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PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI MAKRO TENTANG MAKRO TENTANG FENOMENA FENOMENA KOMUNIKASIKOMUNIKASI

Nisa Kurnia I – Sosiologi Komunikasi 2012Nisa Kurnia I – Sosiologi Komunikasi 2012

http://alhada-fisip11.web.unair.ac.id/

{{Sosiologi makro menempatkan Sosiologi makro menempatkan kekuatan eksternal untuk kekuatan eksternal untuk menjelaskan fenomena sosialmenjelaskan fenomena sosial

OverviewOverview

Perspektif Teori Struktural FungsionalPerspektif Teori Struktural Fungsional Masyarakat sebagai Sistem SosialMasyarakat sebagai Sistem Sosial Perspektif Struktural KonflikPerspektif Struktural Konflik Teori Agenda SettingTeori Agenda Setting Teori Dampak Media MassaTeori Dampak Media Massa Unlimited EffectsUnlimited Effects Limited EffectsLimited Effects Teori Masyarakat dan IntegrasiTeori Masyarakat dan Integrasi

Overview…Overview…

{{Perspektif teori yang mendekati Perspektif teori yang mendekati sistem atau ekuilibriumsistem atau ekuilibrium

Perspektif Teori Perspektif Teori Struktural Struktural FungsionalFungsional

Akar pemikiran: Durkheim dan WeberAkar pemikiran: Durkheim dan Weber Dikembangkan oleh: Parson dan MertonDikembangkan oleh: Parson dan Merton Konsep penting:Konsep penting:

Structure Structure Parts Parts Function Function How this part works! How this part works!

Social StructureSocial Structure = Status + Role= Status + Role Status Status Ascribed or Achieved Ascribed or Achieved

Teori Struktural Teori Struktural FungsionalFungsional

Purpose Purpose Fungsi sebagai eksistensi anggota Fungsi sebagai eksistensi anggota

masyarakatmasyarakat To enact and stabilize society as social To enact and stabilize society as social

systemsystem Must be balanced, reach equlibriumMust be balanced, reach equlibrium

Social System Function Social System Function What a system can do!What a system can do! Further consequences from what system Further consequences from what system

can do.can do.

Teori Struktural Teori Struktural FungsionalFungsional

Robert K MertonRobert K Merton Social System Function Social System Function

Manifest Function Manifest Function yang diharapkan dan yang diharapkan dan diakuidiakui

Latent Function Latent Function yang tidak diharapkan yang tidak diharapkan dan tidak diakuidan tidak diakui

System has (not) to be functional!System has (not) to be functional! Dysfunctional System Dysfunctional System (Pro) Status Quo(Pro) Status Quo

Teori Struktural Teori Struktural FungsionalFungsional

Social system as..Social system as.. Parts that connect accordingly and Parts that connect accordingly and

showing a whole (systemic)showing a whole (systemic) System features:System features:

Parts as sub-systemParts as sub-system Interdependency relationInterdependency relation Creating system operationCreating system operation Tend to balance (equilibrium)Tend to balance (equilibrium) Gradual changeGradual change

Parsons Parsons order as system norm order as system norm

Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem SosialSosial

3 asumsi utama masyarakat organisme:3 asumsi utama masyarakat organisme: Social reality depict as a systemSocial reality depict as a system System process can be understood through the cause-System process can be understood through the cause-

effects relationship between its part.effects relationship between its part. System purpose to defend its integrity and System purpose to defend its integrity and

boundaries.boundaries. Basic Assumption of Structural Functional Basic Assumption of Structural Functional

Approach:Approach: As a tight and limited system As a tight and limited system society make their society make their

own balancing process.own balancing process. As an independent system As an independent system society have basic needs society have basic needs

to be fulfilled to be fulfilled Sociological analysis centered into the function of Sociological analysis centered into the function of

system.system. Structure archetypes needed to defend the system.Structure archetypes needed to defend the system.

Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem SosialSosial

Media as a subsystem in societyMedia as a subsystem in society Media with its functionMedia with its function Media function to integrate societyMedia function to integrate society Media needed to construct social Media needed to construct social

consensusconsensus Media as communication medium of Media as communication medium of

societysociety

Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem SosialSosial

{{Selalu memandang konflik sebagai Selalu memandang konflik sebagai fenomena yang selalu hadir dalam fenomena yang selalu hadir dalam kehidupan masyarakatkehidupan masyarakat

Perspektif Perspektif Struktural Struktural KonflikKonflik

Conflict exist in the social interaction of Conflict exist in the social interaction of societysociety

Conflict model:Conflict model: DislikeDislike DiscordDiscord DisagreementDisagreement RivalryRivalry CompetitionCompetition HostilityHostility OppositionOpposition Physical contactPhysical contact WarWar

Real and Abstract ConflictReal and Abstract Conflict

Perspektif Struktural Perspektif Struktural KonflikKonflik

Asumsi dasar Perspektif Struktural Asumsi dasar Perspektif Struktural KonflikKonflik Social change is everywhere!Social change is everywhere! Social conflict is everywhere!Social conflict is everywhere! Every element in society Every element in society disintegration disintegration

and changeand change Coercion existenceCoercion existence

Perspektif Struktural Perspektif Struktural KonflikKonflik

Reject functionalism of social integrationReject functionalism of social integration Basic on neo-Marxist perspective of Basic on neo-Marxist perspective of

social class conflictsocial class conflict Conflicts needed to make social changeConflicts needed to make social change Post capitalist society Post capitalist society Authoritarian Authoritarian

structurestructure Class Class awareness awareness make social make social

changechange Conflict MechanismConflict Mechanism

Perspektif Teori Konflik Ralph Perspektif Teori Konflik Ralph DahrendorfDahrendorf

Conflict Conflict negative? destructive? negative? destructive? functional?functional?

Conflict Theory Conflict Theory materialism dialectics materialism dialectics Conflict approach:Conflict approach:

Marx: Class society (property) Marx: Class society (property) integrated integrated societysociety

Dahrendorf: Class society (authority) Dahrendorf: Class society (authority) Collins Collins conflict as the center of society conflict as the center of society

(phenomenology)(phenomenology) Can be used for communication Can be used for communication

phenomenonphenomenon

Fungsi KonflikFungsi Konflik

{{Teori ini melihat pada proses Teori ini melihat pada proses pembuatan agenda terhadap pembuatan agenda terhadap persepsi dan tindakanpersepsi dan tindakan

Teori Agenda Teori Agenda SettingSetting

Media telling its audience what to think Media telling its audience what to think about!about!

Comparing:Comparing: What the press is thinking about, andWhat the press is thinking about, and What the audience are “thinking about”What the audience are “thinking about”

Agenda Setting advantages:Agenda Setting advantages: Intrapersonal (what public thinks)Intrapersonal (what public thinks) Interpersonal (what people talks)Interpersonal (what people talks) Community salience (Issue talked in society)Community salience (Issue talked in society) Priority (media issue vs public issue)Priority (media issue vs public issue) Perception (direct effect)Perception (direct effect) Action (continues efect)Action (continues efect)

Teori Agenda SettingTeori Agenda Setting

{{Wacana teoretik tentang efek Wacana teoretik tentang efek media terhadap kognisi, afeksi media terhadap kognisi, afeksi dan perilaku komunikannyadan perilaku komunikannya

Teori Dampak Teori Dampak Media MassaMedia Massa

Several paradigm to look up toSeveral paradigm to look up to Is effect unlimited?Is effect unlimited? Is effect limited?Is effect limited? Is there any effect?Is there any effect? Is effect moderate?Is effect moderate? Is there any mediating factor?Is there any mediating factor?

Teori Dampak Media Teori Dampak Media MassaMassa

{{Basic assumption from magic bullet Basic assumption from magic bullet theory and hypodermic needletheory and hypodermic needle

Unlimited Unlimited EffectsEffects

Basic assumption:Basic assumption: Direct connection between message and Direct connection between message and

effecteffect Communicator is powerfulCommunicator is powerful Communicant is powerlessCommunicant is powerless

Unlimited EffectsUnlimited Effects

{{When media offer content in support of When media offer content in support of both side of given issues, the dominant both side of given issues, the dominant effect is stasis or reinforcement.effect is stasis or reinforcement.

Limited EffectsLimited Effects

Audience also have powerAudience also have power Social characteristic will define the Social characteristic will define the

effectseffects Many variable to count onMany variable to count on

Limited EffectsLimited Effects

{{Mass society tend to integrated Mass society tend to integrated through mass mediathrough mass media

Teori Teori Masyarakat Masyarakat Massa dan Massa dan IntegrasiIntegrasi

Mass society:Mass society: AnonymityAnonymity Not-IntegratedNot-Integrated UnorganizedUnorganized Not-awareNot-aware

Mass media have social responsibility as Mass media have social responsibility as 44thth estate estate

Mass media control how the society works!Mass media control how the society works! How to integrating society through mass How to integrating society through mass

media? media?

Masyarakat Massa dan Masyarakat Massa dan IntegrasiIntegrasi

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