PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI · Bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa memiliki variasi yang...

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THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIRE DIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET GARDEN AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra In English Letters By BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI Student Number: 104214071 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2015 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET

GARDEN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI

Student Number: 104214071

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2015

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THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET

GARDEN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI

Student Number: 104214071

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERSSANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES O1\ THE YORKSHIREDIALBCT AS SEEi\ IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET

GARDEN

June 19,2015

r{'pJune 19,2015Anna Fitriati. S.Pd.. M.Hum.

Co-Advisor

lll

STEVANY DY ILAKANDHI

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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis

THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OI{ THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET

GARDEN

ByBRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI

Student Number: 1 0421 407 1

Defended before the Board of ExaminersOn 28 July 201 5

and Declared Accentable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name

Chairperson

Secretary

Member i

Member 2

Member 3 Anna Fitriati. S.Pd.. M. Hum.

Yogyakarla, 31 July 2015Facultv of Letters

tv

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAHLNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma

Nama : Brigita Stevany Dyah NilakandhiNomor Mahasiswa : 104214071

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIREDIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET

GARDEN

beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikankepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkandalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di intemet atau medialain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupunmemberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagaipenulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya br-rat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta,Pada tanssal l9 Juni 2015

Yang menyatakan,

tl I

[/[A 'l/Brigita Stevany Dyah Nilakandhi

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the

text ofthe undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, June 19, 2015

\H l^

\wzBrigita r*In, Dyah Nilakandhi

VI

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"Expect nothing and you’ll be surprised by

something."

~unknown

"Keep your face to the sunshine andyou cannot see the shadow. It's whatsunflowers do."

~ Helen Keller

"If I were a flower I would be a sunflower. Toalways follow the sun, turn my back todarkness, stand proud, tall and straight evenwith my head full of seeds."

~Pam Stewart

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Dedicated to

My Beloved Parents,

And my lovely Sisters and Brother

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I want to thank God for all blessings that He gives me, so I can

finish my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to say my gratitude to my thesis

advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. who had patiently guided me in writing my thesis,

supported me, and given her time to improve my thesis. I thank my co-advisor, Anna

Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for all suggestions that are given to me so I can improve my

analysis. I thank my examiner Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for giving me a lot of

suggestions in my thesis defense. I thank all lecturers in English Letters Department

of Sanata Dharma University, especially to my academic advisor, Adventina Putranti,

S.S who always helps me as a student in English Letters Department.

My big thanks are also dedicated to my beloved parents, Petrus Pras Anggono

and Atik Purwaningsih who always pray for me and give me big supports to finish

my study. I also want to thank my sisters, Monica Claudia Debby Indira and Regina

Gracia Sonyaruri, and my brother, Andreas Kevin Anggriawan, who also always give

me a lot of supports and cheer me up. I hope that this thesis can make them proud to

have me as their family. I also want to dedicate my big thank to my dearest Iwan

Stefanus Sanjaya for always loving me, giving me a lot of supports, accompanying

me, cheering me up when I am down, and patiently hearing all my emotions and

problems. Thanks for the togetherness that we share.

The last but not least, I also would like to thank my friends who help me

during my study. First of all, I thank my friends of you C 2010, especially Atika, Tya,

Iche, Winda, Dea, Kory, and Ray who always accompany me for these five years.

Thanks for comforting me when I am sad and always beside me when I am happy. I

also would like to thank mbak Kika and mbak Ursula, who had been my partners

when I worked at library of Sanata Dharma University. Thanks for always giving me

a lot of supports.

Brigita Stevany Dyah Nilakandhi.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………….. ii

APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………………... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………………….. iv

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ……. v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………………….. vi

MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………………. vii

DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………………….. viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………....... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………… x

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………... xiii

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. xiv

ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………………... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………….. 1

A. Background of the Study …………………………………………………. 1B. Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………... 4C. Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………... 4D. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………. 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………….. 6

A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………….. 6B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………........ 9

1. Theory of Sociolinguistics …………………………………………… 9a. Language, dialect, and Standard ………………………………..... 9b. Regional Dialect and Social Dialect …………………………….. 10

i. Regional Dialect ………………………………………… 10ii. Social Dialect …………………………………………… 11

c. Ethnography of Communication ………………………………... 11i. Setting and Scene ……………………………………….. 12ii. Participants ……………………………………………… 12iii. Ends ……………………………………………………... 12iv. Act Sequence ……………………………………………. 12

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v. Key ……………………………………………………… 12vi. Instrumentalities ………………………………………… 12vii. Norms of interaction and interpretation ………………… 12viii. Genre ……………………………………………………. 12

d. Language Variation ……………………………………………... 13e. Solidarity and Politeness ………………………………………... 13

i. Tu and Vous ……………………………………………... 14ii. Address Terms …………………………………………... 15

2. Theory of Syntax ……………………………………………………. 15a. Part of Speech …………………………………………………… 15

i. Pronouns ………………………………………………… 15ii. Adjective ………………………………………………... 16iii. Inflection of Verbs ……………………………………… 16iv. Adverbs …………………………………………………. 20

b. Agreement between subject and predicate ……………………… 20The use of suffix –s or –es ………………………………………. 21

c. Emphatic Tags …………………………………………………... 21d. No and none ……………………………………………………... 22e. Possessive’s ……………………………………………………... 22f. Article …………………………………………………………… 22g. There …………………………………………………………….. 23h. Sentence …………………………………………………………. 23

i. Parallel Structure ………………………………………... 24ii. Question ………………………………………………… 25

C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………. 25

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………… 27

A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………………… 27B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………………... 29C. Method of the Study …………………………………………………….. 29

1. Data Collection ……………………………………………………… 292. Data Analysis ……………………………………………………….. 31

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSION) ………………… 36

A. Analysis of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire dialect used byMartha and Ben in their utterances to the children ……………………... 36

B. Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and theYorkshire dialect to the children ……………….……………………….. 57

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………………… 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………. 71

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APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………... 74

Appendix 1: Martha’s utterances to Mary and Colin ……………………..... 74

Appendix 2: Ben’s utterances to Mary and Colin ………………………… 104

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. List of Pronoun ………………………………………………………….. 15

Table 2. Tenses ……………………………………………………………………. 17

Table 3. The Simple Tenses ………………………………………………………. 18

Table 4. The Progressive Tenses …………………………………………………. 18

Table 5. The Perfect Tenses …………………………………………………….... 19

Table 6. The Perfect Progressive Tenses ………………………………………... 19

Table 7. Conditional Sentence …………………………………………………...... 20

Table 8. Number of Martha’s and Ben’s Utterances …………............................ 28

Table 9. Number of Utterances of Standard and Non Standard Used by Marthaand Ben ………………………………………………............................................. 29

Table 10. Utterances Spoken by Martha and Ben to Mary and Colin ………... 31

Table 11. The Example of Martha’s Utterances ………………………………... 31

Table 12. The Example of Ben’s Utterances …………………………………….. 31

Table 13. The Example of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectUsed by Martha and Ben in Their utterances to the Children ………………… 33

Table 14. The Example of List of the Common Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect Spoken by Martha and Ben …………………………………. 34

Table 15. The Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect Used by Marthaand Ben in Their Utterances to the Children ………………………………….... 36

Table 16. List of the Common Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectSpoken by Martha and Ben …………………………………….………………... 46

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ABSTRACT

NILAKANDHI, BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH. The Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect as Seen in Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden. Yogyakarta:Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.

English as a language has a variety that is called dialect. Yorkshire is oneexample of English dialects. In The Secret Garden novel, the characters who live inMisselthwaite Manor such as Martha and Ben speak the Yorkshire dialect.

There are two problems formulated in this study. Those problems are thegrammatical features on the dialect used by Martha and Ben in their utterances to thechildren and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and theYorkshire dialect to the children.

The Yorkshire dialect spoken by Martha and Ben is compared with the theoryof Standard English made by linguistics experts. The grammatical features aredivided into nouns and pronouns; verb and auxiliaries; word order; article;prepositions, conjunctions, and adverb; negatives; and vocabulary. On the other sides,Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the Yorkshire dialectto Mary and Colin are shown by showing Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Maryand Colin.

The writer finds out 35 grammatical features used by Martha and Ben. It isseen that Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect more than Ben since Martha is anuntrained housemaid. The writer also finds out two reasons of Martha and Ben ofspeaking Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin which aresolidarity and politeness. Martha and Ben use the Yorkshire dialect to Mary andColin to show solidarity since they are close enough and feel the same one to another.On the other hand, Martha and Ben use Standard English to Mary and Colin to showpoliteness since they have lower social status than Mary and Colin who are theiremployer.

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ABSTRAK

NILAKANDHI, BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH. The Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect as Seen in Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden. Yogyakarta:Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.

Bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa memiliki variasi yang disebut dialek. Yorkshiremerupakan salah satu dialek Inggris. Di novel The Secret Garden, karakter yangtinggal di Misselthwaite Manor seperti Martha dan Ben menggunakan dialekYorkshire.

Dalam studi ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah. Dua rumusan masalah tersebutadalah fitur tata bahasa dialek Yorkshire yang dipakai oleh Martha dan Ben dalamsemua ucapan mereka pada anak-anak serta alasan Martha dan Ben dalammenggunakan dialek Inggris standar dan dialek Yorkshire pada anak-anak.

Dialek Yorkshire yang digunakan Martha dan Ben akan dibandingkan denganteori bahasa inggris standar dari para ahli bahasa. Fitur tata bahasa dibagi menjadi 7seperti kata benda dan kata ganti orang; kata kerja dan kata kerja bantu; susunan kata;artikel; preposisi, kata hubung, kata keterangan; kata negatif, dan kosakata. Di sisilain, alasan Martha dan Ben dalam menggunakan dialek Inggris standar dan dialekYorkshire pada Mary and Colin ditunjukkan dengan melihat hubungan Martha danBen dengan Mary dan Colin.

Penulis menemukan 35 fitur tata bahasa yang digunakan oleh Martha danBen. Martha menggunakan dialek Yorkshire lebih banyak dibanding Ben karenaMartha hanya seorang pembantu rumah tangga yang tidak terlatih. Penulis jugamenemukan dua alasan Martha dan Ben dalam menggunakan dialek Inggris standardan dialek Yorkshire pada Mary dan Colin yaitu solidaritas dan kesopanan. Marthadan Ben menggunakan dialek Yorkshire untuk menunjukkan solidaritas karenahubungan mereka dekat dan berpola pikir sama. Martha dan Ben menggunakan dialekInggris standar untuk menunjukkan kesopanan karena mereka mempunyai statussosial yang lebih rendah dibanding Mary dan Colin yang merupakan atasan mereka.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Every country in this world has a variety of language that is usually called as

dialect. Dialect can be used both for local varieties of English and for various types of

informal, lower class, or rural speech. Dialect can also contain the speech of people

from different regions (Wardhaugh, 2010: 25). England, for instance, as a big country

also has many regional dialects such as Northern, Scotland, North-East, South-East

and Yorkshire.

People from the South of England may speak of the Yorkshire dialect (as

Frances Hodgson-Burnett does in The Secret Garden). Yorkshire is a dialect that has

a number of sub-dialects (www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/britishisles, March 12,

2014).

The Secret Garden novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett has a setting in a town

named Misselthwaite Manor. In The Secret Garden, it is stated that the characters

who live in Misselthwaite Manor speak the Yorkshire dialect.

The station was a small one and nobody but themselves seemed to be gettingout the train. The station-master spoke to Mrs. Medlock in a rough, good-natured way, pronouncing his words on a queer broad fashion which Maryfound out afterward was Yorkshire. (Burnett, 1998:20)

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Based on An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, it is stated that dialect

does not have negative connotations. Dialect is just a variety of language among

people to communicate. Sometimes dialect can be said as nonstandard dialect but it

has different meaning with substandard. (Fasold and Connor-Linton, 2006: 312)

The pattern of the dialect can be described from the lexical variation,

phonological variation, syntax variation, and also discourse variation (Fasold and

Connor-Linton, 2006: 310). This study will focus more on discussing syntax variation

and will show the grammar pattern on the Yorkshire dialect.

The writer chooses to explain Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children.

The characters of children in The Secret Garden are Mary, Colin, and Dickon. In fact,

Martha and Ben do not talk directly to Dickon. In the novel, Martha and Ben are

stated as lower class people.

Martha is a Yorkshire girl who works as a housemaid in Mr. Archibald

Craven’shouse.

“I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An' she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do thehousemaid's work up here an' wait on you a bit. But you won't need muchwaitin' on.” (Burnett, 1998: 27)

She was, however, only an untrained Yorkshire rustic who had been broughtup in a moorland cottage with a swarm of little brothers and sisters who hadnever dreamed of doing anything but waiting on themselves and on theyounger ones who were either babies in arms or just learning to totter aboutand tumble over things. (Burnett, 1998: 31)

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Besides, Ben is an old Yorkshire man who works as a gardener in Mr.

Archibald Craven’s house.

Presently an old man with a spade over his shoulder walked through the doorleading from the second garden. He looked startled when he saw Mary, andthen touched his cap. He had a surly old face, anddid not seem at all pleasedto see her—but then she was displeased with his garden and wore her "quitecontrary" expression, and certainly did not seem at all pleased to see him.(Burnett, 1998:36)

In their utterances, both Martha and Ben as main characters share both Non

Standard and Standard dialect. For example, in chapter IV of the novel, Martha said

to Mary Why doesn’t tha’ put on your own shoes. That utterance is an example of

Non Standard. In Standard English, the word tha or you does not take the word

doesn’t.

It will be interesting to discuss the Yorkshire dialect due to the fact that there

are still many people who do not know Yorkshire which is included in British dialect.

Based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children, the writer wants to show that

they are as Yorkshire people have pattern on their grammar that will distinguish the

Yorkshire dialect from other dialects.

The writer also wants to analyze the reasons behind language choice that are

used by Martha and Ben in talking to the children. Based on An Introduction to

Sociolinguistics, when people speak, they must make choices of many different

kinds: what they want to say, how they want to say it, and the specific sentence types,

words, and sounds (Wardaugh, 1992: 258). As it can be seen from The Secret Garden

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novel, Martha and Ben use both Standard English and Yorkshire dialect to talk to the

children.

B. Problem Formulation

In order to make this study better organized, the writer has set up some

questions that will be answered. The questions are:

1. What grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect are used by Martha and Ben

to the children?

2. What are Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the

Yorkshire dialect to the children?

C. Objectives of The Study

Based on two problems formulation above, there are two objectives of this

thesis. The first objective is to identify grammar’s features on the Yorkshire dialect

based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children and to find out the common

grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect spoken by Martha and Ben. The second

objective is to explain Martha’s and Ben’s reasons by using both Standard English

and the Yorkshire dialect to talk to the children.

D. Definition of Terms

In this study, the terms that will be used frequently are dialect, grammar, and

grammatical feature. The writer will give a further explanation of each term.

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Dialect is used both for local varieties of English, e.g. Yorkshire dialect, and

for various types of informal, lower class, or rural speech. (Wardaugh, 2010: 25)

Based on Finch, grammar has of a set of rules of well-formed constructions

which will be followed by native speakers. Grammar can be applied in number of

different uses and interpretations. Grammar is known as principles when the language

operates. (Finch, 2000: 20)

Grammatical feature contains a class of units such as noun and verb or

features such as number and case that share a common set of grammatical properties.

(grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammaticalcategory.htm, August 4, 2015)

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter will be divided into three parts. There are review of related studies,

review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In the first part, the studies that

have been done on the same topic or the same literary work are given. The studies

similar to this thesis are taken from Widyatmoko’s and Anthony Fox’s ones. In the

second part, some related theories that help to answer the questions mentioned in the

previous chapter are presented. In the last chapter, how the theories are applied to

answer the questions is explained.

A. Review of related Studies

1. Widyatmoko’s undergraduate thesis “English Negation as a Dialect Feature

in Tom Sawyer’s Speech in Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry

Finn”

The undergraduate thesis discusses the dialect features in negative

construction of Tom Sawyer, one of the characters of Mark Twain’s novel The

Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. In his daily life, Tom Sawyer uses Non Standard

English to talk to others. Yet, he knows Standard English by reading books.

Widyatmoko finds four negative constructions that are used by Tom Sawyer.

They are ain’t, hain’t, warn’t, and double negation. Ain’t is a negative construction of

copula + not, hain’t is a negative construction of has + not or have + not, and warn’t

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is a negative construction of was + not or were + not. Tom Sawyer uses those

negative constructions in every negative sentence. Besides, he also uses Standard

English’s negative constructions does not and do not to make double negative.

Widyatmoko also analyzes Tom Sawyer’s purpose to use language choice by

viewing the use of Tom Sawyer’s dialect feature in negative construction.

Widyatmoko finds out two purposes, feeling solidarity and showing power. It shows

that Tom Sawyer uses Non Standard English to build solidarity. In other case, Tom

Sawyer uses Standard English to influence people that have lower social class than

him.

It can be seen that although this present thesis and Widyatmoko look alike,

they are still different. This present thesis wants to analyze all of grammatical

patterns that are used by Martha and Ben Weathestaff, as characters in The Secret

Garden novel whereas Widyatmoko only analyze the pattern on negatives

construction that are used by Tom Sawyer. Another difference also lies on novels that

are used. This present thesis uses Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden whereas

Widyatmoko uses Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. However, in third

problem in this present thesis has the same topic with Widyatmoko’s. This present

thesis also wants to analyze the purpose of using language choice.

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2. Anthony Mary Fox research’s “The Controversy Goes On: Standard vs.Black Dialect”

The research discusses the black dialect that is used by black students in

American school. In their school, black students have to speak with General

American dialect. It is shown that black students sometimes have big fear since

teachers in their school always state that their language is incorrect. The writer says

that the child’s black dialect should be accepted since it has a complete grammatical

system related to the American dialect. The writer also gives patterns of black dialect

based on Ralph W. Fasold and Walt Wolfram such as “s” or “es” suffix that is not a

part of the grammar of black dialect (he do, we do, you do, they do), black children

usually say aks for ask due to the fact that blacks learn originally from the supervisor

in the field who speak a non-standard English and the use of the archaic English form

of aks for ask.

It is said that the teacher should teach black students about what Standard

English is and also how and where it differs from non-standard English. The writer

says that even though black dialect and American dialect are different, it cannot be

stated that one dialect is “right” or “wrong”.

Both this present thesis and Mary Fox’s research wants to analyze dialect. In

her research, Fox states that such dialect cannot be said as right or wrong dialect. This

present thesis also wants to analyze the Yorkshire dialect and its grammatical

patterns. The Yorkshire dialect also cannot be stated as a corrupt language. Yet, this

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present thesis is still different from Mary Fox’s research. Lord analyses black dialect

that is used by black children in American school whereas this present thesis analyzes

the Yorkshire dialect on The Secret Garden novel by Hodgson Burnett.

B. Review of Related Theories

The writer will explain some related theories to make her able to solve the

three problems mentioned in the problem formulation above. The theories that are

related to the problems are sociolinguistics and syntax.

1. Theory of Sociolinguistics

a. Language, dialects, and Standards

The term “language” is sometimes stated that it is equal with the standard

language. Standard is called as a correct language in grammar books and used in

education, workplace, and government. Since the Standard is related to education,

other varieties are called as lesser versions of the language. In fact, all varieties of

language, including those that are different from “standard” are equally complex,

patterned, and also can be used to communicate to each other. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff

Connor-Linton, 2006: 312)

Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, labeling varieties as

‘language’ or ’dialect’ is usually complicated. The term of ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ is

may be more about cultural and political issues than with linguistics. For example, in

China, the different varieties of Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin) are linguistically

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different from one another and also cannot be easy to understand (especially in

spoken form). Yet they consider speaking one language. On the other hand, Swedish

and Norwegian are considered two separate languages although they are really similar

in linguistics aspect. Many of their speakers also easily understand one another.

(Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 313)

Wardhaugh also adds that dialect is used for local varieties of English, for

example, a Yorkshire dialect, and for a various types of informal, lower-class, or rural

speech. Dialect is often related to non-standard or sub-standard when such terms are

applied to language and can imply various degrees of inferiority. That term of

inferiority is continued to exist to those who speak dialect. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 25)

b. Regional Dialect and Social Dialect

Dialect is divided into two kinds, social dialect and regional dialect, which can

show differences in speech associated with various social group or classes.

i. Regional Dialect

Regional dialect is geographically based. Every regional has different linguistic

varieties such as different pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in

syntax. When a language is seemed to be spoken in different varieties, how many

varieties and how to classify each variety are then decided. Wardhaugh also states

about dialect geography. Dialect geography is the term that is used to describe the

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distribution of linguistic feature and to show their geographical provenance.

(Wardhaugh, 2010: 41-43)

ii. Social Dialect

Social dialect is used among social groups or classes. To determine a social

group or social class is by giving to many factors that determines someone’s social

position. Those factors are occupation, place of residence, education, ‘new’ versus

‘old’ money, income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural background, caste, and religion.

Those factors can influence how people speak. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 46)

Wardhaugh also states that there are different scales of classifying people in

social systems. An occupational scale divides people from a number of categories

such as major professionals and executives of large businesses, technicians and

owners of small businesses, skilled workers, semi-skilled workers, and unskilled

workers. Income scale focuses on how much money people have. It has also to see

the place where people live; the type of housing and the location. (Wardhaugh, 2010:

150)

c. Ethnography of Communication

Hymes has eight factors that are involved in speaking. Those are setting and scene,

participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms of interaction and

interpretation, and genre. The word of SPEAKING as an acronym is used.

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i. Setting and Scene

Setting refers to the time and place whereas scene refers to the psychological setting

and the cultural setting.

ii. Participants

Participant includes speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver.

iii. Ends

Ends are the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in communication and

the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether intended or not may be different

from the goal that have been planned.

iv. Act Sequence

Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said.

v. Key

Key refers to the tone, manner, and spirit when the message is conveyed.

vi. Instrumentalities

The choice of channel (oral or written) and the forms of speech, such as the language,

dialect, code, register that is chosen.

vii. Norms of interaction and interpretation

It refers to the specific behaviors and properties in speaking.

viii. Genre

Genre refers to the type of utterance.

(Wardhaugh, 2010: 259-261)

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d. Language Variation

Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, people use nonstandard dialect

for important social reasons. A nonstandard dialect is related to home and their local

neighborhood. A nonstandard dialect is sometimes also used to carry connotations of

coolness and toughness. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 315)

In some communities, speakers in lower-social-class groups that are seen from

their income, occupation, and education use more non standard dialect than the

standard one. The inherent variability of dialects also seen from the individual level:

the formality of the situation or who they’re talking to. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff

Connor-Linton, 2006: 316)

e. Solidarity and Politeness

Wardhaugh states when people speak, they use choices of many different

kinds; what people want to say, how people want to say it, and the specific sentence

types, words, and sounds. How people say something is at least as important as what

people say; in fact, the content and the form are inseparable, but being two facets of

the same object. One way to see the relation between speakers is to examine the

aspects of communication such as the use of tu and vous, the use of naming and

address terms, and the use of politeness markers. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 274)

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i. Tu and Vous

Many languages have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous distinction in

French. Both tu and vous mean you. The grammatical difference is tu (T) is a

‘singular you’ and vous (V) is a ‘plural you’. Wardhaugh says that T form is

described as the ‘familiar’ form and the V form as the ‘polite’ one. Other languages

also use tu and vous distinction. Those languages are Latin (tu/vous), Russian (ty/vy),

Italian (tu/lei), German (du/sie), Swedish (du/ni), greek (esi/esis), and English

(thou/you). (Wardhaugh, 2010: 274)

Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are based on someone’s social class. In

medieval times, the upper classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper classes

treat lower classes with T but received V. That condition symbolizes a ‘power’

relationship. It happens to such situations such as people to animals, master or

mistress to servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 2010:

275)

The use of V becomes ‘polite’ use. In other sides, the use of T is available to

show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to the situations in which two

people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e. ‘feeling of solidarity’. T for

solidarity comes to replace politeness since solidarity is often more important than

politeness in personal relationships. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275)

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ii. Address Terms

In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Wardhaugh states Brown and Ford’s

study about naming practices in English that is based on modern plays. It is stated

that the use of unequal title, last name, and first name (TLN/FN) shows inequality in

power whereas the use of mutual TLN shows inequality and unfamiliarity, and the

use of mutual FN shows equality and familiarity. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 282)

Address someone by title alone is the least intimate form address. Knowing

and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy. For example: Doctor Smith is

more intimate than Doctor alone. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283)

2. Theory of Syntax

a. Part of speech

i. Pronouns

Table 1. List of Pronoun

PersonalPronouns Reflective

Pronouns

PossessivePronouns

Subjcase

ObjCase

Determinerfunction

Nominalfunction

1st

persSingular I Me Myself My Mine

Plural We Us Ourselves Our Ours2nd

persSingular

YouYourself

YourPlural Yourselves3rd

pers

Singular

masc He Him Himself Hisfem She Her Herself Her Hers

Non-perso It

Itself Its

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nalPlural They Them Themselves Their Theirs

(Quirk, 102: 1973)

ii. Adjective

An adjective is used with a pronoun or pronoun to describe the living being or

lifeless thing. For example: a little boy, that boy, this boy, a little house. (Curme,

1966: 18) Most adjectives can go in two main places in a sentence. It can be placed

before a noun or after be, seem, look, become and other ‘copular’ verbs. (Swan, 1981:

9)

iii. Inflection of Verbs

Based on Curme, the English verb has forms called voices, moods, tenses,

aspects, numbers, and persons that represent the action suggested by the verb as

limited in various ways, such as in person, number, time, manner of conception, etc.

(Curme, 1966: 52)

English has two voices, the active and the passive. Active voice is indicating

that subject doing something. For example: Mary makes good bread. In other case,

passive voice is showing that the subject is affected the action from the verb. For

example: John was punished for disobeying his mother. (Curme, 1966: 52-53)

English has two numbers which are singular and plural. For example He

sings, she sings, you sing. Be also keeps the numbers distinct in the first and third

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person indicative in both the present and the past tense. For example are I am, he is, I

was, he was, and we were. In other hand, English has three person that are 1st person,

2nd person, and 3rd person. (Curme, 1966: 56)

Tense is a category to indicate the time of some actions. There are three types

of tenses: past, present, and future. For example: I wrote (past); I write (present); I

shall write (future). Tense also shows whether the action or a state of being expressed

by the verb is (or was, or will be) complete (perfect), or whether the action is (or was,

or will be) incomplete (continuous or imperfect). For example: I was writing (past

continuous or past imperfect). I had written (past perfect). (Burton, 1982: 133)

Table 2. Tenses

Form Symbol E.g. Functions(1) Base V Call

DrinkPut

(a) All the present tenses except3rd person singular;I/you/we/they callevery day

(b) Imperative: Call at once!(c) Subjunctive: He demanded that

she call and see him.(d) The bare infinitive: He wants

her to call.(2) –s form (3rd

personsingularpresent)

V-s CallsDrinksPuts

3rd person singular present tense:He/she/it calls every day

(3) Past V-ed1 CalledDrankPut

Past tense: He called yesterday

(4) –ingparticiple(presentparticiple)

V-ing CallingDrinkingPutting

(a) Progressive aspect (be+V-ing):He’s calling in a moment.

(b) In –ing participle clauses:Calling early, I found her athome.

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(5) –edparticiple(pastparticiple)

V-ed2 CalledDrunkPut

(a) Perfective aspect (have+V-ed2): He has drunk the water.

(b) Passive voice (be+V-ed2): he iscalled Jack.

(c) In –ed participle clauses:Called early, he had a quickbreakfast.

(Quirk, 1973:27)

The Simple Tenses

Table 3. The Simple Tenses

Tense Example MeaningSimple Present It snows in Alaska. It expresses events or situations that

exist now, existed in the past, andprobably will exist in the future.

Simple Past It snowed in Alaska. Began and ended in the past.Simple Future It will snow tomorrow. Happen in one particular time in the

future.(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 2)

The Progressive Tenses

The form of Progressive Tense is be + -ing

Table 4. The Progressive Tenses

PresentProgressive

He is sleeping right now. It has a progress at the present timeand probably will be continued.

Past Progressive He was sleeping when Iarrived.

It had a progress at the past time andprobably continued.

FutureProgressive

He will be sleeping whenwe arrive.

It will be in progress at a particulartime in the future.

(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 3)

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The Perfect Tenses

The form of perfect tense is have/ had / will have + Past participle. The Perfect

Tenses give the idea that something happens before another time or event.

Table 5. The Perfect Tenses

Tense ExamplePresent Perfect I have already eaten.Past Perfect I had already eaten when they

arrived.Future Perfect I will already have eaten when

they arrived.

(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 4)

The Perfect Progressive Tenses

The form of perfect progressive tense is have/ had/ will have + been + -ing. The

Perfect Progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately

before, up to, until another time and event. The tenses are used to show the duration

of something.

Table 6. The Perfect Progressive Tenses

Tense ExamplePresent Perfect Progressive I have been studying for two

hours.Past Perfect Progressive I had been studying for two

hours before my friend came.Future Perfect Progressive I will have been studying for two

hours by the time you arrive.(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 5)

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Conditional Sentence

Table 7. Conditional SentenceSituation If-clause Result clause Examples

True in thePresent / Future

Simplepresent

Will + simpleform

If I have enough time, Iwatch TV every evening.

Untrue in thePresent / Future

Simple past Would + simpleform

If I had enough time, I wouldwatch TV now or later on.

Untrue in the past Past perfect Would have +past participle

If I hadhad enough time, Iwould have watched TVyesterday.

(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 416)

iv. Adverb

Adverbs of manner say how something happens or is done. For example:

quickly, happily, terribly, fast, badly, well. These adverbs should not be confused

with adjectives (happy, quick, etc). Adverb is used, not adjectives, to modify verbs.

(Swan, 1981: 16)

b. Agreement between subject and predicate

Curme states that the predicate agrees- wherever the form will permit- with

the subject in number, person, gender, and case. In number, if the subject is singular,

the verb is also singular. If the subject is plural, or if there are several subjects, the

verb is plural. (Curme, 1966: 115)

If the subject in a sentence is singular, the verb is also singular. The verb that

follows an anticipatory it is always singular. The verb is also singular when the

subject takes regular form of each one, everybody, everyone, either, and no one. If the

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subject of a sentence is the name of a book, drama, or newspaper, the verb is singular.

(Curme, 1966: 115-118)

If the subject is plural, or of there are many subjects, the verb is also plural. In

some cases, nouns that are plural in form are singular in meaning. For example are

gallows, news, and mumps. They take a singular verb in the English usage. The verb

is also plural when the there are two subjects and connected by conjunction and.

(Curme, 1966: 116-117)

The use of suffix –s or –es

A suffix –s or –es is given to a simple present verb when the subject is a

singular noun (such as Mary, my father, the machine) or third person singular

pronoun (she, he, it). In other sides, if a suffix –s or –es is not given, the subject must

be a plural noun (such as the students work). (Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen,

2009: 85)

c. Emphatic tags

Based on Bernice Rafferty, it is stated that emphatic tag is used in Northern

Irish. For example is in this statement, I was a back-seat passenger in a car accident,

so I was and there’s not really anything else for it, so there is. So is used and it is

followed by a verb phrase as an emphatic tag. Emphatic tag is a construction that

reinforces the information already provided in the main body of the previous

statement.

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Tags used to change statements into questions, such as isn’t it and can’t you.

The use of tags with so is typical of speech in Northern Ireland, while in the north of

England one frequently hears constructions with an inverted verb phrase, such as

she’s a good dancer, is Katy or simply an emphatic pronoun tagged onto the end of a

statement, such as I play football, me. (http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-

only/ni/lissummon, October 27, 2014)

d. No and None

No is used before a singular or plural noun. For example; we’ve got no plans

for the summer. In other side, none of is used before a determiner (e.g. the, my, this)

and also before pronoun. For example: none of the keys would open the door. (Swan,

1981: 370)

e. Possessive’s

Definite articles are usually dropped when possessives are used. For example:

the car that is John’s= John’s car (NOT the John’s car or John’s the car) But a

possessive word may have its own article. For example: the car that is the boss’s =

the boss’s car.

When a noun with a/an or this/that are wanted to be used, ‘of mine’ construction is

used. For example: she’s a cousin of John’s (NOT …. A John’s cousin). (Swan,

1981: 433)

f. Article

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Article a/an is used with singular countable nouns since the original meaning

of a/an is ‘one’. Before plural and uncountable nouns, some/any or no article are

normally used. For example: we met some nice French girls on holiday. (NOT …. A

nice French girls …. (Swan, 1981: 60)

The article a changes to an if it comes before a vowel. For example: a rabbit,

a lemon, an elephant, and an orange. The choice between a and an depends on

pronunciation, not spelling. An article an is used before a vowel sound, even if it

written as a consonant. For example: an hour. (Swan, 1981: 61)

g. There

The uses of there are as an adverb of place and as an introductory subject.

When there is used as an adverb of place, there has a meaning of ‘in that place’. For

example: what’s that green thing over there? When there is used as an introductory

subject, there is placed in the beginning of sentences. For example: there’s a book

under the piano. (Swan, 1981: 591)

h. Sentence

A sentence can be classified into its function. The functions are declarative,

interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. A declarative sentence contains

statement. It uses a period in the end of sentence. An imperative sentence asks a

question. It uses a question mark in the end of sentence. An exclamatory sentence

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shows strong feeling. It uses an exclamation point. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962:

250)

A sentence also can be classified based on its number and kinds of clauses. A

clause is a group of some words that has a subject and predicate. Some clauses can be

used alone as complete sentence, whereas others are used as a part of sentence. There

are two kinds of clauses such as independent or principal clause and dependent or

subordinate clause. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 250)

An independent clause is a clause that shows a complete thought and can

stand alone as a sentence whereas a dependent clause is a clause that depends on the

rest of the sentence for its meaning. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 251)

A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause. A compound

sentence is made up of two or more independent clause. The independent clauses in a

compound sentence can be linked by and, but, or, or nor preceded by a comma. A

complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one or more dependent

clause. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent

clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 251)

i. Parallel structure

In owl.english.purdue.edu, parallel structure uses the same pattern of words to

show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. It happens at the

word, phrase, or clause level. To join parallel structures, the coordinating conjunction

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such as and or or are used. (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/01/,

April 30, 2015)

The use of conjunctions and, but, or, and nor are to connect words or phrases

that have same grammatical function in a sentence and this use of conjunctions is

called parallel structure. The examples are given such as:

Susan raised and snapped her fingers. (Verb + and + verb)

He is waving his arms and (is) shouting at us. (Verb + and + verb)

(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 91)

i. Question

In a question, an auxiliary verb normally comes before the subject. For example: why

are you laughing? In question, only the auxiliary verb that comes before the subject,

not whole of the verb. For example: when was your reservation made? (Swan, 1981:

474-475)

C. Theoretical Framework

There are two main points to be analyzed in this thesis. The points are the

grammatical features that are made by Martha and Ben in their utterances to the

children and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire

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dialect to the children. Theory of dialect and grammar are needed to help analyzing

those main points.

In the first point, the theory of grammar is needed because this thesis wants to

analyze further about the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben, two

characters in The Secret Garden novel who use the Yorkshire dialect.

In the second point, the theory of speaking by Dell Hymes is needed since the

writer wants to find out Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and Non

Standard to the children. The theory of solidarity and politeness is also used. Both

Martha and Ben sometimes use Standard English and sometimes use Non Standard

English to talk to the children.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

The main source of this study is the utterances of two characters in Burnett’s

novel The Secret Garden, Martha and Ben to the children; Mary, Colin, and Dickon.

Martha is a little girl who works as a housemaid in Mr. Archibald’s house. She has a

head of servant called Mrs. Medlock. In Mr. Archibald’s house, Martha is required to

take care of Mary. Mary is a girl who was born in India. She is sent to England, to

Mr. Archibald’s house since her parents die in cholera. In Mr. Archibald’s house,

Mary does not have any friends. She always plays alone. One day, when she walks

around the garden, she meets Ben. Ben is an old gardener who works as a gardener in

Mr. Archibald’s house. He is a bachelor who lives at the gate. Mary and Ben always

talks about the robin redbreast. One day, Martha finds out that there is someone else

in Mr. Archibald’s house. She always hears someone cries. When she asks Martha

about the sounds that Mary hears, Martha says that it is only the sound of the wind.

Mary feels that Martha lies to her and Mary wants to know the truth. Finally, Mary

finds Colin. Colin is Mr. Archibald’s son. He always spends his time alone in his

room since his father does not like him and everyone thinks that he cannot walk.

During his life time, he never sees anyone except his father and the servants. Then,

Mary and Colin become friends. Mary often goes to Colin’s room. Suddenly, Martha

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knows that Mary knows the existence of Colin. Martha is required by Mrs. Medlock

not to tell Mary about Colin. Martha feels afraid that she will be fired. In fact, Colin

as her employer does not fire her. Colin asks Martha that he wants to go outside. He

wants to play with Mary in the garden. For the first time, Colin meets Ben. Ben really

shocks of what he sees since Colin has eyes like her mother. When Colin’s mother

lives, Ben is Colin mother’s gardener. He loves Colin’s mother and always takes care

of her roses.

As stated in The Secret Garden, Martha and Ben are the Yorkshire lower class

people who use the Yorkshire dialect. Even though there are many characters using

the Yorkshire dialect in The Secret Garden such as Mrs. Medlock, Dickon, Mr.

Archibald Craven, and Colin, Martha and Ben are chosen to represent the grammar

feature on the Yorkshire dialect based on their utterances to the children.

The number of Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to each child is listed below:

Table 8. Number of Martha’s and Ben’s Utterances

No. Speaking To Martha Ben1. Mary 129 512. Colin 4 363. Dickon 0 0

TOTAL 133 utterances 87 utterances

From the table above, it is seen that Martha shares 137 utterances whereas

Ben shares 87 utterances. The utterances spoken by Martha and Ben have different

number of sentences. The utterances sometimes contain only some words, one

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sentence, or even more than one sentence. In their utterances, Martha and Ben use

Standard and Non Standard dialect. The table of utterances of Standard and Non

Standard dialect is as follow.

Table 9. Number of Utterances of Standard and Non Standard Used by Marthaand Ben

No The character Standard Non Standard1. Martha 29 1042. Ben 16 71

B. Approach of the Study

In studying the grammatical aspects on the Yorkshire dialect used by two

characters, Martha and Ben in Burnett’s novel, The Secret Garden, Syntax of English

language and Sociolinguistics are used.

C. Method of the Study

1. Data Collection

The grammatical features on utterances spoken by Martha and Ben to the

children are explained in this study. Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children

(Mary and Colin) are given in the appendix of this research.

In collecting the data, library research is done. The first step of this study is by

reading the novel to understand the contexts of The Secret Garden. By reading the

novel, it also can be known that Martha and Ben use the Yorkshire dialect which is a

dialect spoken in Britain.

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After reading the novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett, all utterances of Martha

and Ben to Mary and Colin as children are written. The utterances are presented in

the appendix. Then, the writer finds sources that are related to this study including

books, undergraduate thesis, journals, and websites that will help to answer problems

mentioned before. Next, there are two tables that are made. The first table is Martha’s

utterances whereas the second one is Ben’s utterances.

There are six columns made in every table i.e. number, reference’s column,

speaking to’s column, utterances’ column, Standard or Non Standard’s column, and

types of feature’s column. In reference’s column, the number of the page is made to

make reader knows where the utterances are placed. The utterances are shown next to

the references’ column. In the utterances’ column, the underlined-bold selected texts

are given to emphasize the grammatical features used by Martha or Ben. Beside

utterances’ column, there is Standard or Non Standard dialect’s column. It gives the

information whether the utterances that are spoken by Martha and Ben are Standard

or not. If the utterances are Standard, there will be no underlined-bold selected texts

in utterances column. Then, in types of feature’s column, there are types of feature

based on the underlined selected texts in the utterances column. If the utterances are

Standard, there will be no types of feature. An example of the table is given.

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Table 10. Utterances Spoken by Martha and Ben to Mary and Colin

No. References Speaking To Utterances Standard orNon

Standard

Types offeature

(Number ofpage)

(Mary orColin)

(Utterancesspoken byMartha or Ben)

(The typesof featurebased on theunderlinedselectedtexts inutterances’column)

The example from the novel is:

Table 11. The Example of Martha’s utterances

No. References Speaking To Utterances Standard orNon Standard

Feature

1 25 Mary Thatthere?

Non Standard The use of thereafter a noun that

Table 12. The Example of Ben’s utterancesNo. References Speaking To Utterances Standard or

Non StandardFeature

1 37 Mary One o' th'kitchen-gardens.

Standard -

2. Data Analysis

There are two problems discussed in this study i.e. the grammatical features

on the Yorkshire dialect based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children and

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Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to the

children. To be able to answer those questions, the analysis is done in some steps.

The first problem contains the features used by Martha and Ben in talking to

the children. Based on Fasold and Connor-Linton, the pattern of the dialect can be

described from the lexical, phonological, syntax, and also discourse variation (Fasold

and Connor-Linton, 2006: 310). In fact, the writer only focuses on syntax variation.

In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben sometimes speak the Yorkshire

dialect and sometimes speak Standard English to the children. In this research, the

writer wants to determine what the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben in

the Yorkshire dialect only. The writer will compare the Yorkshire dialect spoken by

Martha and Ben with the theory of Standard English made by linguistics experts.

In this explanation of the grammatical features, the writer divides the types of

features into seven such as pronouns and nouns, verbs and auxiliaries, word order,

article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, and Non Standard

vocabulary. For example, in pronoun feature, Martha and Ben often use pronoun tha

in their utterances. It compares with Standard English. In Standard English, pronoun

you is used.

After dividing the types of features, the writer gives the utterances of Martha

and Ben. To make the explanation clearer, the table is made.

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The example of the table is:

Table 13. The Example of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectUsed by Martha and Ben in Their Utterances to the Children

Features Yorkshire form Standard English The example ofutterances

In the table, the features column contains pronouns and nouns, verbs and

auxiliaries, word order, article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, or

vocabulary. In the Yorkshire form column, each grammatical feature of the Yorkshire

dialect used by Martha and Ben are written. In Standard English column, the

explanation of Standard English’s theory that is related to each Yorkshire feature

used by Martha and Ben is given. In the example of utterances, the example of

Martha’s and Ben’s utterances is given. The examples of Martha’s and Ben’s

utterances are:

(Martha/25/Mary) That's th' moor. Does tha' like it?

(Ben/37/Mary) If tha' likes. But there's nowt to see.

In the bracket, it contains three things. The first is the person who speaks

(Martha or Ben), the second is the page of Martha’s or Ben’s utterances, and the last

is the person who Martha or Ben talks to. Beside the bracket, the utterances that are

spoken by Martha and Ben are given. In the utterance, there will be underlined-italic-

bold selected texts. Those underlined-italic-bold selected texts are given to make

clear the grammatical features used by Martha or Ben.

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Then, the common grammatical feature of the Yorkshire dialect spoken by

Martha and Ben is given. The table is made.

Table 14. The Example of List of the Common Grammatical Features on theYorkshire Dialect Spoken by Martha and Ben

Features No. Types of Form inNon-Standard

Number TotalMartha Ben

The table above has six columns; features, number, type of form in Non-

Standard, number in Martha or number in Ben, and total. Column of feature contains

the feature that is mentioned before. It can be pronouns and nouns, verbs and

auxiliaries, word order, article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, or

Non Standard vocabulary. In type of form in Non-Standard’s column, the form of

grammar used by Martha and Ben is given. In number’s column, two columns are

made. The first is Martha’s number and the second is Ben’s. Number’s column

contains the quantities of the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben that has

been counted.

The second problem is Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and

the Yorkshire dialect to the children. In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben

speak both standard and the Yorkshire dialect to the children; Mary and Colin.

To answer the second problem, Hymes’ theory is used. According to Hymes,

there are 8 factors influence someone in using language choice; participants, act,

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raisan (resultat), locale, agents (instrumentalities), norms, to (key), and types (genres)

(Hymes, 1974:62). One of those factors above is ends. Ends is divided into two

things. The first is the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in

communication. The second is the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether

intended or not may be different from the goal that has been planned. (Hymes, 1974:

57)

The theory of tu and vous by Wardhaugh is also used to help answering the

second problem. Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are used based on someone’s

social class. In medieval times, the upper classes use V forms with each other to show

politeness whereas the lower classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper

classes treat lower classes with T but received V. that condition symbolizes a ‘power’

relationship. It happens to situations such as people to animals, master or mistress to

servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 1992: 259)

Before using those theories, the writer explains who Mary and Colin are and

Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary and Colin as children. The situations

when Martha and Ben use Standard English and the situations when Martha and Ben

use the Yorkshire dialect are also given. The last step taken is by making a conclusion

based on the answers of the problems in this study.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, there will be two analyses. The first one is the grammatical

features in Non-Standard form used by Martha and Ben in talking to the children. The

second is Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect

to the children.

Based on What is Sociolinguistics, standard is the rule or law of a language.

Standard English is often taught in school, used in formal writing, and often be heard

from newscasters, and other media figures who are trying to project authority or

ability. In other side, non-Standard is described as varieties of language that is out of

the standard. (Herk, 2012: 12)

A. Analysis of the grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect used by

Martha and Ben in their utterances to the children

Table 15. The Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect Used by Marthaand Ben in Their Utterances to the Children

Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Nouns andpronouns

Pronoun tha YouTha means you.(www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Tha,Oct 16, 2014)

(Martha/25/Mary) That’s th’moor. Does tha’ like it?

(Ben/37/Mary) If tha’ likes.But there’s nowt to see.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Nouns andpronouns

Pronoun thee YouThee is an old Englishform of objectpronoun thou and nowreplaced by you (TheOxford AmericanDictionary andThesaurus, 2003:1585)

(Martha/86/Mary) Twopieces o’ meat an’ two helpso’ rice puddin’! Eh! Motherwill be pleased when I tellher what th’ skippin’-rope’sdone for thee.

(Ben/39/Mary) There wasnothin’ to prevent thee.

Pronoun thy YourThy is a possessivepronoun and nowreplaced by yourexcept in some formal,liturgical, dialect, andpoetic uses (TheOxford AmericanDictionary andThesaurus, 2003:1597)

(Martha/30/Mary) I’ll helpthee on with thy clothes iftha’ll get out o’ bed.

(Ben/79/Mary) Well! Uponmy word! P’raps tha’ art ayoung ‘un, after all, an’p’raps tha’s got child’sblood in thy veins instead ofsour buttermilk.

Reflectivepronounthysen, thyself

YourselfThysen and thyself arethe archaic form ofyourself(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thyself, October 16,2014)

(Martha/28/Mary) Well, it'stime tha' should learn. Tha'cannot begin younger. It'lldo thee good to wait onthysen a bit.

(Ben/246/Colin) What didtha’ shut thysel’ up for?

The adding ofthat inansweringyes/nointerrogativesentence

Yes/no + subject +auxiliary (+ n’t)(http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/frage4.htm, October 8,2014)

(Martha/26/Mary) Aye, thatI do. I just love it. It's nonebare. …

(Ben/41/Mary) Aye, that hewill. I've knowed him eversince he was a fledgling. …

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Nouns andpronouns

Subjectpronoun usedas a redundantelement

Redundant meansrepeating somethingelse and thereforeunnecessary(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redundant Oct 20,2014)

(Martha/30/Mary) He said,‘I won’t have a childdressed in black wanderin’about like a lost soul,’ hesaid. ‘It’d make the placesadder that it is. Put coloron her.’ Mother she saidshe knew what he meant.Mother always knows whata body means. She doesn’thold with black hersel’.

3rd personsingularsubjectpronoun himand her

He, she(Quirk, 102: 1973)

(Martha/51-52/Mary) Himan’ her used to go in an’shut th’ door an’ stay threehours an’ hours, readin’and talkin’.

(Ben/239-240/Mary) Himshowin' thee th' way! Him!

Zero pluralmarker

Nouns such as week,month, year, pound,stone and mile areunmarked for plural inmany varieties of non-standard English, butStandard Englishrequires the pluralsuffix <-s>(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/grammar/, Sept 30, 2014)

(Martha/65/Mary) Tha’couldn’t walk five mile. It’sfive mile to our cottage.

(Ben/292/Colin) I wasthinkin’ as I’d warrant tha’sgone up three or fourpound this week. I waslookin’ at tha’ calves an’tha’ shoulders. I’d like toget thee on a pair o’ scales.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Nouns andpronouns

Subjectpronoun themand us

They, we(Quirk, 102: 1973)

(Martha/88-89/Mary) Themwas the very words she said.

(Martha/120/Mary) Well,he's th' best lad as ever wasborn, but us never thoughthe was handsome.

Anticipatorypronoun

Much of the North ofEngland speakersfrequently use apronoun as anemphatic tag inexpressions, such as Iplay football, me orhe's a madman, him(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/grammar/, Sept 30, 2014)

(Martha/30/Mary) Shedoesn’t hold with blackhersel’.

(Ben/42/Mary) I’m lonelymysel’ except when he’swith me.

Reflectivepronounhisself

Himself(Quirk, 102: 1973)

(Ben/41/Mary) He knows allth' things Mester Cravennever troubles hissel' to findout.

Verbs andAuxiliaries

The use of –son non-thirdpersonsingularpresent-tenseverb

-s on third personsingular present-tenseverbAgreement betweensubject and verb(Curme, 1966: 115)

(Martha/25/Mary) That's th'moor. Does tha' like it?

(Ben/44/Mary) … Th' veryblackberries an'heatherbells knows him. Iwarrant th' foxes showshim where their cubs liesan' th' skylarks doesn't hidetheir nests from him.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Verbs andauxiliaries

Pronoun tha +archaic to beor tha +archaic modalverb (tha’rtand tha’lt)

You are, you willArchaic is commonlyused in an earlier timebut rare in present-dayusage except tosuggest the older time,as in religious ritualsor historical novels(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/archaic, April 20, 2015)

(Martha/26/Mary) That’sbecause tha’rt not used toit. Tha thinks it’s too big an’bare now. But tha’ will likeit.

(Ben/42/Mary) Then nowonder tha’rt lonely. Tha’ltbe lonelier before tha’sdone.

PresentProgressiveTense andPastProgressiveTense be + to+ simple verb

Subject + be + V – ing(Azar, Betty S andStacy A. Hagen, 2009:3)

(Martha/27/Mary) I'm Mrs.Medlock's servant. An' she'sMr. Craven's—but I'm to dothe housemaid's work uphere an' wait on you a bit.But you won't need muchwaitin' on.

3rd person and2nd personplural was/is

Were, are

Agreement betweensubject and verb(Curme, 1966: 115)

(Martha/28/Mary) When Iheard you was comin' fromIndia I thought you was ablack too.

(Ben/96/Mary) Tha'sbeginnin' to doMisselthwaite credit. Tha'sa bit fatter than tha' was an'tha's not quite so yeller.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Verbs andauxiliaries

Unequal verbtenses withcoordinatingconjunctionand

Parallel structure

The use of conjunctionand, but, or, and norare to connect wordsor phrases that havesame grammaticalfunction in a sentence(Azar, Stacy A.Hagen, 2009: 91)

(Martha/32/Mary) He foundit on th' moor with itsmother when it was a littleone an' he began to makefriends with it an' give itbits o' bread an' pluckyoung grass for it. And itgot to like him so it followshim about an' it lets him geton its back. Dickon's a kindlad an' animals likes him.

(Ben/41/Mary) When hewent over th' wall again th'rest of th' brood was gonean' he was lonely an' hecome back to me.

Verb + about (Martha/32/Mary) Theytumble about on th' mooran' play there all day an'mother says th' air of th'moor fattens 'em.

(Ben/99/Mary) Once ortwice a year I'd go an' workat 'em a bit—prune 'em an'dig about th' roots.

3rd personsingular +simple verb

A final –s or –es isgiven to a simplepresent verb when thesubject is a singularnoun(Azar, Betty S. andStacy A. Hagen, 2009:85)

(Martha/74/Mary) It wouldbe same as a wild beastshow like we heard they hadin York once.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Verbs andauxiliaries

Would have +simple verb inconditionalsentence type3

[past perfect (if-clause)] + [would have+ past participle(result clause)](Azar, Betty S. andStacy A. Hagen, 2009:416)

(Martha/78/Mary) If tha’dbeen our ‘Lizabeth Ellentha’d have give me a kiss.

Had + simplepast in PastPerfect

Had + past participleis used in past perfect(Azar, Betty S., StacyA. Hagen, 2009: 4)

(Martha/122/Mary) She’dnever spoke to him before,but Mrs. Craven had beento our cottage two or threetimes. He’d forgot, butmother hadn’t an’ she madebold to stop him.

The use ofauxiliary verbafter none as

None of

None of is used beforea determiner (the, my,this) and also beforepronoun. (Swan, 1988:370)

(Ben/45/Mary) None as anyone can find, an' none as isanyone's business.

Seed as a pasttense of see

Saw (Ben/246/Colin) When Iseed thee put tha' legs on th'ground in such a hurry Iknowed tha' was all right.

The use ofpresent tenseto describepast event

Past tense (Ben/247/Colin) I'm no one.An' I didn't come throughth' door. I come over th'wall. Th' rheumatics heldme back th' last two year'.

3rd person and1st personsingular were

Was (Ben/247/Colin) Aye, it wasthat! She were main fond ofit.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Word order To be comesafter subjectininterrogativesentence

Are youAuxiliary verb isplaced before subject.For example: why areyou laughing? (Swan,1988: 474)

(Ben/241/Colin) Who tha'art?

Little + thereis formation

There + be formationintroduces the ideathat something existsin a particular placeand there + beformation have to befollowed by thesubject (Azar, Betty S.and Stacy A. Hagen,2009: 91)

(Martha/34/Mary) Howeverlittle there is to eat, healways saves a bit o' hisbread to coax his pets.

The absenceof subject ininterrogativesentence

Are youAuxiliary + Subject +Verb is used ininterrogative sentence(Kruisinga, 1915: 461)

(Ben/245/Mary) What art _sayin'?

Article The adding ofarticle a afterpossessive

Defines articles areusually dropped whenpossessives are used.For example: the carthat is John’s = John’scar (not the John’s caror John’s the car)(Swan, 1988: 440 -441)

(Martha/28-29/Mary) Youalways read as a black’s aman an’ a brother.

Article a onthird personplural

Article a/an is usedwith singularcountable nouns sincethe original meaningof a/an is ‘one’.(Swan, 1988: 60)

(Martha/120/Mary) Thoughthey’re a nice color.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Article Article acomes beforea vowel

An

The article a changesto an if it comesbefore a vowel.(Swan, 1988: 61)

(Martha/150/Mary) Th’world’s comin’ to a end!

Prepositions,conjunctions, adverbs

Zeroadverbialmarker

Adverbs of mannersay how somethinghappens or is done.Adverbs should not beconfused withadjectives. Adverb isused, not adjectives, tomodify verbs. (Swan,1988: 16)

(Martha/28-29/Mary) WhenI come in to light your firethis mornin’ I crep’ up toyour bed an’ pulled th’cover back careful to lookat you.

There used asan adjective

There used as anadjective foremphasis, usuallyplaced after ademonstrativeadjective but beforethe noun modified.This function of thereis used in nonstandardform(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/there, April 28,2015)

In Standard English,the uses of there are asan adverb of place andan introductorysubject. (Swan, 1988:589)

(Martha/93/Mary) Mr.Craven would be that thereangry there’s no knowin’what he’d do.

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Features TheYorkshire

Form

Standard English The example of utterances

Prepositions,conjunctions, adverbs

Unequalclause levelwithcoordinatingconjunctionand

Conjunctions and, but,or, and nor are used toconnect words orphrases that have samegrammatical functionin a sentence and thisuse of conjunctions iscalled parallelstructure. (Azar, BettyS., Stacy A. Hagen,2009: 91)

(Martha/151/Mary) He'dbeen out of his head an' shewas talkin' to th' nurse,thinkin' he didn't knownothin', an' she said, 'He'lldie this time sure enough,an' best thing for him an'for everybody.'

Negatives Doublenegative

Single negativeparticle

Nobody, nothing,never, or othernegatives word areenough to givenegative meaning, andnot is unnecessary.(Swan, 1988: 356)

(Martha/51-52/Mary) Noone’s never gone in since,an’ he won’t let any one talkabout it.

(Ben/261/Colin) I canna'do no swayin' back'ard andfor'ard.

Vocabulary Non Standardvocabulary

Nothing of the sort,one, impudent,enough, nothing

Standard vocabulary

(Martha/64/Mary) Eh! No!Nowt o’ th soart!

(Ben/ 239-240) Tha’ youngbad ‘un! Layin’tha’ badnesson a robin,- not but whathe’s impidint enow foranythin’. Him showin’ theeth’ way! Him! Eh! Tha’young nowt, however i’ thisworld did tha’ get in?

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Based on the analysis above, it can be seen that in The Secret Garden novel,

there are 35 features made by Martha and Ben in their utterances. Then, to know the

common grammatical feature in The Secret Garden novel, the table is made to show

the number of features used by Martha and Ben and the common grammatical feature

in The Secret Garden novel is drawn.

Table 16. List of the Common Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire DialectSpoken by Martha and Ben

Features No The Yorkshire Form Number TotalMartha Ben

Nouns andpronouns

1. Pronoun tha 89 59 148

2. Pronoun thee 25 25 503. Pronoun thy 6 3 94. Reflective pronoun

thysen, thyself5 3 8

5. The adding of that inanswering yes/nointerrogative sentence

1 2 3

6. Subject pronoun usedas a redundant element

4 2 6

7. 3rd person singularsubject pronoun himand her

2 2 4

8. Zero plural marker 2 2 49. Subject pronoun them

and us2 0 2

10. Anticipatory pronoun 8 4 1211. Reflective pronoun

hisself0 1 1

Verbs andAuxiliaries

1. The use of –s on non-third person singularpresent-tense verb

39 22 61

2. Pronoun tha + archaicto be or tha + archaicmodal verb (tha’rt andtha’lt)

11 14 25

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Features No The Yorkshire Form Number TotalMartha Ben

Verbs andauxiliaries

3. Present ProgressiveTense and PastProgressive Tense be+ to + simple verb

3 0 3

4. 3rd person And 2nd

person plural was/is26 15 41

5. Unequal verb tenseswith coordinatingconjunction and

9 1 10

6. Verb + about 8 3 117. 3rd person singular +

simple verb2 0 2

8. Would have + simpleverb in conditionalsentence type 3

1 0 1

9. Had + simple past inPast Perfect

2 1 3

10. The use of auxiliaryverb after none as

0 1 1

11. Seed as a past tense ofsee

0 3 3

12. The use of presenttense to describe pastevent

0 3 3

13. 3rd person and 1st

person singular were0 2 2

Word order 1. To be comes aftersubject in interrogativesentence

0 1 1

2. Little + there isformation

1 0 1

3. The absence of subjectin interrogativesentence

0 1 1

Article 1. The adding of article aafter possessive

1 0 1

2. Article a comes beforea vowel

1 0 1

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Features No The Yorkshire Form Number TotalMartha Ben

Prepositions,conjunctions,adverb

3. Article a on thirdperson plural

1 0 1

1. Zero adverbial marker 2 0 22. There used as an

adjective5 0 5

3. Unequal clause levelwith coordinatingconjunction and

1 0 1

Negatives 1. Double negative 8 2 10Vocabulary 1. Non-Standard

vocabulary13 44 57

Based on the table, Martha and Ben share different number of each

grammatical pattern on their utterances.

In nouns and pronouns feature, it can be seen that the common type used by

Martha and Ben is pronoun tha with total 148 numbers. Martha uses pronoun tha

more than Ben does. Martha shares 89 numbers and Ben shares 59 numbers. Martha

and Ben use pronoun tha as a subject in their utterances. In Standard English, tha is

you.

In Martha’s utterances, she uses both pronoun tha and Standard English

pronoun you to Mary but only uses Standard English pronoun you when talking to

Colin. It can be seen from page 154 when Martha talks with Colin.

I have to do what you please, sir.Thank you, sir, I want to do my duty, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)

Martha uses pronoun tha followed by bare verbs with suffix –s or -es. For

example; tha thinks, tha doesn’t, and tha goes. If the verb does not followed by suffix

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–s or –es, Martha uses pronoun you. For example; you wrap up warm, you do your

best, and if you practice you’ll mount up. Pronoun tha is used when it is followed by

archaic to be and archaic modal verb (art and wilt). For example; that’s because

tha’rt no used to it and art tha’ thinkin’ about that garden yet? On other sides,

pronoun you is used when it is followed by Standard English to be and modal verb.

For example; you’ll want to get out on it, you’ll mount up, and I thought you was a

black too.

In Ben’s utterances, he uses pronoun tha when talking to Mary and Colin. As

same as Martha, Ben also uses pronoun tha if it is followed by bare verbs with suffix

–s or –es. For example; tha likes, doesn’t tha’ know, and tha shapes. On other sides,

Ben uses pronoun tha that is followed by both archaic to be, archaic modal verb and

Standard English to be, modal verb. For example; tha’ll have to wait for ‘em, tha

was, tha’lt be lonelier, art tha’ th’ little wench from India. Standard English pronoun

you is used when it is followed by bare verb without suffix –s or –es such as you

watch ‘em. Pronoun you is also used when it is followed by modal verb will and past

tense verb. For example; you’ll see and you said.

In verbs and auxiliaries feature, the common type used by Martha and Ben is

the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb with total 61 numbers.

Martha shares 39 numbers and Ben shares 22 numbers.

In Martha’s utterances, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-

tense verb is used when the verb is in present-tense and the subject is second person

tha, third person plural they, and plural nouns. For example; tha’ thinks, th’ bees and

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skylarks makes, our children plays. If the subject is Standard English pronoun you

and first person singular I, Martha does not put suffix –s or –es in the verb. For

example; you wrap up warm, and I know that. If there is a modal verb, the verb after

the modal verb does not used suffix –s or –es. For example; tha’ cannot begin

younger.

In Ben’s utterances, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense

verb is used when the verb is in present-tense and the subject is second person tha

and plural nouns. For example; tha’ likes and th' skylarks doesn't hide. If the subject

is person singular I, Ben uses the verb with suffix –s and without suffix –s. For

example; I never knows, and I come over th’ wall. If the subject is third person plural

they and second person you, Ben does not put any suffix –s. For example; they run

wild, they tumble about, and you watch ‘em.

In word order feature, Martha shares 1 number of little + there is formation.

Ben shares 1 number of to be comes after subject in interrogative sentence and 1

number of the absence of subject in interrogative sentence.

In article feature, Martha shares 1 number of the adding of article a after

possessive, 1 number of article a comes before a vowel, and 1 number of article a on

third person plural. In other side, Ben shares no number in article feature.

Then, in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs feature, the common type used

by Martha is the use of there used as an adjective. Martha shares 5 numbers.

Otherwise, Ben shares no number in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs feature.

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In negatives features which only has 1 type of pattern, double negative,

Martha shares 8 numbers and Ben shares 2 numbers.

Martha and Ben use double negative when there are negatives such as no one,

nothing, and no. For example; I never told thee nothin' about him, and I canna' do no

chantin'.

The last, in vocabulary feature, Martha shares 13 numbers and Ben shares

more than Martha which is 44 numbers.

B. Martha’s and Ben’s Reasons of Speaking Standard English and the

Yorkshire Dialect to the Children

In The Secret Garden novel, it can be seen that Martha and Ben share both

Standard and the Yorkshire dialect in their utterances to talk to the children.

Sometimes Martha and Ben use Standard English and sometimes they use the

Yorkshire dialect when speaking to Mary and Colin. For example, on page 27,

Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect canna' tha' dress thysen! to Mary. On the same

page, Martha uses Standard English in her utterance eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told

me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn't know what I was sayin'. I mean can't you

put on your own clothes?

In this analysis to answer problem formulation 3, the writer will explain the

reasons behind Martha’s and Ben’s choice of Standard and the Yorkshire dialect in

talking to the children.

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As described before, both Martha and Ben work at Mr. Archibald Craven’s

house. Martha works as a housemaid whereas Ben works as a gardener. Mr.

Archibald Craven is Mary’s uncle who lives in Misselthwaite Manor, England. He is

a rich person who has a big house. He has a son named Colin.

"Not but that it's a grand big place in a gloomy way, and Mr. Craven's proudof it in his way—and that's gloomy enough, too. The house is six hundredyears old and it's on the edge of the moor, and there's near a hundred rooms init, though most of them's shut up and locked. And there's pictures and fine oldfurniture and things that's been there for ages, and there's a big park round itand gardens and trees with branches trailing to the ground—some of them."(Burnett, 1998: 15)

In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben often talk to the children such as

Mary and Colin. Mary talks using Standard English to Martha and Ben.

“You thought I was a native! You dared! You don't know anything aboutnatives! They are not people—they're servants who must salaam to you. Youknow nothing about India. You know nothing about anything!” (Burnett,1998: 29)

In fact, from time to time Mary lives in a Yorkshire society and be friend with

Dickon who is Martha’s young brother, she sometimes speaks the Yorkshire dialect.

“I'm givin' thee a bit o' Yorkshire. I canna' talk as graidely as Dickon an'Martha can but tha' sees I can shape a bit. Doesn't tha' understand a bit o'Yorkshire when tha' hears it? An' tha' a Yorkshire lad thysel' bred an' born!Eh! I wonder tha'rt not ashamed o' thy face.” (Burnett, 1998: 201)

In other side, Colin speaks Standard English. It can be seen when Colin and

Mary are firstly meet in Colin’s room in chapter 13.

"You are real, aren't you? I have such real dreams very often. You might beone of them." (Burnett, 1998: 135)

"Because I am like this always, ill and having to lie down. My father won't letpeople talk me over either. The servants are not allowed to speak about me. If

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I live I may be a hunchback, but I shan't live. My father hates to think I maybe like him." (Burnett, 1998: 136)

Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary and Colin and the scenes when

Martha and Ben use Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin is

explained below. Martha will be explained first, and then Ben.

1. Martha

As stated before, Martha is a Yorkshire girl who works as a housemaid in Mr.

Archibald Craven’s house. Besides working as a housemaid, she is also Mrs.

Medlock’s servant.

“I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An' she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do thehousemaid's work up here an' wait on you a bit. But you won't need muchwaitin' on.” (Burnett, 1998:27)

In The Secret Garden novel, Martha is stated as an untrained rural person.

If Martha had been a well-trained fine young lady's maid she would have beenmore subservient and respectful and would have known that it was herbusiness to brush hair, and button boots, and pick things up and lay themaway. She was, however, only an untrained Yorkshire rustic who had beenbrought up in a moorland cottage with a swarm of little brothers and sisterswho had never dreamed of doing anything but waiting on themselves and onthe younger ones who were either babies in arms or just learning to totterabout and tumble over things. (Burnett, 1998: 31)

Martha is also described as a poor girl. She lives with her twelve siblings and

her father only gets sixteen shilling a week.

“Eh! you should see 'em all. There's twelve of us an' my father only getssixteen shilling a week. I can tell you my mother's put to it to get porridge for'em all. …” (Burnett, 1998: 32)

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Evidence that shows Martha is a poor girl can be seen from page 89. It is the

scene when Mary tells Martha that she has more than five shillings in her pocket that

are given by Mrs. Morrison and Mr. Craven and she does not know how to spend it.

After hearing that fact, Martha shocks because it is difficult for her family to pay the

cottage’s rent although the price is lower than what Mary has in her pocket.

“My word! That’s riches. Tha' can buy anything in th' world tha' wants. Th'rent of our cottage is only one an' threepence an' it's like pullin' eye-teeth toget it. Now I've just thought of somethin'.” (Burnett, 1998: 89)

In the novel, Martha admits herself that she tends to talk in the Yorkshire

dialect.

“Eh! I know that. If there was a grand Missus at Misselthwaite I should neverhave been even one of th' under housemaids. I might have been let to bescullery-maid but I'd never have been let up-stairs. I'm too common an' I talktoo much Yorkshire. …” (Burnett, 1998: 27)

In The Secret Garden novel, it shows that Mary has a higher social status than

Martha. Martha works to take care of Mary and she calls Mary with Miss. Even

though Mary has a higher social status than her, Martha tends to talk in the Yorkshire

dialect than Standard English since she is only an untrained maid as described before.

“My word! It would set 'em clean off their heads. Would tha' really do that,Miss? It would be same as a wild beast show like we heard they had in Yorkonce.” (Burnett, 1998: 74)

Martha is a poor girl who lives with a lot of siblings in a small house. Martha

feels that Mary has a better life than her since in Martha’s house she and her family

do not have much food to be eaten whereas Mary has a lot of foods in Mr. Craven’s

house.

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“It's lucky for thee that tha's got victuals as well as appetite. There's beentwelve in our cottage as had th' stomach an' nothin' to put in it.” (Burnett,1998: 47)

When Martha firstly meets Mary, Martha speaks using the Yorkshire dialect

with Mary. It can be seen from page 25 in The Secret Garden novel.

“That there?” (Burnett, 1998: 25)

“That's th' moor. Does tha' like it?” (Burnett, 1998:25)

“That's because tha'rt not used to it. Tha' thinks it's too big an' bare now. Buttha' will like it." (Burnett, 1998:26)

It shows that Martha uses the feature of the use of –s on non-third-person

singular present-tense verb in does tha like it, the use of there used as an adjective,

pronoun tha, and pronoun tha + archaic to be in tha’rt.

In The Secret Garden novel, Mary sometimes does not understand what

Martha is talking about since Mary does not understand the Yorkshire dialect.

“What do you mean? I don't understand your language." (Burnett, 1998: 27)

When Mary does not understand what Martha is talking about, Martha talks

using Standard English because she remembers that Mrs. Medlock as the head of

servant asks her to speak in Standard English.

“Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn'tknow what I was sayin'. I mean can't you put on your own clothes?" (Burnett,1998: 28)

Sometimes Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect and suddenly uses Standard

English without any specific reasons. For example, in page 33 when she speaks to

Mary about the meals that Mary does not want to eat. Martha tells Mary that her

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siblings cannot always have something to eat. Martha tells Mary that Mary should eat

her meal.

Martha : "Eh! I can't abide to see good victuals go to waste. If our childrenwas at this table they'd clean it bare in five minutes."

Mary : Why?Martha : Why! Because they scarce ever had their stomachs full in their lives.

They're as hungry as young hawks an' foxes."Martha : Well, it would do thee good to try it. I can see that plain enough. I've

no patience with folk as sits an' just stares at good bread an' meat. Myword! don't I wish Dickon and Phil an' Jane an' th' rest of 'em hadwhat's here under their pinafores.

Mary : Why don't you take it to them?Martha : It's not mine. An' this isn't my day out. I get my day out once a month

same as th' rest. Then I go home an' clean up for mother an' give her aday's rest.

Martha: You wrap up warm an' run out an' play you. It'll do you good andgive you some stomach for your meat."

(Burnett, 1998: 33-34)

The utterances above show that at first, Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect. She

uses the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb in our children

was. In 2nd utterance, Martha uses Standard English. In 3rd utterance, Martha uses the

Yorkshire dialect again. She uses pronoun thee. In 4th utterance, Martha uses

Standard English. In 5th utterance, Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect. She uses subject

pronoun redundant in you wrap up warm an’ run out an’ play you. It can be seen that

Martha speaks both Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect in the same scene.

According to Wardhaugh’s theory of tu and vous, it shows that when Martha

uses the Yorkshire dialect to Mary, she shows solidarity. As stated by Wardhaugh,

the use of T is available to show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to

the situations in which two people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e.

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‘feeling of solidarity’. T for solidarity comes to replace politeness since solidarity is

often more important than politeness in personal relationships. (Wardhaugh, 1992:

275)

The solidarity can be seen that Martha and Mary are close enough since

Martha is Mary’s housemaid. At the first time, Mary looks that she does not like

Martha but from time to time, she seems to like Martha. Martha and Mary are close

enough since they often talks about Martha’s mother and also Martha’s little brother,

Dickon. Mary seems to like Martha’s mother and Dickon. The example of their

conversations about Martha’s mother and Dickon are as follow.

Mary : I should like to see your cottage.Martha : I'll ask my mother about it. She's one o' them that nearly always sees

a way to do things. It's my day out to-day an' I'm goin' home. Eh! I amglad. Mrs. Medlock thinks a lot o' mother. Perhaps she could talk toher."

Mary : I like your motherMartha : I should think tha' did. (Burnett, 1998: 65-66)

Mary : I like Dickon. And I've never seen him.Martha : Well, I've told thee that th' very birds likes him an' th' rabbits an' wild

sheep an' ponies, an' th' foxes themselves. I wonder what Dickonwould think of thee?"

Mary : He wouldn't like me. No one does. (Burnett, 1998: 66)

In other hands, when Martha talks with Standard English to Mary, she shows

politeness to Mary since Mary is her employer. Based on Wardhaugh, the upper

classes treat lower classes with T but received V. That condition symbolizes a

‘power’ relationship. It happens to such situations such as people to animals, master

or mistress to servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 2010:

275)

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It can be seen that Martha calls Mary with a title Miss. The other reason why

Martha sometimes talks in Standard English to Mary is because of Mrs. Medlock’s

power that requires her to speak Standard English to Mary. It can be seen from page

28.

“Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn'tknow what I was sayin'. I mean can't you put on your own clothes?" (Burnett,1998: 28)

In other sides, when Martha talks to Colin, she uses only Standard English.

There are 4 utterances that are spoken by Martha to Colin. The utterances are as

follow.

I have to do what you please, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)

Everybody has, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)

Please don’t let her, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)

Thank you, sir. I want to do my duty, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)

Those utterances occur in page 154. In that scene, Martha is frightened to be

sent away from Mr. Craven’s house since Mary knows the existence of Colin. As

described before, during his lifetime, Colin never sees anyone accept the servants and

his father. When Martha recognizes that Mary finally knows the existence of Colin,

Martha worries that she will be fired by Mrs. Medlock. In those utterances above,

Martha uses Standard English when talking to Colin. Martha uses pronoun you

instead of tha or thee that she often uses when talking to Mary. Martha always uses

an honorific title sir in every sentence.

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Based on Wardhaugh, address someone by title alone is the least intimate

form address. Knowing and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy.

(Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283)

Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about tu and vous, it can be seen that Martha

shows politeness to his employer, Colin. At that time, since Mary has a lower status

than Colin who has a power, she has to do what her employer tells her to do.

2. Ben

As stated before, Ben is an old Yorkshire man who works as a gardener in Mr.

Archibald Craven’s house.

The old gardener pushed his cap back on his bald head and stared at her aminute. He began to dig again, driving his spade deep into the rich blackgarden soil while the robin hopped about very busily employed. (Burnett,1998: 42)

It is a Yorkshire habit to say what you think with blunt frankness, and old BenWeatherstaff was a Yorkshire moor man. (Burnett, 1998: 43)

Ben is a bachelor and he does not have a house. He lives at the gate.

No. I'm bachelder an' lodge with Martin at th' gate. (Burnett, 1998: 98)

In The Secret Garden novel, Ben speaks 17 utterances using Standard English

and 70 utterances using the Yorkshire dialect. When Ben meets Mary for the first

time, he uses Standard English and then the Yorkshire dialect to talk to Mary. It can

be seen from page 37. In this scene, when Mary goes to the garden, she suddenly

meets Ben walking through the door from the second garden. As described by

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Frances Hodgson Burnett, in this scene, Ben does not like seeing Mary and Mary also

does not like seeing him.

Ben : One o’ th’ kitchen-gardens.Mary : What is this place?Ben : One o' th' kitchen-gardens.Mary : What is that?Ben : Another of 'em. There's another on t' other side o' th' wall an' there's

th' orchard t' other side o' that.Mary : Can I go in them?Ben : If tha' likes. But there's nowt to see.(Burnett, 1998: 37)

In the scene above, it can be seen that at the first¸ in utterance one o’ th’

kitchen-gardens, Ben uses Standard English in talking to Mary and then in utterance

If tha’ likes. But there’s nowt to see, he uses the Yorkshire dialect. In that utterance,

he uses pronoun tha, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb,

and non-Standard vocabulary nowt which means nothing.

In another scene, Ben uses both Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect to

talk to Mary. This scene happened in page 39-40 when Mary feels curious about the

garden that had been locked for 10 years and tells Ben about it.

Mary : I have been into the other gardens.Ben : There was nothin' to prevent thee.Mary : I went into the orchard.Ben : There was no dog at th' door to bite thee.Mary : There was no door there into the other garden.Ben : What garden?Mary : The one on the other side of the wall. There are trees there—I saw

the tops of them. A bird with a red breast was sitting on one of themand he sang.

Ben : Here he is.(Burnett, 1998: 39-40)

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In 1st utterance, there was nothin’ to prevent thee, Ben uses pronoun thee

instead of you. In that utterance, Ben uses Standard English nothing instead of the

Yorshire dialect nowt that he uses in page 39. In second utterance, there was no dog

at th' door to bite thee, Ben also uses pronoun thee. In third and fourth utterance,

what garden and here he is, Ben uses Standard English. He uses Standard English

since he just utters simple clauses.

In The Secret Garden novel, Ben sometimes uses the Yorkshire dialect tha

and sometimes he uses Standard English you. For example is on page 41 and 68.

Ben : Doesn't tha' know? He's a robin redbreast an' they're th' friendliest,curiousest birds alive. They're almost as friendly as dogs—if youknow how to get on with 'em. Watch him peckin' about there an'lookin' round at us now an' again. He knows we're talkin' about him.

(Burnett, 1998: 41)

Ben : These won't grow up in a night, tha'll have to wait for 'em. They'llpoke up a bit higher here, an' push out a spike more there, an' uncurl aleaf this day an' another that. You watch 'em.

(Burnett, 1998: 68)

In two utterances above, Ben uses the Yorkshire dialect tha which means you

and also the Standard you. In utterance on page 41, Ben uses tha in doesn’t tha’ know

and also the Standard you in they’re almost as friendly as dogs—if you know how to

get on with ‘em. In utterance on page 68, Ben uses pronoun tha in these won't grow

up in a night, tha'll have to wait for 'em and pronoun you in you watch 'em.

From the explanation above, it can be seen that Ben modifies his dialect.

Sometimes Ben uses Standard English and sometimes he uses the Yorkshire dialect.

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On page 43, Ben says to Mary that Ben and Mary are alike. In this scene, Ben

tells Mary that he does not have any friends at all. His friend is only a robin redbreast.

Then, Mary replies that she also does not have friends at all. Her servant in India does

not like her and she never plays with anyone. When Mary tells the fact that she also

does not have friends at all, Ben tells Mary that they are the same. In The Secret

Garden novel, Burnett describes that the Yorkshire habit is to tell what you think on

your mind.

“Tha' an' me are a good bit alike. We was wove out of th' same cloth. We'reneither of us good lookin' an' we're both of us as sour as we look. We've gotthe same nasty tempers, both of us, I'll warrant.” (Burnett, 1992: 43)

From the utterance above, it can be seen that Ben thinks that he and Mary are

alike. Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about the distinction of tu and vous, T or tu will

be used in which two people agree that they have common interests, i.e. feeling of

solidarity (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275). From what Ben thinks about Mary, it shows that

he feels solidarity with Mary. Moreover, they also have the same interest about the

robin redbreast. Both Ben and Mary like that bird and always talk about it whenever

they meet. The examples of Ben’s and Mary’s conversation about the robin are as

follow.

Mary : Will he always come when you call him?Ben : Aye, that he will. I've knowed him ever since he was a fledgling. He

come out of th' nest in th' other garden an' when first he flew over th'wall he was too weak to fly back for a few days an' we got friendly.When he went over th' wall again th' rest of th' brood was gone an' hewas lonely an' he come back to me.

Mary : What kind of a bird is he?Ben : Doesn't tha' know? He's a robin redbreast an' they're th' friendliest,

curiousest birds alive. They're almost as friendly as dogs—if you

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know how to get on with 'em. Watch him peckin' about there an'lookin' round at us now an' again. He knows we're talkin' about him.

(Burnett, 1992: 41)

In other sides, when Ben talks to Colin, he also uses a lot of the Yorkshire

dialect rather than Standard English. There are 36 utterances that Ben talks to Colin.

There are 4 utterances that he talks with Standard English and there are 32 utterances

that he talks with the Yorkshire dialect.

On page 99, Ben talks to Mary about how he loves Colin’s mother. When

Colin’s mother lives, Ben works as her gardener and he likes her very much.

"Well, yes, I do. I was learned that by a young lady I was gardener to. She hada lot in a place she was fond of, an' she loved 'em like they was children—orrobins. I've seen her bend over an' kiss 'em." He dragged out another weed andscowled at it. "That were as much as ten year' ago." (Burnett, 1998: 99)

Because of his deep loving to Colin’s mother, he always takes care of roses

that Colin’s mother likes.

“Well, I'd got to like 'em—an' I liked her—an' she liked 'em. Once or twice ayear I'd go an' work at 'em a bit—prune 'em an' dig about th' roots. They runwild, but they was in rich soil, so some of 'em lived.” (Burnett, 1998: 99)

When Ben meets Colin for the first time in page 240, Ben really shocks of

what he sees since Colin’s eyes really look like his mother’s eyes.

How Ben Weatherstaff stared! His red old eyes fixed themselves on what wasbefore him as if he were seeing a ghost. He gazed and gazed and gulped alump down his throat and did not say a word. (Burnett, 1998: 40-41)

"Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi' tha' mother's eyes starin' at me out o' tha'face. Lord knows how tha' come here. But tha'rt th' poor cripple." (Burnett,1998: 241)

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It can be seen that when Ben meets Colin for the first time, he uses the

Yorkshire dialect when talking to Colin. For example is on page 241.

Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi' tha' mother's eyes starin' at me out o' tha'face. Lord knows how tha' come here. But tha'rt th' poor cripple. (Burnett,1998: 241)

Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about the use of tu and vous, it can be seen that

Ben shows solidarity when he talks with the Yorkshire dialect to Colin. According to

Wardhaugh, the use of T shows intimacy. This mutual T for solidarity gradually came

to replace the mutual V of politeness, since solidarity is often more important than

politeness in personal relationship. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275). He shows solidarity

since Colin’s eyes really look like her mother, the woman that Ben loves. Ben and

Colin’s mother are close enough in the past. Ben feels the same with Colin since he is

the son of the person that Ben loves, so he shows the solidarity by using the

Yorkshire dialect.

Yet, in such situations, Ben speaks Standard English to Colin. It can be seen

from page 243, when Colin reminds Ben that he is Ben’s employer and Ben has to

obey him.

"I'm your master when my father is away. And you are to obey me. This is mygarden. Don't dare to say a word about it! You get down from that ladder andgo out to the Long Walk and Miss Mary will meet you and bring you here. Iwant to talk to you. We did not want you, but now you will have to be in thesecret. Be quick!" (Burnett, 1998: 243)

When Colin reminds Ben like that, Ben remembers his position in the house

and then he talks in Standard English.

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"Eh! lad," he almost whispered. "Eh! My lad!" And then remembering himselfhe suddenly touched his hat gardener fashion and said, "Yes, sir! Yes, sir!"and obediently disappeared as he descended the ladder. (Burnett, 1998: 243)

It shows that Ben uses Standard English to show politeness since Colin is his

employer in the house and Ben is required to obey Colin. Based on Wardhaugh, tu

and vous are used based on someone’s social class. The upper classes treat lower

classes with T but received V and it symbolizes a ‘power’ relation (Wardhaugh,

2010: 275). It seems that Colin has a power above Ben who is only a gardener in his

house.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the conclusion of the research is drawn. This research is a

study on the grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect as seen in Hodgson

Burnett’s The Secret Garden. It wants to show the grammatical features of the

Yorkshire dialect used by Martha and Ben as the character in The Secret Garden

novel and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect

to the children such as Mary and Colin.

Martha and Ben are the character of The Secret Garden novel using the

Yorkshire dialect. Both of them work in Mr. Archibald Craven’s house. Martha

works as a housemaid whereas Ben works as a gardener. In the novel, they use both

the Yorkshire dialect and Standard English when talking to the children.

The first problem contains the type of grammatical features on the Yorkshire

dialect used by Martha and Ben. The writer finds out 35 features. Those features are

divided into 7 such as nouns and pronouns; verbs and auxiliaries; word order; article;

prepositions, conjunctions, and adverb; negatives; and vocabulary.

In nouns and pronouns, the features are pronoun tha, pronoun thee, pronoun

thy, reflective pronoun thysen; thyself, the adding of that in answering yes/no

interrogative sentence, subject pronoun used as a redundant element, 3rd person

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singular subject pronoun him and her, zero plural marker, subject pronoun them and

us, anticipatory pronoun, and reflective pronoun hisself.

In verbs and auxiliaries, the features are the use of –s on non-third-person

singular present-tense verb, pronoun tha + archaic to be (tha’rt) or tha + archaic

modal verb (tha’lt), present progressive tense and past progressive tense be + to +

simple verb, 3rd person and 2nd person plural was/is, unequal verb tenses with

coordinating conjunction and, verb + about, 3rd person singular + simple verb, would

have+ simple verb in conditional sentence type 3, had + simple past in past perfect,

the use of auxiliary verb after none as, seed as a past tense of see, the use of present

tense to describe past event, and 3rd person and 1st person singular were.

In word order, the features are to be comes after subject in interrogative

sentence, little + there is formation, and the absence of subject in interrogative

sentence.

In article, the features are the adding of article a after the apostrophe to show

possession, article a comes before a vowel, article a on 3rd person plural.

In prepositions; conjunctions; and adverb, the features are zero adverbial

marker, and there used as an adjective, and unequal clause level with coordinating

conjunction and. In negative, the feature is double negative. The last, in vocabulary,

the feature is non-Standard vocabulary.

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In verbs and auxiliaries, the common grammatical feature used by Martha and

Ben is the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb with total 61

numbers. Martha shares 39 numbers and Ben shares 22 numbers.

In word order, Martha shares 1 number of little + there is formation. Ben

shares 1 number of to be comes after subject in interrogative sentence and 1 number

of the absence of subject in interrogative sentence.

In article, Martha shares 1 number of the adding of article a after the

apostrophe to show possession, 1 number of article a comes before a vowel, and 1

number of article a on third person plural. In other side, Ben shares no number in

article.

Then, in prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, the common grammatical

feature used by Martha is the use of there used as an adjective. Martha shares 5

numbers. Otherwise, Ben shares no number in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs.

In negatives feature which only has 1 type, double negative, Martha shares 8

numbers and Ben shares 2 numbers.

The last, in vocabulary, Martha shares 13 numbers whereas Ben shares 44

numbers.

The second problem contains Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking

Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin, as children. To be able to

answer the second problem, the writer uses the theory of SPEAKING by Hymes and

also the theory of tu and vous by Wardhaugh.

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When Martha talks to Mary, she talks with the Yorkshire dialect and also

Standard English. She uses the Yorkshire dialect to show solidarity since Martha is

Mary’s housemaid and they are really close. Although at first, Mary does not like

Martha but from time to time, she seems to like Martha. Martha and Mary are close

enough since they often talks about Martha’s mother and also Martha’s little brother,

Dickon. Mary seems to like Martha’s mother and Dickon.

When Martha uses Standard English to Mary, she shows politeness since

Mary is her employer. It can be seen that Martha calls Mary with an honorific title

Miss. Another reason is because Martha is asked by a head of servant, Mrs. Medlock,

to speak with Standard English to Mary. It is seen that Mrs. Medlock’s power

requires her to speak Standard English to Mary.

In other side, when Martha talks to Colin, she always uses Standard English.

She uses Standard English to show politeness to Colin since Colin is her employer.

Since Mary has a lower status than Colin who has a power, she has to do what her

employer tells her to do.

When Ben talks to Mary, he refers to talk with the Yorkshire dialect to show

solidarity with Mary. Ben thinks that he and Mary are alike. Moreover, they also have

the same interest about the robin redbreast. They always talk about the bird whenever

they meet.

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When Ben talks to Colin, he speaks the Yorkshire dialect and Standard

English. He shows solidarity since Colin’s eyes really look like her mother, the

woman that Ben loves. Ben and Colin’s mother are close enough in the past. Ben

feels the same with Colin since he is the son of the person that Ben loves, so he

shows the solidarity by using the Yorkshire dialect. On the other side, when Ben talks

with Standard English, he shows politeness to Colin since Colin is his employer in

the house.

As seen from Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of talking with Standard English

and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin, the writer finds out two uses of dialects

which are solidarity and politeness. The solidarity is shown since two person or even

more feel the same and close enough whereas politeness is shown since someone has

lower social status than the others.

The writer hopes that this research can be useful for those who are interested

in studying the Yorkshire dialect.

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Fox, Anthony Mary. “The Controversy Goes On: Standard English vs. the BlackDialect” The Clearing House Vol. 47. No. 4 (1972): p. 204-208. Jstor For-

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Profit Academic Arts & Sciences VI Collection.(www.jstor.org/stable/30185995). April 1, 2014.

Geordie Grammar. The British Library. The British Library Board.(http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/geordie/grammar/,September 30, 2014.

Herk, Gerard Van. What Is Sociolinguistics. Chichester: Blackwell, 2012.

Hymes, Dell. Foundations in Sociolinguistics: an ethnographic approach.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 1974.

Kruisinga, E. A Handbook of Present-day English; English Accidence and Syntax.Utrecht: Kemink & Zoon. 1915.

Lissummon. The British Library. The British Library Board.(www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/text-only/ni/lissummon). October 27,2014.

Moore, Andrew. English varieties of the British Isles. Andrew Moore’s teachingresource site. (www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/britishisles). March 12,2014.

Nordquist, Richard. “Grammatical Category”. About education. (grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammaticalcategory.htm). August 4, 2015.

Question in the Simple Present, Question with do, does. Englisch-hilfen.de.(http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/frage4.htm). October 8, 2014.

Quirk, Randolph. A University Grammar of English. Harlow: Longman GroupLimited, 1973.

Rolfey. Tha. Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary LLC. June 29, 2006.(http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Tha). October 16, 2014.

Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.

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Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Widyatmoko, Ignatius Bagus. English Negation as a Dialect Feature in TomSawyer’s Speech in Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.Thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 1999.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Martha’s utterances to Mary and Colin

No. References Speaking To Utterances Standardor Non

Standard

Feature

1 25 Mary That there? NonStandard

There used as an adjective

2 25 Mary That's th' moor. Does tha' like it? NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

3 26 Mary That's because tha'rt not used to it.Tha' thinks it's too big an' barenow. But tha' will like it.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic tobe, the use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun tha

4 26 Mary Aye, that I do. I just love it. It'snone bare. It's covered wi' growin'things as smells sweet. It's fairlovely in spring an' summer whenth' gorse an' broom an' heather's inflower. It smells o' honey an' there'ssuch a lot o' fresh air—an' th' skylooks so high an' th' bees an'skylarks makes such a nice noisehummin' an' singin'. Eh! I wouldn'tlive away from th' moor foranythin'.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,the adding of that inanswering yes/nointerrogative sentence, theuse of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb

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5 27 Mary Eh! I know that. If there was agrand Missus at Misselthwaite Ishould never have been even one ofth' under housemaids. I might havebeen let to be scullery-maid but I'dnever have been let up-stairs. I'mtoo common an' I talk too muchYorkshire. But this is a funny housefor all it's so grand. Seems likethere's neither Master nor Mistressexcept Mr. Pitcher an' Mrs.Medlock. Mr. Craven, he won't betroubled about anythin' when he'shere, an' he's nearly always away.Mrs. Medlock gave me th' place outo' kindness. She told me she couldnever have done it if Misselthwaitehad been like other big houses.

Standard -

6 27 Mary I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An'she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to dothe housemaid's work up here an'wait on you a bit. But you won'tneed much waitin' on.

NonStandard

Present Progressive Tensebe + to + simple verb

7 27 Mary Canna' tha' dress thysen! NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,pronoun tha, reflectivepronoun thysen

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8 27 Mary Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told meI'd have to be careful or youwouldn't know what I was sayin'. Imean can't you put on your ownclothes?

Standard -

9 28 Mary Well, it's time tha' should learn.Tha' cannot begin younger. It'll dothee good to wait on thysen a bit.My mother always said she couldn'tsee why grand people's childrendidn't turn out fair fools—what withnurses an' bein' washed an' dressedan' took out to walk as if they waspuppies!

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, third personplural was, reflectivepronoun thysen

10 28 Mary Eh! I can see it's different. I daresay it's because there's such a lot o'blacks there instead o' respectablewhite people. When I heard youwas comin' from India I thoughtyou was a black too.

NonStandard

Second person plural was

11 28-29 Mary Who are you callin' names? Youneedn't be so vexed. That's not th'way for a young lady to talk. I'venothin' against th' blacks. When youread about 'em in tracts they'realways very religious. You alwaysread as a black's a man an' abrother. I've never seen a black an'I was fair pleased to think I was

NonStandard

The adding of article aafter possessive, zeroadverbial marker, secondperson plural was

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goin' to see one close. When I comein to light your fire this mornin' Icrep' up to your bed an' pulled th'cover back careful to look at you.An' there you was no more blackthan me—for all you're so yeller.

12 29 Mary Eh! you mustn't cry like that there!You mustn't for sure. I didn't knowyou'd be vexed. I don't knowanythin' about anythin'—just likeyou said. I beg your pardon, Miss.Do stop cryin'.

NonStandard

There used as an adjective

13 30 Mary It's time for thee to get up now.Mrs. Medlock said I was to carrytha' breakfast an' tea an' dinner intoth' room next to this. It's been madeinto a nursery for thee. I'll help theeon with thy clothes if tha'll get outo' bed. If th' buttons are at th' backtha' cannot button them up tha'self.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pastprogressive tense be + to+ simple verb, pronountha, pronoun thy,anticipatory pronoun

14 30 Mary These are th' ones tha' must put on.Mr. Craven ordered Mrs. Medlockto get 'em in London. He said 'Iwon't have a child dressed in blackwanderin' about like a lost soul,'he said. 'It'd make the place sadderthan it is. Put color on her.' Mothershe said she knew what he meant.Mother always knows what a body

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, subjectpronoun used as aredundant element, verb +about, anticipatorypronoun

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means. She doesn't hold with blackhersel'.

15 30 Mary Why doesn't tha' put on tha' ownshoes?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

16 32 Mary Eh! You should see 'em all. There'stwelve of us an' my father only getssixteen shilling a week. I can tellyou my mother's put to it to getporridge for 'em all. They tumbleabout on th' moor an' play there allday an' mother says th' air of th'moor fattens 'em. She says shebelieves they eat th' grass same asth' wild ponies do. Our Dickon, he'stwelve years old and he's got ayoung pony he calls his own.

NonStandard

Third person plural is,verb + about

17 32 Mary He found it on th' moor with itsmother when it was a little one an'he began to make friends with it an'give it bits o' bread an' pluck younggrass for it. And it got to like himso it follows him about an' it letshim get on its back. Dickon's a kindlad an' animals likes him.

NonStandard

Unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand, verb + about, the useof –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

18 33 Mary Tha' doesn't want thy porridge! NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronoun thy,the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-

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tense verb19 33 Mary Tha' doesn't know how good it is.

Put a bit o' treacle on it or a bit o'sugar.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

20 33 Mary Eh! I can't abide to see goodvictuals go to waste. If ourchildren was at this table they'dclean it bare in five minutes.

NonStandard

Third person plural was

21 33 Mary Why! Because they scarce ever hadtheir stomachs full in their lives.They're as hungry as young hawksan' foxes.

Standard -

22 33 Mary Well, it would do thee good to tryit. I can see that plain enough. I'veno patience with folk as sits an' juststares at good bread an' meat. Myword! don't I wish Dickon and Philan' Jane an' th' rest of 'em hadwhat's here under their pinafores.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee

23 33-34 Mary It's not mine. An' this isn't my dayout. I get my day out once a monthsame as th' rest. Then I go home an'clean up for mother an' give her aday's rest.

Standard -

24 34 Mary You wrap up warm an' run out an'play you. It'll do you good and giveyou some stomach for your meat.

NonStandard

Subject pronoun used as aredundant element

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25 34 Mary Well, if tha' doesn't go out tha'lthave to stay in, an' what has tha'got to do?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronoun tha+ archaic modal verb(tha’lt), the use of –s onnon-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

26 34 Mary You'll go by yourself. You'll haveto learn to play like other childrendoes when they haven't got sistersand brothers. Our Dickon goes offon th' moor by himself an' plays forhours. That's how he made friendswith th' pony. He's got sheep on th'moor that knows him, an' birds ascomes an' eats out of his hand.However little there is to eat, healways saves a bit o' his bread tocoax his pets.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, little +there is formation

27 35 Mary If tha' goes round that way tha'llcome to th' gardens. There's lots o'flowers in summer-time, but there'snothin' bloomin' now. One of th'gardens is locked up. No one hasbeen in it for ten years.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, third person plural is

28 35 Mary Mr. Craven had it shut when hiswife died so sudden. He won't letno one go inside. It was her garden.He locked th' door an' dug a holeand buried th' key. There's Mrs.Medlock's bell ringing—I must run.

NonStandard

Double negative

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29 47 Mary Tha' got on well enough with thatthis mornin', didn't tha'?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha

30 47 Mary It's th' air of th' moor that's givin'thee stomach for tha' victuals. It'slucky for thee that tha's gotvictuals as well as appetite. There'sbeen twelve in our cottage as hadth' stomach an' nothin' to put in it.You go on playin' you out o' doorsevery day an' you'll get some fleshon your bones an' you won't be soyeller.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pronountha, the use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, subjectpronoun used as aredundant element

31 47 Mary Nothin' to play with! Our childrenplays with sticks and stones. Theyjust runs about an' shouts an' looksat things.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, verb +about

32 51 Mary Art tha' thinkin' about that gardenyet? I knew tha' would. That wasjust the way with me when I firstheard about it.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (art tha’), pronoun tha

33 51 Mary Listen to th' wind wutherin' roundthe house. You could bare stand upon the moor if you was out on it to-night.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,Second person plural was

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34 51-52 Mary Mind. Mrs. Medlock said it's not tobe talked about. There's lots o'things in this place that's not to betalked over. That's Mr. Craven'sorders. His troubles are noneservants' business, he says. But forth' garden he wouldn't be like he is.It was Mrs. Craven's garden that shehad made when first they weremarried an' she just loved it, an'they used to 'tend the flowersthemselves. An' none o' th'gardeners was ever let to go in.Him an' her used to go in an' shutth' door an' stay there hours an'hours, readin' an' talkin'. An' shewas just a bit of a girl an' there wasan old tree with a branch bent like aseat on it. An' she made roses growover it an' she used to sit there. Butone day when she was sittin' thereth' branch broke an' she fell on th'ground an' was hurt so bad that nextday she died. Th' doctors thoughthe'd go out o' his mind an' die, too.That's why he hates it. No one'snever gone in since, an' he won't letany one talk about it.

NonStandard

Third person plural is,anticipatory pronoun,third person singularsubject him and her,double negative

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35 53 Mary No. It's th' wind. Sometimes itsounds like as if some one was loston th' moor an' wailin'. It's got allsorts o' sounds.

Standard -

36 53 Mary It was th' wind. An' if it wasn't, itwas little Betty Butterworth, th'scullerymaid. She's had th'toothache all day.

Standard -

37 55 Mary Try to keep from under each other'sfeet mostly. Eh! there does seem alot of us then. Mother's a good-tempered woman but she gets fairmothered. The biggest ones goesout in th' cowshed and plays there.Dickon he doesn't mind th' wet. Hegoes out just th' same as if th' sunwas shinin'. He says he sees thingson rainy days as doesn't show whenit's fair weather. He once found alittle fox cub half drowned in itshole and he brought it home in th'bosom of his shirt to keep it warm.Its mother had been killed nearbyan' th' hole was swum out an' th' resto' th' litter was dead. He's got it athome now. He found a half-drowned young crow another timean' he brought it home, too, an'tamed it. It's named Soot because

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, verb +about

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it's so black, an' it hops an' fliesabout with him everywhere.

38 56 Mary Can tha' knit? NonStandard

Pronoun tha

39 56 Mary Can tha' sew? NonStandard

Pronoun tha

40 56 Mary Can tha' read? NonStandard

Pronoun tha

41 56 Mary Then why doesn't tha' readsomethin', or learn a bit o' spellin'?Tha'st old enough to be learnin' thybook a good bit now.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, pronoun tha +archaic modal verb(tha’st), pronoun thy

42 56 Mary That's a pity. If Mrs. Medlock'd letthee go into th' library, there'sthousands o' books there.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, third personplural is

43 57 Mary Hasn't tha' got good sense? SusanAnn is twice as sharp as thee an'she's only four year' old. Sometimestha' looks fair soft in th' head.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun thee, pronoun tha

44 64 Mary Aye. Th' storm's over for a bit. Itdoes like this at this time o' th' year.It goes off in a night like it waspretendin' it had never been here an'never meant to come again. That'sbecause th' springtime's on its way.It's a long way off yet, but it's

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

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comin'.

45 64 Mary Eh! no! Nowt o' th' soart! NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

46 65 Mary There now. I've talked broadYorkshire again like Mrs. Medlocksaid I mustn't. 'Nowt o' th' soart'means 'nothin'-of-the-sort, but ittakes so long to say it. Yorkshire'sth' sunniest place on earth when it issunny. I told thee tha'd like th'moor after a bit. Just you wait tillyou see th' gold-colored gorseblossoms an' th' blossoms o' th'broom, an' th' heather flowerin', allpurple bells, an' hundreds o'butterflies flutterin' an' beeshummin' an' skylarks soarin' up an'singin'. You'll want to get out on itat sunrise an' live out on it all daylike Dickon does.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pronoun tha

47 65 Mary I don't know. Tha's never usedtha' legs since tha' was born, itseems to me. Tha' couldn't walkfive mile. It's five mile to ourcottage.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, second person pluralwas, zero plural marker

48 66 Mary I'll ask my mother about it. She'sone o' them that nearly always seesa way to do things. It's my day outto-day an' I'm goin' home. Eh! I am

Standard -

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glad. Mrs. Medlock thinks a lot o'mother. Perhaps she could talk toher.

49 66 Mary I should think tha' did. NonStandard

Pronoun tha

50 66 Mary No, tha' hasn't. Nonstandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

51 66 Mary Well, she's that sensible an' hardworkin' an' good-natured an' cleanthat no one could help likin' herwhether they'd seen her or not.When I'm goin' home to her on myday out I just jump for joy when I'mcrossin' th' moor.

Standard -

52 66 Mary Well. I've told thee that th' verybirds likes him an' th' rabbits an'wild sheep an' ponies, an' th' foxesthemselves. I wonder what Dickonwould think of thee?

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, the use of –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, anticipatory pronoun

53 67 Mary How does tha' like thysel'? NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, reflective pronounthyself

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54 67 Mary Mother said that to me once. Shewas at her wash-tub an' I was in abad temper an' talkin' ill of folk, an'she turns round on me an' says:'Tha' young vixon, tha'! There tha'stand sayin' tha' doesn't like thisone an' tha' doesn't like that one.How does tha' like thysel'?' Itmade me laugh an' it brought me tomy senses in a minute.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, unequal verbtense with coordinatingconjunction and, the useof –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, reflective pronounthyself

55 73 Mary I got up at four o'clock. Eh! it waspretty on th' moor with th' birdsgettin' up an' th' rabbits scamperin'about an' th' sun risin'. I didn't walkall th' way. A man gave me a ride inhis cart an' I can tell you I did enjoymyself.

NonStandard

Verb + about, unequalverb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand

56 74 Mary I had 'em all pipin' hot when theycame in from playin' on th' moor.An' th' cottage all smelt o' nice,clean hot bakin' an' there was agood fire, an' they just shouted forjoy. Our Dickon he said our cottagewas good enough for a king to livein.

Standard -

57 74 Mary Eh! they did like to hear about you.They wanted to know all about th'blacks an' about th' ship you camein. I couldn't tell 'em enough.

Standard -

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58 74 Mary My word! It would set 'em cleanoff their heads. Would tha' reallydo that, Miss? It would be same as awild beast show like we heard theyhad in York once.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, third personsingular + simple verb

59 75 Mary Why, our Dickon's eyes nearlystarted out o' his head, they got thatround. But mother, she was put outabout your seemin' to be all byyourself like. She said, 'Hasn't Mr.Craven got no governess for her,nor no nurse?' and I said, 'No, hehasn't, though Mrs. Medlock sayshe will when he thinks of it, but shesays he mayn't think of it for two orthree years.'

Standard -

60 75 Mary But mother says you ought to belearnin' your book by this time an'you ought to have a woman to lookafter you, an' she says: 'Now,Martha, you just think how you'dfeel yourself, in a big place likethat, wanderin'about all alone, an'no mother. You do your best tocheer her up,' she says, an' I said Iwould.

NonStandard

Verb + about

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61 75-76 Mary What does tha' think. I've broughtthee a present. A man was drivin'across the moor peddlin'. An' hestopped his cart at our door. He hadpots an' pans an' odds an' ends, butmother had no money to buyanythin'. Just as he was goin' awayour 'Lizabeth Ellen called out,'Mother, he's gotskippin'-ropes withred an' blue handles.' An' mothershe calls out quite sudden, 'Here,stop, mister! How much are they?'An' he says 'Tuppence,' an' mothershe began fumblin' in her pocket an'she says to me, 'Martha, tha'sbrought me thy wages like a goodlass, an' I've got four places to putevery penny, but I'm just goin' totake tuppence out of it to buy thatchild a skippin'-rope,' an' she boughtone an' here it is.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun tha, pronounthee, pronoun thy

62 76 Mary For! Does tha' mean that they'venot got skippin'-ropes in India, forall they've got elephants and tigersand camels! No wonder most of'em's black. This is what it's for;just watch me.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb,pronoun tha, third personplural is

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63 77 Mary I could skip longer than that. I'veskipped as much as five hundredwhen I was twelve, but I wasn't asfat then as I am now, an' I was inpractice.

Standard -

64 77 Mary You just try it. You can't skip ahundred at first, but if you practiseyou'll mount up. That's what mothersaid. She says, 'Nothin' will do hermore good than skippin' rope. It's th'sensiblest toy a child can have. Lether play out in th' fresh air skippin'an' it'll stretch her legs an' arms an'give her some strength in 'em.'

Standard -

65 77 Mary Put on tha' things and run an' skipout o' doors. Mother said I must tellyou to keep out o' doors as much asyou could, even when it rains a bit,so as tha' wrap up warm.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha

66 78 Mary Eh! tha' art a queer, old-womanishthing. If tha'd been our 'LizabethEllen tha'd have give me a kiss.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (tha art), pronoun tha,would have + simple verbin conditional sentencetype 3

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67 78 Mary Nay, not me. If tha' was different,p'raps tha'd want to thysel'. Buttha' isn't. Run off outside an' playwith thy rope.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,pronoun tha, secondperson plural was,reflective pronoun thyself,second person plural is,pronoun thy

68 86 Mary Two pieces o' meat an' two helps o'rice puddin'! Eh! mother will bepleased when I tell her what th'skippin'-rope's done for thee.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee

69 87 Mary They're bulbs. Lots o' springflowers grow from 'em. Th' verylittle ones are snowdrops an'crocuses an' th' big ones arenarcissusis an' jonquils an'daffydowndillys. Th' biggest of allis lilies an' purple flags. Eh! theyare nice. Dickon's got a whole lot of'em planted in our bit o' garden.

NonStandard

Third person plural is

70 87 Mary Our Dickon can make a flowergrow out of a brick walk. Mothersays he just whispers things out o'th' ground.

NonStandard

Third person singular+simple verb

71 87 Mary They're things as helps themselves.That's why poor folk can afford tohave 'em. If you don't trouble 'em,most of 'em'll work awayunderground for a lifetime an'spread out an' have little 'uns.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, thirdperson is, third person was

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There's a place in th' park woodshere where there's snowdrops bythousands. They're the prettiestsight in Yorkshire when th' springcomes. No one knows when theywas first planted.

72 88 Mary Whatever does tha' want a spadefor? Art tha' goin' to take todiggin'? I must tell mother that, too.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, pronoun tha +archaic to be (art tha)

73 88-89 Mary There now! If that wasn't one of th'things mother said. She says,'There's such a lot o' room in thatbig place, why don't they give her abit for herself, even if she doesn'tplant nothin' but parsley an'radishes? She'd dig an' rake awayan' be right down happy over it.'Them was the very words she said.

NonStandard

Double negative, subjectpronoun them

74 89 Mary Eh! It's like she says: 'A woman asbrings up twelve children learnssomething besides her A B C.Children's as good as 'rithmetic toset you findin' out things.'

NonStandard

Third person plural is

75 89 Mary Well at Thwaite village there's ashop or so an' I saw little gardensets with a spade an' a rake an' afork all tied together for two

NonStandard

Unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand, third person pluralwas

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shillings. An' they was stoutenough to work with, too.

76 89 Mary Did he remember thee that much? NonStandard

Pronoun thee

77 89 Mary My word! that's riches. Tha' canbuy anything in th' world tha'wants. Th' rent of our cottage isonly one an' three pence an' it's likepullin' eye-teeth to get it. Now I'vejust thought of somethin'.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

78 90 Mary In the shop at Thwaite they sellpackages o' flower-seeds for apenny each, and our Dickon heknows which is th' prettiest onesan' how to make 'em grow. Hewalks over to Thwaite many a dayjust for th' fun of it. Does tha' knowhow to print letters?

NonStandard

Third person plural is, theuse of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, pronoun tha

79 90 Mary Our Dickon can only read printin'.If tha' could print we could write aletter to him an' ask him to go an'buy th' garden tools an' th' seeds atth' same time.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, unequal verbtense with coordinatingconjunction and

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80 90 Mary I've got some of my own. I bought'em so I could print a bit of a letterto mother of a Sunday. I'll go andget it.

Standard -

81 91 Mary We'll put the money in th' envelopean' I'll get th' butcher's boy to take itin his cart. He's a great friend o'Dickon's.

Standard -

82 91 Mary He'll bring 'em to you himself. He'lllike to walk over this way.

NonStandard

Anticipatory pronoun

83 92 Mary Does tha' want to see him? NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

84 92 Mary Now to think. To think o' meforgettin' that there; an' I thought Iwas goin' to tell you first thing thismornin'. I asked mother—and shesaid she'd ask Mrs. Medlock herown self.

NonStandard

There used as anadjective, anticipatorypronoun

85 92 Mary What I said Tuesday. Ask her if youmight be driven over to our cottagesome day and have a bit o' mother'shot oat cake, an' butter, an' a glass o'milk.

Standard -

86 92 Mary Aye, she thinks she would. Sheknows what a tidy woman mother isand how clean she keeps thecottage.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

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87 93 Mary What makes thee ask that? NonStandard

Pronoun thee, the use of –s on non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

88 93 Mary Eh! Tha' mustn't go walkin' aboutin corridors an' listenin'. Mr. Cravenwould be that there angry there'sno knowin' what he'd do.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, verb +about, there used as anadjective

89 93 Mary My word! There's Mrs. Medlock'sbell.

Standard -

90 120 Mary Tha's a bit late. Where has tha'been?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, third personplural is, the use of –s onnon-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

91 120 Mary I knew he'd come. How does tha'like him?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

92 120 Mary Well, he's th' best lad as ever wasborn, but us never thought he washandsome. His nose turns up toomuch.

NonStandard

Subject pronoun us

93 120 Mary An’ his eyes is so round. Thoughthey’re a nice color.

NonStandard

Third person plural is,article a on third personplural

94 120 Mary Mother says she made 'em thatcolor with always lookin' up at th'birds an' th' clouds. But he has got abig mouth, hasn't he, now?

Standard -

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95 121 Mary It'd look rare an' funny in thy bit ofa face. But I knowed it would bethat way when tha' saw him. Howdid tha' like th' seeds an' th' gardentools?

NonStandard

Pronoun thy, pronoun tha

96 121 Mary Eh! I never thought of him notbringin' 'em. He'd be sure to bring'em if they was in Yorkshire. He'ssuch a trusty lad.

NonStandard

Third person plural was

97 121 Mary Who did tha' ask about it? NonStandard

Pronoun tha

98 121 Mary Well, I wouldn't ask th' headgardener. He's too grand, Mr. Roachis.

Standard -

99 121 Mary If I was you, I'd ask BenWeatherstaff. He's not half as bad ashe looks, for all he's so crabbed. Mr.Craven lets him do what he likesbecause he was here when Mrs.Craven was alive, an' he used tomake her laugh. She liked him.Perhaps he'd find you a cornersomewhere out o' the way.

Standard -

100 122 Mary There wouldn't be no reason. Youwouldn't do no harm.

NonStandard

Double negative

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101 122 Mary I've got somethin' to tell you. Ithought I'd let you eat your dinnerfirst. Mr. Craven came back thismornin' and I think he wants to seeyou.

NonStandard

Unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand

102 122 Mary Well. Mrs. Medlock says it'sbecause o' mother. She was walkin'to Thwaite village an' she met him.She'd never spoke to him before,but Mrs. Craven had been to ourcottage two or three times. He'dforgot, but mother hadn't an' shemade bold to stop him. I don't knowwhat she said to him about you butshe said somethin' as put him in th'mind to see you before he goesaway again, to-morrow.

NonStandard

Had + simple past in PastPerfect

103 122 Mary He's goin' for a long time. Hemayn't come back till autumn orwinter. He's goin' to travel inforeign places. He's always doin' it.

Standard -

104 129 Mary Eh! that was nice of him wasn't it? Standard -105 131 Mary Eh! never knew our Dickon was as

clever as that. That there's a pictureof a missel thrush on her nest, aslarge as life an' twice as natural.

NonStandard

There used as anadjective, Non Standardvocabulary

106 148 Mary What's the matter with thee? Tha'looks as if tha'd somethin' to say.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pronountha, the use of –s on non-third-person singular

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present-tense verb

107 148 Mary Tha' hasn't! Never! NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

108 148 Mary Eh! Miss Mary! Tha' shouldn'thave done it—tha' shouldn't! Tha'llget me in trouble. I never told theenothin' about him—but tha'll getme in trouble. I shall lose my placeand what'll mother do!

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronounthee, double negative

109 149 Mary Was he? Art tha' sure? Tha'doesn't know what he's like whenanything vexes him. He's a big ladto cry like a baby, but when he's ina passion he'll fair scream just tofrighten us. He knows us daren't callour souls our own.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (art tha), the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb

110 149 Mary I can scarcely believe thee! It's as iftha'd walked straight into a lion'sden. If he'd been like he is mosttimes he'd have throwed himselfinto one of his tantrums and rousedth' house. He won't let strangerslook at him.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pronoun tha

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111 149 Mary I don't know what to do! If Mrs.Medlock finds out, she'll think Ibroke orders and told thee and Ishall be packed back to mother.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee

112 149 Mary Aye, that's true enough—th' badlad!

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

113 150 Mary Me! I shall lose my place—I shallfor sure!

Standard -

114 150 Mary Does tha' mean to say that he wasnice to thee!

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronounthee, the use of –s on non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

115 150 Mary Then tha' must have bewitchedhim!

Standard Pronoun tha

116 150 Mary Th' world's comin' to a end! NonStandard

Article a comes before avowel

117 150-151 Mary Nobody knows for sure and certain.Mr. Craven went off his head likewhen he was born. Th' doctorsthought he'd have to be put ina'sylum. It was because Mrs.Craven died like I told you. Hewouldn't set eyes on th' baby. Hejust raved and said it'd be anotherhunchback like him and it'd betterdie.

Standard -

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118 151 Mary He isn't yet. But he began all wrong.Mother said that there was enoughtrouble and raging in th' house to setany child wrong. They was afraidhis back was weak an' they'vealways been takin' care of it—keepin' him lyin' down and notlettin' him walk. Once they madehim wear a brace but he fretted sohe was downright ill. Then a bigdoctor came to see him an' madethem take it off. He talked to th'other doctor quite rough—in apolite way. He said there'd been toomuch medicine and too much lettin'him have his own way.

NonStandard

Third person plural was

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119 151 Mary He's th' worst young nowt as everwas! I won't say as he hasn't been illa good bit. He's had coughs an'colds that's nearly killed him two orthree times. Once he had rheumaticfever an' once he had typhoid. Eh!Mrs. Medlock did get a fright then.He'd been out of his head an' shewas talkin' to th' nurse, thinkin' hedidn't know nothin', an' she said,'He'll die this time sure enough, an'_best thing for him an' foreverybody.' An' she looked at himan' there he was with his big eyesopen, starin' at her as sensible as shewas herself. She didn't know what'dhappen but he just stared at her an'says, 'You give me some water an'stop talkin'.'

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,double negative, theabsence of subject in anindependent clause oncompound sentence,anticipatory pronoun,unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand

120 152 Mary Mother says there's no reason whyany child should live that gets nofresh air an' doesn't do nothin' butlie on his back an' read picture-books an' take medicine. He's weakand hates th' trouble o' bein' takenout o' doors, an' he gets cold so easyhe says it makes him ill.

NonStandard

Double negative

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121 152 Mary One of th' worst fits he ever hadwas one time they took him outwhere the roses is by the fountain.He'd been readin' in a paper aboutpeople gettin' somethin' he called'rose cold' an' he began to sneeze an'said he'd got it an' then a newgardener as didn't know th' rulespassed by an' looked at himcurious. He threw himself into apassion an' he said he'd looked athim because he was going to be ahunchback. He cried himself into afever an' was ill all night.

NonStandard

Third person plural is,zero adverbial marker,anticipatory pronoun

122 152 Mary He'll have thee if he wants thee.Tha' may as well know that at th'start.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pronoun tha

123 152 Mary I dare say th' nurse wants me to staywith him a bit, I hope he's in a goodtemper.

Standard -

124 153 Mary Well, tha' has bewitched him. He'sup on his sofa with his picture-books. He's told the nurse to stayaway until six o'clock. I'm to waitin the next room. Th' minute shewas gone he called me to him an'says, 'I want Mary Lennox to comeand talk to me, and rememberyou're not to tell any one.' You'd

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-personsingular present-tenseverb, Present ProgressiveTense be + to + simpleverb, unequal verb tensewith coordinatingconjunction and

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better go as quick as you can.

125 154 Colin I have to do what you please, sir. Standard -126 154 Colin Everybody has, sir. Standard -127 154 Colin Please don't let her, sir. Standard -128 154 Colin Thank you, sir, I want to do my

duty, sir.Standard -

129 164 Mary Th' air from th' moor has done theegood already. Tha'rt not nigh soyeller and tha'rt not nigh soscrawny. Even tha' hair doesn'tslamp down on tha' head so flat.It'sgot some life in it so as it sticks outa bit.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pronoun tha+ archaic to be (tha’rt),pronoun tha, NonStandard vocabulary

130 164 Mary It looks it, for sure. Tha'rt not halfso ugly when it's that way an' there'sa bit o' red in tha' cheeks.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic tobe (tha’rt), pronoun tha

131 178 Mary Eh! Miss Mary it may put him allout of humor when I tell him that.

Standard -

132 180 Mary Eh! I wish tha'd gone. He was nighgoin' into one o' his tantrums.There's been a nice to do allafternoon to keep him quiet. Hewould watch the clock all th' time.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha

133 185 Mary Mr. Craven sent it to you. It looksas if it had picture-books in it.

Standard -

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Appendix 2: Ben’s utterances to Mary and Colin

No. References SpeakingTo

Utterances Standardor Non

Standard

Feature

1 37 Mary One o' th' kitchen-gardens. Standard -2 37 Mary Another of 'em. There's another on

t'other side o' th' wall an' there's th'orchard t'other side o' that.

Standard -

3 37 Mary If tha' likes. But there's nowt tosee.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, NonStandard vocabulary

4 39 Mary There was nothin' to prevent thee. NonStandard

Pronoun thee

5 39 Mary There was no dog at th' door to bitethee.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee

6 39 Mary What garden? Standard -7 40 Mary Here he is. Standard -8 41 Mary Aye, that he will. I've knowed him

ever since he was a fledgling. Hecome out of th' nest in th' othergarden an' when first he flew overth' wall he was too weak to fly backfor a few days an' we got friendly.When he went over th' wall againth' rest of th' brood was gone an' hewas lonely an' he come back to me.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,The adding of that inanswering yes/nointerrogative sentence,unequal verb tense withcoordinating conjunctionand

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9 41 Mary Doesn't tha' know? He's a robinredbreast an' they're th' friendliest,curiousest birds alive. They'realmost as friendly as dogs—if youknow how to get on with 'em.Watch him peckin' about there an'lookin' round at us now an' again.He knows we're talkin' about him.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, verb +about

10 41 Mary He's a conceited one. He likes tohear folk talk about him. An'curious—bless me, there never washis like for curiosity an' meddlin'.He's always comin' to see what I'mplantin'. He knows all th' thingsMester Craven never troubleshissel' to find out. He's th' headgardener, he is.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,reflective pronoun hisself

11 42 Mary There's no knowin'. The old onesturn 'em out o' their nest an' make'em fly an' they're scattered beforeyou know it. This one was aknowin' one an' he knew he waslonely.

Standard -

12 42 Mary Art tha' th' little wench fromIndia?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic to be(art tha)

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13 42 Mary Then no wonder tha'rt lonely.Tha'lt be lonelier before tha'sdone.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be (tha art),pronoun tha + archaicmodal verb (tha’lt), the useof –s on non-third-personsingular present-tense verb

14 42 Mary Ben Weatherstaff. I'm lonelymysel' except when he's with me.He's th' only friend I've got.

NonStandard

Anticipatory pronoun

15 43 Mary Tha' an' me are a good bit alike.We was wove out of th' same cloth.We're neither of us good lookin'an' we're both of us as sour as welook. We've got the same nastytempers, both of us, I'll warrant.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, third personplural was, anticipatorypronoun

16 43 Mary He's made up his mind to makefriends with thee. Dang me if hehasn't took a fancy to thee.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee

17 44 Mary Why tha' said that as nice an'human as if tha' was a real childinstead of a sharp old woman. Tha'said it almost like Dickon talks tohis wild things on th' moor.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, third personplural was

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18 44 Mary Everybody knows him. Dickon'swanderin' about everywhere. Th'very blackberries an'heatherbells knows him. I warrantth' foxes shows him where theircubs lies an' th' skylarks doesn'thide their nests from him.

NonStandard

Verb + about, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

19 45 Mary He lives there. He came out o' th'egg there. If he's courtin', he'smakin' up to some young madamof a robin that lives among th' oldrose-trees there.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb

20 45 Mary There was ten year' ago. NonStandard

Third person plural was(toanswer Mary’s question Arethere rose-trees?)

21 45 Mary There was ten year' ago, but thereisn't now.

Standard -

22 45 Mary None as any one can find, an' noneas is anyone's business. Don't yoube a meddlesome wench an' pokeyour nose where it's no cause to go.Here, I must go on with my work.Get you gone an' play you. I've nomore time.

NonStandard

The use of auxiliary verbafter none as, subjectpronoun redundant

23 68 Mary Springtime's comin'. Cannot tha'smell it?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha

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24 68 Mary That's th' good rich earth. It's in agood humor makin' ready to growthings. It's glad when plantin' timecomes. It's dull in th' winter whenit's got nowt to do. In th' flowergardens out there things will bestirrin' down below in th' dark. Th'sun's warmin' 'em. You'll see bits o'green spikes stickin' out o' th' blackearth after a bit.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

25 68 Mary Crocuses an' snowdrops an'daffydowndillys. Has tha' neverseen them?

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, pronoun tha

26 68 Mary These won't grow up in a night,tha'll have to wait for 'em. They'llpoke up a bit higher here, an' pushout a spike more there, an' uncurl aleaf this day an' another that. Youwatch 'em.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha

27 69 Mary Remembers thee! He knows everycabbage stump in th' gardens, letalone th' people. He's never seen alittle wench here before, an' he'sbent on findin' out all about thee.Tha's no need to try to hideanything from him.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, pronoun thee,pronoun tha, third personplural is

28 69 Mary What garden? Standard -

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29 69 Mary Ask him. He's the only one asknows. No one else has seen insideit for ten year'.

Standard -

30 79 Mary Well! Upon my word! P'raps tha'art a young 'un, after all, an' p'rapstha's got child's blood in thy veinsinstead of sour buttermilk. Tha'sskipped red into thy cheeks as sureas my name's Ben Weatherstaff. Iwouldn't have believed tha' coulddo it.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be (tha art),pronoun thy, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

31 79 Mary Tha' keep on. Tha' shapes wellenough at it for a young 'un that'slived with heathen. Just see howhe's watchin' thee. He followedafter thee yesterday. He'll be at itagain to-day. He'll be bound to findout what th' skippin'-rope is. He'snever seen one.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, pronounthee

32 96 Mary Tha'rt like th' robin. I never knowswhen I shall see thee or which sidetha'll come from.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha art), the use of –s onnon-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, pronounthee, pronoun tha

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33 96 Mary That's like him. Makin' up to th'women folk just for vanity an'flightiness. There's nothin' hewouldn't do for th' sake o' showin'off an' flirtin' his tail-feathers. He'sas full o' pride as an egg's full o'meat.

Standard -

34 96 Mary How long has tha' been here? NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb

35 96 Mary Tha's beginnin' to doMisselthwaite credit. Tha's a bitfatter than tha' was an' tha's notquite so yeller. Tha' looked like ayoung plucked crow when tha' firstcame into this garden. Thinks I tomyself I never set eyes on an uglier,sourer faced young 'un.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, second personplural is, second personwas, Non Standardvocabulary

36 98 Mary No. I'm bachelder an' lodge withMartin at th' gate.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

37 98 Mary Cabbages an' 'taters an' onions. Standard -38 98 Mary Bulbs an' sweet-smellin' things—

but mostly roses.Standard -

39 99 Mary Well, yes, I do. I was learned thatby a young lady I was gardener to.She had a lot in a place she wasfond of, an' she loved 'em like theywas children—or robins. I've seen

NonStandard

Second person plural was

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her bend over an' kiss 'em. Thatwere as much as ten year' ago.

40 99 Mary Heaven 'cording to what parsonsays.

Standard -

41 99 Mary They was left to themselves. NonStandard

Third person plural was

42 99 Mary Well, I'd got to like 'em—an' I likedher—an' she liked 'em. Once ortwice a year I'd go an' work at 'em abit—prune 'em an' dig about th'roots. They run wild, but they wasin rich soil, so some of 'em lived.

NonStandard

Third person plural was,verb + about

43 99 Mary Wait till th' spring gets at 'em—waittill th' sun shines on th' rain an' th'rain falls on th' sunshine an' thentha'll find out.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha

44 100 Mary Look along th' twigs an' branchesan' if tha' sees a bit of a brownlump swelling here an' there, watchit after th' warm rain an' see whathappens. Why does tha' care somuch about roses an' such, all of asudden?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

45 100 Mary Well, that's true. Tha' hasn't. NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

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46 101 Mary Not been this year. My rheumaticshas made me too stiff in th' joints.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb

47 101 Mary Now look here! Don't tha' ask somany questions. Tha'rt th' worstwench for askin' questions I've evercome across. Get thee gone an' playthee. I've done talkin' for to-day.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be, pronoun thee,Subject pronoun used as aredundant element

48 239 Mary If I wasn't a bachelder, an' tha' wasa wench o' mine, I'd give thee ahidin'!

NonStandard

Second person plural was,pronoun thee

49 239 Mary I never thowt much o' thee! Icouldna' abide thee th' first time Iset eyes on thee. A scrawnybuttermilk-faced young besom,allus askin' questions an' pokin'tha' nose where it wasna' wanted. Inever knowed how tha' got so thickwi' me. If it hadna' been for th'robin—Drat him—

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,pronoun thee, pronoun tha

50 239-240 Mary Tha' young bad 'un! Layin' tha'badness on a robin,—not but whathe's impidint enow for anythin'.Him showin' thee th' way! Him!Eh! tha' young nowt, however i'

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, Non Standardvocabulary, third personsingular subject pronounhim, pronoun thee

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this world did tha'get in?

51 241 Colin Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi'tha' mother's eyes starin' at me outo' tha' face. Lord knows how tha'come here. But tha'rt th' poorcripple.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha’rt),pronoun tha, to becomes after subject ininterrogative sentence, theadding of that in answeringyes/no interrogativesentence

52 241 Colin Tha'—tha' hasn't got a crookedback?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

53 241 Colin Tha'—tha' hasn't got crookedlegs?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb

54 243 Colin Eh! th' lies folk tells! Tha'rt as thinas a lath an' as white as a wraith,but there's not a knob on thee.Tha'lt make a mon yet. God blessthee!

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha’rt), pronoun thee,pronoun tha + archaicmodal verb (tha’lt)

55 243 Colin Eh! Lad. Eh! Mylad! Yes, sir! Yes,sir!

Standard -

56 245 Mary What art sayin'? NonStandard

The absence of subject ininterrogative sentence

57 246 Colin Not tha'. Nowt o' th' sort. What'stha' been doin' with thysel'—?

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, reflectivepronoun thyself, the use of –

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hidin' out o' sight an' lettin' folkthink tha' was cripple an' half-witted?

s on non-third-personsingular present-tense verb,second person plural was

58 246 Colin Lots o' fools. Th' world's full o'jackasses brayin' an' they neverbray nowt but lies. What did tha'shut thysel' up for?

NonStandard

Double negative, NonStandard vocabulary,pronoun tha, reflectivepronoun thyself

59 246 Colin Tha' die! Nowt o' th' sort! Tha'sgot too much pluck in thee. When Iseed thee put tha' legs on th'ground in such a hurry I knowedtha' was all right. Sit thee down onth' rug a bit young Mester an' giveme thy orders.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, Non Standardvocabulary, pronoun thee,pronoun thy, the use of –son non-third-person singularpresent-tense verb, seed as apast tense of see, secondperson plural was,

60 247 Colin Anythin' I'm told to do. I'm kep' onby favor—because she liked me.

Standard -

61 247 Colin Tha' mother. NonStandard

Pronoun tha

62 247 Colin Aye, it was that! She were mainfond of it.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,Third person singular were

63 247 Colin I've come here before when no onesaw me.

Standard -

64 247 Colin Th' last time I was here was abouttwo year' ago.

Standard -

65 247 Colin I'm no one. An' I didn't comethrough th' door. I come over th'wall. Th' rheumatics held me backth' last two year'.

NonStandard

The use of present tense todescribe past event

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66 247-248 Colin She was so fond of it—she was!An' she was such a pretty youngthing. She says to me once, 'Ben,'says she laughin', 'if ever I'm ill orif I go away you must take care ofmy roses.' When she did go awayth' orders was no one was ever tocome nigh. But I come over th' wallI come—until th' rheumaticsstopped me—an' I did a bit o' workonce a year. She'd gave her orderfirst.

NonStandard

The use of present tense todescribe past event, Had +simple past in Past Perfect

67 248 Colin Aye, I'll know, sir. An' it'll be easierfor a man wi' rheumatics to come inat th' door.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

68 249 Colin Eh! That sounds as if tha'd got witsenow. Tha'rt a Yorkshire lad forsure. An' tha'rt diggin', too. How'dtha' like to plant a bit o' somethin'?I can get thee a rose in a pot.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +archaic to be (tha’rt), NonStandard vocabulary,pronoun thee

69 249 Colin Here, lad. Set it in the earth thysel'same as th' king does when he goesto a new place.

NonStandard

Reflective pronoun thyself

70 256 Colin Aye, aye, sir! NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

71 256 Colin Aye, aye, sir! NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

72 257 Colin Aye, aye, sir! NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

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73 259 Colin Aye, aye, sir! Aye, aye! NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

74 259 Colin I've heard JemFettleworth's wifesay th' same thing over thousands o'times—callin' Jem a drunken brute.Summat allus come o' that, sureenough. He gave her a good hidin'an' went to th' Blue Lion an' got asdrunk as a lord.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

75 260 Colin Tha'rt a clever lad as well as astraight-legged one, Mester Colin.Next time I see Bess Fettleworth I'llgive her a bit of a hint o' whatMagic will do for her. She'd be rarean' pleased if th' sinetifik'speriment worked—an' so 'udJem.

NonStandard

Pronoun tha + archaic to be(tha’rt), Non Standardvocabulary

76 261 Colin I canna' do no swayin' back'ardand for'ard. I've got th' rheumatics.

NonStandard

Double negative

77 262 Colin I canna' do no chantin'. Theyturned me out o' th' church choirth'only time I ever tried it.

NonStandard

Double negative

78 263 Colin Nowt o' th' sort. Th' sermon wasgood enow—but I'm bound to getout afore th' collection.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary

79 263 Colin Not me. Who said I were? I heardevery bit of it. You said th' Magicwas in my back. Th' doctor calls itrheumatics.

NonStandard

The use of present tense todescribe past event, firstperson singular were

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80 263 Colin I'd like to see thee walk round thegarden.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee

81 265 Colin We shall have thee takin' to boxin'in a week or so. Tha'lt end wi'winnin' th' Belt an' bein' championprize-fighter of all England.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee, pronoun tha+ archaic modal verb(tha’lt)

82 265 Colin Ax pardon—ax pardon, sir. I oughtto have seed it wasn't a jokin'matter.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,seed as a past tense of see

83 291 Colin Th' best thing about lecturin' is thata chap can get up an' say aught hepleases an' no other chap cananswer him back. I wouldn't beagen' lecturin' a bit mysel'sometimes.

NonStandard

Non Standard vocabulary,anticipatory pronoun

84 292 Colin I was thinkin' as I'd warrant tha'sgone up three or four pound thisweek. I was lookin' at tha' calvesan' tha' shoulders. I'd like to getthee on a pair o' scales.

NonStandard

The use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb, zero pluralmarker, pronoun tha,pronoun thee

85 294 Colin Tha' might sing th' Doxology. NonStandard

Pronoun tha

86 294 Colin Dickon can sing it for thee, I'llwarrant.

NonStandard

Pronoun thee

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87 296 Colin I never seed no sense in th'Doxology afore, but I may changemy mind i' time. I should say tha'dgone up five pound this week,Mester Colin—five on 'em!

NonStandard

Seed as a past tense of see,pronoun tha, zero pluralmarker

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI