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1/86

W@KA@KFLOILK N@JLNLZLK DPVLK FLK OLDLK

FI NLQLULK NBKU@ZSLUINLMBHLKA

ALZPV/ HLQL JLZLV

Bo`d 8

CIZFL VLZPKLHLYL

@

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W@KA@KFLOILK N@JLNLZLK DPVLK FLK OLDLK

FI NLQLULK NBKU@ZSLUI NLMBHLKA

ALZPV/ HLQL JLZLV

Bo`d 8

CIZFL VLZPKLHLYL

@

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Cizfl Vlzpklhlyl+ @

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Cbz`uv Ciz` lkf Olkf Ebkvzbo ik Ebku`zslvibk Lz`l Nlmbhlka

Alzpv/ Q`uv Hlsl+

Jy8

Cizfl Vlzpklhlyl/ Oliolk Uylpcikl

IKVZBFPEVIBK+ L ebku`zslvibk lz`l ebkvliku bc klvpz` z`u`zs` lkf klvpz` wlzn+ L klvpz`

z`u`zs` iu lwzbv`ev`f lz`lbc imwbzvlke` cbzqiofoic`/cobzl/clpklbz c`lvpz`u bca`bobaielobzbvd`z uw`eilo ikv`z`uv/ qdied iu z`u`zs`f lkf mlkla`f cbz ebku`zslvibklkf vb wzbsif` uw`eil

bwwbzvpkivi`u cbz uvpfy bzz`u`lzedbc uei`ke`/ epovpz`/ `fpelvibk/ lkf v`edkbobay vb upwwbzv vd`imwzbs`m`kv bc dpmlk wzbuw`zivy lkf klvibklo f`s`obwm`kv+ L klvpz` wlzn iu lk lz`l vdlv

puplooy pu`f cbz vbpzium lkf klvpz` z`ez`lvibk+ Vd` f`eolzlvibk bc l ebku`zslvibk lz`l lim vbwz`u`zs` vd` slzilvibk bc qiofoic`/ cobzl/ clpkl lkf ivu `ebuyuv`m+ Iv iu loub lk lz`l qdied

ljubzju vd` ois`u upzzbpkf iv+ Nlmbhlka cbz`uv lz`l iu lk imwbzvlkv lz`l qdied iu obelv`f ikeivlzpm lkf eimlkpn zis`zu+ Iv m`lku iv dlu l uvzlv`aie zbo` vb elzzy bk vd` sivlo wzbh`ev uped lu

Ulapoika/ Eizlvl/ Hlviopdpz lkf Hlvia`f` qlv`z flm+ Kbqlflyu/ vd` vdz`lv vb vd` uvljioivy bcNlmbhlka klvpz` z`u`zs` lz`l ik Alzpv/ Q`uv Hlsl iu a`vvika qbzuv j`elpu` bc vd` azbqvd bc

w`bwo` lkf eziuiu bc `ebkbmieu+ Vd` wz`uupz`u upaa`uv mlky w`bwo` vb bw`k vd` cbz`uv/ ioo`alobaaika/ lkf cbz`uv ciz`+ J`elpu` bc vdlv cbz`uv ciz` mlkla`m`kv uyuv`m iu k``f`f lkf fbk`

`cc`evis`oy lkf `cciei`kvoy+ Vd` wpzwbu` bc vd` z`u`lzed iu vb if`kvicy/ f`uezij` lkf lkloyx`>

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W@ZKYLVLLK

F`kalk iki ulyl m`kylvlnlk jldql unziwui j`zhpfpo W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk

flk Oldlk fi Nlqlulk Nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka Alzpv/ Hlql jlzlv lflold j`klz-j`klz dluio nlzylulyl u`kfizi f`kalk jimjikalk fbu`k w`mjimjika flk j`opm w`zkld fiapklnlk u`jlali nlzyl

iomild wlfl w`zapzplk vikaai lvlp o`mjlal mlklwpk+ Upmj`z ikcbzmlui ylka j`zlulo lvlp

finpviw flzi nlzyl ylka fiv`zjivnlk mlpwpk vifln fiv`zjivnlk flzi w`kpoiu olik v`old fiu`jpvnlk

flolm v`nu flk fielkvpmnlk flolm Flcvlz Wpuvlnl fijlailk lndiz unziwui iki+

Jbabz/ C`jzplzi :779

Cizfl Vlzpklhlyl

KZW @

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O@MJLZ W@KA@ULDLK

Hpfpo Unziwui 8 W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk fi Nlqlulk

Nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka Alzpv/ Hlql Jlzlv

Klml Mldluiuql 8 Cizfl Vlzpklhlyl

Kbmbz Wbnbn 8 @

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ZIQLYLV DIFPW

W`kpoiu fioldiznlk wlfl vlkaalo

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NLVL W@KALKVLZ

Jiumiooldizzldmlkizzldim/

Lodlmfpoioold wphi uypnpz n`dlfizlv Loold UQV lvlu oimwldlk zldmlv flk nlzpkil ylka

fij`zinlk u`dikaal w`kpoiu flwlv m`ky`o`ulinlk w`k`oivilk flk m`kypupk nlzyl iomild iki

f`kalk jlin+ Udbolqlv u`zvl ulolm u`mbal v`vlw v`zepzld n`wlfl Zlupopoold ULQ/ n`oplzal/

wlzl uldljlv flk wlzl w`kainpvkyl ylka u`klkvilul iuvi|bmld dikaal lndiz xlmlk+

Nlzyl iomild iki m`zpwlnlk vpalu lndiz flzi w`kpoiu ylka j`zhpfpo W`ka`kfl oilk

N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk fi Nlqlulk Nbku`zslui JNUFL Nlmbhlka Alzpv/ Hlql Jlzlv

u`jlali ulold ulvp uylzlv pkvpn m`mw`zbo`d a`olz Ulzhlkl N`dpvlklk $U+ Dpv)+ W`k`oivilk iki

fiolnulklnlk wlfl jpolk Hpoi ulmwli U`wv`mj`z :774 flk j`zvphplk pkvpn m`kaif`kvicinlui/

m`kf`unziwuinlk/ flk m`kalkloiuiu uiuv`m w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk v`zwlfp

ylka fiv`zlwnlk fi nlqlulk nbku`zslui flk nbbzfiklui lkvlzl JNUFL Nlmbhlka f`kalk

ikuvlkui v`znliv/ uqluvl flk mluylzlnlv flolm uiuv`m w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk

fi nlqlulk nbku`zslui JNUFL Nlmbhlka U`nui Nbku`zslui Qiolyld S Alzpv/ Hlql Jlzlv+

W`kpoiu m`kylflzi jldql nlzyl iomild iki mluid hlpd flzi u`mwpzkl/ pkvpn ivp w`kpoiu

ulkalv m`kadlzlwnlk nzivin flk ulzlk ylka m`mjlkapk f`mi w`zjlinlk flk w`ka`mjlkalk

w`k`oivilk o`jid olkhpv+ U`mbal nlzyl iomild iki flwlv j`zmlkcllv jlai u`mpl widln ylka

m`kaapklnlkkyl+

Jbabz/ C`jzplzi :779

W`kpoiu

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PELWLK V@ZIML NLUID

Wlfl n`u`mwlvlk ylka j`zjldlail iki w`kpoiu m`mlhlvnlk wphi uypnpz ylka vilfl

v`zdikaal lvlu oimwldlk zldmlv flk diflyld ylka fi j`zinlk bo`d Loold UQV+ Udbolqlv u`zvlulolm u`mbal v`vlw v`zepzldnlk n`wlfl Klji Mpdlmmlf ULQ n`wlfl wlzl udbdljlv flk wlzl

w`kainpvkyl dikaal lndiz xlmlk+ U`olik ivp w`kpoiu m`kylmwlinlk pelwlk v`ziml nluid n`wlfl8

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FLCVLZ IUI

Dlolmlk

NLVL W@KALKVLZ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ i

PELWLK V@ZIMLNLUID ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ii

FLCVLZ IUI+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ iii

FLCVLZ VLJ@O ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ s

FLCVLZ ALMJLZ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ si

FLCVLZ OLMWIZLK +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ sii

JLJ I W@KFLDPOPLK ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ obnlui n`jlnlzlk jilulkyl flzi nlmwpka dikaal hlpd n`flolm dpvlkylka wlfl pmpmkyl upoiv fihlkanlp flk liz vifln v`zu`fil+

j+ J`kvpn w`zmpnllk vlkld> n`lfllk dpvlk ylka j`zjpniv f`kalk w`zpjldlk eplel ylkafzluviu flwlv m`kimjponlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka ulkalv m`mjldlylnlk+

e+ M`oplukyl nbjlzlk lwi fi o`z`ka w`apkpkalk ulkalv e`wlv flk m`oplukyl nbjlzlk lwiv`zu`jpv jlkyln ylka fiu`jljnlk bo`d obkelvlk lwi $Lnidizb :777)+

5+ Viw` N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

Lnidizb $:777) m`kh`olunlk jldql j`zflulznlk upmj`z lwikyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk

fij`flnlk m`khlfi 5 h`kiu/ ylivp n`jlnlzlk jlqld w`zmpnllk/ n`jlnlzlk w`zmpnllk/ flk

n`jlnlzlk jlvlka flk vlhpn+

l+ N`jlnlzlk jlqld w`zmpnllk+ N`jlnlzlk iki fiu`jljnlk bo`d v`zjlnlzkyl olwiulkjlvpjlzl/ jlpnuiv flk jldlk bzalkin $almjpv) ylka lfl fiolwiulk jpmi+

j+ N`jlnlzlk w`zmpnllk+ N`jlnlzlk ylka wloika jlkyln v`zhlfi nlz`kl v`zjlnlzkyl j`opnlzoimjld w`mjlolnlk/ z`zpmwpvlk/ vbkaaln wbdbk/ flpk flk zlkvika $ylka hlvpd flk

m`kpvpwi w`zmpnllk vlkld)+ N`e`wlvlk m`oplukyl nbjlzlk lwi fiw`zmpnllk vlkld ulkalv

fiw`kalzpdi bo`d j`kvpn vlkld flk eplel $v`zpvlml lkaik)+

e+ N`jlnlzlk vlhpn flk jlvlka+ N`jlnlzlk iki v`zhlfi nlz`kl v`zjlnlzkyl wbdbk $zlkvika flpk) ylka filnijlvnlk bo`d lwi obkelv $uwbv ciz`) ylka pmpmkyl vimjpo wlfl ullv

v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk w`zmpnllk+ Wlfl viw` iki lzld flk n`e`wlvlk w`khlolzlk lwi ulkalv

fiw`kalzpdi lkaik u`dikaal lwi m`khlolz f`kalk e`wlv/ upoiv fin`kfloinlk/ flk flwlv

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m`kadluionlk lwi obkelv $Uylpcikl :774)+

6+ W`ky`jlj N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

Uylpcikl $:774) m`kh`olunlk clnvbz w`ky`jlj n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk fi Ikfbk`uil

99% fiu`jljnlk bo`d mlkpuil jlin u`kalhl mlpwpk vifln u`kalhl/ u`flkanlk clnvbz lolm dlkyl

m`m`alka w`zlklk ylka ulkalv n`eio ylivp dlkyl

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n`jlnlzlk u`elzl vifln olkaupka ylivp w`kaplullk oldlk/ lobnlui w`kaapkllk oldlk/ lobnlui

w`kaapkllk oldlk/ iku`kvic"fiuiku`kvic `nbkbmi/ f`azlflui dpvlk flk oldlk/ flmwln

flziw`zpjldlk nlzlnv`ziuvin n`w`kfpfpnlk/ flk o`mldkyl nlwluivlu n`o`mjlallk+

0+ Flmwln N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk oldlk

Upzlvmb $

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m`zlul upfld n`diolkalk jlkyln flk vifln m`k`ziml jlkvplk lvlp jldnlk w`kalnplk lvlu

n`diolkalk ivp+ Flmwln ubuilo jpflyl iki/ hinl filjlinlk lnlk m`khlfi wbv`kui jlai mpkepokyl

nbkcoin ubuilo ylka u`zipu $Vleebki :775)+

j+ Flmwln M`kapkvpkanlk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

Lflwpk flmwln m`kapkvpkanlk u`v`old v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk/ ylivp

m`mjlkvp w`z`mlhllk lolm/ n`jlnlzlk vlklmlk jlqld flk u`zluld flwlv m`mpfldnlk

w`klklmlk flk flwlv m`k`nlk jilyl w`klklmlk/ n`jlnlzlk vlkld flk dpmpu flwlv

m`mw`ze`wlv w`klmjldlk mik`zlo n`flolm vlkld/ w`mjlnlzlk ylka v`zn`kfloi flwlv

m`mj`zinlk mlnlklk flk v`mwlv j`zoikfpka ylka o`jid jlin wlfl mlzalulvql/ n`jlnlzlk

dpvlk flwlv m`mpukldnlk upmj`z dlml flk w`kylniv/ n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka n`eio flwlv

m`kadikflznlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka j`ulz/ u`zvl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flwlv fiapklnlk pkvpn

m`mpukldnlk v`alnlk zpuln $Upzlvmb

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dpvlk m`kaapklnlk m`vbf` 5 @/ ylivp @fpelvibk $W`kfifinlk)/ Olq@kcbze`m`kv $W`k`alnlk

Dpnpm)/ flk@kaik``zika $N`v`nkinlk)+

l+ W`kfifinlk

W`kfifinlk lvlp w`kypopdlk v`kvlka n`jlnlzlk fivphpnlk n`wlfl mluylzlnlv pmpm

N`ailvlk iki fivphpnlk pkvpn m`kikanlvnlk n`ulflzlk/ uinlw/ flk miklv mluylzlnlv pkvpn

m`ke`ald v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`dikaal mluylzlnlv w`kaapkl lwi lnlk u`olop qluwlfl

flolm m`kaapklnlk lwi+ Wzbu`u w`kfifinlk lvlp w`kypopdlk flwlv fiolnpnlk w`zbzlkalk/

n`obmwbn flk mlulo+ Mlv`zi flk m`vbf` ylka fiv`zlwnlk dlzpu fiu`uplinlk nbkfiui ubuilo

`nbkbmi mluylzlnlv u`v`mwlv+

j+ W`k`alnlk Dpnpm

Flulz dpnpm pkvpn w`ke`aldlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk j`zupmj`z flzi pkflka-pkflka/ upzlv

n`wpvpulk flk w`zlvpzlk fl`zld u`v`mwlv v`kvlka n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ M`k`alnlk dpnpm flk

w`zlvpzlk u`elzl lfio flwlv m`kadpnpm w`olnp n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`jlali ulold ulvp m`vbf`

w`ke`aldlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+

e+ W`kf`nlvlk V`nkiu

W`kf`nlvlk v`nkiu fivphpnlk pkvpn m`kapzlkai n`mpfldlk jldlk jlnlz v`zjlnlz $cp`

colmmljioivy) flk m`kapzlkai n`upoivlk w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka fiu`jpv mlklh`m`k

n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ Mlkh`m`k jldlk jlnlz fiolnpnlk f`kalk elzl iubolui jldlk jlnlz/ mbficinlui

jldlk jlnlz flk w`kapzlkalk jldlk jlnlz+

:+ W`mlflmlk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk oldlk

J`zflulznlk W`zlvpzlk W`m`zikvld Wlulo :7 v`zu`jpv/ mlnl u`vilw N`wlol N`ulvplk

W`ka`obollk Nlqlulk Dpvlk j`zn`qlhijlk m`olnpnlk f`v`nui v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk/

m`kflylapklnlk upmj`zflyl ylka lfl/ m`mjplv u`nlv jlnlz pkvpn m`obnloiuiz lwi/ flk

m`mbjioiului mluylzlnlv lalz m`mw`ze`wlv wzbu`u w`mlflmlk+

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Lfl : m`vbf` w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylivp m`vbf` w`mlflmlk olkaupka flk

m`vbf` w`mlflmlk vifln olkaupka+ W`zj`fllk flulz lkvlzl n`fpl m`vbf` iki lflold flolm dlo

w`k`mwlvlk obnlui iolzlk lwi v`zdlflw v`wi lwi n`jlnlzlk+ Flolm wzlnv`n/ n`fpl m`vbf` iki

flwlv fiapklnlk u`elzl nbmjiklui $Dpul`ki :775)+

Iumpklkflz $:775) m`kh`olunlk jldql m`vbf` w`mlflmlk olkaupka flwlv fiolnpnlk

f`kalk j`j`zlwl v`nkiu w`mlflmlk j`zalkvpka nbkfiui lz`lo n`jlnlzlk+ Nbkfiui v`zu`jpv

filkvlzlkyl vbwbazlci ylka v`zjlnlz/ h`kiu vlklmlk ylka lfl $jldlk jlnlz)/ oplu lz`lo ylka

v`zjlnlz/ flk oplu n`jlnlzlk ylka v`zhlfi+ Wlfl m`vbf` w`mlflmlk olkaupka/ w`mlflmlk

olkaupka wlfl v`wi lwi fi lz`lo n`jlnlzlk+ Jldlk jlnlz ylka v`zjlnlz fiwlflmnlk lvlp

fiwiuldnlk flzi jldlk jlnlz ylka j`opm v`zjlnlz+ Wlfl m`vbf` iki jldlk mpfld v`zjlnlz

fidiolkanlk flzi v`wi n`jlnlzlk+

U`flkanlk wlfl m`vbf` w`mlflmlk vifln olkaupka/ w`mlflmlk fiolnpnlk wlfl jldlk

jlnlz ylka vifln v`zjlnlz ylka o`vlnkyl fioplz v`wi lwi n`jlnlzlk+ M`vbf` iki m`mpkaniknlk

wlzl w`vpalu w`mlflmlk pkvpn j`n`zhl hlpd flzi w`kalzpd wlklu lwi flk flwlv m`mlkcllvnlk

viw` jldlk jlnlz flk u`nlv-u`nlv lolmi ylka u`upli $Dpul`ki :775)+ M`kpzpv Upmlkvzi $:775)

m`vbf` w`mlflmlk vifln olkaupka vifln v`zo`wlu flzi w`ka`vldplk $jlencizika) lvlp

w`mjlnlzlk jloin+ M`vbf` w`mlflmlk vifln olkaupka fiapklnlk wlfl viw` n`jlnlzlk j`ulz

f`kalk olhp w`khlolzlk lwi ulkalv e`wlv fimlkl m`vbf`-m`vbf` w`mlflmlk olkaupka mlpwpk

m`vbf` w`mlflmlk wlzlz`o vifln flwlv fiolnulklnlk+ Fiv`alunlk bo`d Iumpklkflz $:775)

jldql w`mlflmlk vifln olkaupka j`zvphplk m`ka`kfloinlk nbjlzlk lwi f`kalk m`mjplv

iolzlk lwi wlfl hlzln v`zv`kvp jiol n`jlnlzlk vifln mpkanik fiwlflmnlk u`elzl olkaupka

Wzikuiw iolzlk lwi lflold m`kadlmjlv olhp n`jlnlzlk/ u`jlali w`kadlolka lolmild u`w`zvi

upkali/ zlql/ hlolk/ lvlp u`kalhl fijplv ylka fiu`jpv u`nlv jlnlz+

Upzlvmb $

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N`o`mldlk flzi uiuv`m hlopz iki flwlv m`kimjponlk mlulold `zbui nlz`kl v`zjpnlkyl

vlkld flzi s`a`vlui w`kpvpwkyl+

j+ Hlopz w`mlflm n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`elzl nimil+ Jldlk nimil ylka fiapklnlk flwlvm`mjpkpd lolka-lolka lvlp wbdbk-wbdbk+ Hlopz iki hpal flwlv m`ky`jljnlk v`zjpnlkyl

vlkld dpvlk+

e+ Hlopz w`mlflm n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`elzl s`a`vlvic+ Hlopz iki m`kaapklnlk h`kiu vlklmlkylka flwlv m`kldlk lwi ylka m`zpwlnlk hlopz w`zmlk`k+ Jilyl w`mjplvlk flk

w`m`oidlzllk hlopz iki z`olvic mpzld+

f+ Hlopz w`mlflm n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`elzl w`mjlnlzlk+ W`mjplvlk hlopz f`kalk m`mjlnlzjldlk jlnlz dlzpu fiolnpnlk wlfl qlnvp jldlyl n`jlnlzlk vifln lfl+

Lnidizb $:777) m`kh`olunlk wzbazlm w`mlflmlk ylivp w`kypupklk wlupnlk w`mlflm/

w`zuilwlk n`mlmwplk w`mlflmlk/ w`m`zinullk liz flk nbkfiui oldlk/ w`mj`zivllk vikanlv

jldlyl n`jlnlzlk/ w`ky`jlzlk ikcbzmlui/ flk w`mlkvlplk+

5+ W`klkalklk Wluel N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

Flolm zlkanl w`klkalklk wluel n`jlnlzlk mlnl fiolnpnlk pwlyl if`kvicinlui flk

`sloplui/ w`k`alnlk dpnpm/ flk z`dljioivlui+

l+ If`kvicinlui flk @sloplui

U`v`old u`o`uli w`olnulkllk w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk lvlp u`v`old mpuim n`jlnlzlk

flolm ulvp vldpk j`zlndiz dlzpu fiolnpnlk n`ailvlk olkhpvlk j`zpwl `sloplui w`olnulkllk+ Dluio

`sloplui iki fiapklnlk pkvpn z`siui lvlp w`ky`mwpzkllk z`kelkl w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk

j`zinpvkyl $Upzlvmb `v lo+ :775)+

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6+ M`kadivpka w`mjilyllk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk ylka v`old fin`oplznlk flk

m`mjlkfikanlkkyl f`kalk z`kelkl jilyl ylka v`old filkaalznlk u`j`opmkyl+

0+ M`ka`sloplui z`kelkl flk w`olnulkllk n`ailvlk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`elzl

n`u`opzpdlk+

3+ M`olnpnlk wzbu`fpz w`ky`oifinlk flk w`kyifinlk n`jlnlzlk pkvpn wzbu`u w`k`alnlk dpnpm

o`jid olkhpv+

j+ W`k`alnlk Dpnpm

W`k`alnlk dpnpm v`zdlflw vikfln wiflkl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk fiolnulklnlk u`upli

w`zlvpzlk w`zpkflka-pkflkalk ylka j`zolnp+ W`zvlkaapkahlqljlk m`oiwpvi vlkaapka hlqlj

wiflkl/ w`zflvl/ m`mjlylz alkvi zpai/ flk lvlp ulknui lfmikiuvzlui+

e+ Z`dljioivlui

Z`dljioivlui lz`lo dpvlk j`nlu n`jlnlzlk m`zpwlnlk n`ailvlk ylka w`kvika/ u`olik pkvpn

m`ka`mjloinlk cpkaui dpvlkkyl/ hpal pkvpn m`kapzlkai jldlyl jldlk jlnlz $ciz` dlxlzf

z`fpevibk) u`jlali lnijlv flzi n`jlnlzlk ylka upfld v`zhlfi+

Pkvpn m`ka`mjloinlk lvlp m`mpoidnlk cpkaui dpvlk ylka v`zjlnlz fiw`zopnlk vikflnlk

z`dljioivlui ylka j`zpwl w`ky`dlvlk `nbuiuv`m/ z`jbiului/ w`klklmlk/ w`kalyllk/ lvlp dlkyl

m`khlal lz`lo v`zjlnlz v`zu`jpv lalz vifln v`zjlnlz n`mjloi/ u`dikaal flwlv j`zolkaupka

z`a`k`zlui lolmi+ V`nkin- v`nkin z`dljioivlui ylka dlzpu fiolnulklnlk filkvlzlkyl f`kalk

m`olnpnlk upzs`i `sloplui u`elzl v`z`kelkl wlfl lz`lo dpvlk j`nlu n`jlnlzlk pkvpn

m`k`kvpnlk elzl z`dljioivlui ylka u`upli+ U`olkhpvkyl m`kypupk z`kelkl z`dljioivlui dpvlk

j`nlu n`jlnlzlk j`zflulznlk nbkfiui s`a`vlui flzi dluio upzs`i fiolwlkalk flk cpkaui dpvlk

ylka fidlzlwnlk lvlp ylka u`upli f`kalk n`lfllk lulokyl+

Uldlzhb `v lo+ $:770) m`k`alunlk vikflnlk wluel n`jlnlzlk dpvlk filkvlzlkyl8

l+ W`kiolilk Flmwln N`jlnlzlk

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W`kiolilk flmwln n`jlnlzlk fiolnpnlk u`v`old v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk/ f`kalk vphplk

pkvpn m`ka`vldpi flmwln ylka m`zpainlk jlai mlkpuil flk oikanpkalk flzi j`zjlali upfpv

wlkflka/ jlin flzi u`ai `nbkbmi/ `nbobai/ ubuilo/ mlpwpk n`u`dlvlk+

j+Pwlyl Ypzifinlui

Iks`uvialui wluel n`jlnlzlk dlzpu u`a`zl fiolnpnlk pkvpn m`ka`vldpi uilwl w`ky`jlj

n`hlfilk n`jlnlzlk/ jlalimlkl wzbu`ukyl flk j`zlwl j`ulz n`zpailk ylka filnijlvnlk flk

u`olkhpvkyl m`olnpnlk pwlyl ypzifinlui pkvpn m`kpkvpv ui w`olnp n` w`kalfiolk+ Flolm pwlyl

ypzifinlui iki w`zop nbbzfiklui ylka v`znliv lkvlzl j`j`zlwl ikuvlkui/ wboiui/ w`kyifin w`alqli

k`a`zi uiwio $WWKU)/ OUM/ flk wlzl ldoi+ Wlzl ldoi n`jlnlzlk/ vlkld/ flk oikanpkalk flwlv

m`kfpnpka pwlyl w`ky`oifinlk flolm w`kapmwpolk jpnvi-jpnvi u`zvl dluio-dluio lkloiul ylka

flwlv m`kapkanlwnlk jldql n`jlnlzlk ylka v`zhlfi j`zlulo flzi w`kaapkllk lwi ylka e`zbjbd

lvlp n`jlnlzlk v`zu`jpv fiolnpnlk u`elzl u`kalhl pkvpn vphplk v`zv`kvp+

e+ Z`dljioivlui

N`ailvlk z`dljioivlui oldlk j`nlu v`zjlnlz jlkyln fiwlkflka u`jlali n`ailvlk ylka

v`zwiuld flzi mlklh`m`k w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk ylka dlzpu fiolnpnlk u`e`wlv

mpkanik u`v`old v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk u`dikaal f`kalk z`dljioivlui fidlzlwnlk lnlk v`zhlfi

w`zjlinlk nploivlu oldlk/ ylivp wlfl lz`lo nbubka ylka miunik s`a`vlui lnlk m`khlfi lz`lo ylka

nlyl lnlk n`lk`nlzlalmlk dlylvi+

E+ W`zn`mjlkalk W`ka`obollk Nlqlulk Nbku`zslui

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m`kpkhlka w`kalq`vlk+ W`ka`obollk w`mlkcllvlk nlqlulk Elalz Lolm fiolnpnlk pkvpn

n`w`zoplk w`k`oivilk flulz flk w`k`oivilk w`kpkhlka w`mlkcllvlk flk jpfiflyl/ iomp

w`ka`vldplk/ w`kfifinlk/ flk n`ailvlk w`kpkhlka jpfiflyl+

W`ka`obollk wbv`kui nlqlulk Elalz Lolm v`zfizi flzi8 iks`kvlziului flk If`kvicinlui

nlqlulk/ w`ka`mjlkalk uiuv`m w`mlkvlplk/ `sloplui flk w`olwbzlk/ w`mjikllk dljivlv flk

wbwpolui/ w`ky`fillk woluml kpvcld/ flk z`dljioivlui+ U`flkanlk w`zoikfpkalk flk w`kalmlklk

Elalz Lolm m`oiwpvi8 w`m`oidlzllk vlkfl jlvlu/ w`zoikfpkalk flk w`kalmlklk ciuin nlqlulk

if`kvicinlui fl`zld zlqlk alkaaplk/ ubuiloiului jlvlu/ w`ka`mjlkalk n`mivzllk/ w`mlulkalk

w`kapmpmlk/ w`k`alnlk dpnpm/ w`ke`aldlk n`jlnlzlk/ flk w`ka`kfloilk dlml flk w`kylniv+

:+ W`ka`obollk Vlmlk Qiulvl Lolm $VQL)

J`zflulznlk WW Kb+ 34 Vldpk

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JLJ III

M@VBFBOBAI W@K@OIVILK

L+ V`mwlv flk Qlnvp W`kapmwpolk Flvl

W`k`oivilk fiolnpnlk fi Jloli Nbku`zslui flk Upmj`zflyl Lolm Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka U`nui

Nbku`zslui Qiolyld S $JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka UNQ S) Alzpv/ Hlql Jlzlv wlfl jpolk Hpoi

ulmwli f`kalk U`wv`mj`z :774+

J+ Lolv flk Jldlk

Lolv ylka fiapklnlk j`zpwl nlm`zl/ vlw` z`ebzf`z/ lolv vpoiu u`zvl w`fbmlk qlqlkelzl

m`kflolm+ Flvl ylka fiapklnlk j`zpwl flvl u`npkf`z m`oiwpvi fbnpm`k-fbnpm`k ylka v`znliv

f`kalk j`kvpn n`ailvlk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk ylka fiolnulklnlk JNUFL

Nlmbhlka/ fbnpm`k v`kvlka n`v`zoijlvlk w`m`zikvld u`v`mwlv flk mluylzlnlv u`nivlz dpvlk

flolm wzbu`u w`zoikfpkalk dpvlk/ u`zvl pwlyl JNUFL Nlmbhlka flolm w`k`zlwlk

w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk+ U`flkanlk flvl wzim`z m`zpwlnlk flvl ylka

olkaupka fiw`zbo`d m`olopi qlqlkelzl m`kflolm flk w`kalmlvlk j`zw`zlk u`zvl+

E+ V`nkin W`kapmwpolk Flvl

W`k`oivilk iki m`kaapklnlk w`kf`nlvlk nploivlvic ylka j`zpuldl m`kaif`kvicinlui flk

m`kf`unziwuinlk w`olnulkllk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk fi JNUFL Nlmbhlka

UNQ S Alzpv/ hlql Jlzlv+ V`nkin w`kapmwpolk fivpkhpnlk wlfl Almjlz

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5+ V`nkin W`kapmwpolk Flvl f`kalk Fbnpm`k

Flvl u`npkf`z ylka finpmwponlk m`zpwlnlk fbnpm`k ylka j`znlivlk f`kalk

w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk/ w`zlk u`zvl mluylzlnlv u`nivlz dpvlk flkuqluvl"JPMK $WV+ W`zvlmikl Nlmbhlka)/ flk pwlyl JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka flolm

w`k`zlwlk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk+ U`olkhpvkyl m`kaapklnlk v`nkin

bju`zslui/ qlqlkelzl/ flk lkloiuiu fbnpm`k u`elzl u`z`mwln pkvpn upmj`z flvl ylka ulml

lalz flwlv o`jid m`kikanlvnlk n`nplvlk flvl ylka fiu`jpv m`vbf` vzilkapolui+

F+ M`vbf` Lkloiuiu Flvl

W`kaboldlk flk lkloiuiu flvl fivphpnlk pkvpn flwlv m`kf`unziwuinlk w`k`zlwlkw`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk fi JNUFL Nlmbhlka/ w`zlk u`zvl lwlzlv w`m`zikvld/

uqluvl"JPMK $WV W`zvlmikl Nlmbhlka) flk pwlyl ylka fiolnpnlk JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka

flolm w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk+

Lkloiuiu flvl w`k`oivilk nploivlvic iki fiolnpnlk ullv w`kapmwpolk flvl j`zolkaupka/ flk

u`v`old w`kapmwpolk flvl u`olml o`jid npzlka fpl jpolk+ Lkloiuiu flvl m`kaapklnlk mbf`o

Mio`u flk Dpj`zmlk+ Lnvicivlu lkloiuiu flvl m`oiwpvi flvl z`fpevibk/ flvl fiuwoly/ flk

ebkeopuibk fzlqika"s`zicielvibk+ M`z`fpnui flvl j`zlzvi m`zlkanpm/ m`mioid dlo-dlo wbnbn

m`mcbnpunlk wlfl dlo-dlo w`kvika/ flk fielzi wbolkyl+ U`v`old flvl fiz`fpnui/ olkanld

u`olkhpvkyl m`kfiuwolynlk+ Flvl fiulhinlk flolm j`kvpn klzlvic/ vlj`o/ flk Almjlz+ Olkanld

u`olkhpvkyl fiolnpnlk s`zicinlui flk w`klzinlk n`uimwpolk+ Mbf`o ikv`zlnvic lkloiuiu flvl

fivpkhpnnlk wlfl Almjlz 5 j`zinpv8

Ebkeopuibku8

Fzlqika"S`zicyika

Almjlz 6+ Nbmwbk`k flolm Lkloiuiu Flvl

$Mio`u flk Dpj`zmlk filep flolm Upaiybkb :770)

Flvl Ebo`evibk

Flvl Z`fpevibk Flvl Fiuwoly

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JLJ IS

NBKFIUI PMPM OBNLUI W@K@OIVILK

Nlqlulk dpvlk m`kpzpv cpkauikyl fijlai m`khlfi vial nlqlulk ylivp nlqlulk dpvlk

nbku`zslui/ dpvlk oikfpka/ flk dpvlk wzbfpnui+ U`elzl pmpm dpvlk nbku`zslui u`jlali

w`ka`mjlk miui w`o`uvlzilk woluml kpvcld/ wzibzivlu w`ka`obollkkyl filzldnlk n`wlfl pwlyl

pkvpn m`khlal n`o`uvlzilk `nbobaiu/ u`m`kvlzl w`mjlkapklk `nbkbmi flk ubuilo filzldnlk

n`wlfl j`kvpn-j`kvpn n`ailvlk ylka vifln m`kaalkaap cpkaui `nbobaiu ylka fij`jlknlk

nlqlulk nbku`zslui+

L+ N`lfllk ciuin nlqlulk

Nlqlulk Elalz Lolm flk Vlmlk Qiulvl Lolm Nlqld Nlmbhlka fiv`vlwnlk f`kalk

upzlv N`wpvpulk M`kvzi N`dpvlklk Kb+

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U`flkanlk jlvlu nlqlulk Elalz Lolm Nlmbhlka / ylivp 8

l+ U`j`old pvlzl j`zjlvlulk olkaupka f`kalk N`elmlvlk Wlu`d/ N`elmlvlk Ijpk/ flkdpvlk wzbfpnui

j+ U`j`old vimpz j`zjlvlulk f`kalk N`elmlvlk O`o`u/ N`elmlvlk Vlzbabka/ dpvlkwzbfpnui flk dpvlk oikfpka+

e+ U`j`old u`olvlk j`zjlvlulk f`kalk N`elmlvlk Ulmlzlka/ Elalz Lolm WlwlkflylkWpkeln El`

f+ U`j`old jlzlv j`zjlvlulk f`kalk N`e+ Wle`v flk nlqlulk dpvlk wzbfpnui+J`zflulznlk qiolyld lfmikiuvzlvic w`m`zikvld v`zjlai flolm : $fpl) nljpwlv`k ylivp

nljpwlv`k Alzpv flk nljpwlv`k Jlkfpka+ Pkvpn qiolyld nljpwlv`k Alzpv m`oiwpvi n`elmlvlk

Ulmlzlka/ Vlzbabka flk O`o`u/ u`flkanlk pkvpn nljpwlv`k Jlkfpka ylivp n`elmlvlk

N`zvlulzi/ Wle`v flk Ijpk+

Pkvpn f`ulf`ul ylka j`zjlvlulk olkaupka f`kalk nlqlulk ylivp f`ul Nlzylm`nlz

Ulzimpnvi/ Wlfllqlu flk Jlzpulzi v`zmlupn n`elmlvlk Ulmlzlka+ F`ul O`mjlka v`zmlupn

flolm n`elmlvlk O`o`u u`flkanlk f`ul Zlkeljlkab/ f`ul Wlulqldlk flk f`ul Wlklkhpka

v`zmlupn flolm n`elmlvlk Vlzbabka+ U`flkanlk f`ul Eidlqpn/ K`aolulzi flk f`ul

Eij`pz`pm mlupn nljpwlv`k Jlkfpka+

:+ Vbwbazlci

N`lfllk vbwbazlci Elalz Lolm Nlmbhlka pmpmkyl j`za`obmjlka f`kalk n`mizikalk

lkvlzl

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6+ Difzbobaiu

Wbv`kui Elalz Lolm Nlmbhlka u`olik m`zpwlnlk bjy`n qiulvl hpal m`zpwlnlk

w`kalvpz vlvl liz flk n`upjpzlk vlkld pkvpn mluylzlnlv nljpwlv`k Alzpv pmpmkyl/ ndpupukylpkvpn mluylzlnlv fi u`nivlz nlqlulk dpvlk/ ylka mlkcllvkyl u`olik pkvpn w`kalizlk ulqld

w`zvlkilk/ hpal fimlkcllvnlk pkvpn `mwlka`mwlka+

Dpop upkali flk lkln upkali ylka m`kaloiz n` Alzpv filkvlzlkyl Upkali Eijivpka/

Eiviiu/ Eijpk`v`zlka flk Eiwlklu ylka j`zmplzl fi Upkali Eimlkpn/ u`flkanlk ylka m`kaloiz

n` nljpwlv`k Jlkfpka ylivp upkali Ein`mjlka flk upkali Einlqpka ylka j`zmplzl n` upkali

Eivlzpm+

Almjlz 0+ W`vl Qiolyld N`zhl JNUFL Nlmbhlka UNQ S Alzpv Hlql Jlzlv$Upmj`z8 Fbnpm`kvlui JNUFL Nlmbhlka Alzpv/ Hlql Jlzlv :771)

0+ A`bobai flk vlkld

Elalz Lolm Nlmbhlka m`mioini cbzmlui ylka v`zfizi flzi jlvplk sponlkin j`zlulo flzi

o`vpulk apkpka j`zlwi/ lkfbubo flk ikv`zm`fi`z u`jlali jldlk ikfpn jlvplk sponlkin

w`apkpkalk vikaai/ f`kalk v`nuvpz vlkld wlfl pmpmkyl j`zf`jp/ flk o`mwpka j`zqlzkl

divlm+

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J+ Wbv`kui Jibvin

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F+ N`lfllk Ubuilo @nbkbmi Mluylzlnlv

J`zflulznlk mbkbazlci n`elmlvlk vldpk :770 flzi :< f`ul ylka j`zjlvlulk olkaupka

f`kalk nlqlulk Elalz Lolm Nlqld Nlmbhlka v`zelvlv hpmold w`kfpfpn u`jlkyln 43+060bzlka/ v`zfizi flzi 67+57< w`z`mwplk flk 63+:66 olni-olni+

W`kfifinlk mluylzlnlv u`nivlz nlqlulk EL Nlqld Nlmbhlka ylka m`mwpkyli vikanlv

m`k`kald w`zvlml"UOVW $

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JLJ S

DLUIO FLK W@MJLDLULK

F+ N`hlfilk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk fi Nlqlulk Nbku`zslui Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka

UNQ S Alzpv/ Hlql Jlzlv

Olkanld w`zvlml pkvpn m`olnulklnlk w`ke`aldlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka jlin lflold

uplvp z`kelkl w`ke`aldlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka m`ky`opzpd lalz bw`zlui w`ke`aldlk flwlv

fiolnulklnlk f`kalk `c`nvic flk `ciui`k+ V`znliv f`kalk z`kelkl w`ke`aldlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk

v`zu`jpv/ flvl v`kvlka u`hlzld flk clnvbz w`ky`jlj n`jlnlzlk dpvlk w`zop fin`vldpi u`dikaal

flwlv fiif`kvicinlui u`mpl clnvbz ylka fiw`zopnlk pkvpn w`kypupklk z`kelkl w`ka`kfloilkn`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ Flvl v`zu`jpv lnlk m`k`kvpnlk ululzlk flzi uplvp z`kelkl w`ke`aldlk

n`jlnlzlk+

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o`jid e`wlv+ N`lfllk f`minilk lwlolai fi mpuim n`mlzlp m`kalnijlvnlk z`zpmwpvlk/ u`zluld

flk v`alnlk m`khlfi u`mlnik n`zika u`dikaal wbv`kui jldlk jlnlz u`mlnik jlkyln+ Dlo iki

ulkalv j`zjldlyl nlz`kl wlfl mpuim n`mlzlp u`zluld ulkalv n`zika flk lkaik j`zvipw n`kelka

u`dikaal mpfld v`zhlfikyl lwi flk w`khlolzlk lwi e`wlv+

V`zelvlv wlfl mpuim n`mlzlp vldpk

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nlqlulk WDJM/ w`zjlvlulk nlqlulk nbku`zslui/ w`zn`jpklk/ w`zvlkilk dikaal nlqlulk

w`zoplulk+ U`w`zvi ylka v`zulhi flolm Vlj`o

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m`kalkelm nlqlulk nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka ylka j`zjlvlulk olkaupka f`kalk oldlk w`zvlkilk

mioin mluylzlnlv nlz`kl lflkyl lwi obkelv flzi lnvicivlu m`z`nl u`w`zvi m`mjlnlz u`mln

j`opnlz pkvpn w`mj`zuidlk oldlk w`zvlkilk flk w`mjlnlzlk zlkvika flk f`flpklk u`v`old

w`n`zhllk j`zebebn vlklm u`o`uli+

$l) $j)

$e) $f)

Almjlz 1+ J`zjlali j`kvpn w`olkaalzlk v`zdlflw nlqlulk nbku`zslui$Upmj`z8 Fbnpm`kvlui wzijlfi :774)

N`v`zlkalk almjlz8

$l) W`mj`zuidlk oldlk f`kalk elzl m`mjlnlz

$j) Oldlk j`nlu v`zjlnlz ylka fivlklmi pmji-pmjilk bo`d mluylzlnlv

$e) Oldlk j`nlu v`zjlnlz wlfl vldpk :773

$f) W`mlkcllvlk oldlk nbku`zslui bo`d mluylzlnlv u`nivlz dpvlk

M`kpzpv Wpzjbqlu`ub $:776)/ lkaik flwlv m`k`zjlkanlk jlzl lwi/ u`dikaal

m`kimjponlk lwi obkelv m`ky`jljnlk v`zhlfikyl obnlui n`jlnlzlk jlzp+ Dlo iki m`ky`jljnlk

u`mlnik jlkylnkyl vivin obnlui nlqlulk nbku`zslui ylka m`moini u`kuivisivlu vikaai pkvpn

v`zjlnlz+ F`kalk m`oidlv w`ziuviql n`jlnlzlk wlfl vldpk

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vldpk $:775-:771) fi flolm nlqlulk nbku`zslui mlpwpk nlqlulk ylka j`zjlvlulk olkaupka

f`kalk oldlk w`zvlkilk flwlv m`kalkelm n`j`zlfllk flk n`pvpdlk w`ka`obollk nlqlulk

nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka+

Wlfldlo nlqlulk nbku`zslui u`jlali nlqlulk w`o`uvlzilk woluml kpvcld/ n`v`zqlniolk

`nbuiuv`m ylka m`zpwlnlk j`kv`ka v`zlndiz jlai w`o`uvlzilk lolm/ u`dikaal nlqlulk

nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka dlzpu fiu`olmlvnlk flzi jldlyl n`zpulnlk ulold ulvpkyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk

W`ky`jlj n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk fi Ikfbk`uil dlmwiz 99 % fiu`jljnlk mlkpuil jlin

fiu`kalhl mlpwpk vifln"pkupz n`ololilk/ n`ailvlk nbks`zui oldlk m`kypmjlka 56 %

w`olflkalk oilz :0 %/ w`zvlkilk

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m`kylkanpv v`kvlka flmwln k`alvic flzi w`mjlnlzlk oldlk/ elzl-elzl w`mj`zuidlk oldlk

w`zvlkilk/ w`ky`jlj v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk jldlyl n`jlnlzlk jlai oikanpkalk

u`nivlzkyl+ U`flkanlk w`kypopdlk ylka fiolnpnlk u`elzl olkaupka j`zpwl w`kypopdlk ylka

fiolnpnlk flolm vikanlv Z`ubzv u`v`mwlv+ Mlv`zi ylka fij`zinlk j`zpwl w`mj`zilk ikcbzmlui

v`kvlka jldlyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk u`zvl elzl w`klkaapolkalkkyl+ Ululzlkkyl lwlzlv

f`ul u`nivlz nlqlulk flk vbnbd mluylzlnlv lalz ikcbzmlui fin`vldpi mluylzlnlv+

J`kvpn w`kypopdlk ylka fivphpnlk jlai wlzl w`kapkhpka VQL Nlmbhlka hpal

fiolnpnlk f`kalk : elzl/ ylivp f`kalk elzl olkaupka flk vifln olkaupka+ W`kypopdlk vifln

olkaupka ylnki f`kalk w`kalfllk wlwlk w`zikalvlk lvpzlk fi wikvp mlupn VQL Nlmbhlka+

Klmpk f`kalk j`zhlolkkyl qlnvp flk w`kalqlulk ylka npzlka ikv`kuic flzi wlzl w`vpalu

wlwlk iki v`old olml vifln lfl u`dikaal wlzl w`vpalu dlzpu j`n`zhl o`jid dlvi-dlvi flolm

m`kaikalvnlk flk m`kylmwlinlk lvpzlk-lvpzlk ylka dlzpu fiolnulklnlk bo`d wlzl

w`kapkhpka+ Wlwlk-wlwlk w`zikalvlk ylka ullv iki mluid lfl dlkyl fiu`wlkhlka hlopz nlqlulk

nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka/ fi lkvlzlkyl ylivp wlwlk olzlkalk m`mpkapv nlyp fi nlqlulk dpvlk

olzlkalk m`kaalzlw oldlk fi nlqlulk dpvlk oikfpka/ olzlkalk w`klmjlkalk wluiz ioo alo

m`mjpzp jiklvlka flk jpzpka/ u`zvl wlwlk w`zikalvlk v`kvlka fl`zld zlqlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+

Almjlz 4+ Wlwlk-wlwlk w`zikalvlk fi Nlqlulk Nbku`zslui Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka$Upmj`z8 Fbnpm`kvlui Wzijlfi/ :774)

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W`kypopdlk u`elzl olkaupka fiolnpnlk u`elzl zpvik bo`d W`vpalu Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka

ndpupukyl fi wikvp mlupn nlqlulk qiulvl+ W`kapkhpka vifln fiw`zn`klknlk m`mjlql lolv-lolv

ylka j`zwbv`kui m`kimjponlk n`zpulnlk dpvlk+ Ullv w`ka`e`nlk w`vpalu ylka j`zlfl fi vilw

wikvp mlupn qiulvl m`mj`zivldpnlk lvpzlk"w`zikalvlk pkvpn u`olop m`kadikflzi w`mjplvlk

w`zlwilk v`zpvlml fi Jpw`z $Jpmi W`zn`mldlk) flk fiolzlka m`mjlql u`khlvl vlhlm $abobn/

uljiv/ wlzlka/ foo) ylka j`zwbv`kui flwlv m`zpuln n`o`uvlzilk oikanpkalk+

Mlv`zi flk m`vbf` ylka fiv`zlwnlk w`zop fiu`uplinlk f`kalk nbkfiui ubuilo `nbkbmi

mluylzlnlv u`v`mwlv u`w`zvi w`ka`vldplk/ uinlw/ miklv/ w`kflwlv/ flk n`w`zelyllk $Upzlvmb `

lo :775)+ N`ailvlk w`ke`aldlk hlfi `c`nvic nlz`kl m`kaapklnlk j`j`zlwl w`kf`nlvlk u`w`zvi

ubuilo/ jpflyl/ flk lalml jlin ylka j`zuiclv nbks`kuibklo mlpwpk mbf`zk u`dikaal flwlv

m`ky`kvpd m`oijlvnlk w`zlku`zvl mluylzlnlv u`nivlz ndpupukyl mluylzlnlv flolm w`ka`obollk

dpvlk mioin W`zdpvlki/ ylivp wzbazlm WDJM flk A`zdlk+ Fi nlqlulk u`nivlz nlqlulk

Nlmbhlka v`old fiolnpnlk wzbazlm w`klklmlk j`zulml mluylzlnlv filkvlzlkyl wzbazlm

WDJM flzi W`zdpvlki/ wzbazlm Joben Az``k flk wzbazlm A`zdlk $A`zlnlk Z`dljioivlui

Kluibklo) flzi Fiklu N`dpvlklk+

:+ W`kf`nlvlk Dpnpm

Vikflnlk dpnpm jlai wlzl w`ky`jlj n`jlnlzlk u`elzl v`alu v`old filvpz flolm PP Kb

6< vldpk

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JNUFL m`olnpnlk w`k`alnlk dpnpm v`zdlflw vikfln wiflkl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka

fiolnulklnlk u`upli f`kalk n`v`kvplk ylka j`zolnp+ Wzbu`u w`k`alnnlk dpnpm iki m`oijlnlk

o`mjlal flk ikuvlkui v`znliv u`w`zvi n`wboiuilk/ N`hlnullk/ N`dlnimlk/ lwlzlv w`m`zikvldlk

flk f`ul+ Pkvpn m`ka`vldpi w`ky`jlj n`jlnlzlk dpvlk fiolnpnlk w`ky`oifinlk u`elzl u`nulml

flk vpkvlu+ Lflwpk vldlwlk w`k`alnnlk dpnpm ylka fiv`zlwnlk JNUFL lflold u`jlali8

l+ W`ky`oifinlk fiolnpnlk bo`d w`vpalu ylka fij`zi n`q`klkalk pkvpn m`olnpnlk

w`ky`oifinlk u`w`zvi Wboiui N`dpvlklk+

j+ W`kyifinlk fiolnpnlk bo`d n`wboiuilk u`upli qiolyld dpnpmkyl+

e+ W`kpkvpvlk bo`d n`hlnullk u`upli qiolyld dpnpmkyl+

f+ Wzbu`u uiflka fi W`kalfiolk K`a`zi u`v`mwlv u`upli qiolyld dpnpmkyl+

Vldlwlk ylka v`old fielwli JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka ylivp upfld ulmwli wlfl wzbu`u

uiflka fi W`kalfiolk K`a`zi+ Dlo iki nlz`kl w`olnp u`elzl h`olu v`zvlkanlw vlkalk m`olnpnlk

w`olkaalzlk v`zdlflw n`o`uvlzilk dpvlk f`kalk elzl m`kepzi nlyp+ W`olnp fi vlkanlw bo`d

wboz`u u`v`mwlv flk fi jlql n` w`kalfiolk k`a`zi pkvpn uiflka flk fiwzbu`u o`jid olkhpv+

W`olnp fin`klnlk wlulo flk fisbkiu u`upli f`kalk dpnpm ylka j`zolnp pkvpn m`mj`zinlk `c`n

h`zl n`wlfl w`olnp/ u`dikaal n`hlfilk iki vifln v`zpolka flk vifln fiebkvbd olai finlolkalk

mluylzlnlv+

Almjlz 9+ Lolv flk Jlzlka Jpnvi W`kepzilk Nlyp

$Upmj`z8 Fbnpm`kvlui JNUFL Nlmbhlka)+

5+ W`kf`nlvlk V`nkiu

Fi nlqlulk JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka w`k`zlwlk flzi mlklh`m`k jldlk jlnlz j`opm

flwlv fiolnulklnlk/ u`w`zvi n`ailvlk iubolui jldlk jlnlz f`kalk w`kalfllk s`a`vlui ylka z`olvic

vldlk lwi u`jlali u`nlv jlnlz lolmi lvlp hlopz dihlp nlz`kl n`v`zjlvlulk flkl flk upoivkyl v`nkiu

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fi olwlkalk+ Wlfldlo/ w`kf`nlvlk v`nkiu lvlp mlklh`m`k jldlk jlnlz lflold vikflnlk lvlp

wzlnv`n ylka fivphpnlk pkvpn m`kapzlkai n`mpfldlk jldlk jlnlz pkvpn v`zjlnlz $cp`

colmmljioivy) flk m`kapzlkai n`upoivlk flolm w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ Mlklh`m`k jldlk

jlnlz v`zfizi flzi mbficinlui jldlk jlnlz/ w`kapzlkalk jldlk jlnlz u`zvl iubolui jldlk jlnlz

$Upzlvmb `v lo :775)+

Lflwpk v`nkiu w`olnulkllk w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka fiolnulklnlk bo`d wlzl

w`vpalu JNUFL Nlmbhlka dlkyl m`kalkflonlk n`zhl n`zlukyl fi olwlkalk ylivp f`kalk elzl

m`mjplv iolzlk lwi flk jlnlz jloin ullv v`zhlfi n`jlnlzlk+ M`vbf` ylka fiapklnlk v`zalkvpka

flzi j`ulz/ vikaai flk n`e`wlvlk lwi"lkaik ylka v`zhlfi ullv n`jlnlzlk v`zhlfi+ Wlzl w`vpalu

w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk wpk fivpkvpv lalz m`kapluli olwlkalk ullv v`zhlfi n`jlnlzlk lalz wzbu`u

w`mlflmlk flwlv fiolnulklnlk u`elzl `c`nvic flk `ciui`k+

j+ W`z`kelkllk W`ke`aldlk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

Lalz flwlv fiolnulklnlk u`elzl `c`nvic/ w`ke`aldlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk

m`m`zopnlk bzalkiului w`olnulkl flk w`vpalu ylka v`zolvid/ w`ka`vldplk v`kvlka n`jlnlzlk/

z`kelkl w`ke`aldlk flk z`kelkl jilyl w`olnulkllk w`ke`aldlk+ Z`kelkl w`ke`aldlk

n`jlnlzlk fiw`zopnlk lalz bw`zlui w`ke`aldlk flwlv fiolnulklnlk f`kalk `c`nvic flk `ciui`k+

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Bzalkiului Jzialf` W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk oldlk $Jziaflonlzdpv) jlkyln

j`zw`zlk kylvl flolm bw`zlui w`mlflmlk fi olwlkalk/ n`vinl v`zhlfi n`jlnlzlk fi nlqlulk

nbku`zslui+ N`vinl w`vpalu m`k`ziml lflkyl olwbzlk v`kvlka lflkyl n`jlnlzlk jlin j`zupmj`z

flzi mluylzlnlv mlpwpk flzi w`vpalu u`kfizi/ mlnl w`vpalu olkaupka j`za`zln n` olwlkalk flk

m`kanbbzfikluinlk n`hlfilk iki n` w`vpalu olik pkvpn u`a`zl m`olnulklnlk w`mlflmlk+

Mlulold n`v`zjlvlulk w`zubkio ylka fimioini JNUFL u`elzl vifln olkaupka m`mw`kalzpdi

j`j`zlwl un`ml w`olnulkllk lnvicivlu w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk fi JNUFL Nlmbhlka+

Bo`d nlz`kl ivp upfld m`khlfi n`qlhijlk lflkyl n`zhlulml ylka jlin u`zvl n`w`fpoilk widln

lkvlzl w`ka`obol dpvlk flk lwlzlv w`m`zikvldlk f`kalk mluylzlnlv u`nivlz dpvlk flolm

w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ U`olik ivp/ fiw`zopnlk n`zhlulml flk nbbzfiklui f`kalk ikuvlkui

olik m`kaikalv n`v`zjlvlulk upmj`zflyl flolm zlkanl w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk fi flolm

nlqlulk nbku`zslui/ filkvlzlkyl n`zhlulml ylka jlin v`old fiolnpnlk JNUFL Nlmbhlka

f`kalk ikuvlkui uqluvl WV+ W`zvlmikl Nlmbhlka+

Lflwpk Uvzpnvpz Jziaflonlzdpv Nlmbhlka u`w`zvi ylka fivpkhpnlk wlfl Almjlz

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J`zflulznlk Almjlz

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w`kalmlklk nlqlulk dikaal w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk v`zpvlml fi obnlui ylka zlqlk

alkaaplk flk zlqlk v`zjlnlz u`w`zvi Jobn Eivlo`wln/ Jobn Uivp Jpzpka/ Jobn O`jln A`f`/

Jobn 17/ Jobn Epzpa Lpo/ Jobn Eia`khz`ka/ Jobn O`h`ka/ Jobn O`abn Hlmjp/ Jobn Vlwlo Npfl/

Jobn U`pz`pd Hlql/ Jobn Eiviiu/ Jobn Upmpz J`fpo/ Jobn Wluiz Jlhika/ Jobn Wluiz M`zi flk

oldlk w`zvlkilk ylka j`zjlvlulk olkaupka f`kalk nlqlulk nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka+

N`ailvlk wlvzboi iki v`zfizi flzi : n`ailvlk ylivp n`ailvlk wz`s`kvic flk n`ailvlk z`wz`uic+

N`ailvlk wz`s`kvic j`zpwl wlvzboi zpvik+ Lflwpk n`ailvlk z`wz`uic fiolnpnlk jiol lfl ikfinlui

v`zhlfikyl w`olkaalzlk fiuplvp obnlui wlfl nlqlulk nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka+ Lflwpk n`ailvlk

z`wz`uic ylka fiolnpnlk lflold wlvzboi m`kflfln flk wlvzboi cpkauibklo+ Wlfl u`vilw n`ailvlk

wlvzboi v`zu`jpv/ w`vpalu hpal fidlzpunlk m`mjlql w`zlolvlk nbmpkinlui j`zpwl Dlkfi`-

Vzlkue`is`z $DV)/ Dlkf Wdbk` $DW) flzi vikanlv Z`ubzv/ U`nui Nbku`zslui Qiolyld $UNQ)

dikaal Jloli u`dikaal ikcbzmlui v`kvlka v`zhlfikyl alkaaplk n`lmlklk flk w`zoikfpkalk

dpvlk u`a`zl flwlv fin`vldpi bo`d u`vilw w`vpalu Z`ubzv/ UNQ mlpwpk JJNUFL Wzbwikui+

l+ Wlvzboi Zpvik

Wlvzboi zpvik m`zpwlnlk n`ailvlk w`kalmlklk ylka fiolnulklnlk u`elzl zpvik fiu`opzpd

nlqlulk nbku`zslui nlmbhlka bo`d w`vpalu ylka fiu`uplinlk j`zflulznlk qiolyld n`zhl flk

azpw ylka v`old v`zhlfqlo fiu`vilw Z`ubzvkyl+ W`kh`olhldlk wlvzboi iki fiolnpnlk vial nloi flolm

u`mikaap/ f`kalk vphplk obnlui ylka m`mioini vikanlv n`zlqlklk alkaaplk nlqlulk ylka

vikaai fimluika-mluika Z`ubzv+ U`olik ivp hpal fiolnpnlk w`mlkvlpllk fij`j`zlwl vivin obnlui

ylka zlqlk v`zjlnlz+ Lobnlui n`ailvlk wlvzboi zpvik fi nlqlulk ylka j`zjlvlulk olkaupka

f`kalk oldlk w`zvlkilk fiolnpnlk uilka dlzi+ V`zmlupn flolm n`ailvlk wlvzbo zpvik iki v`zflwlv

wlvzboi ikuif`kvio ylka m`mioini lobnlui dlzi v`zv`kvp/ lzvikyl wlvzboi fiolnpnlk u`qlnvp-qlnvp

wlfl obnlui v`zv`kvp lwljiol v`zflwlv fpallk ikcbzmlui m`ka`kli n`hlfilk ylka m`kaalkaap

n`pvpdlk w`ka`obollk nlqlulk dpvlk mlnl u`opzpd w`vpalu w`kalmlklk dpvlk uilw wlvzboi+

j+ Wlvzboi m`kflfln

Wlvzboi m`kflfln iki m`zpwlnlk bw`zlui w`kalmlklk dpvlk aljpkalk lkvlzl Wbodpv

JNUFL Nlmbhlka f`kalk m`oijlvnlk ikuvlkui olik/ filkvlzlkyl lkaabvl Wboz`u/ N`hlnullk/

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Lwlzlv W`m`zikvld Fl`zld flk F`ul u`zvl j`j`zlwl n`obmwbn mluylzlnlv ylka w`fpoi v`zdlflw

oikanpkalk v`zmlupn fiflolmkyl Wlmdpvuqlnlzul flk upnlz`olqlk+ Wlvzboi iki fiolnpnlk

u`v`o`d w`vpalu olwlkalk m`k`ziml ikcbzmlui lflkyl alkaaplk dpvlk ylka flwlv m`kalkelm

n`pvpdlk flk n`o`uvlzilk nlqlulk w`ka`obollk dpvlk+ W`vpalu n`dpvlklk ylka fiolwlkalk

olkaupka m`olwbznlk n`hlfilk iki n` Z`ubzv pkvpn fivikflnolkhpvi n` vikanlv Jloli+ Jloli

olkaupka m`mjplv upzlv vpalu n`wlfl Z`ubzv u`v`mwlv flk m`mjplv upzlv n`zhlulml f`kalk

lwlzlv pkvpn u`a`zl m`olnpnlk bw`zlui w`kalmlklk fi olwlkalk+

e+ Wlvzboi Cpkauibklo

Wlvzboi cpkauibklo lvlp jilul fiu`jpv Bw`zlui w`kalmlklk dpvlk cpkauibklo fiolnpnlk

bo`d v`klal w`kalmlklk dpvlk ylivp Wbodpv flk WWDKC/ u`zvl w`vpalu olikkyl u`upli f`kalk

jiflka vpalukyl+ Bw`zlui iki fiolnpnlk u`upli f`kalk w`zlk/ vpalu flk vlkaapka hlqlj mluika-

mluika w`vpalu+ U`olik ivp hpal u`nloiapu m`olnpnlk w`mlkvlplk pkvpn m`kadikflzi lnvisivlu

mlkpuil ylka flwlv m`miep v`zhlfikyl w`ziuviql n`jlnlzlk ullv bw`zlui v`zu`jpv fiolnpnlk

Wlfl wlvzboi cpkauibklo iki m`oijlvnlk n`obmwbn mluylzlnlv flk Wlmdpvuqlnlzul

U`olik j`j`zlwl n`ailvlk wlvzboi ylka fipzlinlk fi lvlu/ hpal v`zflwlv n`ailvlk wlvzboi

ylka j`znlivlk `zlv f`kalk lnvicivlu w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ U`w`zvi wlvzboi w`mlkvlplk

f`v`nui fiki w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ Wlvzboi iki fiolnpnlk lwljiol upfld m`mlupni

mpuim n`mlzlp flolm zlkanl f`v`nui fiki $`lzoy qlzkika uyuv`m) n`jlnlzlk dpvlk finlqlulk

nbku`zslui nlmbhlka f`kalk m`mlkvlp olkaupka fi j`j`zlwl obnlui zlqlk v`zjlnlz fi nlqlulk

nlmbhlka u`w`zvi oldlk w`zvlkilk mioin mluylzlnlv ylka j`zjlvlulk olkaupka f`kalk nlqlulk

nbku`zslui nlmbhlka+

F`kalk j`zn`mjlkakyl v`nkbobai `o`nvzbkinl/ lolv-lolv `o`nvzbkinl v`old jlkyln

fin`mjlkanlk pkvpn m`mjlkvp n`mlmwplk mlkpuil flolm m`kf`v`nui lqlo n`jlnlzlk

$ikeiwi`kv qiofciz`u)+ Lnlk v`vlwi/ fi Ikfbk`uil vlkaapka hlqlj mluid v`zo`vln wlfl w`vpalu

wlvzboi+ W`zop fiv`nlknlk jldql wlfl lz`lo dpvlk ndpupukyl ylka m`mwpkyli w`kfpfpn

jlkyln/ vlkapka hlqlj w`kalmlv n`jlnlzlk u`dlzpukyl fiu`zldnlk n`wlfl mluylzlnlv

u`v`mwlv $Hlyl :775)+

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:+ Nbmpkinlui

Pkvpn m`mw`zmpfld nbbzfiklui flk nbmpkinlui fi olwlkalk n`vinl v`zhlfi w`ziuviql

n`jlnlzlk mlpwpk alkaaplk n`lmlklk ylka flwlv m`mw`kalzpdi n`pvpdlk w`ka`obollknlqlulk/ u`zvl pkvpn m`khloik dpjpkalk nbmpkinlui lkvlz w`vpalu ylka j`zlfl fi vikanlv

Z`ubzv/ U`nui dikaal vikanlv Jloli fiu`filnlk lolv nbmpkinlui j`zpwl zlfib lkvlz Z`ubzv/ U`nui

dikaal vikanlv Jloli+ U`olik zlfib/ Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka m`mioini 1 pkiv Dlkfy Vzlkue`is`z $DV)

ylka dlzpu fijlql ullv m`olnpnlk wlvzboi u`dikaal ikcbzmlui v`kvlka v`zhlfikyl alkaaplk

n`lmlklk flk w`zoikfpkalk dpvlk fin`vldpi lkvlz w`vpalu fi Z`ubzv/ U`nui mlpwpk JJNUFL

Hlql Jlzlv+ Klmpk nbmpkinlui wlzl w`vpalu fiolwlkalk ylka u`zika fiapklnlk lflold Dlkf-

Wdbk` $DW) nlz`kl fizlul ulkalv mpfld flk wzlnviu w`kaapkllkkyl flk e`wlv flolm m`mj`zi

flk m`k`ziml ikcbzmlui+

M`kpzpv Wzlnbub $:775) lfl fpl viw` hlzikalk zlfib nbmpkinlui/ ylivp hlzikalk

v`zn`kfloi flk vifln v`zn`kfloi+ Hlzikalk v`zn`kfloi v`zfizi flzi ulvp uvluipk w`ka`kfloi flk

j`j`zlwl uvluipk j`za`zln $mbjio)+ Flolm hlzikalk v`zn`kfloi nbmpkinlui fiolnpnlk lkvlz

uvluipk w`ka`kfloi f`kalk j`j`zlwl uvluipk j`za`zln $mbjio)+ U`flanlk hlzikalk vifln

v`zn`kfloi v`zfizi flzi uvluipk mbjio f`kalk w`ulqlv zlfib wbzvljo` $DV) ylka vifln

fin`kfloinlk bo`d uvluipk w`ka`kfloi/ u`dikaal u`vilw pkiv flwlv j`znbmpkinlui f`kalk pkiv

mlklwpk+

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f`kalk w`ka`e`nlk n` olwlkalk bo`d w`vpalu fi Z`ubzv+ Dlo iki finlz`klnlk jlkyln ikcbzmlui

flzi mluylzlnlv dlkyl iup j`olnl+

5+ W`kyilwlk Bzalkiului W`mlflmlk

Pkvpn m`kelwli n`j`zdluiolk vpalu-vpalu flolm w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk/ mlnl

fiw`zopnlk uplvp olkanld w`kyilwlk bzalkiului ylka jlin $Upzlvmb `v lo+ :775)+ Flolm dlo ik

Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka v`old m`olnpnlk lw`o uilal w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ Lw`o Uilal ylka

fiolnulklnlk ylivp m`kh`olka mpuim n`mlzlp flk n`ailvlk lw`o uilal iki upfld fiolnulklnlk

u`jlkyln 5 nloi ylivp vldpk :77: fi Nlmbhlka fiinpvi bo`d Ikuvlkui w`m`zikvldlk u`-Ikfbk`uil

$Hljlz II u`nui II) flk mluylzlnlv/ wlfl vlkaalo :7 Hpki :771 ylka fiolnulklnlk fi Fu+

O`mjlka N`e+ O`o`u f`kalk w`u`zvl u`jlkyln

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bo`d M`kv`zi N`dpvlklk Mlo`m Ulmjlv Nljlk flk fiolkhpvnlk w`m`zinullk jlziulk u`zvl

fij`zinlk w`ulk pkvpn uloika n`zhl ulml m`kikanlvnlk w`mjikllk flk m`mj`zinlk n`ulflzlk

wlfl mluylzlnlv v`kvlka w`kvikakyl m`khlal n`o`uvlzilk dpvlk flzi jldlyl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+

U`flkanlk uimpolui n`uilwuilallk iki j`zpwl f`v`nui fiki ulmwli w`klkalklk n`jlnlzlk

m`kaapklnlk w`zlolvlk w`mlflmlk u`f`zdlkl u`w`zvi w`mpnpo lwi $colww`z)/ u`nbw/ elkanpo

alzwp/ wlzlka/ abobn/ dikaal m`kaapklnlk w`zlolvlk w`ky`mwzbv lwi $h`v udbbv`z) flk lolv

w`kalmlk u`w`zvi u`wlvp jbv/ ulzpka vlkalk/ flk d`om w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk+ U`opzpd w`u`zvl

m`kflwlv w`kh`olulk j`zjlali h`kiu lolv w`mlflm ylka jilul fiapklnlk flolm w`klkaapolkalk

n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`zvl cpkaui lolv flk elzl w`kaapkllkkyl+ W`u`zvl lw`o uilal hpal

m`kf`mbkuvzluinlk jlalimlkl elzl w`klkaapolkalk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk/ mpoli flzi jlalimlkl

m`mjlel uivplui n`jlnlzlk/ pwlyl lwl ylka dlzpu fiolnpnlk flolm m`obnloiuiz lwi lalz vifln

m`oplu/ u nloiapu m`mlvinlk lwi+ N`mpfilk pwlyl ylka fiolnpnlk u`v`old kylol lwi upfld

j`zdluio fimlvinlk/ flk jlalimlkl elzl m`olnpnlkMbw-Pw+

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w`kalolmlk f`kalk klzl upmj`z ylka lfl+ Mlnupf flzi w`oijlvlk mluylzlnlv v`zu`jpv pkvpn

m`kikanlvnlk nbbzfiklui flk ubuiloiului flolm jiflka w`kikanlvlk n`uilwuilallk w`ka`kfloilk

n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flolm oikanpw mluylzlnlv+ Dlo iki fiw`zopnlk nlz`kl wlfl flulzkyl

n`qluwlfllk v`zu`jpv vifln dlkyl m`khlfi vpalu JNUFL flk lwlzlv u`v`mwlv v`vlwi hpal

m`zpwlnlk vlkaapka hlqlj j`zulml f`kalk mluylzlnlv/ fimlkl mluylzlnlv u`elzl olkaupka

flk vifln olkaupka m`mwpkyli n`v`zalkvpkalk f`kalk nlqlulk dpvlk u`nivlz Nlmbhlka+

6+ W`olvidlk W`vpalu

M`kh`olka mpuim n`mlzlp JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka m`olnpnlk Aolfi Wbunb j`zpwl

w`mj`zilk mlv`zi flk uimpolui u`jlali ulold ulvp pwlyl ylka fiolnpnlk flolm w`ka`kfloilk

n`jlnlzlk+ N`ailvlk Aolfi Wbunb iki u`zika fiolnpnlk fi Wbunb W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk

jldnlk fi Nlkvbz Z`ubzv u`j`opm n` olwlkalk+ Ulold ulvp npkei n`uilwuilallk lflold

m`mwpkyli hpmold flk nploivlu v`klal v`zolvid ylka m`mlfli pkvpn m`kadlflwi lkelmlk+

U`vilw vldpk pkiv w`ka`obol dpvlk flk oldlk dlzpu m`kabzalkiului flk m`kf`v`nui w`zubk`

f`kalk jlin u`vilw m`kh`olka mpuim n`mlzlp+ Pkvpn m`kelwli vphplk iki mlnl dlzpu

m`kelwli vlza`v ylka m`kelnpw z`ezpiv v`klal ikvi/ flk v`klal elflkalk jlin flzi pkupz

mluylzlnlv lvlp uvlc"w`n`zhl v`vlw/ u`zvl w`olnulkllk w`olvidlkkyl $Upmlkvzi :775)+ Bo`d

nlz`kl ivp/ w`olvidlk w`vpalu w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk m`zpwlnlk jlailk ylka ulkalv

w`kvika flolm n`ailvlk wzl-w`mlflmlk+ Cluioivlu"w`zlolvlk v`zjlin ylka fiu`filnlk vifln lnlk

`c`nvic jiol w`vpalu vifln v`zolvid flolm w`kaapkllk w`zlolvlk v`zu`jpv+ W`olvidlk n`v`zlmwiolk

hpal dlzpu fiolnpnlk u`elzl zpvik $Upzlvmb `v lo+ :775)+

0+ W`kyilwlk W`zlolvlk

W`zlolvlk w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka v`zflwlv fi JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka

mluid flolm nbkfiui jlin fiapklnlk dlkyl pkvpn n`w`zoplk w`mlflmlk+ U`elzl pmpm lolv-

lolv ylka lfl mpfld pkvpn fiw`zapklnlk nlz`kl vbwbazlci nlqlulk dpvlk ylka epnpw olkfli+

Dlkyl ulhl v`zflwlv n`upoivlk n`vinl obnlui vivin lwi v`zflwlv fi v`kald dpvlk fimlkl mbjio

w`mlflm n`jlnlzlk vifln flwlv m`kphp obnlui vivin lwi+ W`kalflllk lolv w`mlflm n`jlnlzlk

mluid j`zpwl w`mj`zilk flzi Fivh`k WDNL+ W`zlolvlk ylka lfl filkvlzlkyl lflold Mbjio

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Flmnlz/ Mbjio Wlvzboi/ H`v Udbbv`z/ D`om/ Uljiv/ U`nbw/ A`wybn/ W`kaalzpn/ Wiulp/ Nlwln/

Abobn/ U`wlvp flk Jlhp vldlk lwi/ Nlbu nlni u`zvl Ulzpka vlkalk+

Flolm w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk w`zlolvlk vlkalk flwlv fiapklnlk pkvpn w`mjplvlk

iolzlk/ w`mj`zuidlk flk w`mjplvlk zikviulk/ m`kepkanio/ m`zlwidnlk flk m`mjplv wlziv

w`mjlnlzlk/ u`zvl flwlv fiaplklnlk pkvpn w`ky`o`ulilk"mbw pw+ Nlz`kl vpalu-vpalu

w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ulkalv j`zslzilui jlin flzi qlnvp mlpwpk v`mwlv/ mlnl flolm

w`mioidlk lolv dlzpu m`mw`zvimjlkanlk j`j`zlwl n`w`kvikalk ylivp `c`nvicivlu/ `ciui`kui

$wzbfpnvicivlu)/ u`zjlapkl/ n`mpfldlk pkvpn fijlql/ n`nplvlk/ w`m`oidlzllk flk w`kaalkvilk

flk uvlkflziului+ M`kpzpv Dpul`ki $:775) w`kaapklk w`zlolvlk j`zvphplk pkvpn m`mjlvlui flk

m`kad`kvinlk z`lnui w`mjlnlzlk $ebmjpuvibk) f`kalk m`kaapklnlk ulvp flzi j`j`zlwl elzl

lvlp nbmjiklui j`j`zlwl elzl8 W`zvlml/ nbmjiklui w`vpalu flk lolv flwlv m`kapzlkai z`lnui

w`mjlnlzlk f`kalk elzl m`kadiolkanlk jldlk jlnlz flzi lz`lo ylka lnlk fiolopi lwi/ miulokyl

w`kaapkllk alzp lwi $ciz` zln`) pkvpn m`kyikaniznlk u`zluld n`zika+ N`fpl/ uplvp lolv

fiapklnlk pkvpn m`kfikaiknlk jldlk jlnlz ylka u`flka v`zjlnlz olkaupka fi f`wlk lwi/

ulmwli updpkyl vifln m`mpkaniknlk pkvpn v`zhlfikyl z`lnui w`mjlnlzlk+ Ebkvbdkyl lflold

w`kaapkllk liz lvlp wluiz"vlkld wlfl jldlk jlnlz ylka u`flka m`kylol+ N`vial/ uplvp lolv

flwlv fiapklnlk pkvpn j`zjlali n`w`zoplk miulokyl pkvpn m`mlflmnlk kylol lwi/ pkvpn

m`ke`ald lalz kylol lwi vifln m`kflwlv vlmjldlk bnuia`k ylka fiw`zopnlk pkvpn z`lnui

w`mjlnlzlk+ W`mpnpo lwi flk uikanpw flwlv fiapklnlk mlnupf v`zu`jpv+

3+ W`kyilwlk olwlkalk

Pkvpn m`kadlflwi w`ziuviql n`jlnlzlk ylka flwlv v`zhlfi u`qlnvp-qlnvp/ Z`ubzv

Nlmbhlka m`k`zlwnlk uiuv`m uilal :6 hlm j`zv`mwlv fi nlkvbz Z`ubzv+

Wbunb W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk iki v`vlw uilal u`olml :6 hlm flk filflnlk win`v

j`zalkvilk f`kalk hpmold w`zubkio ylka uilal u`jlkyln 5 bzlka f`kalk w`zalkvilk u`vilw

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:+ W`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

l+ Wzikuiw W`mlflmlk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

M`kpzpv Dpul`ki :775/ mlklh`m`k n`jlnlzlk dpvlk $ cbz`uv ciz` mlkla`m`kv) lflold

u`mpl lnvicivlu m`oikfpkai dpvlk flzi n`jlnlzlk oilz flk w`kaapkllk lwi pkvpn m`kelwli

vphplk ylka fiv`vlwnlk flolm w`ka`obollk dpvlk+

Wzikuiw w`mlflmlk fi JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka m`kaapklnlk j`zjlali elzl flk

nbmjiklui ylka fiapklnlk+ Elzl flk nbmjiklui v`zu`jpv j`zpwl w`kaapkllk liz pkvpn

m`kpzpknlk v`mw`zlvpz fiu`nivlz vivin lwi/ f`kalk m`kaapklnlk u`nbw"elkanpo vlkld pkvpn

m`mj`zuidnlk s`a`vlui ulmwli vlkld mik`zlo pkvpn m`kadiolkanlk wlubnlk jldlk jlnlz u`zvl

f`kalk m`mpnpo lwi f`kalk m`kaapklnlk w`mpnpo lwi nlz`v pkvpn m`kapzlkai bnuia`k/

jldnlk f`kalk m`kaapklnlk w`zlolvlk w`mlflmlk u`lflkyl u`w`zvi m`kaapklnlk zlkvika

wbdbk pkvpn m`mlflmnlk lwi+

j+ M`vbf` W`mlflmlk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

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:+ Vldlw W`olnulkllk W`mlflmlk

M`vbf` ylka wloika u`zika fiolnpnlk Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka pkvpn m`mlflmnlk lwi lflold

f`kalk m`mjplv iolzlk lwi flk jlnlz jloin u`zvl f`kalk m`kanbmjikluinlk m`vbf`-m`vbf`v`zu`jpv+ N`vinl v`zhlfi n`jlnlzlk mlnl m`vbf` ylka fiapklnlk flzi n`vial m`vbf` iki ylivp

f`kalk m`oidlv v`zo`jid fldpop j`ulz/ vikaai flk n`e`wlvlk lwi"lkaik ylka v`zhlfi ullv

n`jlnlzlk ivp v`zhlfi+ Wlzl w`vpalu w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk wpk fivpkvpv dlzpu m`kapluli

olwlkalk ullv v`zhlfi n`jlnlzlk lalz wzbu`u w`mlflmlk flwlv fiolnulklnlk u`elzl `c`nvic flk

`ciui`k+

U`v`old vim j`zdluio m`mlflmnlk lwi/ olkanld u`olkhpvkyl lflold m`olnpnlk n`ailvlk

mbw-pw+ Mbw-pw iki lnlk ulkalv m`k`kvpnlk upnu`u lvlp alalokyl u`opzpd bw`zlui w`mlflmlk

V`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk n`mjloi fiobnlui ylka v`old v`zjlnlz flk u`nivlzkyl nlz`kl mbw-pw

fiolnulklnlk vifln u`mwpzkl+ Mbw-pw lvlp ulwp j`zuid uiul lwi m`zpwlnlk n`ailvlk filndiz

flolm wzbu`u w`olnulkllk w`mlflmlk pkvpn m`mluvinlk flk m`ylniknlk lwi flk jlzl j`klz-

j`klz wlflm+

5+ W`klkalklk Wluel N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk Nlqlulk Nbku`zslui

N`ailvlk w`klkalklk wluel n`jlnlzlk m`zpwlnlk jlailk flolm zlkanlilk lnvicivlu

w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk ylka fiv`zlwnlk JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka+ W`klkalklk wluel

n`jlnlzlk iki m`kelnpw n`ailvlk if`kvicinlui flk `sloplui nlqlulk dpvlk flk oldlk v`zjlnlz/

z`dljioivlui flk w`k`alnlk dpnpm+

l+ If`kvicinlui flk @sloplui

U`v`old u`o`uli w`olnulkllk w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk lvlp u`v`old mpuim n`jlnlzlk

flolm ulvp vldpk j`zlndiz dlzpu fiolnpnlk n`ailvlk-n`ailvlk olkhpvlk ylka j`zpwl `sloplui

w`olnulkllk+ Dluio-dluio `sloplui iki lnlk fiapklnlk pkvpn z`siui lvlp w`ky`mwpzkllk z`kelkl

w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk j`zinpvkyl $Upzlvmb :775)+ N`ailvlk `sloplui flk if`kvicinlui

ylivp8

:+ M`kypupk uvlviuvin n`jlnlzlk dpvlk/ ylka m`kelnpw hpmold n`jlnlzlk dpvlk/ oplu lz`loylka v`zjlnlz/ obnlui n`jlnlzlk flk u`jlj-u`jlj v`zhlfikyl n`jlnlzlk $upmj`z lwi)

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5+ M`olnpnlk `sloplui-`sloplui v`zdlflw n`jlnlzlk-n`jlnlzlk ylka j`zdluio flk viflnj`zdluio fiwlflmnlk bo`d w`vpalu w`mlflmlk flk m`k`olld w`ky`jljkyl+

6+ M`kadivpka n`zpulnlk flk n`zpailk ubuilo/ jpflyl/ `nbkbmiu/ flk `nbobaiu lnijlvn`jlnlzlk ylka v`zhlfi/ jlin fiflolm mlpwpk fioplz nlqlulk dpvlk+

0+ M`kadivpka w`mjilyllk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk ylka v`old fin`oplznlk flkm`mjlkfikanlkkyl f`kalk z`kelkl jilyl ylka v`old filkaalznlk u`j`opmkyl+

3+ M`ka`sloplui z`kelkl flk w`olnulkllk n`ailvlk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk u`elzln`u`opzpdlk+

1+ M`olnpnlk wzbu`fpz w`ky`oifinlk flk w`kyifinlk n`jlnlzlk pkvpn wzbu`u w`k`alnlkdpnpm o`jid olkhpv+

N`ailvlk If`kvicinlui flk @sloplui n`jlnlzlk dpvlk fiolnpnlk bo`d vim ylka fij`kvpn

ullv vldlw w`zuilwlk w`mlflmlk n`jlnlzlk+

Flolm oikanpw JNUFL z`ap if`kvicinlui flk `sloplui j`zvpalu m`ky`oifini v`kvlka

w`miep v`zhlfikyl w`ziuviql n`jlnlzlk+ U`olik ivp hpal pkvpn m`klnuiz oplu lz`lo ylka v`zjlnlz

v`zo`jid fpop m`mjplv un`vul obnlui n`jlnlzlk u`zvl wbv`kui ylka v`zjlnlz j`zpwl n`zpailk

`nbkbmiu mlpwpk `nbobaiu/ klmpk pkvpn lkloiuiu n`zpailk j`opm jiul fiolnpnlk nlz`kl u`mpl

s`a`vlui fi nlqlulk nbku`zslui m`zpwlnlk dluio flzi upnu`ui u`elzl lolmi u`dikaal vifln flwlv

fivlnuiz jilyl w`klklmlk jijiv/ dlzal jijiv/ jilyl w`mjplvlk opjlka vlklm/ jilyl w`zlqlvlk

$w`kflkaizlk/ w`kyilkalk) flk jilyl ylka olikkyl+

j+ Z`dljioivlui

Qlolpwpk jpnlk m`zpwlnlk jlailk flzi w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk/ z`dljioivlui

lz`lo dpvlk j`nlu n`jlnlzlk m`zpwlnlk n`ailvlk ylka w`kvika/ u`olik pkvpn m`ka`mjloinlk

cpkaui dpvlkkyl/ hpal pkvpn m`kapzlkai jldlyl jldlk jlnlz $ciz` dlxlzf z`fpevibk) u`jlal

lnijlv flzi n`jlnlzlk ylka upfld v`zhlfi+

Pkvpn m`mw`ze`wlv wzbu`u upnu`ui nbkfiui oldlk j`nlu v`zjlnlz fi nlqlulk Nlmbhlka

fiw`zopnlk z`dljioivlui lz`lo j`nlu v`zjlnlz v`zu`jpv f`kalk w`klklmlk h`kiu wbdbk lvlp

s`a`vlui luoi u`v`mwlv f`kalk elvlvlk jldql vpmjpdlk ylka fivlklm upfld w`zkld lfl fiobnlui

ylka d`kfln fiz`dljioivlui+ Wlfl vldpk :776 v`old fiolnpnlk A`zlnlk Z`dljioivlui Kluibklo

fimlkl nlqlulk NUFL Nlmbhlka ylka fiz`dljioivlui filkvlzlkyl VQL Nlmbhlka u`oplu

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Dl/ Jobn Wluiz Nlpv` 07 Dl/ flk Jobn Eihldl u`oplu 17 Dl f`kalk hpmold jijiv ylka fivlklm

u`jlkyln 677 jlvlka vilw d`nvlzkyl+ H`kiu jijiv ylka fivlklm ylivp flzi nlyp lolm h`kiu Wpuwl/

Ni J`pz`pm/ Mlkaoif/ Dpzp/ Ulkikv`k/ Hlmphp/ flk h`kiu Niwpvzi+ J`ulzkyl lz`lo ylka

fiz`dljioivlui iki ulkalv j`znlivlk f`kalk hpmold flkl ylka v`zu`fil+ N`ailvlk z`dljioivlui ylka

fiolnulklnlk bo`d Widln NUFL iki j`zvphplk pkvpn m`ka`mjloinlk lvlp m`mpoidnlk cpkaui

dpvlk ylka v`zjlnlz j`zpwl w`ky`dlvlk `nbuiuv`m/ z`jbiului/ w`klklmlk/ w`kalyllk/ lvlp

dlkyl m`khlal lz`lo v`zjlnlz v`zu`jpv lalz vifln v`zjlnlz n`mjloi/ u`dikaal flwlv j`zolkaupka

z`a`k`zlui lolmi+

e+ W`k`alnlk Dpnpm

Flolm zlkanl m`mj`zinlk `c`n h`zl n`wlfl w`olnp vikfln wiflkl w`mjlnlz dpvlk

mlnl dpnpm dlzpu fiv`alnnlk+ W`k`alnlk dpnpm v`zdlflw vikfln wiflkl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk fi

JNUFL Nlmbhlka fiolnulklnlk u`upli f`kalk n`v`kvplk wzbu`u w`k`alnlk dpnpm ylka

m`oijlvnlk o`mjlal flk ikuvlkui v`znliv u`w`zvi N`wboiuilk/ N`hlnullk/ N`dlnimlk/ flk olik-

olik+

Uldlzhb `v lo+ $:770) m`k`alunlk jldql vikflnlk wlunl n`jlnlzlk dpvlk flk oldlk

filkvlzlkyl ylivp pwlyl ypzifinlui+ Iks`uvialui wlunl n`jlnlzlk dlzpu u`a`zl fiolnpnlk pkvpn

m`ka`vldpi uilwl w`ky`jlj n`hlfilk n`jlnlzlk/ jlalimlk wzbu`ukyl flk j`zlwl j`ulz n`zpailk

ylka filnijlvnlk flk u`olkhpvkyl m`olnpnlk pwlyl ypzifinlui pkvpn m`kpkvpv ui w`olnp n`

w`kalfiolk+ Flolm pwlyl ypzifinlui iki w`zop nbbzfiklui ylka v`znliv lkvlzl j`j`zlwl ikuvlkui/

wboiui/ w`kyifin w`alqli k`a`zi uiwio $WWKU)/ OUM/ flk wlzl ldoi+ Wlzl ldoi n`jlnlzlk/ vlkld/

flk oikanpkalk flwlv m`kfpnpka pwlyl w`ky`oifinlk flolm w`kapmwpolk jpnvi-jpnvi u`zvl

dluio-dluio lkloiul ylka flwlv m`kapkanlwnlk jldql n`jlnlzk ylka v`zhlfi j`zlulo flzi

w`kaapkllk lwi ylka e`zbjbd lvlp n`jlnlzlk v`zu`jpv fiolnpnlk u`elzl u`kalhl pkvpn vphplk

v`zv`kvp+

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C+ W`zlku`zvl Mluylzlnlv U`nivlz Nlqlulk Nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka/ Widln

Uqluvl"JPMK $WV+ W`zvlmikl Nlmbhlka) flk Pwlyl JNUFL Nlmbhlka UNQ S

Alzpv flolm W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk Oldlk

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Elnzljplkl)+ U`olik ivp hpal/ wlfl lqlo vldpk :774 iki v`old lfl 1 N`elmlvlk ylka v`old

m`kylvlnlk uilw pkvpn m`khlfi Wlmdpvuqlnlzul+ Filkvlzl j`j`zlwl n`obmwbn iki lfl ylka

v`old m`kylvlnlk fizikyl uilw m`khlfi Wlmdpvuqlnlzul u`elzl v`zvpoiu flk lfl hpal ylka jlzp

m`kylvlnlk u`elzl oiulk/ : N`elmlvlk filkvlzlkyl v`old m`kylvlnlk u`elzl v`zvpoiu ylka uilw

pkvpn m`khlfi Wlmdpvuqlnlzul flk 0 N`elmlvlk olikkyl jlzp m`kylvlnlk u`elzl oiulk ylka

j`zu`fil pkvpn hlfi wlmdpvuqlnlzul filkvlzlkyl ylivp N`e+ O`o`u/ Nlfpkabzl/ Nlzlka Wlqivlk

Einlhlka flk N`e+ Eiu`qp+

Pupolk n`uilwlk pkvpn m`khlfi Wlmdpvuqlnlzul ylka fiolnpnlk u`elzl v`zvpoiu flzi :

n`elmlvlk v`zu`jpv mluid flolm w`zvimjlkalk Fiklu N`dpvlklk Nljpwlv`k Alzpv+ J`znlu

pupolk lnlk fiw`zvimjlkanlk flzi u`ai vphplk fij`kvpnkyl Wlmdpvuqlnlzul fi n`elmlvlk ylka

j`zulkanpvlk flk w`kalmlklk fl`zld flolm mlulold lwl/ u`dikaal findlqlviznlk mluylzlnlv

m`kyloldapklnlk uvlvpu Wlmdpvuqlnlzulkyl+ U`v`old fiupzs`y n` olwlkalk/ finlhi flk

fiw`zvimjlkanlk n`h`olulk flzi uivplui fl`zld v`zu`jpv mlnl j`znlu pupolk lnlk

finbbzfikluinlk f`kalk mpuwinl n`elmlvlk pkvpn m`kflwlvnlk w`kapnpdlk"w`k`vlwlk uvlvpu

n`obmwbn mluylzlnlv m`khlfi Wlmdpvuqlnlzul+

J`j`zlwl mbvislui mluylzlnlv j`zu`fil pkvpn m`khlfi Wlmdpvuqlnlzul filkvlzlkyl

lflold nlz`kl m`zpwlnlk uplvp dbji/ u`jlali j`kvpn w`kalmlklk v`zdlflw lu`v mluylzlnlv

mluylzlnlv u`nivlz nlqlulk ikaik m`o`uvlzinlk nlqlulk dpvlk filkvlzlkyl fiolnulklnlk

wzbazlm WDJM/ Joben Az``k/ flk wzbazlm A`zdlk flk m`z`nl ikaik m`ka`vldpi n`h`olulk

jlvlu f`ul u`dikaal mluylzlnlv m`kflwlvnlk n`h`olulk flolm j`j`zlwl dlo/ miulokyl flolm

dlo w`mjlailk flk w`kalvpzlk loizlk upmj`z mlvl liz+

Ubuiloiului jlvlu fimlnupfnlk lalz jlvlu-jlvlu Elalz Lolm flwlv fin`vldpi bo`d widln

olik/ u`dikaal flwlv m`mikimloiuiz wbv`kui nbkcoin/ jlin nbkcoin ylka m`kylkanpv nolim oldlk

mlpwpk nbkcoin nlz`kl w`k`vzlui widln olik n` flolm qiolyld Elalz Lolm+ U`olik jlvlu oplu

ubuiloiului jlvlu hpal w`zop fiolnpnlk v`zdlflw jlvlu xbkl fi flolm lz`lo Elalz Lolm $Lccic

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ulzlkl w`kalmlklk nlqlulk dpvlk/ w`olkaalz nlqlulk dpvlk m`zpwlnlk mluylzlnlv u`nivlz

w`olnp w`olkaalzlk dpvlk flzi n`oplzal u`kfizi flk v`vlkaal/ flk v`zjlvlukyl n`mlmwplk

w`vpalu w`kalmlklk dpvlk flolm m`kflmwikai flk m`mjimjika Wlmdpvuqlnlzul nlz`kl

mikimkyl flkl+

Vldpk :774 iki Fiklu N`dpvlklk Nljpwlv`k Alzpv u`flka m`zpmpunlk n`obmwbn

W`kypopd N`dpvlklk Uqlflyl Mluylzlnlv $WNUM) u`jlali ulold ulvp j`kvpn pwlyl flolm

w`kalmlklk n`o`uvlzilk nlqlulk dpvlk flk u`flka m`olnpnlk w`zpmpulk pkvpn w`mj`kvpnlk

Lubuilui N`wlol F`ul U`nivlz Dpvlk K`alzl $LNFUDK) ylka j`zvphplk lalz N`wlol F`ul flk

hlhlzlkkyl flwlv m`ka`vldpi wzbazlm-wzbazlm w`ka`obollk flk w`o`uvlzilk nlqlulk dpvlk f

F`ul W`mlkanplk u`kfizi fimlkl N`wlol F`ul u`jlali Ubeilo ebkvzbo+

:+ W`zlku`zvl Widln Uqluvl"JPMK $WV+ W`zvlmikl Nlmbhlka)

l+ M`vbf` W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk ylka fiv`zlwnlk WV+ W`zvlmikl Nlmbhlka

W`ziuviql n`jlnlzlk ylka v`zhlfi fi u`nivlz Nlmbhlka wlfl vldpk :773 o`jid flzi 57 nlo

lkvlzl jpolk U`wv`mj`z ulmwli f`kalk Kbw`mj`z+ U`flkanlk wlfl Vldpk :771 n`hlfilk

n`jlnlzlk dpvlk fiu`nivlz Nlmbhlka u`jlkyln

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Almjlz

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5+ Pwlyl JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka UNQ S Alzpv flolm W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk

Dpvlk+

Clnvbz-clnvbz ylka m`mw`kalzpdi w`zlku`zvl mluylzlnlv obnlo flolm w`ka`kfloilkn`jlnlzlk dpvlk fiw`kalzpdi bo`d j`j`zlwl clnvbz/ ylivp n`u`mwlvlk/ w`mj`zilk ikv`kuic/

zlkaulkalk flk fbzbkalk/ w`kikanlvlk n`mlmwplk mluylzlnlv u`zvl jimjikalk $Lfikpazbdb

`v lo :770)+ U`dikaal hinl w`ka`obol dpvlk flolm dlo iki JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka ikaik

m`oijlvnlk flk m`kikanlvnlk w`zlku`zvl mluylzlnlv obnlo flolm w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk

dpvlk/ mlnl pwlyl m`oijlvnlk flk m`kikanlvnlk w`zlku`zvl m`z`nl dlzpu j`zolkflunlk n`oiml

clnvbz v`zu`jpv+

U`olkhpvkyl pwlyl-pwlyl ylka v`old fiolnpnlk widln JNUFL Z`ubzv Nlmbhlka flolm

m`kikanlvnlk w`zlku`zvl mluylzlnlv flolm w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk filkloiuiu

j`zflulznlk n`oiml clnvbz v`zu`jpv+ Lflwpk pwlyl-pwlyl ylka fiolnpnlk widln JNUFL Z`ubzv

Nlmbhlka j`zpwl8

l+ W`mj`zilk N`u`mwlvlk W`kaboldlk Oldlk Vlkld Mioin

Nlqlulk nbku`zslui Nlmbhlka fin`oioikai bo`d fl`zld w`kylkaal flk dpvlk oikfpka

Nlqlulk fl`zld w`kalkaal iki v`zfizi flzi f`ul Zlkeljlkab/ Upnlnlzyl/ Wlulqldlk/ Upnlzlhl/

Wlklkhpka/ Dlzpmlk/ Wlfllqlu/ M`nlz Qlkai/ Eijpzilo/ Eiwlkelz/ O`mjlka/ flk f`ul Flkb+

F`kalk m`mj`zinlk n`u`mwlvlk n`wlfl mluylzlnlv ylka j`zlfl fiu`nivlz nlqlulk

dpvlk f`kalk m`ka`obol oldlk fi vlkld mioin f`kalk m`klklm jijiv nlyp wbdbk @peloywvpu/

Upz`k/ W`v`/ Lowpnlv/ bo`d n`obmwbn vlki ylka m`zpwlnlk wzbazlm Joben Az``k ylka

fiu`o`kaalzlnlk Fiklu N`dpvlklk/ mluylzlnlv lnlk inpv m`khlal wbdbk ylka fivlklm pkvpn

m`mw`zjlini oldlk nziviu finlqlulk v`zu`jpv+ U`elzl vifln olkaupka wzbazlm v`zu`jpv flwlv

m`kapzlkai alalokyl w`klklmlk wbdbk f`kalk ikv`kuickyl w`m`oidlzllk bo`d mluylzlnlv

u`zvl m`khlal flk m`kalqluli oldlk m`z`nl flzi jldlyl n`jlnlzlk+ U`olik ivp hpal

m`kapzlkai ikvzbfpnui mlkpuil mlupn n`flolm nlqlulk nbku`zslui nlmbhlka ylka flwlv

m`ky`jljnlk n`jlnlzlk dpvlk f`kalk m`kyijpnlk m`z`nl j`zebebn vlklm fi oldlk alzlwlk

m`z`nl+ U`olik wzbazlmJoben Az``k/ WV+ W`zdpvlki ylka j`n`zhlulml f`kalk n`obmwbn vlki fi

F`ul O`mjlka v`old m`olnpnlk wzbazlm WDJM+ F`kalk lflkyl n`u`mwlvlk mluylzlnlv obnl

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m`kabold oldlk fi u`nivlz dpvlk/ mlnl mluylzlnlv lnlk inpv m`khlal dpvlk flk oldlk flzi

n`jlnlzlk dpvlk nlz`kl m`z`nl ndlqlviz n`jlnlzlk lnlk m`khlolz flk m`zpuln oldlk ylka

m`z`nl bold $Lfikpazbdb `v lo+ :770)+

j+ W`mj`zilk Iku`kvic

Pwlyl pkvpn m`kikanlvnlk w`zlku`zvl mluylzlnlv ylka fiolnpnlk bo`d Widln JNUFL

vifln flolm j`kvpn iku`kvic mpzki/ j`zpwl w`mj`zilk mlv`zi+ Klmpk w`mj`zilk iku`kvic

v`zu`jpv fin`mlu flolm j`kvpn olik ylivp flolm j`kvpn v`zkln Fbmjl+ Jlkvplk v`zu`jpv

fij`zinlk f`kalk m`oidlv n`obmwbn mluylzlnlv ylka lnvic flk vpzpv u`zvl flolm j`zw`zlku`zvl

m`mjlkvp JNUFL flolm m`ka`obol nlqlulk flzi j`zjlali alkaaplk/ u`w`zvi lnvic flolm

w`kalmlklk dpvlk/ lnvic wlvzboi/ lnvic flolm m`mj`zinlk w`kypopdlk/ flk olik-olik+ Jlkvplk

iki u`jlali wzbazlm w`kikanlvlk flk w`mjikllk puldl nbku`zslui fi flolm flk oplz nlqlulk

dpvlk+

J`kvpn w`mj`zilk iku`kvic mpzki j`zpwl v`zkln Fbmjl iki fij`zinlk n`wlfl

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Almjlz

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f+ W`kikanlvlk N`mlmwplk Mluylzlnlv

Pkvpn m`kikanlvnlk n`mlmwplk mluylzlnlv flolm n`ailvlk w`ka`kfloilk n`jlnlzlk

dpvlk/ Widln JNUFL m`oijlvnlk u`hpmold n`obmwbn mluylzlnlv pkvpn vpzpv u`zvl m`kainpviw`olvidlk-w`olvidlk j`zpwl n`ailvlk Lw`o Uilal+ Filkvlzlkyl wlzl w`vpalu n`dpvlklk/ lwlzlv

w`m`zikvldlk fl`zld flk f`ul/ u`zvl mluylzlnlv pmpm filhln pkvpn m`kainpvi n`ailvlk-

n`ailvlk w`mjikllk filkvlzlkyl n`ailvlk Lw`o Uilal ylka fiu`o`kaalzlnlk bo`d Fiklu

N`dpvlklk Wzbwikui wlfl jpolk Hpoi :774 fi nlqlulk Z`ubzv Wlwlkflylk Nljpwlv`k Alzpv

Lw`o Uilal iki filkvlzlkyl j`zvphplk pkvpn m`kyilwnlk flk m`kyilalnlk u`zvl m`ka`vldpi

n`nplvlk ulvplk w`kalmlklk dpvlk+

U`olik ivp hpal Widln JNUFL m`olopi wlzl w`vpalu flk wboiui n`dpvlklkkyl n`vinl

m`olnpnlk wlvzboi zpvik fi olwlkalk m`mj`zinlk w`ka`vldplk/ w`kalolmlk flk w`kypopdlk

n`wlfl mluylzlnlv u`nivlz dpvlk u`jlali pwlyl pkvpn m`mjpnl qlqlulk flk m`klmjld

w`ka`vldplk mluylzlnlv+ F`kalk f`minilk mluylzlnlv m`khlfi v`zolvid flk v`zlmwio

m`kalmjio olkanld e`wlv flk `ciui`k n`vinl v`zhlfi n`jlnlzlk dpvlk+ W`olvidlk flk w`mjikllk

mluylzlnlv flolm m`zlqlv v`zkln Fbmjl wpk u`jlali ulold ulvp pwlyl Widln JNUFL

j`zvphplk pkvpn m`ka`mjlkanlk n`mlmwplk flk n`ldoilk flolm u`nvbz w`v`zklnlk

mluylzlnlv u`nivlz nlqlulk dpvlk/ fiulmwika u`jlali pwlyl pkvpn m`mjikl flk m`kikanlvnlk

`nbkbmi mluylzlnlv u`nivlz dpvlk+ U`mpl wzbazlm flk n`ailvlk v`zu`jpv j`zvphplk lalz

mluylzlnlv u`nivlz dpvlk flwlv m`khlal flk w`fpoi n`o`uvlzilk w`ka`obollk nlqlulk dpvlk

pkvpn mlul ylka lnlk flvlka+

`+ Jimjikalk

N`obmwbn mluylzlnlv ylka m`mioini w`zlku`zvl f`kalk Widln JNUFL v`zu`jpv fijikl

flk fijimjika bo`d vikanlv Z`ubzv u`v`mwlv+ Klmpk vifln u`mpl n`obmwbn mluylzlnlv v`zu`jpv

m`kflwlvnlk jimjikalk flk jikllk flzi w`vpalu nlz`kl n`v`znlivlk flkl+ U`dlzpukyl j`j`zlwl

n`obmwbn mluylzlnlv v`zu`jpv flwlv fijimjika bo`d w`vpalu u`v`mwlv u`dikaal m`z`nl m`zlul

fiw`zdlvinlk flk fioijlvnlk u`jlali upjy`n flk wlzviuiwlk lnvic ylka j`zdlzal flolm m`khlal

nlqlulk dpvlk flzi n`jlnlzlk+ Nlz`kl n`ailvlk ylka m`kainpvu`zvlnlk mluylzlnlv lnlk

j`zhlolk f`kalk jlin hinl lfl jimjikalk flzi widln v`znliv+

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JLJ SI

N@UIMWPOLK FLK ULZLK

L+ N`uimwpolk

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FLCVLZ WPUVLNL

Lfikpazbdb QE/ Upzylfiwpvzl/ Jlmjlka DU/ Oljp`ki U+ :770+ Wlkfplk W`ka`kfloilk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk flk

Oldlk almjpv+ Jbabz8 Q`volkfu Ikv`zkluibklo+

Lcicc UL+

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Upmlkvzi+ :775+ W`z`kelkllk W`ke`aldlk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk+ W`ke`aldlk N`jlnlzlk Dpvlk+ Jbabz8 Clnpovlu

N`dpvlklk IWJ+ Dlo+

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Olmwizlk

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F@WLZV@M@K N@DPVLKLK

FIZ@NVBZLV H@KF@ZLO W@ZOIKFPKALK DPVLK FLK NBKU@ZSLUI L

JLOLI NBKU@ZSLUI UPMJ@Z FLYL LOLM HLQL JLZLV II

U@NUI NBKU@ZSLUI QIOLYLD II

Ho+ Wldolqlk Kb+ 6: V`ow+" Clt $ 7:3:):53170 )A l z p v 66

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Ledmlf Upufhbvb/ U+Ubu+

KIW8 1

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6+ M`kikanlvnlk nbbzfiklui f`kalk W`m`zikvld F`ul/ Wlmdpv Uqlnlzul/ N`obmwbn Vlki flk w`mpnl

mluylzlnlv u`nivlz nlqlulk

0+ Lwljiol fi qiolyld Ulpflzl v`zflwlv n`ailvlk ylka fiolnulklnlk bo`d widln n` III $ Ed`szbk V`tleb Ovf

Ikfbk`uil Wbq`z/ W`zvlmikl foo+ ) lalz fivikanlvnlk nbbzfikluikyl+

F`minilk nlmi ulmwlinlk flk fiolnulklnlk / lvlu w`zdlvilk Ulpflzl fipelwnlk v`ziml nluid

N`wlol U`nui/

Ledmlf Upufhbvb/ U+Ubu+

KIW8 1

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KBVL N@U@WLNLVLK J@ZULMLJLOLI NUFL HLQL JLZLV II F@KALK N@OBMWN VLKI

UIK@ZAI HLYL WLWLKFLYLKF@UL UPNLHLYL N@ELMLVLK UPNLZ@UMI NLJPWLV@K ALZPV

V@KVLKA

JLKVPLK V@ZKLN FBMJL WLFL N@AILVLK W@MJIKLLK FL@ZLD W@KYLKAAL U@JLKYLN07 $oiml wpopd) @NBZ

Wlfl dlzi iki + vlkaalo ++ jpolk Hpki Vldpk Fpl Zijp Oiml/ ylka j`zvlkfl vlkalkfi jlqld iki nlmi >

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u`olkhpvkyl fihplo u`jlali fbjl w`flaika flk dluiokyl fijlai flk fij`oinlkn`mjloi fbmjl pkvpn fiapoiznlk n` lkaabvl n`olbmwbln ylka olik+

Wlulo :

H@KIU FLK HPMOLD V@ZKLN

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Lwljiol wlfl qlnvpkyl v`zkln fbmjl v`zu`jpv upfld uilw fihplo mlnl w`m`oidlzl j`zn`qlhijlk m`olwbznlk n`wlfl widln n`fpl flk widln

w`zvlml pkvpn m`mw`zbo`d w`zu`vphplk pkvpn fihplo flk n`pkvpkalk flzi w`khplolk fijlai 17 % pkvpn w`m`oidlzl/ :7 % pkvpn fij`oinlk

fbmjl j`zulml ulml f`kalk mbflo flk

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n`hpzlka u`zvl lnijlv n`zlepklk+ mlnl WIDLN N@FPL vifln fij`jlki pkvpnm`kaalkvi v`zkln v`zu`jpv+

:+ Lwljiol v`zhlfi cbze` mlhpz` u`w`zvi v`zelkvpm flolm lylv < mlnl WIDLN N@FPLu`a`zl m`olwbznlk h`hlfilk fimlnupf n`wlfl WIDLN W@ZVLML flk u`a`zlfijplvnlk J`zivl Lelzl+

5+ Lwljiol v`zhlfi cbze` mlhpz` flolm lylv < nlz`kl n`ololilk w`m`oidlzl/ WIDLNN@FPL"w`m`oidlzl j`zn`qlhijlk pkvpn m`kaalkvi v`zkln v`zu`jpv+

F`minilk Kbvl N`u`wlnlvlk iki fijplv f`kalk u`j`klz-j`klzkyl pkvpn flwlvfiw`zapklnlk flk fiikfldnlk u`jlalimlkl m`uvikyl flk u`alol dlo ylka j`opm

v`zvplka flolm Kbvl N`u`wlnlvlk iki lnlk filvpz flk fivikhlp n`mjloi u`elzl v`zwiuld/n`mpfilk fivpvpw flk fivlkflvlkalki wlfl dlzi v`mwlv flk vlkaalo u`w`zvi v`zu`jpv

fijlqld iki+

FIV@VLWNLK FI 8 UPNLHLYLWLFL VLKAALO 8 HPOI :770

WIDLN N@FPL WIDLN W@ZVLMLN@WLOL F@UL UPNLHLYL N@WLOL U@NUI NBKU@ZSLUI QIOLYLD II

ULUL D@ZMLKUYLD Iz+ @KFLKA NLZMLKLKIW+ 747757395

M`ka`vldpi

N@WLOL JLOLI/

Iz+ INIK XLIKLO MPVL\IKKIW+ 747753344

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NUFL

ULZLKL NBMPKINLUI W@KA@KFLOILK N@JLNLZLK DPVLK

VLDPK 8 :771

Ulmwli f`kalk U`m`uv`z

DlkfyVlony$pkiv)

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AWU LQUUvluipkUlv`oivKb+ Pkiv N`zhl

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$pkiv) $pkiv)

< : 5 6 0 3 1 4 9

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JNUFL

ULZLKL VZLKUWBZVLUI W@KA@KFLOILK N@JLNLZLK DPVLK

VLDPK 8 :771

Ulmwli f`kalkU`m`uv`z 8