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PENGARUH WAGNER PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANY (PMC) TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI RUSIA DALAM INVASI DI SURIAH Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1 Oleh : ROBETH FIKRI ALFIYAN 201420360312245 JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2019

Transcript of PENGARUH WAGNER PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANY (PMC) …eprints.umm.ac.id/44972/1/PENDAHULUAN.pdf ·...

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PENGARUH WAGNER PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANY (PMC)

TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN LUAR NEGERI RUSIA DALAM

INVASI DI SURIAH

Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat

Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1

Oleh :

ROBETH FIKRI ALFIYAN

201420360312245

JURUSAN ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL

FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2019

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Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int

ABSTRAKSI

Robeth Fikri Alfiyan, 2019, 201420360312245, Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Pengaruh Wagner Private

Military Company (PMC) Terhadap Kebijakan Luar Negeri Rusia dalam

Invasi di Suriah, Pembimbing I: Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si.,

Pembimbing II: Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int.

Keterlibatan Rusia menggunakan Private Military Company (PMC) dalam

konflik di Suriah merupakan lanjutan invasi perang setelah sebelumnya secara

resmi melibatkan operasi militer pada 30 September 2015, dan juga lanjutan dari

perang di Ukraina 2014. Konflik Suriah bermula ketika adanya tuntutan mundur

masyarakat sipil pada Bashar al-Assad sebagai bagian proses demokratisasi di

negara-negara Timur Tengah. Karena itu, pelibatan Rusia menggunakan PMC

disebut karena adanya kepentingan di balik operasi korporasi militer swasta.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jaringan aktor-aktor dalam

politik luar negeri Rusia melibatkan Wagner PMC di Suriah. Dan apa saja

kepentingan yang termaktub di dalamnya, di mana keterlibatan aktor-aktor

internal dan eksternal adalah kunci pengambilan keputusan dalam operasi tentara

swasta Wagner. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode atau tipe

penelitian eksplanatif dan dijelaskan dengan teori policy influencer system dari

William D. Coplin dan konsep PMC.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh Wagner PMC terhadap

kebijakan luar negeri Rusia di Suriah didasari karena kepentingan bisnis Yevgeny

Prigozhin. Kedekatannya dengan Vladimir Putin memberikan kesepakatan

kontrak 25% dari hasil produksi minyak dan gas antara perusahaan Evro Polis dan

General Petroleum Corp. Kesepakatan itu diambil untuk mengamankan upaya

eksploitasi gerakan Islamic State Iraq and Syria (ISIS) pada pengelolaan sumber

daya alam yang berada di Suriah.

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KATA PENGANTAR

Dengan mengucapkan Alhamdulillah segala puji dan syukur penulis

panjatkan atas kehadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan ridla-Nya penyusunan

tugas akhir skripsi dengan judul "Pengaruh Wagner Private Military Company

(PMC) Terhadap Kebijakan Luar Negeri Rusia dalam Invasi di Suriah" dapat

terselesaikan dengan baik. Shalawat dan salam semoga tetap tercurah limpahkan

kepada baginda Nabi Muhammad SAW yang telah membawa kita dari jaman

jahiliyah ke jaman yang terang benderang yakni (addinul Islam).

Penulisan skripsi ini disusun dan diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagai syarat

mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik (S.IP) Strata-1, Prodi Ilmu Hubungan

Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik (FISIP), Universitas

Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM). Penulisan skripsi ini masih terdapat banyak

kekurangan di dalamnya, namun dengan hasil yang didapat diharapkan berguna

khususnya bagi Mahasiswa Ilmu Hubungan Internasional dan para akademisi

lainnya.

Malang, 03 Januari 2019

Penulis,

Robeth Fikri Alfiyan

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LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN

Segala kerendahan hati paling mendalam dan paling utama penulis banyak

berterima kasih kepada kedua orang tua: Bapak Syamsul Arijal dan Ibu Luthfah

berkat dukungan dan sambungan do'anya sehingga dapat melanjutkan studi di

perguruan tinggi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang hingga terselesainya

penulisan skripsi ini. Begitu banyak pengorbanan yang berjatuhan, harapan dan

kasih sayangnya yang tanpa henti mendorong semangat penulis bahwa "jangan

pernah putus asa dalam mencapai cita-cita".

Tidak lupa pula, penulis persembahkan kepada adik tercinta, Ibrotul

Ruhum Nadhifah, Fahim Nabbani dan Walidy Gabriel Habiballah dan segenap

keluarga besar di Pondok Pesantren Nurul Huda, Pangilen Kerta Timur, Dasuk,

Sumenep. Sebab, karya ilmiah skripsi ini tidak akan pernah terselesaikan dengan

sendirinya tanpa dorongan beliau semua dan bantuan dari berbagai pihak di

dalamnya. Untuk itu, tanpa mengurangi rasa hormat, penulis juga ucapkan banyak

terima kasih kepada:

1. Bapak Dr. H. Fauzan, M.Pd, selaku Rektor Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang.

2. Bapak Dr. Rinikso Kartono, M.Si, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan

Politik Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.

3. Bapak Syaprin Zahidi, M.A, selaku Ketua Prodi Ilmu Hubungan

Internasional beserta para Staf Pengajar Ilmu Hubungan Internasional,

Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang.

4. Bapak Jenderal Ruli Inayah Ramadhoan, M.Si selaku Pembimbing I

sekaligus Kepala Laboratorium Ilmu Hubungan Internasional (Lab.HI) dan

Bapak Dion Maulana Prasetya, M.Hub.Int selaku Pembimbing II berkat

kesabaran dan ketersediaannya meminjamkan buku Dario Azzelini - Boris

Kanzleiter La Empresa Guerra: Bisnis Perang dan Kapitalisme Global

(2005) yang banyak menyunjang penyusunan skripsi ini. Secara khusus,

penulis bersyukur dan sangat beruntung mendapat bimbingan beliau

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berdua, terutama Bapak Jenderal Ruli yang juga sebagai teman ngelembur,

teman diskusi, dan teman segalanya ketika berada di Lab.HI dan di luar.

5. Selain itu, untuk kedua penguji Ibu Diana Fatmawati, M.Hi atas kritik dan

sarannya yang sangat berarti bagi penulis. Dan juga Bapak Dedik Fitra

Suhermanto, M.Hub.Int yang kerap mengajak diskusi filsafat, mengenai

kekhawatiran sebagai manusia, dampak ancaman hoaks, isu-isu murahan

kontestasi Pilpres 2019 sekaligus yang sering memotivasi penulis untuk

terus berkarya menulis di pelbagai media cetak maupun online.

6. Kawan-kawan mahasiswa/wi di UMM, Psikologi, HI 2014 Mala, A'ang,

Raka, Naufal, Taqi, Nevia, Ipan, Tamy, Alfian, Tiara, Fandi, Juanda,

Fadhil, Arul serta kawan sekelas HI-C Fika, Oghib, Sisil, Endra, Dwi,

Fattah, Junon, Ibrahim, Sahlan, dan juga adik tingkat penulis Liqo, Bima,

Nadya, dan juga darah biru Malikha hehehe.

7. Kawan-kawan aktivis baik yang aktif di Pergerakan Mahasiswa Islam

Indonesia (PMII), Gerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Indonesia (GMNI),

Serikat Mahasiswa untuk Rakyat Tertindas (SMART), Pusat Kajian

Malang School, Centre of Middle Eastern Studies (CoMES) khususnya di

Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI): Ketum Sutriyadi, Kak Faisal, Kak

Taufiq, Kak Eros, Haydar, Anjar, Iqo, Nawawi, Salim, Erik, Souwakil,

Galang, Farah, dan Maul. Tak lupa secara pribadi penulis berterima kasih

banyak pada Janu Albar, Syaiful, dan Agnia yang menyempatkan untuk

hadir. Yakusa bro!

8. Tak lupa pula kawan penulis di kontrakan, Afif, Faisal, Miqdad, Lukman,

Kholil, Salam, Ayik. Di Man 3 Malang, Atho', Yusuf, Angga, Amin, Olga,

Fasih, Munir, Budha, Tahu, Bastem, Danar, Muchlas, dan tentu yang

lainnya yang tak mungkin penulis sebutkan satu per satu. Sekali lagi,

terima kasih banyak, dan maaf penulis tak bisa sebutkan satu per satu,

Intinya senang mengenal kalian semua! Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb.

Malang, 03 Januari 2019

Penulis,

Robeth Fikri Alfiyan

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DAFTAR ISI

Halaman

Lembar Cover Dalam ............................................................................................... i

Lembar Persetujuan Skripsi .................................................................................... ii

Lembar Pengesahan ............................................................................................... iii

Pernyataan Orisinalitas........................................................................................... iv

Berita Acara Bimbingan Skripsi .............................................................................. v

Abstraksi ................................................................................................................ vi

Abstract ................................................................................................................. vii

Kata Pengantar ..................................................................................................... viii

Lembar Persembahan ............................................................................................. ix

Daftar Isi................................................................................................................. xi

Daftar Gambar ...................................................................................................... xiii

Daftar Tabel ......................................................................................................... xiv

Daftar Singkatan..................................................................................................... xv

Motto .................................................................................................................... xvi

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................... 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah.......................................................................................... 7

1.3 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian ...................................................................... 7

1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................................. 7

1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ................................................................................ 7

1.3.2.1 Manfaat secara Akademis ......................................................... 7

1.3.2.2 Manfaat secara Praktis .............................................................. 8

1.4 Penelitian Terdahulu ...................................................................................... 8

1.4.1 Tabel Posisi Penelitian ........................................................................ 18

1.5 Landasan Teori/Konsep ............................................................................... 22

1.5.1 Policy Influencer System .................................................................... 22

1.5.2 Private Military Company (PMC) ...................................................... 25

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1.6 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................ 27

1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian ................................................................................... 27

1.6.2 Metode Analisa ................................................................................... 27

1.6.3 Tingkat Analisa................................................................................... 27

1.6.4 Variabel Penelitian ............................................................................. 27

1.6.5 Ruang Lingkup Penelitian .................................................................. 28

1.6.5.1 Batasan Waktu ........................................................................ 28

1.6.5.2 Batasan Materi ........................................................................ 28

1.6.6 Teknik Pengumpulan Data ................................................................. 28

1.7 Hipotesa ....................................................................................................... 29

1.8 Sistematika Penulisan .................................................................................. 30

BAB II KEBIJAKAN PENGIRIMAN TENTARA SWASTA KE SURIAH . 32

2.1 Politik Luar Negeri Rusia di Timur Tengah ................................................ 32

2.1.1 Politik Luar Negeri Rusia di Suriah ................................................... 39

2.1.2 Pelaksanaan Politik Luar Negeri Rusia Melalui Tentara Bayaran ..... 46

2.2 Profil Wagner .............................................................................................. 51

2.2.1 Sistem Kontrak atau Sistem Operasi .................................................. 53

2.2.2 Sejarah Keterlibatan dalam Berbagai Operasi .................................... 56

BAB III STRATEGI WAGNER DALAM MEMPENGARUHI KEBIJAKAN

LUAR NEGERI RUSIA ...................................................................................... 60

3.1 Melalui Kesepakatan Aktor-Aktor .............................................................. 60

3.2 Kebijakan Inkonstitusional .......................................................................... 71

3.3 Keterlibatan dalam Konflik Suriah .............................................................. 78

BAB IV PENUTUP .............................................................................................. 82

4.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................. 82

4.2 Saran ............................................................................................................ 85

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................... 86

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1 : Tentara Swasta Wagner....................................................................... 52

Gambar 2 : Kamp Pelatihan di Molkino ............................................................... 53

Gambar 3 : Peta Hubungan Militer dan Politik Rusia di Afrika ............................ 59

Gambar 4 : Posthumous Military Honours ........................................................... 69

Gambar 5 : Presiden Putin Menghadiri 100 Tahun GRU ...................................... 70

Gambar 6 : Proses RUU PMC di Rusia ................................................................ 75

Gambar 7 : Operasi Wagner di Deir al-Zour ......................................................... 79

Gambar 8 : Truk-Truk T-72 Tentara Swasta Wagner ............................................ 80

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 1 : Posisi Penelitian ...................................................................................... 18

Tabel 2 : Sistematika Penulisan ............................................................................ 30

Tabel 3 : Belanja Militer Rusia 2008-2018 ............................................................ 47

Tabel 4 : Sistem Operasi Senjata Wagner di Suriah ............................................. 55

Tabel 5 : Peta Jaringan Aktor-Aktor ..................................................................... 63

Tabel 6 : Produksi Minyak dan Gas Selama Empat Tahun .................................. 67

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

PMC : Private Military Company

ISIS : Islamic State Iraq and Syria

INC : Iraqi National Congress

OIF : Operation Iraqi Freedom

CLI : Committee for the Liberation of Iraq

UNSC : United Nations Security Council

PNAC : Project for the New American Country

FSB : Federal Security Service

GRU : Main Intelligence Directorate

OIC : Organization of Islamic Cooperation

OPCW : Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

ChVK : Chastnye Voenniye Companiye (Known Wagner)

SBU : Security Service of Ukraine

LPR’s : Luhansk People’s Republic

FDI : Foreign Direct Investment

SVR : External Intelligence Service

LDPR : Liberal Democratic Party of Russia

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MOTTO

“Orang boleh pandai setinggi langit, tapi selama ia tidak menulis, ia akan hilang di dalam masyarakat dan dari sejarah.

Menulis adalah bekerja untuk keabadian.”

― Pramoedya Ananta Toer ―

"Tentu. Kau boleh mengalir di sela-sela butir darahku, keluar masuk dinding-dinding jantungku,

menyapa setiap sel tubuhku.

Tetapi jangan sekali-kali pura-pura bertanya kapan boleh pergi atau seenaknya melupakan percintaan ini.

Sampai huruf terakhir sajak ini,

Kau-lah yang harus bertanggung jawab atasi air mataku."

― Sapardi Djoko Damono ―

"Commençons par Ɩ'mpossible."

― Darah Biru, 2019 ―

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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Referensi dari Buku:

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Politik Dunia, Jakarta: Penerbit Qalam.

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Prasetyo, Eko, 2015. Islam Kiri Melawan Kapitalisme Modal Dari Wacana

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Referensi dari Skripsi, Working Paper dan Jurnal Ilmiah:

Abdu Z, Farras. Private Military Contractors and U.S Grand Startegy. Jurnal

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Desai, Pedma, 2005. Russian Retrospectives on Reform from Yeltsin to Putin.

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Faiz, Abdullah, 2011. Pengaruh Halliburton Company dalam Kebijakan Amerika

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Соглашение между Российской Федерацией и Сирийской Арабской

Республикой о размещении авиационной группы Вооруженных Сил

Российской Федерации на территории Сирийской Арабской

Республики от 26 августа 2015 года (ратифицировано Федеральным

законом от 14.10.2016 № 376-ФЗ, вступило в силу 12 ноября 2016

года, письмо МИД России от 22.11.2016 г. № 20737/дп), diakses

dalam:

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Crowley, Sean, dkk, 2015. Ride of th Russkis the Wagner Group in Syria, diakses

dalam: http://www.leksika.org/tacticalanalysis/2018/3/7/ride-of-the-

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Military Wings, diakses dalam:

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Conflict, DGRIS (Directorate General for International Relations and

Strategy), Working Paper No.105, Desember, 2017, diakses dalam:

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az_syrian_conflict_2017.pdf (23/11/2018, 21:14).

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and U.S. Commandos Unfolded in Syria, diakses dalam:

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Policies, diakses dalam: http://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-

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comments/analytics/organization-of-islamic-cooperation-priorities-and-

policies/ (04/11/2018, 08:44).

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russia-arms-insight/insight-syria-pays-for-russian-weapons-to-boost-ties-

with-moscow-

idUSBRE97S0WW20130829?feedType=RSSfeedName=topNews

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diakses dalam: https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/putins-

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diakses dalam: https://www.rferl.org/a/russian-mercenaries-vagner-

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Luhn, Alec, 2018. Russian Mercenary Boss Spoke with Kremlin before Attacking

the US Forces in Syria, Intel Claims, diakses dalam:

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heckled-opposition-quits-idUSKBN1FJ0WJ (17/11/2018, 22:00).

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Most Powerful Private Security Companies in The World,diakses dalam:

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______Says Russian Military Companies can Operate if They do so Legally, but

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