1

Pengantar

Perkembangan Teknologi

Informasi Dan Komunikasi

Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-1

Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi

Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)

Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP

2

Topik Pembahasan

• Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi

• Pengertian Teknologi Informasi, Sistem

Informasi dan Manajemen Informasi

• Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan Sistem

Informasi

• Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi dan

Komunikasi

• Permasalahan Etika

3

Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan

Komunikasi

4

Evolusi Teknologi Informasi dan

Komunikasi

ERA 1

ERA 2

ERA 3

ERA 4

1990

1980

1970

�Focus of Philosophy�Administrative Framework�Primary Target�Justification/Purposes

5

Computer Technology Era

AdministrativeFramework

Focus ofPhilosophy

PrimaryTarget

JustificationPurposes

DATA

PROCESSING ORGANIZATIONAL

PRODUCTIVITY

EFFICIENCY

REGULATED

MONOPOLY

6

Information Technology Era

END-USER

COMPUTING

FREE

MARKET INDIVIDUAL EFFECTIVENESS

AdministrativeFramework

Focus ofPhilosophy

PrimaryTarget

JustificationPurposes

7

Information System Era

STRATEGIC

SYSTEM

REGULATED

FREE MARKET

BUSINESS

PROCESS

COMPETITIVE

ADVANTAGE

AdministrativeFramework

Focus ofPhilosophy

PrimaryTarget

JustificationPurposes

8

Global Information System Era

BUSINESS

TRANSFORMATION

ENABLER GLOBALIZATION

DYNAMIC

SYSTEM ADAPTIVITY

AdministrativeFramework

Focus ofPhilosophy

PrimaryTarget

JustificationPurposes

9

Trends of ICT

10

Pengertian Teknologi Informasi,

Sistem Informasi dan Manajemen

Informasi

11

What is IT? Examples of IT

• websites;

• software applications such as instructional and office software;

• telecommunications products such as conventional telephones and cell phones;

• multimedia content such as that found on DVDs, videotapes, broadcast and cable TV; and

• self-contained, closed products such as copiers, fax machines, or information kiosks.

12

Domain Komputer, TI, dan SI

INFORMATION SYSTEM

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

Organization

Management

Human Resources

Processes

People and Culture

Standards and Procedures

Rules and Policy

Cost and

Investment

Strategic

Business

Plan

Macro

Environment

Outsourcing

Research and

DevelopmentProducts and Services

Market and

Customers

PC Desktop Operating System

InternetIntranet

Extranet

Database

Applications

Notebook and Palmtop

Programming Languages

Printer

ModemMultimedia

Workgroup

Computing

Data Mining

Decision Support

System

Digital Nervous

SystemISDN, VSAT

Infrastructure

Electronic

Commerce

Electronic

Data

Interchange

13

Definisi TI

• Teknologi informasi adalah suatu teknik untuk mengumpulkan, menyiapkan, menyimpan, memproses, mengumumkan, menganalisa, dan menyebarkan informasi.

• Komputer adalah alat pemroses data elektronik, magnetik, optikal, atau sistem yang melaksanakan fungsi logika, aritmatika, dan penyimpanan.

• Informasi elektronik adalah sekumpulan data elektronik yang diantaranya meliputi teks, simbol, gambar, tanda-tanda, isyarat, tulisan, suara, bunyi, dan bentuk-bentuk lainnya.

14

Komponen TI

• Hardware

– Komputer

– Peripheral

• Software

– Operating System

– Package Software

– Application Software

– Programming

Language

• Database

– Field

– Record / Table

– RDBMS

• Network

– Local Area Network

– Wide Area Network

– Global Network

15

TI Berbasis Komputer (CBIS)

• Pengumpulan, pengelolaan dan

penyajian informasi menggunakan

komputer.

• Unggul dalam kondisi:– Repetitif

– Jumlah data dalam ukuran besar

– Membutuhkan akurasi yang tinggi

– Fleksibilitas Pengolahan Data

– Melibatkan banyak SDM

16

The Three Domains: IS, IT and IM

IS Strategy

Division/function based

Demand oriented

Business focused

IS Strategy

Division/function based

Demand oriented

Business focused

IT Strategy

Activity based

Supply oriented

Technology focused

IT Strategy

Activity based

Supply oriented

Technology focused

IM Strategy

Organisation based

Relationship oriented

Management focused

IM Strategy

Organisation based

Relationship oriented

Management focused

Delivery

Applications

Management

What ?

How ?

Wherefore ?

17

Manajemen Informasi

INFORMATION SYSTEM

- DEMAND SITE -

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

- SUPPLY SITE -

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Institutions

Community

Non Profit Organization

Business Entities

Public Sectors

R&D Centers

Corporations

Computer ManufacturersSoftware Houses

Universities Silicon Valley

18

Fungsi Sistem InformasiFungsi Sistem Informasi

INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS

FEEDBACK

INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEM

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

Customers SupplCustomers Suppliers iers

Regulatory Regulatory Stakeholders CompetitorsStakeholders Competitors

AgenciesAgencies

ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

19

Manfaat Teknologi Informasi dan

Sistem Informasi

20

Peran dan Manfaat ICTInformation and communications technology carries on high promise both in human and economic terms.

Benefits could be obtained in:

•• EducationEducation

•• Job training Job training

•• Health careHealth care

•• Food securityFood security

•• Environment managementEnvironment management

•• Government efficiencyGovernment efficiency

And specifically in Science and Technology:

•• Speed up dissemination of scientific results worldSpeed up dissemination of scientific results world--wide wide through scientific knowledge sharing and exchangethrough scientific knowledge sharing and exchange

•• Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and Allows to set up of Virtual Labs for communications and remote instrument controlremote instrument control

21

Peran dan Manfaat TI

• Industri– Airlines, Telecommunications, Tourism

– Manufacturing, Financial (Banking, Insurance, Leasing, etc.)

– Health Care, Education, Entertainment

– Retails, etc.

• Area Fungsional– Marketing

– Finance and Accounting

– Production and Operation

– Human Resources

• Pelayanan Publik

• Individu

22

TI Menjadi Bagian Keseharian

Hidup Manusia

• TI dapat dipakai di semua sektor kehidupan

• Pengendalian– Pusat Pengatur Beban Listrik

– Air Trafic Controller

– Air Ticketing

– Perbankan

– Manufaktur / Industri Process

– Restaurant

– Oil and Gas Refinery

• Dari Lahir sampai “masuk RMD”

23

TI Menemani Perjalanan Hidup

Manusia

24

Pemanfaatan TI Dalam

OrganisasiPerson-to-person communication and networking• E-mail, videotext, facsimile, voice mail

• PCs, modems, and desktop video

• Mobile phones, pagers, and hand-held messaging devices

Collaborative work and groupware• Exchange files, electronic file transfer, transferring discs

• Telephone, facsimile, e-mail, and web access

• Audio and video conference, screen sharing

• Computer models, simulations, and forecasting tools

• Electronic data interchange

Organizational Databases and archives• Hand-held and laptop computers, personal digital assistants

• Data and information warehouses, accessible over intranet

25

Manufacturing

Source: Turban

26

Marketing Management

Source: Turban

27

Business transaction (B-to-B)

Source: Turban

28

Business Transaction (B-to-C)

Source: Turban

29

Changes in the Manufacturing Industry

by digitalizationProduct life cycle to shorten drastically with IT application

AVProducts

ITProducts

1-2 years

Life Cycle

3-4 months 3-4 months 3-4 months

PC,DigitalCamera

CTV,AUDIO

Short lifeBig to maximumfluctuation band

Short lifeBig to maximumfluctuation band

Long LifeMiddle fluctuation band

Long LifeMiddle fluctuation band

ShiftShift DigitalizedDigitalized,,Semiconductor packagingSemiconductor packaging

30

Human Life

Source: Turban

31

… Human Life

Source: Turban

32

… Human Life

Source: Turban

33

Konvergensi Teknologi Informasi

dan Komunikasi

34

Element Pokok TIK-1

• Teknologi Pendukung: microelectronics, optoelectronics, sistem

operasi, bahasa pemrograman, dan lain – lain.

• Peralatan: telephone, televisi, personal komputer, scanner,

game machines, compact discs, digital cameras,

telecommunications switches, dan peralatan lain yang

digunakan untuk mengirim, menerima, menyimpan, memproses,

dan menyajikan informasi.

• Konten: Kata, kalimat, teks, gambar, suara, layanan, atau data

dalam bentuk lain yang dikumpulkan, disajikan, diproses,

disimpan, dan dikirim atau diterima.

35

Element Pokok TIK-2

• User Interface Systems: Kombinasi perangkat keras (hardware)

seperti keyboard, mouse, CPU, dll. dan piranti lunak (software)

seperti graphical user interface, atau voice recognition system

untuk interaksi manusia dengan komputer.

• Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi: jaringan telekomunikasi kabel

maupun wireless guna (narrow and broadband networks),

termasuk teknologi switching, terrestrial broadcasting, cable tv,

fiber optic, cellular, dan komunikasi satelit.

• People: Sekretaris, Penulis Konten, Perencana bisnis, Pembuat

software, Akuntan, Mahasiswa/pelajar, Insinyur, Doktor, Pejabat

Pemerintah, dan lain sebagainya yang membuat,

menggunakan, mengelola, dan mendukung Telematika.

36

Dimensi TIK-1

Informasi

• Telematika berhubungan dengan apa yang Anda baca, dengar, lihat, dan ketahui melalui sekumpulan aktivitas yang meliputi mengumpulkan, menganalisa, mencetak, dan menyajikan informasi dalam bentuk tulisan, gambar, suara, dan lain sebagainya. Contoh: memirsa TV, menyimak informasi pada website; membaca isi CD-ROM, mengakses database.

People

• Telematika membentuk apa yang Anda ketahui, menjadi media dengan siapa Anda berkomunikasi. Komunikasi dengan sesama individu, atau berbeda kelompok: one to one, one to many, many to many, one to millions. Contoh: Penerbitan; penyiaran; berbicara melalui (video)phone; mengirim facsimili; mengirim surat, e-mail, telekonference, dll.

37

Dimensi TIK-2

Layanan

• Telematika mempengaruhi perilaku produktivitas dan konsumsi masyarakat. Hal ini dilakukan melalui aktivitas transaksi elektronik dan layanan elektronik. Contoh: Pay-per-view TV; electronic banking and shopping, perpanjangan ijin melalui Internet, booking pesawat udara melalui telepon atau Internet, dll.

Teknologi

• Telematika menyediakan akses kepada sarana informasilainnya, melalui aktivitas membuat dan memanfaatkan peralatan, teknik, dan pengetahuan untuk mengakses peralatan Telematika lainnya. Contoh: Modem menghubungkan komputer dengan jaringan, Internet dan infrastruktur informasi lainnya. Penyedia Telematika mendukung layanan akses Internet, e-mail

dan lain – lain.

38

Global Trend• The need for better, faster,

and cheaper in sharing

information and

communications among

individuals and organizations

• The need to support people

who are working together, both

in same and dispersed

locations.

• Information and Comunication

Technology (ICT / Telematika)

enables people increasing

productivity.

39

Demam “e-”

• E-business

• E-commerce

• E-government

• Lantas apa bedanya dengan SI/TI dan “e”

• Adakah perbedaan dalam mengelolanya?

• Yang membuat Internet signifikan:– Pervasive

– Interactive

– Media penghubung banyak pihak

40

e-Business Infrastructure

TelephoneNetwork

InternetNetwork

Cache Server

Proxy Cache

VPN

Firewall

Router

CTI Server

LAN Switch

IVR

Voicemail

Call Server

Media Gateway

41

Permasalahan Etika

42

Ethical Issues

• Privacy– What information about oneself should an individual be required to

reveal to others?

– What kind of surveillance can an employer use on its employees?

– What information about individuals should be kept in databases,

and how secure is the information there?

• Accuracy

– Who is responsible for the authenticity, fidelity, and accuracy of

information collected?

– How can we ensure that information will be processed properly and

presented accurately to users?

43

… Ethical Issues

• Property– Who owns the information?

– What are the fair prices for its exchange?

– Who owns the channels of information?

– How should one handle software piracy?

– Can corporate computers be used for private purposes?

• Accessibility– Who is allowed to access information?

– What information does a person or an organization have a right or a

privilege to obtain – under what condition and with what

safeguards?

44

Pengaruh Terhadap Organisasi

• Flatter organizational hierarchies – The fact shows different result, why??

• Increased staff-to-line workers ratio– The pyramid structure is no longer suitable

• Establishment of new special organization unit– For example E-Commerce unit

• Increased power and status of the IT staff– Those who control information

• Changes in career path– Especially for “IT literate” employee

• Changes in supervision– From traditional to electronic supervision

45

Impacts on Individual & Society

• Individual

– Decreased job satisfaction

• Some jobs may become more routine and less satisfying

– Dehumanization and psychological impacts

• Human vs. machine issues

– Impacts on health and safety

• Job stress and repetitive strain injuries

• Society

– Opportunities for people with disabilities

– Improved quality of life (do you agree???)

46

IT Development Trends

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Ubiquitous Information AccessUbiquitous Information Access

Era I: Automation, Cost Control and Efficiency

Era II: Productivity and End-User Empowerment

Era III: Value Creation andBusiness Effectiveness

Internet/Network ComputingInternet/Network Computing

Mainframe/Midrange ComputingMainframe/Midrange Computing

Client/Server ComputingClient/Server Computing

Low

High

Era IV: IT Enabling New Business Models

The Rules

InternallyInternally

FocusedFocused

ExternallyExternally

FocusedFocused

Source: Gartner

47

Terima Kasih