadeksoreteH ijU ti is sat

reb satisitsadeksoreteH ijU ledom malad hakapa ijugnem naujut

ek natamagnep utas laudiser nad ecnairav naamaskaditek idajret iserger

idajret kadit gnay halada kiab gnay iserger ledoM .nial natamagnep

.)521 : 6002 ,ilazohG( satisitsadeksoreteh


14

ismusa iju sisilanA h satisitsadeksorete h 61 SSPS tuptuo lisa

nakapurem gnay )DERPZ( noitciderp Z aratna tolpretacs kifarg iulalem

aynlaudiser ialin nad )iskiderp lisah Y=X ubmus( sabeb lebairav

iskiderp Y=Y ubmus( takiret lebairav nakapurem )DISERS( – .)liir Y

: sisilana rasaD

.a ret alop ada akiJ kitit itrepes ,utnet - alop kutnebmem ada gnay kitit

)tipmeynem naidumek rabelem ,gnabmolegreb( rutaret gnay utnetret

h idajret halet nakisakidnignem akam satisitsadeksorete .

.b kitit atres ,salej gnay alop ada kadit akiJ - id nad sata id rabeynem kitit

kgna hawab h idajret kadit akam Y ubmus adap 0 a satisitsadeksorete .

.K isergeR isgnuF ledoM ijU

.1 )DWM( nosdivaD dna etihW ,nonnikcaM edoteM

DWM ledoM malad nakataynid tapad reinil gol nupuam reinil kiab

.)47 : 9002 ,onojradiW( :bbs iserger naamasrep

Y t γ + oγ = 1 Xt e + t

Y nl t X nl 1λ + 0λ = t v + t

: anamiD

id gnay ropmi kurej halmuJ = Y ileb nemusnok

= X P kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadne

lakol

et nad vt gnisam nauggnag lebairav = - iserger ledom gnisam

smusa atik DWM iju nakukalem kutnU : awhab naki


24

ledom( X nednepedni lebairav irad reinil isgnuf halada Y : oH

.)reinil

ledom( X nednepedni lebairav irad reinil gol isgnuf halada Y : oH

.)reinil gol

.L ataD sisilanA kinkeT

.1 adnagreB raeniL isergeR sisilanA

nagned iapmas 1halasam bawajnem kutnU iuhategnem utiay ,4

nednepedni lebairav huragnep kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep(

kurej agrah ,ropmi amasreb araces )lakol - lebairav padahret amas

kurej halmuj( nedneped ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok .)

iagabes nakanugid gnay sumur akaM : tukireb

= Y X1b + a 3X3b + 2X2b + 1 e +

: nagnareteK

eped lebairav : Y kurej halmuj utiay nedn ropmi id gnay ileb

nemusnok

atnatsnok : a

b1 X iserger neisifeok : 1

b2 : X iserger neisifeok 2

b3 : k X iserger neisifeo 3

X1 nemusnok natapadnep nednepedni lebairav :

X2 dni lebairav : kurej agrah nednepe ropmi

X3 : av kurej agrah nednepedni lebair lacol


34

oH kalotid

oH hareaD amitretiD

lebaT F

.2 F( natlumiS nad ledoM ijU - )tset

X lebairav ledom hakapa ijugnem kutnu nakanugid F ijU 1 X , 2 X , 3

kurej agrah ,ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep( )lakol tapad

em kutnu nakanugid rukugn v kurej halmuj( Y lebaira id gnay ropmi ileb

nemusnok .) hakgnal nupadA - F iju nagned sisetopih iju hakgnal

:tukireb iagabes

.1 ledoM : oH X1 X , 2 X , 3 kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep(

kurej agrah ,ropmi kadit )lakol kutnu nakanugid tapad

em v rukugn lmuj( Y lebaira kurej ha ropmi id gnay ileb

nemusnok .)

.2 Ha ledoM : X1 X , 2 X , 3 kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep(

h ,ropmi kurej agra )lakol em kutnu nakanugid tapad rukugn

v kurej halmuj( Y lebaira ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok .)

.3 nakutneneM α tnacifingiS fo leveL 50,0 =

.4 ( lebat F nasabebek tajareD α n ,k , - k - .)1

.5 nasutupek airetirk nakutneneM

.a kalotid oH alibapa F : gnutih F ≥ lebat .

.b amiretid oH apa F : alib gnutih F ≤ lebat .

aijugnep margaiD 2.3 rabmaG sisetopih n


44

.3 T( laisraP ijU - et )ts

huaj aparebes iuhategnem kutnu nakduskamid ini naijugneP

gnisam naladnaretek - b( iserger neisifeok gnisam 1, b2 , b3 ) tapad nad

aratna huragnep aynkadit nakifingis ijugnep iagabes nakitraid aguj

lebairav X1 padahret X ,Y 2 X ,Y padahret 3 kutnu Y padahret

nakukalem mulebeS .t iju nakanugid ini naijugnep nakukalem

: tukireb iagabes sisetopih uluhad hibelret nakutnetid akam ,naijugnep

.1 Ho b : 1 lebairav aratna nakifingis gnay huragnep ada kadit 0 =

.nedneped lebairav padahret nednepedni

.2 Ha b : 1 lebairav aratna nakifingis gnay huragnep ada 0 ≠

.nedneped lebairav padahret nednepedni

.3 ialin nagned nakalonep nad naamirenep airetirk nakutneneM

α naayacrepek takgnit nagned lebat t ialin iracid akam ,utnetret

n nasabebek tajared nad %5 uata 50,0 = – k – .1

.4 : sisetopiH

.a nemusnok natapadnep aratna huragnep ada kadit : oH

kurej halmuj padahret ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok .

emusnok natapadnep aratna huragnep ada : aH padahret n

kurej halmuj ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok .

.b adit : oH kurej agrah aratna huragnep ada k ropmi padahret


aH kurej agrah aratna huragnep ada : ropmi padahret



54

kalotid oH hareaD

oH hareaD amiretid

kalotid oH hareaD

- lebat t lebat t+

.c H adit : o kurej agrah aratna huragnep ada k lakol padahret


aH ada : kurej agrah aratna huragnep lakol halmuj padahret


.d lebairav aratna huragnep ada kadit : oH natapadnep

kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok lakol

kurej halmuj padahret ropmi id gnay ileb nemusnok .

na huragnep ada : aH lebairav arat ,nemusnok natapadnep

kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah lakol halmuj padahret

kurej ropmi y id gna ileb nemusnok .

.5 : sisetopiH nakalonep nad naamirenep airetirK

.a t : alib kalotid oH gnutih t ≥ lebat atayn huragnep ada itrareb

gnisam irad nakifingis nad - nednepedni lebairav gnisam

.nedneped lebairav padahret

.b t : alib amiretid oH gnutih t ≤ lebat huragnep ada kadit itrareb

gnisam irad nakifingis nad atayn - nednepedni lebairav gnisam

ahret .nedneped lebairav pad

sisetopiH naijugnep margaiD 1.3 rabmaG


64

VI BAB

MUMU NARABMAG

.A aisenodnI sifargoeG isnetoP

naualupek aragen nakapurem aisenodnI ualup 000.71 sata iridret gnay

,awitsilutahk hayaliw id katelret ini naualupek arageN .licek nad raseb

atna rujuB siraG id atres SL º11 aggnih UL ’8º6 aratna id ayntapet ’54º49 ar

isisop akaM .rumiT rujuB n ini arage , utiay ,misum aud nagned siport milkireb

lirpA nalub aratna hutaj gnay uaramek misum – najuh misum nad rebotkO

rebmevoN aratna – atar najuh haruC .teraM – 0002 ratikes nuhat paites atar –

abmelek nagned mm 0053 nab atar - atar .%08 utiay ,iggnit pukuc gnay ,irahsA(

)1 : 6002

ikilimid gnay haub sinej namagarek ,haubreb namanat satidomoK

id ,uti anerak helO .adebreb gnay haub misum nakbabeynem naka aisenodnI

iapmujid ulales naka aisenodnI hat gnajnapes nahaubeb akena ini laH .nu

aragen nagned adebreb tagnas - iD .siportbus nasawak id ada gnay aragen

,utiay misum macam 4 tapadret ,siportbus nasawak misum ,sanap misum

natales nad aratu siportbus nasawak iD .imes misum nad nignid misum ,rugug

amas gnay misum halmuj tapadret , ipatet naka misum ikilimem aynaudek

.utkaw iges irad nanawalreb imalagnem aratu imub nahaleb taas ,aynlasiM

aguj uti taas ,sanap misum ,rip ,lepa ,ruggna( nahaubeb nenap misum halada

nignid misum imalagnem natales imub nakgnades ,)ayniagabes nad ireborts

tagnas ini sifargoeg taafnam ,naikimed nagneD .nahaubeb nenap kadit nad


74

nakapurem pukuc gnay nagnap naaidesreteK .aisenodnI kududnep igab raseb

.asgnab nautasrep sugilakes lanoisan nanahatek igab kaltum nataraysrep

,irahsA( 2 : 6002 )

.B d natapadneP isnetoP a lanoisaN ajreK aganeT n

ad ialum aisenodnI sifargoeg nagnatneb sauL ek aggnih tarab naigab ir

utiay ,aredumas aud helo isatabid ini arageN .mk 000.5 ratikes rumit

nad aisA ,auneb aud helo tipaid atres aidniH aredumaS nad kifisaP aredumaS

arageN .ailartsuA y latot natarad saul iaynupmem ini ogalepihcra tubesid gna

mk 000.629.1 ratikes 2 mk 000.18 ratikes iatnap sirag saul nad 2 anoZ . imonoke

mk atuj 7,2 ratikes fisulkske 2 ifargopot iaynupmem ini iregen natarad naigaB .

akapurem natarad saul naigabeS .magareb gnay hadner naratad n naigabes nad

el ,natuh nakapurem igal .gnunug nad habm )4 : 6002 ,irahsA(

sinsiborga akam ,aynsifargoeg isidnok nad saul nagned nagnubuheS

.gnitnep tagnas gnay aragen asived gnabmuynep imonoke rotkes nakapurem

ap sinsiborga rotkes nagnabmuS takgninem nad %54 rasebes 0991 nuhat ad

6991 nuhat aratna utkaw nuruK .5991 nuhat adap %74 – nuruk utiay ,9991

hisam nainatrep rotkes irad PDG ialin ,lanoisan naimonokerep utkaw

nullirt 8,36 pR irad nuhatrep %48,0 rasebes ,licek nupualaw takgninem

idajnem araces lanoisan imonoke rotkes uti aratnemeS .nullirt 4,56 pR

.nuhatrep %79,2 nurunem nahurulesek )5 : 6002 ,irahsA(


84

nainatrep gnadibid paresret gnay ajrek aganet halmuj 9991 nuhat adaP

sbus id paresret tubesret halmuj irad %48 kaynabeS .gnaro 688.960.03 rotke

nagnap namanat .raseb tagnas nainatrep gnadibid halmuJ .arutlukitroh nad

padahret sinsiborga rotkes nagnabmus aynraseb naknimrecnem ini isidnoK

akgna ignarugnem gnusgnal kadit araces nad ajrek aganet napares

naasedep hayaliw id amaturet ,naruggnagnep es nainatreP . mumu arac

id sativitka pukacnem nad nakanretep ,arutlukitroh nad nagnap namanat gnadib

nainatrep rotkes ayngnitnep apateb nakrabmaggnem tubesret laH .nanakirep

.lanoisan imonoke nahubmutrep nupuam aggnat hamur takgnitid kiab irahsA( ,

5 : 6002 )

.C nahaubeB namanaT nagnologgneP

aynpudih ruad uata rumu nakrasadreB idajnem igabid tapad namanat ,

kopmolek aud misumes uata kednep rumureb namanat utiay , )stiurf launna(

najnap rumureb namanat nad nanuhat uata g )stiurf lainnerep( . namanaT

ata kednep rumureb pudih asam ikilimem gnay namanat halada misumes u

namanat ,nakgnadeS .ireborts ,gnasip ,sanan ,nolem ,akgnames itrepes takgnis

ilakreb nenapid tapad gnay namanat halada nanuhat uata gnajnap rumureb - ilak

aj ,ijib ubmaj ,takupla ,lepa ,ruggna namanat itrepes ,gnekgnelek ,ria ubm

.ayniagabes nad owas ,akgnan ,siggnam ,aggnam )82 : 6002 ,irahsA(

ahubmut tatibah nakrasadreB id tapad nahaubeb namanat ,aynn nakadeb

awah( siport namanat nad )nignid awah( siportbus namanat utiay aud idajnem

rtbus namanat hotnoC .)sanap .raep nad kurej ,ruggna ,lepa halada sipo


94

aynlasim ,aynmacam kaynab hibel siport haread namanat kutnu uti aratnemeS

natubmar ,gnasip ,akgnan ,aggnam ,ayapap ,nairud ,ukud ,gnibmileb ,takupla

.ayakirs nad )82 : 6002 ,irahsA(

arageN - k id katelret gnay aragen nasawa iportbus katelret gnay utiay ,s

32 aratna 2/1 ◦ - 66 2/1 ◦ ikilimem SL nad UL ,rugug ,sanap utiay misum tapme

taaS .nignid nad imes nuad ,rugug misum - .aumes hurul naka namanat nuad

gnadak aynuhus gnay nignid misum helo itukiid ,uti haleteS - nurut asib gnadak

agnubaG .lon hawab id tajared aparebeb aggnih gnid misum aratna n nad ni

id tapad ini rugug misum tikaynep nad amah naicucnep iagabes nakrabmag

araces hubmut uata lucnum sanut aumes ,imes misum taaS .namanat

aynagnub atreseb hubmut sanut uata pucnuK .kapmeres iponak aggnihes

,hitup anrawreb naka namanat atokham anraw turunem ugnu ,harem

gnay kapmeres araces irasgnupet narabeynep idajret ,ini asam adaP .aynagnub

asam ,gnaro aparebeb adaP .naagnubmep rihka pahat nakapurem - asib ini asam

gnay igrela naklubminem asib irasgnupet anerak uggnaggnem tagnas asarid

irasgnupet igrela nakamanid ( .)revef nellop sanap misum halabit uti haleteS

62 iapacnem tapad aynuhus gnay - 23 lamitpo tagnas tubesret uhuS .suiclec ◦

gnay irah gnajnap sanap misum id ,uti nialeS .sisetnisotof sesorp kutnu

rp igab gnukudnem tagnas gnajnap gnay irah gnajnaP .ini sisetnisotof seso

32 laggnat nad )aratu imub nahaleb id( inuj 22 laggnat adap idajret gnajnapret

.maj 41 ratikes utiay ,)natales imub nahaleb id( rebmetpeS gnay uhus nagneD

t nahaubmep sesorp akam ,lamitpo gnay irah gnajnap nad kococ namana

.iggnit utumreb gnay haub naklisahgnem aggnihes sugab tagnas siportbus


05

nahaubeb namanat sinej aparebeB iportbus rasap irijnabmem inik gnay s

kurej( kurej aparebeb nad raep ,ruggna ,lepa nial aratna aisenodnI

.)maknop kurej nad niradnam/korpek irahsA( )82 : 6002 ,

y aisenodnI sifargoeg isidnok tagnigneM aynlasim ,fitairav tagnas gna

,lpd m 003 sata id aggnih 0 irad ialum tapmet iggnit aparebeb ada akam

aisenodnI id tapmet namanat sinej imanatid kutnu naknikgnumem gnay

ej ,ruggna ,lepA .siportbus nahaubeb nakayadidubid ialum hadus raep nad kur

id raep nad lepa itrepes gnukudnem aynawah gnay tapmet aparebeb id

.aratU ilaB nad oggniloborP id ruggna ,gnalaM )92 : 6002 ,irahsA(

ayngnayaS ranis helo ignerabid kadit ini gnukudnem gnay awah

h gnajnap nad irahatam iggnit naratad id irah gnajnaP .lamitpo gnay ira

6 ratikes aynah aisenodnI – laH .lamitpo gnaruk sisetnisotof aggnihes ,maj 8

gnay )niradnam kurej aynlasim( haub tiluk anraw adap aynah huragnepreb ini

j nagned nakgnidnabid alib kiranem nad harec asib kadit inI .siportbus kure

namanat sinej hilimem malad ilej hibel inatep raga natagnirep radekes aynah

kadit aynkiabes ,nial atak nagneD .lanoisan naluggnu satidomok iagabes

.siportbus nahaubeb nagned gniasreb mananem ahasureb nanubekreP

skamid siportbus nahaubeb isutitsbus namanat iagabes naujut nagned nakdu

.ropmi ignarugnem kutnu nad irahsA( , 92 : 6002 ).


15

.D kureJ gnatneT salikeS

nakitsapid tapad gnaro aumeS haub nakasarem hanrep nad lanegnem

sinam gnay aynasaR .kurej , rages nupuata kaynab ayntaubmem masa tikides

.gnaro iakusid apureb sutibah iaynupmem kurej namanat ,sigolofrom araceS

5 naiggnitek ,udrep uata nohop – aynnuad ;uyakreb talub ayngnatab ,m 51

laggnut aynagnub ;saggnarem kadit ;aut uajih anrawreb ,gnojnol uata lavo

naid tapad kurej haub ;hitup anrawreb ,inub haub irad isairav iagabes pagg

.aggnij nad ,gninuk ,uajih anraw nagned )1 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

.aynmumu adap aisA uata aisenodnI irad ilsa nakatakid kurej namanaT

aisenodnI ilsa namanat nakatakid apagneM ,awaJ ualup akitek nakarikrepiD ?

laK nad artamuS irad naigabes nakapurem hisam nad hasipreb muleb natnami

natuh id ,aisA natarad - .kurej nohop tapadret halet tubesret haread natuh

nohop sinej aparebeb tapadret ipatet naka ,ajas sinejes aynah nakub nakhaB

.kurej lak amatrep kurej haub ,atirec turunem nonoK gnay gnaro nakumetid i

kadit gnay kurej nakam ai ,rapal nad halel asarem aneraK .natuh id tasesret

nad rages asarem ai ,tubesret kurej haub nakam haleteS .nakumet ai ajagnes

.biaja haub iagabes paggnaid kurej ,uti anerak helO .gnalih aynhalel asar

edativE( )1 : 1002 ,iw

naidumek ,aisunam nauhategnep aygnabmekreb nikames nagneD

nagro igab anugreb tagnas gnay taz gnudnagnem kurej haub awhab iuhatekid -

.A nad C nimativ amaturet ,nimativ utiay hubut nagro taafnam iuhategneM

naidumek aisunam ,kurej haub irad raseb ,ini haub nakgnabmegnem ahasureb


25

halet aisunam ayadidub lisah kurej sinej iagabreb ini taas iapmas aggnihes

.lanekid kaynab )2 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

hibel urtsuj kurej haub ini taas ,aisenodnI irad lasareb nupikseM

raseb araces nakahasuid kaynab - l id naraseb arageN .iregen rau - aragen

,ailatI ,ailizarB ,loynapS ,gnapeJ ,takireS akiremA : aynlasim kurej lisahgnep

nad inanuY ,ikruT ,anitnegrA ,riseM ,nataleS akirfA ,okoraM ,learsI ,okiskeM

raseb araces nakahasugnem tubesret aragen aneraK .ailartsuA - akam naraseb

t aguj akerem iridnes nahutubek ihunemem tapad niales akij ,nareh kadi

.aynropskegnem upmam )2 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

aragen nupadA - ,adnaleB ,sirggnI halada ainud kurej ropmignep aragen

.sicnareP nad taraB namreJ ,aigewroN ,adanaK irad milki tahil atik ualaK

gen ara - anerak kurej ropmignem surah akerem akam ,ini ropmignep aragen

kadit gnamem kurej babeS .kiab nagned iridnes kurej mananem tapad kadit

.nignid haread id manatid ualak sugab iagabes ,nakgnayasid tagnas gnameM

uj kurej aisenodnI id kurej haub lasa aragen araces nakgnabmekid muleb urts

kaynab naka ,raneb nad kiab araces nakahasuid akij lahadaP .lamitpo

.rabel akubret gnay aynrasap gnaulep tagnignem nagnutnuek nakgnatadnem

,iwedativE( 3 : 1002 )


35

)a( 1.4 rabmaG aT lakoL kureJ nalipm

rabmaG ropmI kureJ nalipmaT )b( 1.4

.E kureJ nagnologgneP

kusamret kureJ eaecatuR ylimaf suneg iraD .suneg 031 nakatoggnareb ,

aynutas halaS .aynhuggnuses kurej nakapurem gnay 6 aynah ini kaynabes

suneg halada surtiC l igabid ini suneG .seiceps 61 nakatoggnareb gnay iga

utiay ,suneg bus 2 idajnem surticuE ,)seiseps 01( nad adepaP .)seiseps 61(

suneg buS surticuE ay halini nakayadidubid kaynab gnilap gn .gnaro

,iwedativE( 4 : 1002 )

paiT .ravitluk ilakes kaynab iaynupmem kureJ - iaynupmem haread pait

aman - ksem iridnes aman naadebrep anerak ipaT .amas )aynseiseps( aynkudni i


45

sinej ravitluk idajnem tapad kurej ,namananep haread naiggnitek nad hanat

: utiay nagnolog 4 idajnem igabid tapad kurej mumu araces ,numaN .iridnesret

.1 sinaM kureJ nagnoloG )muitnarua surtiC(

olog kusamreT halada ini sinam kurej nagn .iridnes sinam kurej sinej

kurej ,levaN notgnihsaW nakamanid gnay ada iregen raul id ualak numaN

kurej aynranebeS .affaj kurej nad aicnelaV - nakapurem aynah nuputi kurej

ub akam aynmilki nad natawarep anerak gnay ajas sinam kurej idajnem aynha

.raseb )4 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

utas naiggnitek adap gnabacreb ialum aynasaib sinam kurej gnataB

akam hubmut nakraibid aynnohop ualak nad radnub aynnuad kujaT .retem

± naiggnitek iapacnem naka adap ini sinam kurej sinej kutnU .retem 6

u eb aynmum tabel haubreb ini sinam kurej aynasaiB .ilak utas nuhat utas haubr

.ieM nad lirpA nalub adap )4 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

ini sinam kurej nakamanid gnay awhab tagniid ulrep gnay lah numaN

raneb gnay sinam kurej haub adA .sinam aynasar aynamales kadit - raneb

ynasar kaga aynasar gnay sinam kurej haub aguj ada ipatet naka ,sinam a

,licek haubreb nad raseb haubreb gnay ada ini sinam kurej narukU .masam

nad kaynab ijibreb gnay sinam kurej adA .aynijib nagned alup naikimed

.tikides ijibreb )4 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

nerak helO nohop irad tibib iracnem aynkiabes mananem mulebes uti a

aynitnan kiab gnay nohop irad babeS .tubesret tibib kudni iagabes kiab gnay

nubek id alibapA .alup kiab gnay nohop idajnem naka nuputi hubmut gnay ijib


55

aynkiabes akam ,luggnu sinej nohop ada t irebid adnat nairebmeP .adna

aliB .ayngnatab adap romon irebmem nagned nakukal atik tapad tubesret

raneb ini nohop - silutid bijaw akam ,nuhat 3 ± utkaw malad awemitsi raneb

lasa ukub malad - .naktibib atik nuhat paites nad lusu )5 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

gnatnet naidumeK ini sinam kurej ,aynkiabret hubmut naaadaek

008 ayniggnit gnay nagnunugep haread id kiab gnilap hubmut - sata id m 0051

atik akiJ .amal kaga gnay uaramek misum iaynupmem nad tual ria naakumrep

hgnem kat akam ,ini sinam kurej aynhubmut kiabret haread tahilem naknare

hamur namalah paites id ripmah alib - nagnunugep haread id kududnep hamur

.sinam kurej nohop tapadret )6 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

.2 niradnaM kureJ nagnoloG )silibon surtiC(

niradnam kurej nagnoloG nupadA .”EW“ kurej nagned tubesid gnires

lad id kusamret gnay ,turag kurej ,korpek kurej : halada niradnam kurej ma

.netnab kurej ,mais kurej ,igar kurej ,anic ednok kurej aynnuad ini sinej kutnU

aynmumu adaP .sinam kurej nuad nagned nakgnidnabid alib licek hibel

guj aynhauB .ayngnabac kaynab nad licek hibel aynnohop nad licek hibel a

kurej akam ,sapukid hadum ayntiluk sinam kurej ualaK .sipit tilukreb

halet aynhaub ualak ipaT .sapukid hasus kaga ayntiluk niradnam nagnolog

raneb - halutI .sinam kurej adapirad sinam hibel aynasar akam kasam raneb

l niradnam kurej aynbabes nakgnidnabid alib takaraysam iakusid kaynab hibe

.sinam kurej nagned )6 : 1002 ,iwedativE(


65

hibel akam ,aynesatnesorp gnutihid ualak aisenodnI id nakgnadeS

nagnolog nagned nakgnidnabid alib ini nagnolog kurej nohop manatid kaynab

ab gnay tapmeT .sinam kurej haread halada niradnam kurej mananem kutnu ki

008 aratna aynnaiggnitek gnay nagnunugep – naakumrep sata irad m 0051

.tual )7 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

.3 raseB kureJ nagnoloG )sumixaM surtiC(

nagnolog kusamreT kurej ,ilab kurej : nial aratna raseb kurej

j ,gnapmulis sinej iaynupmem ini nagnoloG .amiled kurej ,nagnabman kure

ataR .amas aynaumes ripmah ipatet naka ,ilakes kaynab - siragreb aynhaub atar

ayntiluk kasam hadus alib nad labet tilukreb aynaumeS .mc 02 ratikes hagnet

b aynhaub gnigad anraW .gninuk anrawreb naka harem anrawreb aynasai

gninukek uata hitup gnay alup ada numan ,ubmaj - .nagninuk 1002 ,iwedativE(

)7 :

adebreb aynhaub gnigad ini nagnolog kutnU - aguj nad aynsarek adeb

asar nagned kanul gnigadreb amiled kurej nad igalanamis kureJ .aynasar

umaN .masa tikides nagnolog ,sulah nad sarek kaga ignaw nadnap ualak n

anamid hubmut tapad ini kurej - .anam )8 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

.4 nurtiS kureJ nagnoloG )acidem surtiC(

kurej ,sinam kurej ,nurtis kurej halada ini kurej nagnolog kusamreT

.edakus kurej nad ,lecep rej sinej kutnU aynnohop edakus nad sipin ,nurtis ku

.udrep naknialem nohop tubesid kadit ualak kiab hibel nakhab amas ripmah

aynhaub nakgnades ,rabel gnabacreb ipatet iggnit tapad kadit aynhubmuT


75

macamreb aguj aynhauB .ilakes kaynab - alup ada nad raseb gnay ada macam

gnay ini kureJ .nupanam hareadid hubmut tapad ,ini nagnolog kutnU .licek

nakgnabmekid edakus kurej sinej ailatI iD .aisenodnI id manatid kaynab aguj

raseb araces - gnamem babes ,naraseb irtsudni ada ainud id raseb gnilap edakus

.ailatI id )9 : 1002 ,iwedativE(

.F K nagnaP napukuceK mumU pesno

ihunepret halet mumu araces alibapa dujuwret nagnap nanahateK aud

atarem nad pukuc gnay nagnap aynaidesret halada amatreP .sugilakes kepsa

imonoke nad kisif seska kududnep paites ,audeK .kududnep hurules kutnu

nu nagnap padahret napudihek inalajnem anug izig napukucek ihunemem kut

.irah ek irah irad fitkudorp nad tahes gnay )36 : 2102 ,alamruN(

nasadnal nakapurem aggnat hamur takgnit adap nagnap nanahateK

takaraysam nagnap nanahatek igab igab ralip idajnem ayntujnales gnay

nahatek tubesret namahamep nakrasadreB .lanoisan nad haread nagnap na

halada nagnap nanahatek nanugnabmep amatu satiroirp utas halas akam

aynnagnap halasam ignaluggnanem upmam raga takaraysam nakayadrebmem

nat hamur nagnap nanahatek nakdujuwem atres iridnam araces araces aynagg

.natujnalekreb )36 : 2102 ,alamruN(

amales ,lanoisan nagnap nanahatek nakdujuwem nalaosrep malaD

gnay naatnimrep nahubmutrep awhab nakisakidnignem ini nuhat aparebeb

takgninem nagnap naatnimreP .aynnaaideynep nahubmutrep irad tapec hibel

ajes ayad nad imonoke nahubmutrep ,kududnep nahubmutrep ujal nagned nal


85

ini naatnimrep isis akimaniD .areles nagnabmekrep atres takaraysam ileb

malad kiab ,tapec nagned takgninem lanoisan araces nahutubek nakbabeynem

.aynnamagarek nad utum ,halmuj uti aratnemeS nagnap iskudorp satisapak ,

satilauk nanurunep nad nahal nataafnamep isitepmok helo aladnekret lanoisan

naka akam isataid tapad kadit ini nalaosrep alibapA .mala ayad rebmus

padahret naatnimrep nakbabeynem nagnap .iggnit nikames naka ropmi

: 2102( alamruN 56 )

kutnu nakharaid nagnap nanahatek nakajibeK .ismusnok lah malaD

)66 : 2102( alamruN :

.a malad aggnat hamur paites igab nagnap nahunemep nimajneM

izigreb nad ismusnokid nama ,iadamem gnay utum nad halmuj

.gnabmies

.b res nugnabmem nad nakgnabmegnem ,gnorodneM isatilisafmem at

iagabes nagnap nahunemep malad takaraysam atres narep

nagnap sata kah nahunemep isatnemelpmi

.c kutnu takaraysam agabmel ratna nagniraj nakgnabmegneM

nad ; nagnap sata kah nahunemep

.d ap nautnab isnevretni sativitkefe nad isneisife naktakgnineM nagn

utnetret takaraysam nagnolog adapek idisbusreb nagnap uata

)bsd ,kurub izig atilab ,limah ubi ,niksim nagnolog(


95

.G nagnaP nanahateK nanugnabmeP naujuT

taukrepmem kutnu nakujutid nagnap nanahatek nanugnabmeP

ur takgnit/orkim takgnit id nagnap nanahatek id atres udividni nad aggnat ham

tukireb iagabes ,lanoisan/orkam takgnit )76 : 2102( alamruN :

.1 ihunemem kutnu atipakrep nagnap ismusnok naktakgnineM

nietorp nad irah/irolakolik 000.2 laminim igrene napukucek

.irah/marg 25 rasebes

.2 nok satilauk naktakgnineM nagned takaraysam nagnap ismus

idap( 08 laminim )HPP( naparaH nagnaP aloP roks - 572 naidap

ibmu ,marg - ,marg 051 inaweh nagnap ,marg 001 naibmu

gnacak - .)marg 052 haub nad ruyas ,marg 53 nagnacak

.3 gnay nagnap eneigyh nad utum ,nanamaek naktakgnineM

.takaraysam ismusnokid

.4 narasamep nad isubirtsid nagniraj nauakgnaj naktakgnineM

.haread hurules ek nagnap

.5 ,ilanegnem malad lanoisan naupmamek naktakgnineM

ad atres inid araces inagnanem nad isapisitnagnem mal

nanawarek halasam padahret tarurad paggnat nakukalem

.izig nad nagnap


06

BAB V

NASAHABMEP NAD ATAD SISILANA

.A sisilanA nednopseR mumU narabmaG

ini bab adaP nakiaruid ek a mumu naad D id laggnit gnay nemusnok ase

alapek utiay ,atrakaygoY ,namelS netapubak kopeD natamacek laggnutrutaC

agraulek pmi kurej haub ilebmem hanrep gnay b nupuam ro kurej hau lakol .

nimalek sinej irad uajnitid tubesret naadaeK ,rumu , ,naajrekep ,nakididnep

musnokid gnay ropmi kurej agrah ,idabirp natapadnep lakol kurej agrah ,is

.ismusnokid gnay ropmi kurej aynkaynab atres D d gnay ata ek rabesi

abes nednopser kayn ropmi kurej haub ismusnokgnem gnay nednopser nad 511

.nednopser 66 kaynabes nagned iauses pakgnel araces bawajret aynaumeS

atrep naayn - renoiseuk malad taubid gnay naaynatrep .ini naitilenep

.1 nimaleK sineJ

ej ismusnokgnem gnay nemusnok fitpirksed lisaH ropmi kur

kopeD natamacek laggnutrutaC ased hayaliw id lakol kurej nupuam

atrakaygoY namelS netapubak adap nakkujnutid tapad t .5 leba :tukireb 1

.5 lebaT 1 nednopseR nimaleK sineJ

oN nimaleK sineJ halmuJ esatnesreP

1 airP 72 %9.04 2 atinaW 93 %1.95

lmuJ ha 66 %001 ,haloid remirp ataD : rebmuS 2102

nakrasadreB .5 lebaT .1 em ini naatayneK haub awhab nakkujnun

kurej atinaw nupuam airp kiab nemusnok helo itanimid pukuc haub anerak

urej s C nimativ nagnudnak ikilimem k .ayniakuynem gnay kaynab aggnihe


16

.2 eR aisU nednops

tapad aisu nakrasadreb nednopser liforp fitpirksed lisaH

adap nakkujnutid t .5 leba .2

.5 lebaT 2

nednopseR aisU

rumU halmuJ esatnesreP nuhat 02 < 2 %0.3

02 - nuhat 03 11 %7.61 13 - nuhat 04 22 %3.33 14 - nuhat 05 91 %8.82

nuhat 05 > 21 %2.81 latoT 66 %0.001

,haloid remirp ataD : rebmuS 2102

ini laH jnunem nakku 13 aisureb gnay nednopser awhab - nuhat 04

nilap kurej haub ismusnokgnem kaynab g agnepmem tapad aggnihes , ihur

haub ismusnok takgnit irid naksukofmem ialumem hadus tubesret aisu id nad

akerem igab nahutubek utaus idajnem haub uti anerak helo ,natahesek adap .

.3 nednopseR rihkareT nakididneP takgniT

nakkujnutid tapad nednopser nakididnep takgnit fitpirksed lisaH

adap t .5 leba .3

.5 lebaT 3

rihkareT nakididneP takgniT

nakididneP halmuJ sreP esatne nuhat uata PTLS 3 %5.4

tajaredes uata ATLS 62 %4.93 naurugrep uata imedakA

iggnit 73 %1.65

latoT 66 %0.001 2102 ,haloid remirp ataD : rebmuS


26

nit ikilimem halet nednopser awhab nakkujnunem ini laH takg

,iggnit nakididnep rikipreb naupmamek nagned aynnauhategnep nad tapad

ropmi haub ismusnok halmuj nakgnabmitrepmem uti niales iuhategnem tapad

nahutubek ropmi kurej haub ismusnokgnem kutnu natahesek nad izig .

.4 nednopseR naajrekeP sineJ

j fitpirksed lisaH adap nakkujnutid tapad nednopser naajrekep sine

t .5 leba .4

.5 lebaT 4

naajrekeP sineJ

naajrekeP halmuJ esatnesreP iregeN iawageP 32 %8.43 atsawS iawageP 51 %7.22

atsawsariW 81 %3.72 nanuisneP 01 %2.51


kujnunem ini laH k awhab na nednopser gnay et ikilimem hal

sos sutats nagned naajrekep tagnas gnay lai huragnep iaynupmem ,kiab

haub ismusnokgnem kutnu aynnaupmamek padahret kurej .ropmi

.5 nednopseR natapadneP

adap nakkujnutid tapad nednopser natapadnep fitpirksed lisaH

t .5 leba .5


36

.5 lebaT 5 kgniT natapadneP ta agrauleK alapeK

natapadneP halmuJ esatnesreP 000.000.1 .pR < 8 %1.21

000.000.1.pR - 999.994.2.pR 81 %3.72 000.005.2.pR - 999.999.3.pR 51 %7.22 000.000.4.pR - 999.994.5.pR 51 %7.22 000.005.5.pR - 999.999.6.pR 9 %6.31 000.005.8.pR - 1.pR 000.000.0 1 %5.1


eD natapadnep nagn 000.005.2 pR rasebes – 999.999.3 pR akam

raseb pukuc aguj ini takaraysam ileb ayad ilebmem malad kusamret , haub

ropmi haub utum nad satilauk naknignignem akerem anerak kiab gnay .

aggnihes ileb ayad naupmamek habmanem naka natapadnep natakgnineP

magareb gnay nagnap hilimem kutnu takaraysam naasaulelek habmanem

.aynizig napukucek ihunemem kutnu

.6 kureJ agraH ropmI

kurej agrah fitpirksed lisaH nednopser ismusnokid gnay ropmi

adap nakkujnutid tapad t .5 leba .6

.5 lebaT 6 b nemusnok halmuJ ropmi kurej hau

haub agraH kurej ropmi gk/ halmuJ esatnesreP 000.5.pR - 000.01.pR 61 %2.42 000.11.pR - 000.51.pR 11 %7.61 000.61.pR - 000.02.pR 26 %4.93 000.02.pR > 31 %7.91



46

emusnok awhab nakkujnunem ini naatayneK ub ilebmem n ropmi ha

rah nagned pR ratikes ag 000.61 – 000.02 pR kaynabes 62 agraulek alapek

esatnesrep nagned 4,93 % nemusnok naktabikagnem tubesret agrah nagned

utnu tikides idajnem .laham tagnas laujid gnay agrah anerak aynilebmem k

ropmi kurej haub iakuynem hisam nemusnok naikimed nupikseM haub anerak

ikilimem ropmi nad kiranem tagnas gnay nalipmanep e tagnas gnay asar .kan

ianegnem nednopser nabawaj halmuj nagned gnukudid ini laH

k :tukireb lebaT adap itrepes ropmi kurej ismusnokgnem aynnaakuse

7.5 lebaT

ropmI kureJ padahret naakuseK

oN metI halmuJ esatnesreP 1

ropmI kureJ ismusnokgnem akuS 66

nednopser 001 % 2

nahutubek idajnem ropmI kureJ 66

nednopser 001 % 3 ibel ropmi kureJ asaR adapirad kiab h kurej

lacol 16

nednopser 4,29 %

( satiroyam awhab nakkujnunem sata id lebat nakrasadreB 001 )%

idajnem halet ini ropmi kurej nad ,ropmi kurej ismusnokugnem akus nednopser

aites malad nahutubek aites ada ulales ini ropmi kurej hauB .aynnalub p p

raul irad nakgnatadid ulales tubesret haub anerak misum ada apnat aynnuhat

iregen apnat ropmi kurej haub itamkinem tapad nemusnok taas paites aggnihes

.abit misum uggnunem surah


56

.7 kureJ agraH lakoL

kurej agrah fitpirksed lisaH )ropmi itnaggnep( lakol y gna

adap nakkujnutid tapad nednopser ismusnokid .5 lebaT 8

.5 lebaT 8

b nemusnok halmuJ lakoL kurej hau

haub agraH lacol halmuJ esatnesreP 000.5.pR - 000.01.pR 53 %0.35 000.11.pR - 000.51.pR 41 %2.12 000.61.pR - 000.02.pR 21 %2.81 000.02.pR > 5 %6.7

toT la 66 %0.001 2102 ,haloid remirp ataD : rebmuS

naknignignem aguj nemusnok awhab nakkujnunem ini naatayneK

kurej agrah anamid ,hadner hibel gnay agrah nagned lakol kurej agrah

0005.pR aratna lakol – nemusnok helo itanimid hibel 000.01.pR . nagneD

bus aynada haub nakitnaggnem upmam lakol kurej haub tubesret isutits

nagned lakol kurej haub ilebmem asib nemusnok aggnihes ropmi kurej

akam misum kadit lakol kurej haub alibapA .harum tagnas gnay agrah

besid ini lah ,iggnit hibel ilebmep adapek nakrawatid gnay agrah nakba

.namisum irad gnutnagret aynnakosap lakol kurej haub anerak

.8 kurej halmuJ ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok

ropmi kurej haub padahret nemusnok naatnimrep fitpirksed lisaH

adap nakkujnutid tapad t .5 leba 01 .


66

.5 lebaT 01

musnok ilebid gnay ropmi kurej halmuJ ne

halmuJ ropmI kureJ halmuJ esatnesreP 1 - gK 5 52 %9.73

6 - gK 01 01 %2.51 11 - gK 51 42 %4.63

gK 51 > 7 %6.01 latoT 66 %0.001

2102 ,haloid remirp ataD : rebmuS

awhab nakkujnunem ini naatayneK adahret nemusnok naatnimrep p

ropmi kurej haub id gnay ileb es kaynab 1 – 5 id tubesret laH ,gk nakanerak

lakol kurej haub nenap idajret gnades 2102 rebmetpeS nalub taas adap

ropmi kurej haub padahret naatnimrep aggnihes ilebid gnay nikames

es K .tikid haub utiay harum hibel gnay agrah hilimem hilareb nemusno

urej kol k .itnaggnep gnarab iagabes la

nakrasadreB adap nednopser naialinep ropmi kurej ilebid gnay helo

nemusnok araces t adap nakkujnutid tapad liated 11.5 leba

11.5 lebaT

P naataynre - i kurej naataynrep ropm ilebid gnay

oN i kureJ ropm ilebid gnay halmuJ atnesreP es 1 isatabid ulrep ropmi hauB 65 %8.48 2 tekramrepus id haub ilebmeM 66 %0.001 3 lanoisidart rasap id haub ilebmeM 66 %0.001 4 iregen malad kudorp iakuyneM 72 %9.04 5 iregen raul kudorp gnanes hibeL 93 0.95 %

t nakrasadreB b iuhatekid tapad 11.5 leba nednopser satiroyam awha

aguj ini nednopser naikimed numaN .ropmi haub ismusnokgnem akus

isatabid ulrep aguj ini ropmi haub awhab naialinep nakirebmem haub raga


76

lakol laujid kaynab nikames gnay ropmi haub irad nagnias tapadnem kadit

s id kiab uam tekramrepu .lanoisidart rasap id nup

B kisalK ismusA ijU .

uluhad hibelret ,)F ijU nad t ijU( sisetopih iju nakukalid mulebeS

kadit helorepid gnay nalupmisek lisah raga kisalk ismusa iju nakukalid

naitilenep malad kisalk ismusa iju nupadA .saib gnay ialin naklubminem ini

satilamroN ijU itupilem , satireiniL ijU ijU nad satireinilokitluM ijU ,

satisitsadeksoreteH .

.a satilamroN ijU

gnay atad hakapa iuhategnem kutnu naujutreb ini satilamron naijugneP

,atad satilamron ijugnem kutnU .lamron araces isubirtidret halet nakanugid

p nakanugnem ini naitilene vonrimS vorogomloK iju . akij lamron nakataynid ataD

vorogomlok iju lisaH .50,0 > satilibaborp ialin ikilimem tapad vonrims

t adap nakkujnutid :tukireb leba

.5 lebaT 12 satilamroN ijU llisaH .

enO - vorogomloK elpmaS - tseT vonrimS

tS dezidradnalaudiseR

N 66 sretemaraP lamroN b,,a naeM 0000000.

noitaiveD .dtS 84056679. secnereffiD emertxE tsoM etulosbA 401.

evitisoP 401. evitageN - 170.

vorogomloK - Z vonrimS 348. 2( .giS .pmysA - )deliat 774.

.lamroN si noitubirtsid tseT .a .b .atad morf detaluclaC


86

t iraD .5 leba 12 satilibaborp ialin awhab iuhatekid tapad sata id )gis(

,0 rasebes halada 774 ≥ 50,0 adap atad awhab naklupmisid tapad aggnihes

.satilamron ismusa ihunemem nad lamron isubirtsidreb ini naitilenep

.b ijU satireiniL

iL ijU aratna nagnubuh hakapa ijugnem kutnu naaknugid satirein

kadit uata reinil nedneped lebairav nagned nednepedni lebairav . kutnU

ijU nakanugid satireinil naijugnep nakukalem reilpitluM egnargaL .

bairav ialin tardauk nakisergerem nagned nakukalid ini naijugneP el

iserger lisaH .amatu iserger ledom irad laudiser padahret nednepedni

helorepid tubesret / R ialin 2 C ialin gnutihgnem ayntujnaleS . 2 = 66 R x 2 .

C ialin akiJ 2 gnutih C > 2 reinil kadit tubesret lebairav nagnubuh akam lebat

.aynkilabes nad nagnutihrep lisaH satireinil iagabes naicnir adap tahilret

:tukireb

lebaT 5.13

ijU lisaH satireiniL retemaraP c 2 gnutih c 2 elbat nagnareteK

erauqs R*sbO 00,0 0 x 66 = 0, 000 08 , 32 reiniL nagnubuH :rebmuS remirp ataD aloid ,h 2102

iju lisaH satireinil R*sbO ialin nakkujnunem - gnutih erauqs uata χ 2

gnutih halada 0, 000 adapirad licek hibel χ 2 lebat =FD nagned 16 takgnit nad

C ialin tapadid 50.0 isnakifingis 2 lebat 32,08 nagned naikimed nagnubuh

reinil halada nedneped lebairav padahret nednepedni lebairav aratna .


96

.c satireinilokitluM ijU

nedneped lebairav nad nednepedni lebairav iserger lisah nakrasadreB

.aynsabeb lebairav napaledek adap FIV nad isnareloT ialin naklisahgnem

tapad satiraenilokitlum naraggnalep aynkadit uata ada nakitkubmem kutnU

ay FIV ijU nakanugid ti irad gnaruk FIV ialin alibapa u aynraseb uata 01

.1,0 irad hibel isnarelot

.5 lebaT 14 satiraenilokitluM nagnutihreP lisaH

lebairaV isnareloT FIV nagnareteK

1X_gol 559.0 740.1 satireinilokitlum ada kadiT

2X_gol 717.0 493.1 satireinilokitlum ada kadiT

l 3X_go 096.0 944.1 satireinilokitlum ada kadiT

: rebmuS remirp ataD 2102 ,haloid

sabeb lebairav aumes awhab iuhatekid tapad sata id lisah iraD

irad gnaruk FIV ialin nad 1,0 irad raseb hibel isnarelot ialin iaynupmem

it awhab naklupmisid tapad aggnihes ,01 satireinilokitlum alajeg idajret kad

.ini naitilenep ledom malad

.d satisitsadeksoreteH ijU

aumes kutnu amas kadit laudiser isairav halada satisitsadeksoreteH

idajret hakapa iuhategnem kutnu nakduskamid ini ijU .natamagnep

ag nairav anerak ledom nagnapmiynep utas aratna adebreb nauggn

alajeg aynada isketednem kutnU .nial isavresbo ek isavresbo

iju lisaH .tolP rettacS kifarg nakanugid satisitsadeksoreteH

:tukireb rabmag adap tahilid tapad satisitsadeksoreteH


07

5 rabmaG .1 satisitsadeksoreteH ijU .

nakrasadreB aG 1.5 rabm id awhab iuhatekid tapad ,sata alop

ubmus adap 0 akgna hawab id nad sata id rabeynem laudiser ialin narabeynep

Y ini naitilenep malad nakujaid gnay ledom naikimed naikimed nagneD .

.satisitsadeksoreteH alajeg irad sabebret

ledoM nataraysreP ijU .C

dna etihW ,nonnikcaM iju nakanugid ledom nataraysrep ijugnem kutnU

iserger ledom hakapa hilimem kutnu nakanugid DWM ijU .)DWM( nosdivaD

nuggnem adnagreb reinil aka .reinil gol uata reinil ledom n

utnab nagned DWM edotem nakanuggnem nagned nagnutihrep iraD na

: lisah helorepid retupmok


17

5 lebaT .15

reiniL DWM ijU lisaH

stneiciffeoC a

ledoM

stneiciffeoC dezidradnatsnU dezidradnatS

stneiciffeoC

t .giS B rorrE .dtS ateB

1 )tnatsnoC( 245.6 018.2 823.2 320.

natapadneP 244.5 7 000. 302. 620.2 740.

raH g kurej a ropmi 000. 000. - 524. - 712.3 200.

lakol haub agraH 000. 000. 863. 657.2 800.

1z 216.81 804.61 761. 431.1 162. ropmi haub naatnimreP :elbairaV tnednepeD .a

t ialiN Z neisifeok gnutih = 1 216,81 rasebes gnutih t nad , 1, 431 ,

k ialin nakgnades p t elbat sitir = fd nagned %5 = ά adap ada 16 .1 halada 67 .

naikimed nagneD gnutih t < akam ,lebat t Z lebairav 1 halada kadit nakifingis

surah aggnihes t iju iulalem kitsitas araces amirenem nad oH kalonem aynitra ,aH

awhab halada ledom iserger amiretid tapad reinil .

ebaT l 5.16

DWM ijU lisaH goL reiniL

stneiciffeoC a

ledoM


stneiciffeoC

t .giS B rorrE .dtS ateB

1 )tnatsnoC( - 571.1 326.1 - 427. 274.

1X_gol 795. 212. 915. 808.2 700.

2X_gol - 107.1 045. - 610.1 - 051.3 300.

l 3X_go 854.1 205. 118. 709.2 500.

2z - 890. 640. - 041.1 - 411.2 930. Y_gol :elbairaV tnednepeD .a


27

Z neisifeok gnutih t ialiN = 2 -2, 411 adap t elbat sitirk ialin nakgnades

adap ά fd nagned %5 = 16 halada .1 67 Z lebairav naikimed nagneD . 2 halada

s araces nakifingis t aggnihes t iju iulalem kitsita kalonem nad oH amirenem ,aH

awhab aynitra reinil gol halada ledom kadit .amiretid tapad

alupmiseK n isah nakrasadreb ayn l l reini hibel iab k alejnem maladid naks

rotkaf – ihuragnepmem gnay rotkaf rep padahret nemusnok naatnim ropmi kurej ,

ledom aggnihes tapet hibel gnay reinil nakanugid .

reiniL isergeR sisilanA .D

egnem kutnu nakanugid ini sisilanA lebairav huragnep aynraseb iuhat

( sabeb nep kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapad lakol )

( sabeb kat lebairav padahret ilebid gnay kurej halmuj ) ased hayaliw id

atrakaygoY namelS netapubaK kopeD natamaceK laggnutrutaC nupadA .

:tukireb iagabes halada aynnaamasrep kutneb

β=Y 0 β + 1X1 β + 2 X 2 β + 3 X 3 + e

: nagnareteK

Y halada kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok

X1 halada p nemusnok natapadne

X2 halada ropmi kurej agrah

X3 halada lakol kurej agrah

a halada atnatsnoK

b halada iserger neisifeoK

e halada gnaggnep lebairav ug


37

retupmoc nautnab nakanuggnem nagned nagnutihrep lisah nakrasadreB

margorp 61 SSPS 0. naripmal askirep( ini hawabid itrepes lisah helorepid ,

)2

.5 lebaT 17

adnagreB reiniL isergeR sisilanA lisaH

lebairaV B .dtSrorrE ateB t- kitsitats lebat T

atsnoC( )tn 466.7 636.2 709.2 natapadneP nemusnok 100000. 000. 302. 910.2 76,1

kurej agraH ropmi - 833000. 000. - 353. - 040.3 - 76,1 kurej agraH kol la 913000. 000. 792. 215.2 76,1

R elpitluM 0, 336 detsujdA erauqS R 0, 273

kitsitatS F 518,31 F elbat 3, 41

haloid ,remirp ataD : rebmuS 2102

naamasrep kutneb kitametam araces akam sataid lebat iraD

bes naksilutid tapad ayniserger a : tukireb iag

= Y 7, 466 + 0, 100000 X 1 - 0, 833000 X2 ,0 + 913000 X3

huragnep nakkujnunem sataid naamasreP gnisam - sabeb lebairav gnisam

X( ,1 X ,2 X3 gnisam itra nupada .)Y( sabeb lebairav padahret ) - gnisam

bes halada sata id iserger neisifeok a : tukireb iag

= atnatsnoK .a 7, 446

( sabeb lebairav irad huragnep ada kadit alibapa aynitrA natapadnep

j agrah ,nemusnok lakol kurej agrah nad ropmi kure akam ) atar - atar

nemusnok ilebid gnay ropmi kurej halmuj halada rasebes 446,7 .


47

.b 1 = ,0 100000

alibapa aynitrA nemusnok natapadnep X( 1 1 rasebes habmatreb )

nautas , nakbabeynem naka akam atar - atar nay ropmi kurej halmuj g

nemusnok ilebid naka rasebes takgninem 100000,0 napaggna nagned

( patet aynnial sabeb lebairav subirap siretec araces ini lah malaD .)

akij imonoke halmuj s nemusnok natapadnep akam iggnit nikame

nemusnok ilebid gnay ropmi kurej halmuj akgninem nikames aguj t

.c 2 = - ,0 833000

alibapa aynitrA ropmi kurej haub agrah X( 2 rasebes habmatreb ) 1

nautas nakbabeynem naka akam atar - atar gnay ropmi kurej halmuj

nemusnok ilebid nurunem rasebes 833000,0 napaggna nagned

( patet aynnial sabeb lebabirav subirep siretec h malaD .) araces ini la

akij imonoke idajret akam natakgninep imalagnem ropmi kurej agrah

urunep halmuj nan ropmi kurej nemusnok ilebid gnay .tubesret

.b 3 ,0 = 913000

alibapa aynitrA lakol kurej agrah X( 3 1 rasebes habmatreb ) nautas

nakbabeynem naka akam atar - atar uj halm ropmi kurej ilebid gnay

nemusnok rasebes takgninem 913000,0 lebairav napaggna nagned

( patet aynnial sabeb subirap suretec .) natakgninep ,imonoke araceS

kurej hilimem hadnipreb nemusnok nakbabeynem ,lakol kurej agrah

aggnihes ,ropmi natakgninep idajret halmuj .ropmi kurej


57

.1 )F ijU( kapmereS araceS naijugneP

X lebairav ledom hakapa ijugnem kutnu nakanugid F ijU 1 X , 2 X , 3

kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep( i kurej agrah ,ropm )lakol tapad

em kutnu nakanugid rukugn kurej halmuj( Y lebairav ropmi ilebid gnay

ok nemusn .) hakgnal nupadA - iagabes F iju nagned sisetopih iju hakgnal

:tukireb

.1 asetopih nakutneneM

: oH 1 ; 2 ; 3 = ; 0

lebairav aynitra ( 3X nad 2X ,1X agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep

kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej lakol ) kutnu nakanugid tapad kadit

av rukugnem lebair kurej halmuj( Y ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok .)

: aH 1 ; 2 ; 3 ≠ 0

lebairav aynitra natapadnep( 3X nad 2X ,1X agrah ,nemusnok

kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej kutnu nakanugid tapad )lakol

v rukugnem kurej halmuj( Y lebaira ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok ) .

.2 = )α( isnakifingis farat nakanuggnem nagneD ;50,0 tajared

n(;)k( = )fd( nasabebek -k- (;)3( = )1 66 -3- (,)3( = )1 26 akam )

= lebat F helorepid 3, 41

.3 : naijugnep airetirK

oH F :alibapa amiretid ih gnut ≤ 41,3

oH gnutih F : alibapa kalotid ≥ 41,3

nutihrep lisaH nag ssps margorp iulalem retupmoc F helorepid

= gnutih 518,31


67

.4 :nalupmiseK

F ialin awhab iuhatekid tapad sata id kitsitats iju lisah nakrasadreB

lebat F > gnutih ( 518,31 > 3, 41 ) aggnihes oH nad kalotid aH

itrareb gnay amiretid X( nemusnok natapadnep 1 ,) grah kurej a

ropmi X( 2 ,) nad lakol kurej agrah X( 3 ,) kapmeres araces

padahret nakifingis gnay huragnep iaynupmem kurej halmuj ropmi

ilebid gnay nemusnok .)Y(

rabmaG 5. F ijU .2

.2 isergeR neisifeoK naijugneP )t ijU( laisraP araceS

ini naijugneP araces iserger neisifeok ijugnem kutnu nakanugid

laudividni/laisrap gnisam aratna hasipret araces naijugnep utiay - gnisam

utiay sabeb lebairav nemusnok natapadnep X( 1 ,) ropmi kurej agrah X( 2 )

nad lakol kurej agrah X( 3 ) utiay sabeb kat lebairav nagned halmuj kurej

ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok .)Y(

.a retemarap padahret naijugneP

)1 sisetopih nakutneneM

hareaD naamireneP

oH

hareaDoH nakaloneP

41,3

518,31


77

oH : 1 = 0 aynitra nemusnok natapadnep huragnepreb kadit

fitisop padahret kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay

nemusnok .

: aH 1 ≠ 0 aynitra nemusnok natapadnep araces huragnepreb

nakifingis nad fitisop padahret kurej halmuj ropmi

d gnay ilebi nemusnok .

)2 tajared 50,0 = )α( nakifingis farat nakanuggnem nagneD

n( = )fd( nasabebek -k- = )1 ( 66 -3- = )1 26 aud naijugnep nad

= lebat t helorepid akam isis 6,1 7

)3 : naijugnep airetirK

oH gnutih t akij amiretid ≤ 6,1 7

oH > gnutih t akij kalotid 6,1 7

)4 lisaH = gnutih t atad helorepid retupmoc nagnutihrep 2, 910

)5 : nalupmiseK

awhab iuhatekid tapad sata id kitsitats iju lisah nakrasadreB ialin

( lebat t > gnutih t ,2 910 > 6,1 7 lon sisetopih aggnihes ) )oH(

ad kalotid n nagneD .amiretid )aH( fitanretla sisetopih

etid aynamir aH akam nemusnok natapadnep X( 1 huragnepreb )

fitisop araces nad padahret nakifingis kurej halmuj ropmi gnay

ilebid nemusnok alibapa aggnihes )Y( nemusnok natapadnep

akam habmatreb kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok aguj

naka raseb nikames .


87

nemusnoK natapadneP t ijU .2.5 rabmaG

b padahret naujagneP . retemarap


oH : 2 = 0 aynitra ropmi kurej agrah huragnepreb kadit

padahret kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay

nemusnok .

: aH 2 ≠ 0 aynitra ropmi kurej agrah uragnepreb araces h

fitagen padahret nakifingis nad kurej halmuj

ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok .

)2 tajared ;50,0 = )α( nakifingis farat nakanugnem nagneD

nasabebek n( = )fd( -k- = )1 ( 66 -3- = )1 26 utas naijugnep nad

= lebat t helorepid naka isis - 6,1 7

)3 naijugnep airetirK

d oH ireti t akij am < gnutih 6,1 7

gnutih t akij kalotid oH > - 6,1 7

)4 = gnutih t helorepid retupmoc nagnutihrep lisaH -3, 040

)5 :nalupmiseK

76,1

aamireneP hareaD oH n

hareaDoH nakaloneP

910,2


97

awhab iuhatekid tapad sata id kitsitats iju lisah nakrasadreB

gnutih t ialin > - lebat t (-3, 040 > - 6,1 7 ) sisetopih aggnihes lon

)oH( fitanetla sisetopih nad kalotid )aH( nagneD .amiretid

aynamiretid aH akam ropmi kurej agrah X( 2 huragnepreb )

araces fitagen padahret nakifingis nad kurej halmuj ropmi gnay

ilebid nemusnok alibapa aggnihes )Y( ropmi kurej agrah

habmatreb nikames akam kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay

nemusnok naka nikames nurunem .

t ijU .3.5 rabmaG ropmI kureJ agraH

.c padahret naijugneP padahret retemarap


:oH 3 = 0 aynitra lakol kurej agrah padahret huragnepreb kadit

kurej halmuj pmi ro ilebid gnay nemusnok .

:aH 3 ≠ 0 aynitra lakol kurej agrah fitisop araces huragnepreb

padahret nakifingis nad kurej halmuj ropmi gnay

ilebid nemusnok .

- 76,1

oH naamireneP hareaD

hareaDoH nakaloneP

- 040,3


08

)2 tajared ;50,0 = )α( nakifingis farat nakanuggnem nagneD

n( = )fd( nasabebek -k- = )1 ( 66 -3- = )1 26 nad utas naijugnep

= lebat t helorepid akam isis 6,1 7

)3 :naijugnep airetirK

oH amiretid gnutih t akij ≤ 6,1 7

oH > gnutih t akij kalotid 6,1 7

)4 = gnutih t helorepid retupmok nagnutihrep lisaH 215,2

)5 :nalupmiseK

iuhatekid tapad sata id kitsitats iju lisah nakrasadreB awhab

t > gnutih t ialin lebat ( 215,2 > 6,1 7 ) lon sisetopih aggnihes

)oH( fitanretla sisetopih nad kalotid )aH( amiretid nagneD .

aynamiretid aH akam lakol kurej agrah X( 3 huragnepreb )

araces fitisop padahret nakifingis nad kurej halmuj ropmi gnay

ilebid k nemusno alibapa aggnihes )Y( j agrah lakol kure

nakianek imalagnem akam agrah kurej halmuj ropmi gnay

ilebid nemusnok atrakaygoY id naka aguj raseb nikames .

lakoL kureJ agraH lebairaV adap t ijU .4.5 rabmaG

76,1

oH naamireneP hareaD

hareaDoH nakaloneP

215,2


18

.3 naijugneP isanimeteD neisifeoK erauqS R

lisah padahret iserger sirag utaus natapetek rukugnem kutnU

a nakanugid isavresbo ,erauqs R sisilan erauqs R nakkujnunem aynraseb

huragnep X lebairav irad 1 X , 2 , nad X3 amasreb araces - amas tapad

Y lebairav naksalejnem agnutihrep irad mreted neisifeok ialin n isani R

erauqs ,0 rasebes 104 aynitra 1,04 % kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay

nemusnok helo naksalejid tapad nemusnok natapadnep X( 1 ,) kurej agrah

ropmi X( 2 ,) nad lakol kurej agrah X( 3 des ) a rasebes aynasis nakgn 9,95 %

ay nial lebairav helo ihuragnepid kadit gn lebairav malad kusamret

.ini naitilenep

.E nasahabmeP naitileneP lisaH

1 adnep huragnep anamiagaB . kurej halmuj padahret nemusnok natap

ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok ?

nakifingis nad fitisop huragnep aynadA nemusnok natapadnep

takgnit padahret kurej halmuj ropmi y ilebid gna nemusnok id ased

laggnutrutac raseb nikames awhab nakkujnunem nemusnok natapadnep

raseb nikames akam ilebid gnay kurej halmuj anerak nakbabesid ini laH .

raseb nikameS .natapadnep helo nakutnetid nemusnok ileb ayad

.aynileb ayad alup raseb nikames naka ,nemusnok natapadnep alibapA

nahubmutrep nakbabeynem akam iggnit natapadnepreb kududnep

rumkam nikames aynnaarethajesek takgnit aisenodnI id imonoke .

habureP malad na natapadnep sata ek nahaburep naklubminem ulales

naatnimrep gnaroeS .gnarab sinej iagabreb nemusnok ihunemem malad


28

irad nimrecret gnay ileb ayad helo gnukudid surah utnet aynnahutubek

takgnit iggnit nikameS .aynnatapadnep natapadnep ka akam aynliir na

itkefe nikames .aynnaatnimrep hafl natapadneP gnaroes nemusnok naka

aynnatapadnep iggnit nikames ,pudih farat takgnit naknimrecnem akam

kiab nikames .aynkisif naarethajesek itra malad aynpudih farat lah malaD

k naknignignem nemusnok ini d gnay haub satilau iges ira asar nad satilauk

sugab gnay gnarab itamkinem naka nemusnok aggnihes kane gnay haub

m iggnit gnay natapadnep irad nad kutnu naupmamek iaynupmem akere

.laham rayabmem

.2 kurej agrah huragnep anamiagaB kurej halmuj padahret ropmi

ropmi ilebid gnay snok nemu ?

h lebairaV ropmi kurej agra huragnepreb nakkujnunem fitagen

padahret nakifingis kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok id ased

laggnutrutac . ini laH akam ropmi kurej agrah iggnit nikames itrareb

m nikames naka ropmi haub padahret nemusnok naatnimrep .nurune agraH

ropmi haub aynitra ropmi haub naatnimrep padahret fitagen huragnepreb

nakbabeynem naka akam nautas utas rasebes agrah nakianek idajret akij

haub naatnimrep aynnurunem - nahaub ropmi id atrakaygoY aynkilabes

nanurunep imalagnem ropmi haub agrah naktabikagnem naka akam

haub naatnimrep nakianek - nahaub ropmi atrakaygoY id nikames

takgninem licek nikames akam ,ropmi haub agrah iggnit nikameS .

emusnok nagnabmitrep .tubesret haub ilebmem kutnu n iauses ini laH

nagned iroet naatnimrep akes amaturet gnay natiak halada sisilanaid il


38

narab utaus naatninrrep aratna .tubesret gnarab agrah nagned g nailebmeP

mukuh nagned tubesid agrah nagned natiakreb gnarab naatnimrep gnay ,

awhab nakataynem gnay sisetopih utaus nakapurem ayntakikah adap

taus agrah hadner nikam kaynab nikam gnarab u naatnimrep padahret

akam gnarab utaus agrah iggnit nikam aynkilabes nad tubesret gnarab

hadner nikam naatnimrep )5991 ,onrikuS( tubesret gnarab padahret

.3 kurej halmuj padahret lakol kurej agrah huragnep anamiagaB ropmi

lebid gnay i nemusnok ?

lebairaV lakol kurej agrah nakkujnunem nakifingis fitisop huragnep

padahret kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok id laggnutrutac ased .

anerak nakbabesid ini laH agrah gnarab nakapurem lakol kurej ,itnaggnep

gnep gnarab agrah akitek aggnihes naka nemusnok akam ,iggnit itnag

.ropmi kurej utiay amatu gnarab hilimem narasap id lakol haub agrah akiJ

takaraysam akam ,ropmi haub agrah nagned nakgnidnabid iggnit hibel

uata nakol kurej haub itrepes ropmi haub ismusnokgnem kaynab hibel

dapirad niradnam rej haub itrepes lakol kurej haub a uata kanaitnop ku

nadem . naka nemusnok akam lakol kurej haub misum idajret akiJ

tagnas nakrawatid gnay agrah anerak lakol haub hilimem kutnu gnurednec

ropmi kurej haub padahret naatnimrep nakbabeynem naka aggnihes harum

a ames nak .gnarukreb nik iagabes lakol haub naadarebek nagned numaN

ropmi haub nagned gniasreb kutnu nakub nakduskamid itnaggnep gnarab

.ropmi kudorp ignarugnem naknialem halas nial aratna asgnab nataluadeK

nem nagnap ,nagnap nataluadek helo gnukudid aynutas nahutubek idaj


48

igab sativitka nad napudihek rebmus idajnem utiay amatu gnay rasad

.aisunam naarethajesek nimajnem kutnu nakdujuwid nagnap nanahateK

nimajnem atres ,aggnat hamur ,lanoisan takgnit id nagnap naaidesretek

nad utumreb ,nama gnay nagnap ismusnok aggnat hamur takgnit id izigreb

.utkaw gnajnapes

4 huragnep anamiagaB nad ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep

kurej halmuj padahret lakol kurej agrah ropmi ilebid gnay

nemusnok ?

huragnep ada awhab nakujnunem naitilenep lisaH aratna

,nemusnok natapadnep kurej agrah aub agrah nad ropmi padahret lakol h

halmuj ropmi kurej nemusnok ilebid gnay rasebes 1,04 aynitra 104,0 % .

kurej halmuJ ropmi haub naatnimrep aynkaynab nakapurem ilebid gnay

.utnetret agrah takgnit utaus adap ropmi

kurej halmuJ ropmi lebid gnay i ihuragnepid laggnutrutac ased id

adnep alibapa nemusnok natapadnep helo akam takgninem nemusnok natap

kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay aneraK .takgninem nikames naka

gnay natapadnep nagned kiab gnay haub satilauk naknignignem nemusnok

u upmam nemusnok pukuc nagned alup utigeB .laham rayabmem kutn

agrah kurej agrah ,ropmi kurej mi kurej halmuj ihuragnepmem naka rop

ilebid gnay kurej agrah alibapa em ropmi halmuj akam nakianek imalagn

haub kurej ropmi ilebid gnay naka nemusnok aggnihes tikides nikames

es nikames okgnem kutnu tikid kurej agrah ,nakgnadeS .aynismusn lakol

agrah akam misum gnades lakol kurej haub akij itnaggnep gnarab iagabes


58

naka aggnihes harum hibel nemusnok adapek nakrawatid gnay

.ropmi kurej haub padahret naatnimrep ihuragnepmem tapad idaJ

pmisid u ropmi kurej halmuj awhab nakl naatnimrep nakapurem ilebid gnay

.utnetret agrah takgnit utaus adap


58

BAB IV

ALUPMISEK ,N NARAS NASATABRETEK NAD

adaP bab nad naitilenep lisah irad nalupmisek nakiapmasid naka ini

naras - naras adapek nakirebid kutnu ulrep aynarikes gnay p kahi - gnay kahip

.nagnitnepekreb

.A nalupmiseK

naitilenep lisah irad nalupmiseK ini s halada :tukireb iagabe

.1 nemusnok natapadnep huragnep tapadreT fitisop araces nad nakifingis

ilebid gnay kurej halmuj padahret alibapa aggnihes nemusnok natapadnep

inem nikames kurej halmuj akam takgn gnay ropmi ilebid nemusnok id

akgninem naka aguj atrakaygoY atoK .t

.2 araces ropmi kurej agrah huragnep tapadreT nakifingis nad fitagen

kurej halmuj padahret ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok agrah alibapa aggnihes

t nikames ropmi kurej kurej halmuj akam iggni ropmi ilebid gnay

nemusnok nurunem nikames naka atrakaygoY atoK id .

.3 fitisop araces lakol kurej agrah huragnep tapadreT nakifingis nad padahret

kurej halmuj ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok upmam lakol haub aggnihes

haub isutitsbus idajnem kurej .ropmi

.4 kurej agrah nad ropmi kurej agrah ,nemusnok natapadnep katneres araceS

lakol huragnepreb akifingis padahret n ilebid gnay kurej halmuj .

padahret tubesret lebairav agitek nagnabmus aynraseb nakgnadeS halmuj

kurej ropmi ilebid gnay nemusnok rasebes halada %1,04 aynasis nad


68

9.95 % halmuj kurej ropmi nemusnok ilebid gnay ksalejid tapad helo na

.aynnial lebairav

.b naraS - naras

naklusuid tapad akam ,nakukalid halet gnay naitilenep lisah nakrasadreB

: utiay naras aparebeb

.1 m ayapus gnanewewreb gnay kahip adapeK haub ropmi isatabme

kurej haub aggnihes kurej kol narasap id ukal tapad la animid nad it

.nemusnok

.2 kurej haub ilebmem malad raga nemusnok adapek aguj nakparahiD

atres satilauk/utum nakitahrepmem raga lakol nupuam ropmi kiab

.ismusnokid gnay haub irad taafnam

.3 akam anrupmes nikames ayntujnales naitilenep ragA .itilenep igaB

p adap nakparahid gnay naitilenep nakukalem naka gnay nial itilene

habmanem nad nial tapmet id naitilenep nakadagnem raga sinejes

rotkaf – haub nad ropmi haub naatnimrep ihuragnepmem gnay rotkaf

.lakol


78

.c naitileneP nasatabreteK

ep nakukalem malad awhab iradaynem siluneP hisam ini naitilen

nakbabesid gnay nahamelek nad nagnarukek ,natabmah ihunemem kaynab

: nial aratna nasatabretek rotkaf iagabreb aynada helo

.1 nakigabmem nagned helorepid ini naitilenep malad ataD

malad nanikgnumek aggnihes ,nednopser adapek renoiseuk

rebmem anerak mumiskam gnaruk nabawaj naki

.renoiseuk isignem malad nednopser nahuggnuskaditek

.2 nasatabretek anerak ,anrupmes muleb ini naitilenep lisaH

,uti gnipmas iD .nauhategnep nad utkaw lah malad itilenep

malad namalagnep iaynupmem muleb silunep tagnignem

em irad huaj ini ispirks nasilunep akam ,haimli ayrak silun

atad nahalognep ,iroet naijakgnep lah malad amaturet anrupmes

.atad sisilanagnem nad

.3 kajagnem itilenep aynsurahes renoiseuk naisignep mulebeS

ayngnitnep nagnayat nakiskaynem kutnu nednopser

usnokgnem kurej haub nupuam ropmi kurej haub ism kol la

amasreb araces - malad nednopser nakhadumem kutnu amas

,ayaib ,utkaw nasatabretek anerak helO .renoiseuk naisignep

nial nad aganet - nakukalid tapad kadit tubesret lah akam nial

.silunep helo


88

akatsuP ratfaD

.2002 .imisrahuS ,otnukirA .ketkarP natakedneP utauS :naitileneP rudesorP .atpiC akeniR : atrakaygoY

.6002 .uremuS ,irahsA .aisenodnI siporT nahaubeB naluggnueK naktakgnineM

.tesffO idnA : gnalaM

,7991 ,.la te ,.N cirE ,ztiwokreB kraM gnite .doowemoH :notsoB ,).de dr3( ,

1002 .iwedativE kureJ manatreB sitkarP araC . .umlI akenA VC : gnarameS .

.2002 .mamI ,ilazohG nagned isakilpA nad iroeT :kitemaraP noN kitsitatS.SSPS margorP .orogenopiD satisrevinU : gnarameS

.6002 .mamI ,ilazohG pA .SSPS margorp nagned etairavitluM sisilanA isakil

.orogenopiD satisrevinU : gnarameS

.2991 .T ,osraliG orkaM imonokE ratnagneP .suisinaK :atrakaygoY .

.1991 .onsirtuS ,idaH .ialiN alakS nad seT tekgnA nemurtsnI kutnu rituB sisilanAsffO idnA : atrakaygoY .te

.1102 ,nainatreP nairetnemeK .kitsitatS tasuP nadaB : atrakaJ

1002 ,gnortsmA yraG nad pilihP ,reltoK narasameP rasaD rasaD , isidE ,

.aidemretnI :atrakaJ ,maneeK

.1002 .leinaD cM ,riaH ,bmaL .narasameP asahaB isidE .amatreP nakateC.atrakaJ .aisenodnI

.2991 ,eornoM agraH nakajibeK .dnitupmoK aideM xelE aisenodnI .

.7791,otraybuM nainatreP imonokE ratnagneP .SE3PL :atrakaJ .agiteK nakateC ,

.2102 .itaT ,alamruN nainatreP umlI ratnagneP : atrakaygoY .amatreP nakateC ,

.umlI aharG

aijaK tasuP iporT hauB n 1102 ,ak . .kitsitatS tasuP nadaB : atrakaJ

.7991.D ,erotavlaS lanoisanretnI imonokE siraH hamejreneP .amileK isidE ,.aggnalrE :atrakaJ .radnanuM

.3891 ,onosraduS orkiM imonokE ratnagneP .TP :atrakaJ .amatreP nakateC ,.asuriP ajayD


98

9002 .onoyiguS . edoteM D&R nad fittatilauK ,fitatitnauK naitileneP . : gnudnaB.atebaflA

.7991,onodraS ,onrikuS orkiM imonokE iroeT ratnagneP .audeK isidE , .EFPB : atrakaygoY

1102 .gnanaD ,otoynuS .imonokE kutnu naitileneP igolodoteM . amatreP nakateC

.SPAC : atrakaygoY

nayruS .7991 .damhcA,a sisilanA :nainatreP nanugnabmeP naanaskajibeKfisnopsneR nad fitapisitnA nakajibeK nad naitileneP nadaB :atrakaJ .

.nainatreP nagnabmegneP

.4991 .P leahciM ,oradoT .agiteK ainuD id imonokE nanugnabmeP :atrakaJ aggnalrE .

sugA ,onojradiW .9002 . akirtemonokE .aisenodnI malsI satisrevinU :atrakakgoY .


NARIPMAL


: adapeK

I/araduaS/ubI/kapaB .htY

tapmeT iD

,tamroH nagneD

ini hawabid nagnat adnatreb gnay ayas ,ini nagned naamasreB

amaN itutsaitsawS atiuseY airaM :

MIN 430423180 :

dA iwsisaham hala atanaS satisrevinU imonokE nakididneP idutS margorP

s gnay amrahD “ luduj nagned naitilenep nakukalem gnades ini taa huragneP

lakoL hauB agraH nad ,ropmI hauB agraH ,nemusnoK natapadneP

naatnimreP padahreT atrakaygoY atoK id ropmI hauB ” susaK idutS(

namelS netapubaK kopeD natamaceK laggnuT rutaC aseD hayaliW

.)atrakaygoY naitilenep nakukalem ayas ,tubesret nanusuynep nagnitnepek kutnU

kutnu nakanugid aynah ini renoiseuK .renoiseuk nakrabeynem nagned

tagnas ayas aggnihes ,mumu araces nakisakilbupid kadit nad haimli nagnitnepek

.aynrujujes nagned isiid tapad alib iagrahgnem

naanekreb nailakes I/araduaS/ubI/kapaB naaidesek nakparahgnem ayaS

atad naktapadnem ayas utnabmem kutnu kanejes utkaw nakgnaulem - gnay atad

naaynatrep ratfad isignem nagned ini naitilenep malad anugreb - gnay naaynatrep

k satA .ini renoiseuk malad nakuja ayas halet gnay nautnab nad naaidese

.hisak amiret kaynab nakpacugnem ayas nakireb I/araduaS/ubI/kapaB

,ayaS tamroH

S atiuseY airaM


renoiseuK

.I NEDNOPSER SATITNEDI

amaN :

tamalA :

nimaleK sineJ :

y nabawaj adap )X ( gnalis adnat nakirebmem nagned isiid nohoM iauses gna

.aynranebes adnA naadaek nagned

.1 A aisu apareB ?ini taas adn

.a uhat 02 irad gnaruK n

.b nuhat 02 - nuhat 03

.c nuhat 13 - nuhat 04

.d nuhat 14 - nuhat 05

.e nuhat 05 irad hibeL

.2 takgniT A rihkaret nakididnep ?adn

.a tajaredes uata PTLS

.b tajaredes gnay uata ATLS

.c iggniT naurugreP uata imedakA

.3 ?gnarakes adnA naajrekeP

.a iregeN iawageP

.b atsawS iawageP

.c atsawsariW


.d nanuisneP

.II nemusnoK natapadneP

.1 ?agraulekreb hadus adna hakapA

.a aY

.b kadiT

.2 p hakapareB ?nalub paites amiret adnA gnay idabirp natapadne

.a 000.000.1 pR <

.b 000.000.1 pR – 999.994.2 pR

.c 000.005.2 pR – 999.999.3 pR

.d 000.000.4 pR – 999.994.5 pR

.e 000.005.5 pR – 99.999.6 pR 9

.f 000.000.7 pR – 999.994.8 pR

.g 000.005.8 pR – 000.000.01 pR

.h 000.000.01 pR >

.3 ?adnA agraulek atoggna halmuj hakapareB

.a 2 – 4

.b 5 – 7

.c 7 irad hibeL

.4 A napaggnat anamiagaB adn taas amiret araduas gnay ijag halmuj gnatnet

?ini

.a gnaruK tagnaS

.b pukuC

.c pukuc irad hibeL


.5 apA A natapadnep hak adn A pudih nahutubek ipukucnem asib adn nad

agraulek ?nalub utas amales

.a aY

.b kadiT

.6 A hakapA ?knaB id nagnubat iaynupmem adn

.a aY

.b kadiT

.7 A naraulegnep hakapareB ?nalub utas amales adn

.a 000.008 pR – 999.999 pR

.b 000.000.1 pR – 999.994.1 pR

.c 5.1 pR 000.00 – 999.999.2 pR

.d 000.000.3 pR >

.III ropmI hauB agraH

.1 A hakapA ?ropmi kurej haub ismusnokgnem akus adn

.a aY

.b kadiT

.2 opmi kurej haub hakapA A igab nahutubek utaus idajnem r paites adn

?aynnalub

.a aY

.b kadiT


.3 A hakapA dna gnay ropmi kurej haub nagned saup adn paites ileb a

?aynnalub

.a aY

.b kadiT

.4 ?lakol haub agrah irad kiab hibel ropmi kurej haub asar hakapA

.a aY

.b kadiT

.5 A hakapA asarem adn irad harum hibel ropmi kurej haub agrah akij

?lakol haub agrah

.a aY

.b kadiT

.6 B apare hak A gnay ropmi kurej haub agrah ismusnok adn s paite

aynnalub ?

.a 000.5 pR – 000.01 pR

.b 11 pR 000. – 000.51 pR

.c 61 .pR 000. – 000.02 pR

.d 000.02 pR sataiD

.7 A hakapA aidesreb naka adn , ropmi kurej haub agrah nakianek akij

haub ek hilareb naka adna akam kian kurej ?lakol

.a aY

.b kadiT


.VI lakoL hauB agraH

.1 h apareB gra a haub kurej A gnay lakol ?aynnalub paites ismusnok adn

.a 000.5 pR – 000.01 pR

.b 11 pR 000. – 000.51 pR

.c R 61 .p 000. – 000.02 pR

.d 000.02 pR sataiD

.2 haub agraH kurej ?uakgnajret tagnas lakol

.a aY

.b kadiT

A hakapA .3 haub ilebmem saup asarem adn kurej ?lakol

.a aY

.b kadiT

.4 haub nakosap hakapA kurej ?misum irad gnutnagret ulales lakol

.a aY

.b kadiT

?lakol haub laujnem kaynab hibel haub gnagadep arap hakapA .5

.a aY

.b kadiT

haub satilauk hakapA .6 kurej lakol irad sugab hibel ?ropmi haub

.a aY

.b kadiT


haub hakapA .7 kurej ?ismusnokid kutnu tahes tagnas lakol

.a aY

.b kadiT

.V nemusnoK naatnimreP

.1 B b kaynab apare hau gnay ropmi kurej ok adna nalub paites ismusn ?

.a 1 – margolik 5

.b 6 – margolik 01

.c 11 – margolik 51

.d argolik 51 ≥ m

.2 kaynab apareB ?nalub paites ismusnok adna gnay lakol kurej haub

.a 1 – margolik 5

.b 6 – margolik 01

.c 11 – margolik 51

.d margolik 51 ≥

.3 ?irad haub ismusnokgnem akus hibel adnA

.a ropmi hauB

.b lakol hauB

.4 A turuneM .adn ?isatabid ulrep ropmi haub hakapA

.a aY

.b kadiT


.5 A hakapA em hanrep adn ?tekramrepus id haub ilebm

.a aY

.b kadiT

.6 A hakapA ?lanoisidart rasap id haub ilebmem hanrep adn

.a aY

.b kadiT

.7 A hakapA ?iregen malad kudorp iakuynem tagnas adn

.a aY

.b kadiT

.8 ismusnokgnem gnanes hibel adnA hakapA ?iregen raul kudorp

.a aY

.b kadiT


NAITILENEP ATAD ISALUTIPAKER NEMUSNOK NATAPADNEP ROPMI KUREJ AGRAH LAKOL KUREJ AGRAH ILEBID GNAY ROPMI KUREJ HALMUJ

KJ aisU nakididneP naajrekeP 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 1P 2P P3 4P 5P 6P 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 3 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 2 5 3 4 1 2 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 4 2 4 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 2 2 2 3 1 5 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 6 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 2 5 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 8 1 3 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 9 1 4 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 01 2 5 3 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 11 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 21 2 3 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 0 31 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 41 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 51 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 61 1 3 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 71 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 81 2 3 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 0 91 2 5 3 4 1 2 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 02 2 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 4 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 22 2 4 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 32 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 42 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 52 2 5 3 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 62 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 72 2 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 82 1 4 3 4 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 92 2 4 3 4 1 5 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 03 1 3 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 13 1 2 2 3 0 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 23 2 5 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 33 2 5 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 43 1 3 2 3 1 4 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 53 1 2 3 3 0 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1

oN


NEMUSNOK NATAPADNEP ROPMI KUREJ AGRAH LAKOL KUREJ AGRAH ILEBID GNAYROPMI KUREJ HALMUJ KJ aisU nakididneP naajrekeP 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P 7P 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 1P 2P 3P 4P 5P 6P

63 1 4 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 73 2 4 2 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83 1 1 2 2 0 5 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 93 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 0 1 0 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 04 2 5 3 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 14 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 24 1 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 34 2 3 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 0 1 1 1 1 44 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 54 2 4 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 64 2 5 2 4 1 2 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 74 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 84 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 94 1 1 2 3 0 4 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 05 2 3 2 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 0 15 1 3 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 25 2 4 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 35 2 4 3 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 45 2 2 2 3 1 5 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 55 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 65 2 5 3 4 1 5 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 75 1 4 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 0 85 1 4 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 95 1 3 2 3 1 6 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 06 2 5 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 16 2 4 2 1 1 5 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 26 2 2 2 3 1 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 36 2 4 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 46 2 5 3 4 1 2 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 56 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 66 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

oN


seirammuS esaC a

natapadneP

haub agraHropmi lakol haub agraH

haub naatnimrePropmi

1 00.0000523 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 2 00.0000574 00.00531 00.0057 00.3 3 00.0000571 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 4 00.0000523 00.00002 00.0057 00.8 5 00.0000526 00.00071 00.0057 00.51 6 00.0000001 00.00002 00.0057 00.3 7 00.0000001 00.00071 00.00531 00.31 8 00.0000574 00.0057 00.00071 00.31 9 00.0000574 00.00531 00.00071 00.31 01 00.0000571 00.0057 00.0057 00.31 11 00.0000571 00.0057 00.00531 00.31 21 00.0000574 00.00531 00.00071 00.51 31 00.0000571 00.0057 00.0057 00.8 41 00.0000523 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 51 00.0000571 00.0057 00.0057 00.8 61 00.0000574 00.00531 00.0057 00.31 71 00.0000001 00.00002 00.0057 00.3 81 00.0000574 00.00531 00.0057 00.51 91 00.0000571 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 02 00.0000523 00.00002 00.0057 00.8 12 00.0000571 00.0057 00.00531 00.31 22 00.0000526 00.0057 00.00002 00.31 32 00.0000001 00.0057 00.00531 00.31 42 00.0000001 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 52 00.0000571 00.0057 00.00071 00.31 62 00.0000571 00.00002 00.00071 00.51 72 00.0000523 00.0057 00.00531 00.8 82 00.0000574 00.00531 00.00071 00.31 92 00.0000526 00.00002 00.0057 00.3 03 00.0000574 00.0057 00.00071 00.31 13 00.0000523 00.00002 00.0057 00.3 23 00.0000571 00.00071 00.00531 00.3 33 00.0000523 00.00071 00.00531 00.3 43 00.0000574 00.0057 00.00071 00.31 53 00.0000571 00.0057 00.00531 00.8 63 00.0000523 00.0057 00.00531 00.3 73 00.0000526 00.00002 00.0057 00.3 83 00.0000526 00.00531 00.00071 00.31 93 00.0000571 00.00002 00.00531 00.8 04 00.0000571 00.0057 00.0057 00.31 14 00.0000001 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 24 00.0000523 00.0057 00.00002 00.31 34 00.0000574 00.0057 00.00071 00.51 44 00.0000571 00.0057 00.00531 00.31 54 00.0000523 00.00002 00.0057 00.8 64 00.0000571 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 74 00.0000571 00.0057 00.0057 00.8 84 00.0000523 00.0057 00.00002 00.51


94 00.0000574 00.00002 00.0057 00.31 05 00.0000574 00.00531 00.0057 00.51 15 00.0000574 00.00531 00.0057 00.3 25 00.0000571 00.0057 00.00531 00.31 35 00.0000526 00.0057 00.00002 00.31 45 00.0000526 00.0057 00.00531 00.31 55 00.0000523 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 65 00.0000526 00.0057 00.0057 00.31 75 00.0000574 00.00531 00.00071 00.31 85 00.0000523 00.0057 00.00002 00.3 95 00.0000577 00.0057 00.00071 00.31 06 00.0000001 00.00071 00.00531 00.3 16 00.0000526 00.00002 00.0057 00.3 26 00.0000574 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 36 00.0000523 00.00002 00.0057 00.8 46 00.0000571 00.00071 00.0057 00.3 56 00.0000001 00.00531 00.0057 00.3 66 00.0000523 00.00071 00.0057 00.3

latoT N 66 66 66 66 iL .a .sesac 001 tsrif ot detim


REINIL ISERGER SISILANA noissergeR

devomeR/deretnE selbairaV

ledoM selbairaV

deretnE selbairaV

devomeR dohteM

1 ,lakol kurej agraH ,natapadneP

kurej agraHropmi a

. retnE

.deretne selbairav detseuqer llA .a

yrammuS ledoM b

ledoM R erauqS R R detsujdA

erauqS eht fo rorrE .dtS

etamitsE

1 336. a 104. 273. 37658.3 erP .a kurej agraH ,natapadneP ,lakol kurej agraH ,)tnatsnoC( :srotcid ropmi

:elbairaV tnednepeD .b ilebid gnay kurej halmuj

AVONA b

ledoM serauqS fo muS fd erauqS naeM F .giS

1 noissergeR 654.616 3 584.502 518.31 000. a

laudiseR 012.229 26 478.41 latoT 766.8351 56

rP .a kurej agraH ,natapadneP ,lakol kurej agraH ,)tnatsnoC( :srotcide ropmi V tnednepeD .b ilebid gnay kurej halmuj :elbaira

stneiciffeoC a

ledoM


stneiciffeoC B rorrE .dtS ateB t .giS

1 )tnatsnoC( 466.7 636.2 709.2 500.

natapadneP 100000. 000. 302. 910.2 840.

kurej agraH ropmi - 833000. 000. - 353. - 040.3 300.

kurej agraH lakol 913000. 000. 792. 215.2 510. tnednepeD .a ilebid gnay kurej halmuj :elbairaV


stneiciffeoC a

ledoM

scitsitatS ytiraenilloC

ecnareloT FIV

1 natapadneP 559. 740.1

kurej agraH ropmi 717. 493.1

kurej agraH lakol 096. 944.1 tnednepeD .a ilebid gnay kurej halmuj :elbairaV

scitsongaiD ytiraenilloC a

ledoM isnemiD

no

eulavnegiE xednI noitidnoC

1 1 116.3 000.1

2 512. 590.4

3 251. 978.4

4 220. 578.21 tnednepeD .a ilebid gnay kurej halmuj :elbairaV

strahC


SATILAMRON IJU

enO - vorogomloK elpmaS - tseT vonrimS

dezidradnatSlaudiseR

N 66

sretemaraP lamroN b,,a naeM 0000000. noitaiveD .dtS 84056679.

secnereffiD emertxE tsoM etulosbA 401. evitisoP 401. evitageN - 170.

vorogomloK - Z vonrimS 348. 2( .giS .pmysA - )deliat 774.

.lamroN si noitubirtsid tseT .a .atad morf detaluclaC .b


SATIREINIL IJU yrammuS ledoM



etamitsE

1 310. a 000. - 840. 41219999. 2^2X ,2^1X ,2^3X ,)tnatsnoC( :srotciderP .a

AVONA b


1 noissergeR 110. 3 400. 400. 000.1 a

laudiseR 989.16 26 000.1 latoT 000.26 56

2^2X ,2^1X ,2^3X ,)tnatsnoC( :srotciderP .a laudiseR dezidradnatS :elbairaV tnednepeD .b

stneiciffeoC a

ledoM


stneiciffeoC B rorrE .dtS ateB T .giS

1 )tnatsnoC( 020. 483. 350. 859.

2^1X E510.1 - 61 000. 100. 110. 199.

2^2X - E026.1 - 11 000. - 200. - 510. 889.

2^3X - E032.1 - 01 000. - 510. - 690. 429. laudiseR dezidradnatS :elbairaV tnednepeD .a


DWM IJU noissergeR

AVONA b


1 noissergeR 705.536 4 778.851 137.01 000. a

laudiseR 061.309 16 608.41 latoT 766.8351 56

tsnoC( :srotciderP .a kurej agraH ,ropmi kurej agraH ,natapadneP ,1z ,)tna kol la tnednepeD .b ilebid gnay kurej halmuj :elbairaV

stneiciffeoC a

ledoM


stneiciffeoC B rorrE .dtS ateB t .giS

1 )tnatsnoC( 245.6 018.2 823.2 320.

natapadneP E244.5 -7 000. 302. 620.2 740.

kurej agraH ropmi 000. 000. - 524. - 712.3 200.

kurej agraH lakol 000. 000. 863. 657.2 800.

1z 216.81 804.61 761. 431.1 162. tnednepeD .a ilebid gnay kurej halmuJ :elbairaV

noissergeR yrammuS ledoM



etamitsE

1 756. a 234. 593. 08432. 2X_gol ,3X_gol ,1X_gol ,2z ,)tnatsnoC( :srotciderP .a

AVONA b


1 noissergeR 755.2 4 936. 695.11 000. a

laudiseR 363.3 16 550. latoT 029.5 56

2X_gol ,3X_gol ,1X_gol ,2z ,)tnatsnoC( :srotciderP .a Y_gol :elbairaV tnednepeD .b

stneiciffeoC a

ledoM


stneiciffeoC B rorrE .dtS ateB T .giS

1 )tnatsnoC( - 571.1 326.1 - 427. 274.

1X_gol 795. 212. 915. 808.2 700.

2X_gol - 107.1 045. - 610.1 - 051.3 300.

3X_gol 854.1 205. 118. 709.2 500.

2z - 890. 640. - 041.1 - 411.2 930. Y_gol :elbairaV tnednepeD .a


seicneuqerF elbaT ycneuqerF

natapadneP nemusnok

ycneuqerF tnecreP tnecreP dilaV

evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV 000.000.1 .pR < 8 1.21 1.21 1.21

000.000.1.pR - 999.994.2.pR 81 3.72 3.72 4.93

000.005.2.pR - 999.999.3.pR 51 7.22 7.22 1.26

000.000.4.pR - 999.994.5.pR 51 7.22 7.22 8.48

000.005.5.pR - 999.999.6.pR 9 6.31 6.31 5.89

000.005.8.pR - 000.000.01.pR

1 5.1 5.1 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001

kurej agraH ropmi


evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV 000.5.pR - 000.01.pR 16 2.42 2.42 3.08

000.11.pR - 000.51.pR 11 7.61 7.61 1.65

000.61.pR - 000.02.pR 26 4.93 4.93 4.93

000.02.pR > 31 7.91 7.91 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001

kurej agraH lakol


evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV 000.5.pR - 000.01.pR 53 0.35 0.35 0.35

000.11.pR - 000.51.pR 41 2.12 2.12 2.47

000.61.pR - 000.02.pR 21 2.81 2.81 4.29

000.02.pR > 5 6.7 6.7 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001

ilebid gnay kurej halmuJ


evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV 1 - gK 5 52 9.73 9.73 9.73

6 - gK 01 01 2.51 2.51 0.35

11 - gK 51 42 4.63 4.63 4.98

gK 51 > 7 6.01 6.01 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001


nimaleK sineJ


evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV airP 72 9.04 9.04 9.04

atinaW 93 1.95 1.95 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001

aisU


evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV nuhat 02 < 2 0.3 0.3 0.3

02 - nuhat 03 11 7.61 7.61 7.91

13 - nuhat 04 22 3.33 3.33 0.35

14 - nuhat 05 91 8.82 8.82 8.18

nuhat 05 > 21 2.81 2.81 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001

nakididneP


evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV tajaredes uata PTLS 3 5.4 5.4 5.4

tajaredes uata ATLS 62 4.93 4.93 9.34

naurugrep uata imedakAiggnit

73 1.65 1.65 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001

naajrekeP


evitalumuCtnecreP

dilaV iregeN iawageP 32 8.43 8.43 8.43

atsawS iawageP 51 7.22 7.22 6.75

atsawsariW 81 3.72 3.72 8.48

nanuisneP 01 2.51 2.51 0.001

latoT 66 0.001 0.001


PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI - core.ac.uk · harga je ruk impo r, harg a je ruk lok al...

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Transcript of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI - core.ac.uk · harga je ruk impo r, harg a je ruk lok al...