PENGELOLAAN BIODIVERSITAS AGROEKOSISTEM

PENGELOLAAN BIODIVERSITAS AGROEKOSISTEM

Disajikan : soemarno jurs tanah fpub des 2013

Mk. Manajemen Agroekosistem

Kawasan lereng G. Mahawu

Agroekosistem sawah

Agroekosistem Tegalan

Agroekosistem Talun

Ekosistem Hutan

Diunduh dari: http://agbiodiversity.com/AgBiodviersityProject/Howbiodiversitysupportsfarmprofits/tabid/133/Default.aspx....... 8/12/2012

BIODIVERSITAS

.

Biodiversity, Agriculture & Ecosystems

• What is Biodiversity• Agrobiodiversity• Biodiversity and Agriculture in the

landscape • extensification and intensification

• Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services• Agriculture and Ecosystem Services

Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012

DEFINITIONS OF BIODIVERSITY

‘The variability among living organisms and the ecological

complexes of which they are part, including the diversity within

species, between species and of ecosystems.’


Reed Noss, "Indicators for

Monitoring Biodiversity: A

Hierarchial Approach",

Conservation Biology 4(4):355-

364. 1990.Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... ....... 8/12/2012

Agrobiodiversity and SugarcaneCultivated / planned biodiversity

sugarcane

Associated biodiversity

soil micro-organisms (mineral cycling, pest control, pollination, soil formation and structure?)

Additional / other biodiversity

snakes, birds, insects, rodents,…..

Wild biodiversity outside agricultural ecosystems


Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... .

...... 8/12/2012

Aneka spesies tumbuhan bawah dan penutup tanah dijumpai di kebun

kakao.

Sumber: http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/07/54/74/2019114/3/6

28x471.jpg

Agrobiodiversity and CacaoCultivated / planned biodiversity

Cacao, fruits?, timber?, medicines?, other NTFPs

Associated biodiversity Pollinating insects?soil micro-organisms Shade trees(mineral cycling, pest control, soil formation and structure?)

Additional / other biodiversity Plants, trees, fungi, reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects, mammals,…..



Agrobiodiversity and staple crops in PNG (potato, taro, yams)

Cultivated / planned biodiversity

Potato, taro, yams

Associated biodiversity soil micro-organisms (plants, insects & decomposers in fallow vegetation?)(mineral cycling, pest control, soil formation and structure?)

Additional / other biodiversity

Plants, trees, fungi, reptiles, amphibians, birds, insects, mammals,…..



Diunduh dari: www.unep.ch/.../WCMC_Biodiv_Intro_v2.pp... .......

8/12/2012

MangroveID - Delta Mahakam, Pertambakan udang di kawasan Delta Mahakam umumnya

dibangun secara ekstensif tradisional dengan luas lahan petakan tambak diatas 5 ha. Hal ini tidak saja dapat merusak hutan mangrove dalam areal yang sangat luas, akan tetapi juga dalam kondisi terbuka seperti itu akan berdampak terhadap

perubahan kondisi lingkungan misalnya perubahan kualitas air tambak.

Diunduh dari: http://mangroverindonesia.blogspot.com/2011/08

/tambak-silvofishery-di-handil-8-kawasan.html ....... 12/12/2012

Diunduh dari: biodiversitas agroekosistem lahan sawah di di musim kemarau, smno juli 2011

Lahan tebu

Lahan tomat

Lahan jagung

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:Focus on Ecosystem Services

The benefits people obtain from ecosystems


Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being


MA Conceptual Framework

Direct Drivers

Indirect Drivers

EcosystemServices

Human Well-being

Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or

removal Technology adaptation and

use External inputs (e.g.,

irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and

biological drivers (e.g., volcanoes)

Indirect Drivers of Change Demographic Economic (globalization,

trade, market and policy framework)

Sociopolitical (governance and institutional framework)

Science and Technology Cultural and Religious

Human Well-being and Poverty Reduction

Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and

action


Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biodiversity:

An essential aspect of natural resources management in

agricultural ecosystems

Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012

What is agricultural biodiversity?

It includes all components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture:

the variety and variability of plants, animals and micro-organisms

at genetic, species and ecosystem level which are necessary to sustain

key functions in the agro-ecosystem, its structures and processes.

Local knowledge and cultural diversity can be considered an essential part of agrobiodiversity as it is the human activity of agriculture which conserves this biodiversity.


Importance (value) of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems

In agricultural systems biodiversity is important 1. for the production of food, fibre, fuel, fodder...(goods) 2. to conserve the ecological foundations to sustain life (life

support function) 3. to allow adaptation to changing situations 4. and to sustain rural peoples’ livelihoods (sustainable

agriculture – food security, income, employment,...)

Specificity: it has been developed through human intervention over generations and it requires human management to sustain it.


Agricultural Biodiversity is complex

ECOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY varied production systems habitats and landscapes

Human Management practices and decisions

Crop based systems: food/fibre

crops, pasture, trees (planned + harvested spp.)

Mixed systems and associated biodiversity:

soil organisms, pollinators,

predators

Livestock based systems: pasture, rangelands, cattle, small ruminants,

poultry...

GENETIC and SPECIES DIVERSITY

wild and domesticated

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Case studies and experiences to be shared among countries and farming systems


Need to address all components of agrobiodiversity

• Habitat diversity (mosaic of land uses varies with soil and terrain, hedges, borders, trees in the landscape; farm type)

• Inter-species diversity (plant, animal and microbial)• Inter-species diversity (very important for agrobiodiversity) genetic

resources, unique traits –resistance to drought, cold, disease, etc, rooting, aspect, taste, storage, etc.

• Harvested species and Associated species (pollinators, beneficial/harmful predators, soil organisms – health/ disease,…)

• as well as Cultural diversity (type of farmer and farm; regulations; common property resources/ownership)

• and to understand implication of agrobiodiversity on ecosystem functions/processes and the services provided (see adapted Table by J. Paruel, Environmental controls and effect of land use on ecosystem functioning in temperate Argentina)


ENHANCEMENTS

Pollinators Predatorsand Parasites Herbivores Non-crop

Vegetation Earthworms SoilMesofauna

SoilMicrofauna

PollinationGeneticintrogression

PopulationregulationBiologicalcontrol

BiomassconsumptionNutrientcycling

CompetitionAllelopathySources of naturalenemies Crop wildrelatives

Soil structureNutrientcycling

DecompositionPredationNutrient cycling

NutrientcyclingDiseasesuppression

AGROECOSYSTEMBIODIVERSITY

FUNCTIONS

COMPONENTS

From Altieri, M.A. Biodiversity and pest management Agro-ecosystems, Haworth Press, New York, 1994)

MANAGING AGRO-ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY

Intercropping Rotations No-Tillage Green manures WindbreaksAgroforestry Cover crops Composting OM inputs


ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples)Food production The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw food. or

for processing for food (Game, crops, nuts, fruits by hunting, gathering, subsistence or commercial farming)

Raw materials The portion of gross primary production extractable as raw material (Production of wood, energy/fuel, fodder, ..)

Genetic resources Sources of unique biological materials and products. (Plant varieties, animal races, medicinal extracts, products for materials science, genes for resistance to plant pathogens/crop pests, ornamental species, pets,

Climate and Gas Regulation: of global temperature, precipitation, other biologically mediated climatic processes at global/local levels (GHG); of atmospheric chemical composition (CO2/O2 balance, C sequestration, CO3 for UVB protection)

Resilience/Disturbance Regulation: ecosystem response to environmental fluctuation, mainly controlled by vegetation structure (storm protection, flood control, drought recovery, other aspects of habitat response).

Water Regulation and Supply: of hydrological flow/regimes; water retention, storage, provisioning in the watershed: (Infiltration, soil water retention determined by vegetation cover/structure; water supply in aquifers, surface water bodies; availability for consumption, irrigated agriculture, industry, transport)

Erosion control and Sediment retention: prevent loss of soil by wind, rain impact, runoff; storage of silt in ecosystem, in lakes and wetlands.


ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: FUNCTIONS (biodiversity related examples) 2

Soil formation Processes of weathering of rock; soil build up (Accumulation of organic material

Nutrient cycling: storage, cycling, processing, input of nutrients (N fixation, nutrient cycles - N,P et al, breakdown of organic materials to soil OM- humus)

Waste Detoxification recovery of mobile nutrients, removal /break down of excess or toxic nutrients/ compounds, pollutions control (detoxification by soil organisms).

Pollination Movement of floral gametes. (Supply of pollinators for the reproduction of plant populations- insects, bats, birds)

Biological control Trophic (food web) dynamic regulations of populations (pest-predator interactions e.g. IPM, control of disease transmissions)

Refugia habitat for local/ transient populations (Nurseries, habitat for migratory species, for locally harvested species, over wintering grounds

Recreation Providing opportunities (eco-tourism, outdoor recreational activities –hunting, fishing, birdwatching)

Cultural Providing opportunities for non-commercial uses (Aesthetic, artistic, educational, spiritual, and/or scientific values of ecosystems).


Understanding Human Pressures on and threats to agricultural biodiversity

Increasing pressure on species and their environments:• Population growth and poverty (increasing demand)• Overexploitation, mismanagement• Expansion into wetlands and fragile areas• Intensification and Specialisation of agriculture – market forces• Pollution• Urbanisation, changing consumption patterns, globalisationThreats and risks • loss of plant and animal species • loss of plant varieties and animal races/breeds (loss of unique traits)• also loss of essential natural processes

– pollination by insects, birds, bats etc.– regeneration of soils by micro-organisms

• also reduced resilience.

Need to increase resilience of agriculture and human capacity to adapt (to harsh periods, drought, climate change, pests, diseases) by maintaining a

wide array of life forms with unique traits (e.g. trees that survive drought or cattle that reproduce in harsh conditions).


Wide range of case studies illustrate Sustainable Use of agrobiodiversity

• Integrated agro-ecological approaches : IPM, soil biological management • Community-based adaptive management – animal and plant genetic

resources, diverse farming systems• Local knowledge systems

– multiple uses of species (diet, nutrition, medicines; gender differentiated knowledge of agrobiodiversity

– community perspectives/strategies in managing crop and livestock and associated biodiversity; coping strategies for HIV/AIDS, climate change)

• Ecosystem approach: address all components, systems functioning and services and human management (cf. EA principles)

• Strengthening viability of farm-livelihood systems with under-utilized and under-valued biodiversity (opportunities; options)– grasslands (grazing species preference, productivity; deep roots-below ground

biomass)– mountains (adaptation to altitude, cold; disease resilience, etc.) – marketing (diverse products, niche markets, organic agriculture, etc.– recognition of positive externalities (valuing ecological services provided by

biodiversity associated with agricultural systems)


Need to use common Agricultural DefinitionsSustainable agriculture is ecologically sound, environmentally sustainable,

economically viable, socially just and culturally appropriate … is based on a holistic scientific approach and productive over the long term.

Farm System : the farm household, its resources, and the resource flows and interactions at this individual farm level

Farming System: a population of individual farm systems that have broadly similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household livelihoods and constraints

Sustainable agricultural systems provide a range of goods (food, fuel, fibre, materials, etc.) and services (also considered as positive externalities)

Need to select indicators for monitoring sustainability: • soil (sustained health + productivity, prevent soil erosion, minimise off-site

impacts, ... ); • water (water retention, maintain water regime, flood protection, etc); • vegetation (protective land cover, structure, biomass, C sequestration)• biodiversity (resilience, adaptability, opportunities) conservation of wildlife and

wild species; agricultural biodiversity: genetic resources inter- and intra- species, farmed and associated species, ecosystem functions,

• air quality (minimise greenhouse gas emissions)• rural amenities (e.g. landscape, tourism).


Need to build on ongoing global agro-biodiversity fora/intergovernmental

processes• CBD Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity: 4 components on

Assessment, Adaptive Management, Capacity Building, Mainstreaming) – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of

Soil Biodiversity – International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of

Pollinators

• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture FAO IT-PGRFA

• International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Sec. hosted by FAO• FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture CGRFA• FAO Committee on Agriculture COAG These have resulted in: • Assessment, Monitoring and Priority Actions: GPA-PGR, SOWAGR, Good

Practices: SLM, Conservation agriculture, IPM, ....• Guidelines: PGR, AGR, Pollinators, soil biodiversity, ecosystem

approach, farmer rights, • Panel of Experts… etc.


The International Treaty on Plant Genetic resources for Food and Agriculture (IT)

• This legally binding instrument is crucial for sustainable agriculture. It provides a framework for national, regional and international efforts to conserve and sustainably use plant genetic resources for food and agriculture - and for sharing the benefits equitably, in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity.

• IT-PGRFA was adopted by the 31st session of the FAO Conference (Resolution 3/2001)

• It entered into force on 29 June 2004. http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm


http://www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa/itpgr.htm

Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA

Priority Activity Areas

In Situ Conservation and DevelopmentActivity 1. Surveying and Inventorying of PGRFA2. Supporting On-farm Management and Improvement of PGRFA3. Assisting Farmers in Disaster Situations to Restore Agricultural Systems4. Promoting in situ Conservation of Wild Crop Relatives and Wild Plants for Food production(Sustainable) Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources ActivityActivity 9 Expanding characterization, evaluation and core collection10 Increasing genetic enhancement and base broadening11 Promoting sustainable agriculture12Promiting under-utilized crops and species13 Supporting seed production and distribution14. developing new markets for local varieties an diversity rich productsalso Ex situ conservation.....

Capacity building and Institutions.....Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012

Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

• FAO is coordinating its development to guide international action for the sustainable use, development and conservation of domestic animal diversity

• supported by the Inter-governmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources

• An essential element is the first State of the world's animal genetic resources - a comprehensive overview of farm animal biodiversity; country-driven process (as agreed by CGRFA-8 in 1999).

• First stage of reporting completed >170 Country Reports, reports by International organizations on relevant activities see DAD-IS.

• CGRFA-10 decided that the 1st Report, including the Report on Strategic Priorities for Action should be finalized at the First International Technical Conference on Animal Genetic Resources in 2007, hosted by the Government of Switzerland in 2007 in Interlaken

• Draft Report on Strategic Priorities for Action was reviewed by electronic Regional Consultations.


Exotic genetic resources not sustainable

Indiscriminate crossbreeding

Genetic resources for future needs

Domestic Animal Genetic Resources at Risk

Include stakeholders in decision-making

Identification of sources of funding

Support breeder associations

Strengthen extension services

Desirable commitments by governments


FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA)

• The CGRFA deals with policy, sectorial and cross sectorial matters related to the conservation and utilization of genetic resources for food and agriculture.

• It develops and monitors – the Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources

and – the Global System for Plant Genetic Resources – for food and agriculture.

• It has been addressing genetic resources in a stepwise manner (plant genetic resources animal …..) but has agreed on the need for an ecosystem approach

• Hence the side event on its 20th anniversary (CGRFA 10): Mainstreaming agricultural biodiversity for food security (8-10 November 2004) and resulting in the publication on Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach (See website)


ftp://ftp.fao.org/paia/biodiversity/cgrfa2004_sideevent_en.pdf



Options for technical support to countries in enhancing sustainable use of AGBIO

• Enhance biodiversity through– Sustainable agriculture– Sustainable pastoralism– Sustainable intensification (enhance productivity and function)– livelihoods’ diversification

• Managing seed systems to promote the sustainable utilization of crop genetic resources

• Economic analysis: marketing, addressing and valuing the multiple roles of agriculture (See www.fao.org/es/esa/roa) and externalities

• Integrate into poverty alleviation strategies


http://www.fao.org/es/esa/roa

Case studies of Sustainable agriculture - enhancing agricultural biodiversity

• Increased use of mixtures (intercropping, multistorey, agro-forestry, crop-livestock systems)

• Access to a wide range of good quality genetic material (plant and animal)– Promote production of local germplasm and commercialization– Promote decentralized and participatory breeding

• Improve use of genetic diversity as part of IPM strategies• Monitor and identify underutilized species, support needs• Develop sustainable management practices and post-harvest and

marketing methods; • Stimulate demand for diverse local products (niche markets, labelling,

registration) • Review and promote policies for development and use e.g. biodiversity

conseravtion and coping with climate changeDiunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012

From Micro-organisms e.g. bacteria + fungi

Micro & meso-fauna protozoa,

nematodes to acari & springtails

Macro-fauna e.g. ants, termites, earthworms

Soil Biodiversity

...Roots in the soil and their interactions with species above & below

ground


Managing PollinatorsManagement practice:In Himachal Pradesh in

Northwest Indian Himalayas farmers are using colonies of honeybees – Apis cerana and Apis mellifera for pollination of apple crop.

An organized system of hiring and renting bee colonies for

pollination exists.

Diunduh dari: www.cbd.int/doc/programmes/.../fao-

01.ppt - ....... 8/12/2012

Kelompok Tani "Laduni Mutiara Lestari" menyediakan madu asli, dengan harga yang kompetitif dan kualitas

madu terbaik

Diunduh dari: http://spkpdesacikanyere.blogspot.com/2011/01/lebah-

madu.html ....... 8/12/2012

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_8TAZ7RLRIv8/TThSbPFyKpI/AAAAAAAAAJU/n9RlSWuM17s/s1600/Nanan.jpg

Also reduced premature fruit drop in apple, peach, plum, and citrus.

Partap 2000bMisshapen fruit decreased by 50%

48112Strawberry

Partap, 2000a9/353524Citrus

Partap et al, 200011/143913Plum

Partap et al, 200029/234422Peach

Dulta and Verma, 1987

15/103310Apple

Reference Increase in fruit size (length/ diameter) (%)

Increase in fruit weight (%)

Increase in fruit set (%)

Crop

Impact of Apis cerana pollination on fruit productivity


Thatching, Busia District

Gramminae Conservation through Sustainable management and Use

Practices are part of the wider agricultural system. This takes two main forms:

• on-farm-strips of uncultivated land, ‘hedgerows’ of

grass and bush, fallow land, fenced graminae-rich plots…

• off-farm- management of community grazing

lands, seasonal wetlands, rocky outcrops and hillsides, sacred sites…

- controlled burning• traditional uses and skills

Minimizing impacts of farming practices on wild biodiversity- making best use of resources

Grass-strips between crops-Machakos District Kenya


Case studies/Opportunities for Sustainable intensification

Sustainable management practices: controlled burning and grazing, woodlots for energy and timber, field borders/hedges, crop-livestock-forestry interactions are key to maintaining diverse habitats and landscapes that support biodiversity

Human management of ecosystems may increase species diversity – semiarid savannas: managed pasture, control invasive forest and shrub species,

harvesting, gathering and planting– diversified agro-silvo-pastoral systems– multi-layer farming systems: trees, perennials- banana, coffee, annuals)

Planned settlements/roads: reduces lands with potential, avoid biodiversity hotspots, environmentally-friendly (green belt, trees, etc.)

Protected areas, buffer zones, specific action to safeguard those groups and species that are more sensitive to human use than others, to allow hunting and gathering and in situ conservation of landraces/farmers varieties/breeds

Land use planning by communities and sub-catchments to promote biodiversity. Vary land use type with soil type, terrain, microclimate, access to water. Patchwork of settlements, cropland, pasture, forestland, and protected areas.

Regulations : stocking density, seasonality, quotas, user groups, etc.


Sustainability - adaptation to change and enhancing systems’ resilience

• Supporting the ability of farmers to remain agile in responding to new challenges, by adapting their production system

• Resilience or adaptive capacity are properties of the actors and the system in which they function

• Resilience may indicate a return to the status quo. Agility/adaptability refers to continuously moving targets/changing situations

• Need to sustain use and sustain adaptive capacity to increase probability of meeting future needs


FAO: Roles of Agriculture ProjectPremise 1: Agriculture provides multiple non-commodity outputs that are not

valued by market transactions may be under-produced relative to what society desires.

Premise 2: As income rises (socio-economic/agricultural development), the economic importance of the commodity outputs of agriculture decreases in relative terms, and willingness to pay for its other roles increases

Policy challengeto Address Externalities (costs or benefits not valued in the market and not

adequately taken into account by actor/decision maker)to Safeguard Common Resources/Public Goods (rules of access and use;

mechanisms for collective action to prevent degradation, under / over use)to Integrate natural resources management /ecosystem approach (resources,

and their products, are interlinked, management /policy measures for one resource/sector affects the others

to Create resource/ecosystem friendly markets that generate growth and promote sustainable use/management of resources and ecosystems.

Studies conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, South Africa, Morocco


Global: Social stability Poverty Alleviation

Regional/National: Rural-urban migration

(social implications) Welfare systems

substitute Social capital formation Biodiversity: diverse

livelihoods

Local: Social stability of rural

community Rural employment Family values, gender

impact. Bodiversity-coping

strategies; risk mgmt

Global: Ecosystem resilience Climate change mitigation (C,

land cover) BiodiversityRegional/National: Ecosystem resilience Watershed mgmt (prevent

soil erosion & off-site impacts)

Water (stable regime; flood prevention)

Biodiversity plant + animal genetic

resources; services wild spp.+ wildlife

conservation Air quality (reduce GHG)Local: Ecosystem resilience Biodiversity farmed spp., associated

spp., ecosystem functions NRM- soil+ water

conservation Pollution control

Global: Economic Growth Poverty alleviation World Food Security

Regional/National: Access to food National security Food safety support in times of crises

(remittances, migration, fiscal support, food aid)

Local: Local / household food

security Biodiversity: nutrition; pest +

disease control, options Sustainability Employment Income services

Global: Cultural Diversity Indigenous Knowledge

Regional/ National: Cultural heritage Cultural identity Perception of roles of

agriculture

Local: Landscape, recreation,

tourism Indigenous knowledge

(disaster prevention, biodiversity, medicinal applications)

Traditional technology.

FOOD SECURITY POVERTY ALLEVIATION

CULTURAL ROLEGender; Heritage; IK

SOCIAL VIABILITYEquity; Stability

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES

Roles of Agriculture


Targeting Communities livelihoods and nutrition through local agrobiodiversity

Market opportunities• Premium price for local products• Increased productivity of landraces (improved seed quality; crop

rotations; water harvesting• Add-value products (fruit and milk processing)• Production of herbs, medicinal plants, honey (bee keeping)• Handicrafts and EcotourismNutrition /dietary diversity and opportunities• Dietary energy supply can be satisfied without diversity

but micro-nutrient supply cannot (e.g. essential fatty acids; amino acids)

• Wild and domesticated species and intra-species diversity play key roles in global food security

• Different species/varieties have very different nutrient contents


Understanding impacts/implications of HIV/AIDS on agro-biodiversity

Less labour

Less labour intensive crops Reduction in land cultivated

Reduction in crop range and variety

Loss of knowledge

Loss of genetic diversity

HIV/AIDS impact on PGR?


Environ-mental Service

providers

Natural capital & properties that ‘come with the territory’

Absence of threats

Mitigation, increase in filtering

Dynamic landscapes

Control over territory

Efforts

functions

Recognition & rewards

Water quantity, evenness of flow & quality

Biodiversity & landscape beauty

Terrestrial carbonstorage

implications


beneficiaries

Direct benefits

transaction costsOpportunity costs


providers

Natural capital & properties that ‘come with the territory’

Absence of threats

Mitigation, increase in filtering

Dynamic landscapes

Control over territory

Efforts

functions

Recognition & rewards

Water quantity, evenness of flow & quality

Biodiversity & landscape beauty

Terrestrial carbonstorage

implications


beneficiaries

Direct benefits

transaction costsOpportunity costs

Catchments: strengthen relation between ‘upland land users (as providers’ of ES) and lowland land + water users (beneficiaries)


Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable agriculture and food security

Programmes, Institutions and Capacity Building

• Multi-sectoral approaches: agricultural, environmental, land, water, community development, planning and finance (coordination; committees).

• Mainstreaming in national programmes (poverty alleviation, gender)• Land use planning at community and watershed levels (landscape; habitat

dimensions)• Supporting on farm management • Networks : e.g. plant genetic resources, research + development • Participatory assessment, monitoring and early warning systems• Information systems (threatened resources, threats etc)• Training and education: curricula, adult education, extension, gender• Raising awareness of importance (value) - public, private sector decision makers

(local media, schools, etc)


Agriculture-environment collaboration – identify synergy, mutual benefits

BiodiversityAgricultureProductivityAdaptationMaintenance of ecosystem functions

Agriculture BiodiversityDelivery of ecosystem services

IncentivesEcological knowledge


PENGELOLAAN BIODIVERSITAS AGROEKOSISTEM

Documents

Transcript of PENGELOLAAN BIODIVERSITAS AGROEKOSISTEM