Pelengkap Tugas Akhir

iii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN

TUGAS AKHIR

PERENCANAAN KAPAL TUNDA TB “MAKMOER BERDJAYA 1600 BHP”

Yang bertanda-tangan dibawah ini, kami, Tim Penguji Tugas Akhir, telah menguji

dan menyetujui laporan Tugas Akhir yang telah disusun oleh:

Nama : Andri Firardi Utama

NIM : L0G 007 010

Program Studi : Diploma III Teknik

Jurusan : Teknik Perkapalan

Fakultas : Teknik

Judul Tugas Akhir : Perencanaan Kapal Tunda TB “MAKMOER BERDJAYA”

1600 BHP

Semarang, Oktober 2012

Menyetujui,

Dosen Penguji I Dosen Penguji II DosenPenguji III

Eko Julianto S., SH, AT, MT Budi Utomo, AT, MT Aulia Widyandari, ST, MT NIP. 195607101986031002 NIP. 195905241986101001 NIP. 197708102003122002

iv

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN

TUGAS AKHIR

PERENCANAAN KAPAL TUNDA TB “MAKMOER BERDJAYA 1600 BHP”

Yang bertanda-tangan dibawah ini, Ketua Program Studi Diploma III Teknik

Perkapalan, telah memeriksa dan menyetujui laporan Tugas Akhir yang disusun oleh:

Nama : Andri Firardi Utama

NIM : L0G 007 010

Program Studi : Diploma III Teknik

Jurusan : Teknik Perkapalan

Fakultas : Teknik

Judul Tugas Akhir : Perencanaan Kapal Tunda TB “MAKMOER BERDJAYA”

1600 BHP


Mengetahui,

Ketua Program Studi Diploma III Teknik Perkapalan

Program Diploma Fakultas Teknik

Universitas Diponegoro

Semarang

Solichin Djazuli S., AT, MSi

NIP. 19560912 198303 1 002

v

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS

Tugas Akhir ini adalah hasil karya saya sendiri, dan semua sumber baik yang dikutip maupun yang dirujuk

telah saya nyatakan dengan benar.

NAMA : Andri Firardi Utama

NIM : L0G 007 010

Tanda Tangan :

Tanggal : Oktober 2012

vi

HALAMAN MOTTO

Demi masa. Sesungguhnya manusia itu benar-benar dalam kerugian besar. Kecuali

orang-orang yang beriman dan mengerjakan amal saleh dan nasehat- menasehati

supaya mentaati kebenaran dan nasehat-menasehati supaya menetapi kesabaran.

(Q.S Al ‘Ashr 103 : 1-3)

Belajar, mengamalkan, dan mengajarkan. Nikmati indahnya ilmu pengetahuan.

“Sekali Layar Terkembang, Surut Kita Berpantang”

“One for All, All for One”: Kapal untuk Semua, Semua untuk Kapal.

Yang lebih sering ditolak adalah kelakuan pribadi, bukanlah ide cemerlang yang

kita miliki. Untuk itu, istimewakan diri kita dengan berprilaku baik dan bertutur

kata yang santun

“I’m just ordinary man, but I try to achieve the perfection”

“Thinking outside most of people’s mind”

“Rebel is not express u’r self with ugly habit, but fight against ugly habit. punxrock is a

freedom, not a simply mind.”

Untuk Cinta dan Persahabatan yang Jujur

vii

HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN

Ku persembahkan Tugas Akhir ini, serta rasa terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya

untuk:

ALLAH Subhanallahu Waa Ta’ala; Muhammad Shallallahu ‘alaihi Wassalam; Sahabat

Rasulullah Radhiyallahu‘anhu; Ibu Pertiwi: Indonesia; Universitas Diponegoro: PSD-

III Naval Architecture Engineering-Fakultas Teknik; Grandpa’: Makmoer, Alm beserta

keluarga besar & Djayadi Ritonga, Alm beserta keluarga besar; Mr. Budi Utomo; Mrs.

Zulfaidah Ariany; Mr. Eko Julianto Sasono; Mrs. Aulia Widyandari; Mr. Bambang SW;

Mr. Ruhyat, Alm; Mrs. Gunarti; Mrs. Santi; Aren Jaya VIII Elementary School; SMPN 3

Bekasi; SMAN 44 Batavia; The Most Woman I Love: Mom, My Big Hero: Dad; Brotha

and Sista: Reza, Lia & Farah; My Queen: Raden Arimbi Gadih Ranti (I Love You,

Honey); My Big Brotha: Abom, Moko, Tomo, Tarsis, dkk; My Big Brotha: Syaferial

Agung (Segera Lulus ), yvx, Bagus, Ambon, ZCP, Adhiatma, Anizar, Syarifudin,

Kodox, Adhity, Noufal, Galuh; My Big Family: SAPMA Pemuda Pancasila UNDIP & PC

Kota Semarang; My Big Family: Naval Architecture All Generation; Kampoeng

Halaman: Padang & Medan; Segenap Keluarga Besar Pengajaran D-III Teknik

Perkapalan; PT Dok & Perkapalan Kodja Bahari Cab. Semarang; PT Janata Marina

Indah Shipyard Semarang; Sepenggalan hati di Alam Indonesia: Ungaran Mount

(2050 mdpl), Semeru Mount (coming soon), Gn. Taruwongso, Gede-Pangrango

Hillside, Sundoro-Sumbing Hillside, Merbabu Hillside, Kopeng, Puncak Pass-Cipanas,

Kebun Teh, Parang Tritis Bay, Kartini Bay, Marina Bay, Maroon Bay, Anyer Bay,

Semirang Waterfall, Sido Mukti, Flying Fox, Dieng Plateu (2090 mdpl), Borobudur

Tample, Lawang Sewu, Kaliurang-Gunung Merapi, Djakarta-Raya (Batavia), Daerah

Istimewa Jogjakarta, Daerah Istimewa Surakarta, East Java Capital City: Surabaja,

Central Java Capital City: Semarang, Kota Lama-Batavia, Kota Salatiga, Kota Klaten,

Rain City-Bogor, Sunset & Sunrise on Hill-Segar Pencah, Monument National-Batavia,

Tanjung Mas Harbor-Semarang; dsb; dll; dkk.

Ku persembahkan sebagai bukti cinta pada ilmu pengetahuan.

viii

KATA PENGANTAR

Keanugrahan inspirasi dari ALLAH Yang Mahakuasa menjadikan kekuatan kepada

kami untuk segera menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir dengan judul: PERENCANAAN KAPAL

TUNDA TB “MAKMOER BERDJAYA” 1600 BHP selama lima bulan terhitung mulai

tanggal 25 April sampai 18 September 2012. Oleh karena itu, tiada kata yang terindah

selain ucapan syukur tak terhingga karena kami dapat menyelesaikan Tugas Akhir yang

ditujukan kepada Fakultas Teknik Jurusan PSD III Teknik Perkapalan, Universitas

Diponegoro. Tugas Akhir merupakan persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi kelulusan dari

Jurusan Program Studi Diploma III Teknik Perkapalan, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas

Diponegoro, Semarang dan mencapai gelar Ahli Madya (Amd).

Adapun tujuan dari Tugas Akhir ini, selain untuk memenuhi persyaratan kelulusan,

juga untuk mematangkan perencanaan kapal dengan detail perhitungan yang matang,

sehingga kapal bisa dibangun dan nantinya diharapkan kapal dapat beroperasi dengan

baik. Disamping itu perencanaan kapal ini juga diharapkan bisa meminimalkan resiko

kecelakaan kerja dan bahan yang terbuang percuma dengan perencanaan kapal yang

menggunakan metode yang efisien dan teknologi yang lebih canggih.

Pada kesempatan kali ini penulis mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-

besarnya, kepada:

1. Bapak Solichin Djazuli Sa’id, AT, MSi, Ketua PSD-III Teknik Perkapalan;

2. Bapak Eko Julianto Sasano, SH, AT, MT, atas kesempatan yang berkali-kali

Bapak berikan;

3. Bapak Budi Utomo, AT, MT, atas bimbingan dan ilmunya;

4. Ibu Zulfaidah Ariany, ST, MT, atas bimbingan dan ilmunya;

5. Ibu Aulia Widyandari, ST, MT, atas kemudahan dan ilmunya;

6. Segenap keluarga besar Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Perkapalan.

Semoga ALLAH Subhanallahu waa Ta’ala membalas kebaikan semua pihak yang

telah membantu penyusunan Tugas Akhir ini.

ix

Dalam Tugas Akhir ini mungkin masih banyak kesalahan dan kekurangan dalam

penyusunannya karena tak lepas dari keterbatasan kemampuan, ilmu pengetahuan,

wawasan serta pengalaman penulis. Oleh karena itu kami mohon maaf atas kekurangan

tersebut. Dan di lain pihak kami juga tidak menutup diri dan akan berkenan menerima

terhadap segala saran dan kritik yang bersifat membangun demi kesempurnaan Tugas

Akhir ini.


Penyusun

x

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ............................................................................................................. i

HALAMAN SURAT TUGAS ............................................................................................ ii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN DOSEN PENGUJI ........................................................... iii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN KETUA PROGRAM STUDI DILOMA III ................. iv

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .............................................................. v

HALAMAN MOTTO .......................................................................................................... vi

HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN ......................................................................................... vii

KATA PENGANTAR ......................................................................................................... viii

DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................................ x

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................................ xvii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................. 1

A. GAMBARAN UMUM PERKAPALAN ....................................................... 1

B. KAPAL TUNDA (TUG BOAT) .................................................................... 2

C. TAHAP-TAHAP PERENCANAAN KAPAL ............................................. 4

C.1. Lines Plan (Rencana Garis) .............................................................. 4

C.2. General Arrangement (Rencana Umum) ....................................... 8

C.3. Profile Construction (Konstruksi Profil) ....................................... 13

C.4. Shell Expansion (Bukaan Kulit)........................................................ 17

C.5. Piping System (Sistem Pipa) ............................................................. 19

BAB II PERHITUNGAN RENCANA GARIS ................................................................ 21

A. PERHITUNGAN DASAR ............................................................................. 21

A.1. Panjang Garis Air (LWL) ................................................................... 21

A.2. Panjang Displacement (LDispl) ........................................................... 21

A.3. Coefficient Midship (Cm) ................................................................... 21

A.4. Coefficient Prismatic (Cp) ................................................................. 21

A.5. Coefficient Water Line (Cw) ............................................................. 22

xi

A.6. Luas Garis Air (AWL) .......................................................................... 22

A.7. Luas Midship (Am)............................................................................... 22

A.8. Volume Displacement (VDISPL) ........................................................... 22

A.9. Displacement ........................................................................................ 22

A.10. Coefficient Prismatic Displacement (CpDISPL) .............................. 23

B. LONGITUDINAL CENTRE OF BOUYANCY .............................................. 23

B.1. Dengan Grafik NSP ............................................................................. 23

B.2. Luas Station dari Grafik NSP ........................................................... 27

B.3. Dengan Tabel Van Lammerent ......................................................... 29

C. RENCANA BENTUK GARIS AIR................................................................ 36

C.1. Perhitungan Besar Sudut Masuk () ............................................. 36

C.2. Perhitungan Luas Garis Air (AWL) ................................................ 36

D. PERHITUNGAN RADIUS BILGA............................................................... 38

D.1. Dalam Segitiga ABC ............................................................................. 38

D.2. Luas Trapesium ACED ....................................................................... 39

D.3. Luas AFHED ........................................................................................... 39

D.4. Luas FGHC ............................................................................................. 39

D.5. Luas FCM ............................................................................................... 39

D.6. Luas Juring MFG ................................................................................... 39

E. RENCANA BODY PLAN ................................................................................ 41

E.1. Rencana Bentuk Body Plan ............................................................... 41

E.2. Volume Body Plan ................................................................................ 42

E.3. Koreksi Volume Body Plan ................................................................ 44

F. PERHITUNGAN CAMBER, SHEER, JARAK GADING,

DAN BULWARK ......................................................................................................... 44

F.1. Perhitungan Camber ........................................................................... 44

F.2. Perhitungan Sheer ............................................................................... 46

F.3. Perhitungan Jarak Gading ................................................................. 47

xii

F.4. Perhitungan Tinggi Bulwark ............................................................ 47

G. RENCANA DAUN KEMUDI ......................................................................... 50

G.1. Perhitungan Luas Daun Kemudi .................................................... 50

G.2. Ukuran Daun Kemudi ........................................................................ 50

G.3. Perhitungan Gaya Kemudi ................................................................ 51

H. Stern Clearance, Stem, dan Stern ........................................................... 53

H.1. Propeller Diamater ............................................................................. 53

H.2. Jari-Jari Propeller ................................................................................ 53

H.3. Boss Diameter Propeller ..................................................................... 53

H.4. Rencana Bentuk Stern ....................................................................... 54

H.5. Bentuk Stem Ship ................................................................................ 54

BAB III PERHITUNGAN RENCANA UMUM .............................................................. 57

A. JUMLAH DAN SUSUNAN ANAK BUAH KAPAL .................................. 57 A.1. Penentuan Jumlah ABK ...................................................................... 57 A.2 Susunan ABK Kapal Tunda .............................................................. 58

B. PERHITUNGAN BERAT KAPAL .............................................................. 59 B.1. Volume Displacement (VDISPL) ...................................................... 59 B.2. Displacement (D) .................................................................................. 59 B.3. Perhitungan Berat Kapal Kosong (LWT) ...................................... 59 B.4. Perhitungan Berat Mati Kapal (DWT) ........................................... 61 B.5. Perhitungan Berat Muatan Bersih (Pb) ........................................ 61

C. PEMBAGIAN RUANG UTAMA KAPAL ................................................... 66 C.1 Penentuan Jarak Gading ................................................................... 66 C.2. Penentuan Sekat Kedap Air .............................................................. 68 C.3 Perencanaan Pembagian Ruangan dan Perhitungan Volume .......... 73 C.4. Perhitungan Ruang Akomodasi....................................................... 84 C.5. Perencanaan Ruang Konsumsi ........................................................ 89 C.6. Perencanaan Ruang Navigasi ........................................................... 91 C.7. Perencanaan Battery Room .............................................................. 96 C.8. Lampu Navigasi .................................................................................... 96

xiii

C.8. Perencanaan Ruangan-Ruangan Lain .......................................... 98 D. PERLENGKAPAN VENTILASI ................................................................... 100

D.1. Deflektor Pemasukan Ruang Mesin ............................................... 100

D.2. Deflektor Pengeluaran Ruang Mesin ............................................. 101

E. PERLENGKAPAN KESELAMATAN PELAYARAN ............................... 103 E.1. Rakit Penolong Otomatis (Infantable Liferafts) .......................... 103

E.2. Pelampung Penolong (Life Buoy) .................................................... 103

E.3. Baju Penolong (Life Jacket) ............................................................... 105

E.4. Pemadam Kebakaran ........................................................................ 106

E.5. Tanda Bahaya dengan Signal dan Radio ....................................... 106

F. PERENCANAAN PERLENGKAPAN BERLABUH

DAN BERTAMBAT ........................................................................................ 106

F.1. Jangkar (Anchor) .................................................................................. 106

F.2. Rantai Jangkar ..................................................................................... 109

F.3. Tali-Temali ........................................................................................... 109

F.4. Bak Rantai (Chain Locker) ................................................................. 109

F.5. Hawse Pipe ............................................................................................. 111

F.6. Derek Jangkar (Windlass).................................................................. 113

F.7. Bollards ................................................................................................... 118

F.8. Fairleads-Chock .................................................................................... 118

F.8. Capstan ................................................................................................... 118

G. PERALATAN TARIK (TOWING HOOK) ................................................. 118

BAB IV PERHITUNGAN RENCANA KONSTRUKSI PROFIL ................................ 125

A. PERHITUNGAN BEBAN .............................................................................. 125

A.1. Beban Geladak Cuaca ........................................................................ 125

A.2. Beban Geladak pada Bangunan Atas ............................................. 130

A.3. Beban Sisi ............................................................................................... 133

A.4. Beban Alas Kapal ................................................................................ 141

xiv

B. PERHITUNGAN PELAT GELADAK KEKUATAN

DAN PELAT KULIT ....................................................................................... 143

B.1. Pelat Geladak Kekuatan .................................................................... 143

B.2. Pelat Geladak Bangunan Atas .......................................................... 144

B.3. Pelat Alas Kapal ................................................................................... 144

B.4. Pelat Sisi Kapal ..................................................................................... 145

B.5. Pelat Lajur Bilga ................................................................................... 147

B.6. Pelat Lajur Atas .................................................................................... 147

B.7. Pelat Lunas Kapal ................................................................................ 148

B.8. Pelat Penyangga Linggi Buritan, Baling-baling dan

Lunas Bilga ............................................................................................ 149

B.9. Bukaan Pada Pelat Kulit .................................................................... 149

B.10. Kotak Laut (Sea Chest) ...................................................................... 149

B.11. Kubu–Kubu .......................................................................................... 150

B.12. Pelat Geladak ....................................................................................... 150

C. KONSTRUKSI DASAR GANDA .................................................................. 150

C.1. Penumpu (Girder) ................................................................................ 150

C.2. Alas Ganda yang Terpakai Menjadi Tangki ................................. 151

C.3. Alas Dalam (Inner Bottom) ............................................................... 151

C.4. Alas Ganda Dalam Sistem Gading Melintang ............................... 152

D. PERHITUNGAN GADING-GADING .......................................................... 157

D.1. Jarak Gading ......................................................................................... 157

D.2. Gading-Gading Utama ........................................................................ 157

D.3. Gading Utama pada Bangunan Atas ............................................... 159

D.4. Senta Sisi (Side Stringer) ................................................................... 160

D.5. Gading Besar (Web Frame) ............................................................... 160

D.6. Gading Besar pada Bangunan Atas ................................................ 163

xv

E. PERHITUNGAN BALOK-BALOK GELADAK ........................................ 165

E.1. Balok Geladak (Deck Beam) .............................................................. 165

E.2. Balok Geladak pada Bangunan Atas............................................... 166

E.3. Balok Geladak Besar (Strong Beam) .............................................. 167

E.4. Balok Geladak Besar Bangunan Atas ............................................. 169

F. PENUMPU GELADAK (DECK GIRDER) .................................................. 171

F.1. Center Deck Girder dan Side Deck Girder....................................... 171

F.2. Penumpu Geladak Bangunan Atas ................................................. 174

G. SEKAT KEDAP (BULKHEAD) ................................................................... 175

G.1 Sekat Kedap Air .................................................................................... 175

G.2. Stiffener Sekat Kedap Air ................................................................... 177

G.3. Stiffener Bangunan Atas..................................................................... 179

G.4. Web Stiffener ......................................................................................... 180

G.5. Web Stiffener pada Bangunan Atas................................................. 181

H. BRACKETS ...................................................................................................... 182

BAB V RENCANA BUKAAN KULIT .............................................................................. 184

A. PERHITUNGAN BEBAN .............................................................................. 184

A.1. Beban Sisi ............................................................................................... 184

A.2. Beban Alas Kapal ................................................................................ 187

B. PERHITUNGAN PELAT KULIT ................................................................. 188

B.1. Pelat Alas Kapal .................................................................................... 188

B.2. Pelat Sisi ................................................................................................. 189

B.3. Pelat Lajur Bilga ................................................................................... 191

B.4. Pelat Lajur Atas ................................................................................... 191

B.5. Pelat Lunas Kapal ................................................................................ 192

B.6. Pelat Penyangga Linggi Buritan, Baling-baling dan

Lunas Bilga ............................................................................................ 192

B.7. Bukaan Pada Pelat Kulit .................................................................... 193

xvi

B.8. Kotak Laut (Sea Chest) ....................................................................... 193

B.9. Kubu–Kubu ........................................................................................... 193

BAB VI PERHITUNGAN SISTEM PIPA ...................................................................... 194

A. PENGENALAN SISTEM PIPA DAN PERLENGKAPANNYA .............. 194

A.1. Pendahuluan ......................................................................................... 194

A.2. Komponen Instalasi Sistem Pipa .................................................... 194

A.3. Pemilihan Ukuran Pipa ...................................................................... 206

B. SISTEM INSTALASI PERPIPAAN DAN PERHITUNGANNYA ......... 208

B.1. Sistem Bilga ........................................................................................... 209

B.2. Sistem Ballast........................................................................................ 216

B.3. Sistem Bahan Bakar dan Sistem Minyak Lumas ........................ 220

B.4. Sistem Pipa Air Tawar ........................................................................ 231

B.5. Sistem Pipa Udara, Pipa Duga, dan Deflektor ............................. 236

B.6. Sistem Pemadam Kebakaran ........................................................... 241

B.7. Sistem Udara Start .............................................................................. 245

BAB VI PENUTUP .............................................................................................................. 251

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................................... 253

DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................... 254

1. Lembar Asistensi Perhitungan Rencana Umum ................................... 254

2. Lembar Asistensi Perhitungan Sistem Pipa ........................................... 255

3. Lembar Asistensi Perhitungan Konstruksi Profil ................................ 256

4. Gambar Rencana Garis (Lines Plan) Ukuran : A1

5. Gambar Rencana Umum (General Arrangement) Ukuran : A0

6. Gambar Konstruksi Profil (Profil Construction) Ukuran :A0+

7. Gambar Midship Section Ukuran : A1

8. Gambar Bukaan Kulit (Shell Expansion) Ukuran : A1

9. Gambar Sistem Pipa (Piping System) Ukuran : A0

xvii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.01. Grafik NSP ................................................................................................ 23

Gambar 2.02. Letak LCB dan Luas Station pada Grafik NSP ................................ 24

Gambar 2.03. Letak LCB, Midship LPP, dan Midship L-Displacement ................ 26

Gambar 2.04. Transformasi Titik Tekan P ke Q ....................................................... 30

Gambar 2.05. Tabel Van Lammerent ........................................................................... 31

Gambar 2.06. Curve Selection Area dan Bentuk Garis Air ..................................... 35

Gambar 2.07. Grafik Lastlun .......................................................................................... 36

Gambar 2.08. Radius Bilga dan Camber ..................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.09. Body Plan .................................................................................................. 45

Gambar 2.10. Sheer Plan .................................................................................................. 48

Gambar 2.11. Rencana Jarak Gading ........................................................................... 49

Gambar 2.12. Ukuran Daun Kemudi ........................................................................... 52

Gambar 2.13. Bentuk Linggi Buritan dengan Sepatu Kemudi ............................. 54

Gambar 2.14. Stern & Clearance ................................................................................... 55

Gambar 2.15. Stem of Ship .............................................................................................. 56

Gambar 3.16. Tabel Penentuan Anak Buah Kapal .................................................. 58

Gambar 3.17. Perencanaan Jarak Gading .................................................................. 67

Gambar 3.18. Katalog Caterpillar 3512C-HD 1600 BHP ...................................... 70

Gambar 3.19. Peletakan Sekat dan Pembagian Ruangan ...................................... 72

Gambar 3.20. Curve Selection Area per Station ........................................................ 75

Gambar 3.21. Curve Selection Area per Frame .......................................................... 76

Gambar 3.22. Volume Ruangan & Double Bottom ................................................... 79

Gambar 3.23. Volume dan Penempatan Tangki-Tangki ....................................... 85

Gambar 3.24. Tinggi Geladak Bangunan Atas .......................................................... 86

Gambar 3.25. Pintu Baja Kedap Cuaca ....................................................................... 88

Gambar 3.26. Ruangan di Bawah Main Deck ............................................................ 93

xviii

Gambar 3.27. Ruangan di Atas Main Deck ................................................................. 94

Gambar 3.28. Ruang Navigasi ....................................................................................... 95

Gambar 3.29. Lampu Jangkar ........................................................................................ 96

Gambar 3.30. Lampu Tiang Agung .............................................................................. 97

Gambar 3.31. Lampu Buritan ........................................................................................ 98

Gambar 3.32. Perencanaan Lampu Navigasi ............................................................ 99

Gambar 3.33. Deflektor Pemasukan dan Pengeluaran Ruang Mesin ................ 102

Gambar 3.34. Rakit Penolong Otomatis ..................................................................... 104

Gambar 3.35. Pelampung Penolong ............................................................................ 105

Gambar 3.36. Life Jacket .................................................................................................. 105

Gambar 3.37. Luas Penampang Samping Lambung Kapal ................................... 108

Gambar 3.38. Hall Anchor ............................................................................................... 110

Gambar 3.39. Chain Locker ........................................................................................... 112

Gambar 3.40. Hawse Pipe ............................................................................................... 114

Gambar 3.41. Electric Windlass ..................................................................................... 116

Gambar 3.42. Bollards ..................................................................................................... 120

Gambar 3.43. Fairleads-Chock ...................................................................................... 121

Gambar 3.44. Capstan ...................................................................................................... 122

Gambar 3.45. Towing Hook ............................................................................................ 123

Gambar 3.46. Towing Winch .......................................................................................... 124

Gambar 4.47. Daerah Pendistribusian Beban pada Kapal .................................... 126

Gambar 4.48. Pembebanan pada Kapal ..................................................................... 128

Gambar 4.49. Beban Geladak pada Bangunan Atas ................................................ 131


Gambar 4.51. Beban Sisi di Bawah dan di Atas Garis Air ...................................... 136

Gambar 4.52. Beban Sisi pada Bangunan Atas ......................................................... 140



Gambar 5.55. Pembebanan pada Kapal ..................................................................... 187

xix


Gambar 6.57. Tabel Pembagian Kelas Pipa ............................................................... 194

Gambar 6.58. Pipa Besi ................................................................................................... 196

Gambar 6.59. Pipa Baja Karbon .................................................................................... 197

Gambar 6.60. Pipa Tembaga .......................................................................................... 198

Gambar 6.61. Pipa Aluminium ...................................................................................... 198

Gambar 6.62. Pipa Plastik .............................................................................................. 199

Gambar 6.63. Tabel Material Pipa ............................................................................... 200

Gambar 6.64. Diaphragm Valve .................................................................................... 201

Gambar 6.65. Swing Check Valve .................................................................................. 201

Gambar 6.66. Ball Valve .................................................................................................. 202

Gambar 6.67. Flens ............................................................................................................ 203

Gambar 6.68. Tipe-Tipe Flens ....................................................................................... 204

Gambar 6.69. Oil Water Separator ............................................................................... 205

Gambar 6.70. Sprinklers .................................................................................................. 205

Gambar 6.71. Hydrophore .............................................................................................. 206

Gambar 6.72. Skema Sistem Bilga ................................................................................ 214

Gambar 6.73. Pipa Bilga .................................................................................................. 215

Gambar 6.74. Letak Sea Chest ....................................................................................... 219

Gambar 6.75. Skema Sistem Ballast ............................................................................ 221

Gambar 6.76. Pipa Ballast .............................................................................................. 222

Gambar 6.77. Skema Sistem Bahan Bakar ................................................................. 227

Gambar 6.78. Pipa Bahan Bakar ................................................................................... 228

Gambar 6.79. Skema Sistem Pelumasan .................................................................... 229

Gambar 6.80. Pipa Minyak Lumas ............................................................................... 230

Gambar 6.81. Skema Sistem Air Tawar ...................................................................... 233

Gambar 6.82. Skema Sistem Pendingin Mesin ......................................................... 234

Gambar 6.83. Pipa Air Tawar ........................................................................................ 235

Gambar 6.84. Deflektor ................................................................................................... 240

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Gambar 6.85. Skema Sistem Pemadam Kebakaran ................................................ 246

Gambar 6.86. Skema Sistem Udara Start ................................................................... 250

Pelengkap Tugas Akhir

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