Overview week1

32
MIKROBIOLOGI MIKROBIOLOGI 07/06/22 1 Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

description

 

Transcript of Overview week1

Page 1: Overview week1

MIKROBIOLOGIMIKROBIOLOGI MIKROBIOLOGIMIKROBIOLOGI

10/04/23 1Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 2: Overview week1

POKOK BAHASAN1. Pendahuluan : Sejarah mikrobiologi, mikroba

menguntungkan dan merugikan, peranan mikroba dalam bidang peternakan.

2. Mempelajari organisme yang berukuran sangat kecil (mikroskopik) : bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, virus.Klasifikasi, struktur dan morfologi.

3. Metabolisme mikroorganisme : metabolisme energi, protein, lemak, karbohidrat. Metabolisme aerob, anaerob dan fotosintesa

4. Reproduksi : Cara reproduksi, kurva pertumbuhan, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

5. Ekologi mikroorganisme pada lingkungan peternakan : Distribusi di alam, interaksi antar mikroorganisme dan organisme lainnya

6. Ekologi mikroorganisme pada industri peternakan : peranan mikroorganisme pada ternak dan produk hasil ternak

7. Metoda deteksi dan enumerasi mikroorganisme pada lingkungan dan industri peternakan

10/04/23 2Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 3: Overview week1

Dosen dan Penilaian• Dosen : 2 orang, kelas paralel• Penilaian :

– Quis– Tugas– Praktikum– Ujian : UTS dan UAS

10/04/23 3Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 4: Overview week1

PUSTAKA • Pelczar, Jr., Chan, E.C.S, Krieg, N.R. 1987.

Microbiology. McGrraw-Hill Book Company. New York

• Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. 2001.Microbiology an Introduction. Addison Wesley Longman Inc. New York.

• Jay, J.M. 2000. Modern Food Microbiology. Chapman & Hall. New York

• Jurnal : www.asm.org

10/04/23 4Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 5: Overview week1

Microorganism & Microbiology

Microorganism

• Living things which individually are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

• All of the following may be considered microorganisms:– bacteria (eubacteria,

archaebacteria) – fungi (yeasts, molds) – protozoa – microscopic algae – viruses – various parasitic worms

Microbiology• Study of microorganisms• Foundation of modern biotechnology • Among the many specialized fields of

microbiology-Virology, Mycology, Bacteriology, Immunology, Microbial Ecology, Biotechnological Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology, Food Microbiology, Forensic Microbiology, Molecular Biology

10/04/23 5Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 6: Overview week1

Microorganism & Microbiology cont’d

Two main themes involved in Microbiology

1- Basic- cellular processes2-Applied- concerning agriculture,

industry and health

10/04/23 6Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 7: Overview week1

Themes in Microbiology and its field

BacteriologyPhycologyMycologyVirologyParasitologyProtozoalogy

Microbial metabolismMicrobial geneticsMicrobial genetics

ImmunologyEpidemiologyEtiology

Infection controlChemotherapy

Environmental microbiology

Food & beverage techPharmaceutical microbiologyGenetic Engineering

10/04/23 7Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 8: Overview week1

Microbiology• The branch of biology

concerned with the study of microorganisms and their activities

10/04/23 8Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 9: Overview week1

Microorganisms can be:• unicellular• multicellular• acellular

– viruses– viroids– prions-proteinaceous infectious

particle

10/04/23 9Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 10: Overview week1

Microorganism• Too small• Germ-rapidly growing cell• Has habitat• Live in population (not alone)• Communities are either swimming freely or

attached to a surface (biofilm)• Interact between communities; may either be

- harmful (because of waste product)- beneficial (cooperative feeding efforts-wastenutrient)

10/04/23 10Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 11: Overview week1

Occurrence of Microorganisms

• Air, water. soil• Food • on the human body

– Only 1 in 10 cells of the body is human, the rest are microbial

– A square centimeter of skin holds about 100,000 microbes

– Humans are free of microbes until they pass through the birth canal

• environments– extreme

10/04/23 11Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 12: Overview week1

Activities of microorganisms

• Destructive– Disease-EIDs

(emerging infectious diseases)

– Food spoilage– Eutrophication

Beneficial Activities- Foods - SCP (single

cell protein)– C, N, S, P cycles– Decomposition– Genetic engineering

(recombinant DNA

technology)– Bioremediation

10/04/23 12Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 13: Overview week1

Microbes in our lives

10/04/23 13Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 14: Overview week1

Microbes and agriculture

• Nitrogen fixation• Rumen microbes help digest grass

and hay in cows, sheep etc• Cycles nutrients (C, N and S)• Causes disease to animals and

plants

10/04/23 14Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 15: Overview week1

Microorganism and Food

• Microorganism and food1) Prevent spoilage (tempeh, salted fish)2) Assist in manufacturing of food

• Microorganisms and energy1) Natural gas (methane)2) Ethanol (biofuel)3) Bioremediation

• Microbes and the future1)Genetic engineering

10/04/23 15Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 16: Overview week1

Microbes and diseases

10/04/23 16Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 17: Overview week1

•(384-322) Aristotle and others believed that living organisms could develop from non-living materials. •1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen (Dutch lens grinders) mounted two lenses in a tube to produce the first compound microscope. •1660: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) published "Micrographia“; drawings and detailed observations of biological materials made with the best compound microscope and illumination system of the time. •1676: Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) 1st person to observe microorganisms. •1883: Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe pioneered developments in microscopy (such as immersion lenses and apochromatic lenses which reduce chromatic aberration) exist until the present day. •1931: Ernst Ruska constructed the 1st electron microscope.

A Brief History of Microbiology

Development of microscopy

10/04/23 17Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 18: Overview week1

Van Leeuwenhoek’s description of Bacteria

From his teeth, he observed(A)& (B)- rod forms(C) & (D)- motion pathway(E)- Spherical form(F)- Longer type of spherical form(H)- Cluster-Royal Society letter (Sept 17th, 1683)

The microscope usedSimple microscope (one lens)

10/04/23 18Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 19: Overview week1

1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) helped develop the cell theory of living organisms, namely that that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic functional unit of living organisms.

1861: Louis Pasteur's (1822-1895) famous experiments with swan-necked flasks finally proved that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation.

Spontaneous generation controversy1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) was an Italian physician who refuted the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that rotting meat carefully kept from flies will not spontaneously produce maggots.

10/04/23 19Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 20: Overview week1

The Golden Age of Microbiology ~1857-1914 (about 50 years)

Beginning with Pasteur’s work, discoveries included relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugsRobert Koch a. Identified a bacterium as cause of anthrax

b. Introduced agar, inoculating loop to transfer bacteria and prepare pure cultures.

c. Introduced “Koch’s Postulates” and the concept that a disease is caused by a single organism.

Joseph Lister (1865) a. Introduced the “antiseptic technique”.b. Use of phenol (carbolic acid) as disinfectant.

Martinus Beijerinck (1884 - 85) a. Discovered “viruses” (toxins, poisons).b. Infectious agents in tobacco plant fluids.

Paul Ehrlich (1910) a. Introduced concept of chemotherapy.b. Use of salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis.

Alexander Fleming (1928) a. Discovered the first antibiotic - penicillin.10/04/23 20Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 21: Overview week1

This eventually led to:

•Development of sterilization •Development of aseptic technique

Louis Pasteur's (1822-1895) famous experiments with swan-necked flasks

10/04/23 21Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 22: Overview week1

1546: Hieronymus Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro) wrote "On Contagion", the 1st known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection.

1835: Agostino Bassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus - the first microorganism to be recognized as a contagious agent of animal disease.

1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician- decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreading childbed fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients.

Proof that microbes cause disease

10/04/23 22Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 23: Overview week1

1857: Louis Pasteur proposed the “Germ theory of disease”. - Ancients believed that disease was the result of a divine punishment. Pasteur fought to convince surgeons that germs existed and carried diseases, and dirty instruments and hands spread germs and therefore disease. Pasteur's pasteurization process killed germs and prevented the spread of disease.

1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection considerably.

1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature.

Proof that microbes cause disease

10/04/23 23Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 24: Overview week1

"Koch's postulates" (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease:

1.The agent must be present in every case of the disease. 2.The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. 3.The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. 4.The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host. This eventually led to:Development of pure culture techniques •Stains, agar, culture media, petri dishes

Koch's postulatesRobert Koch demonstrated the first direct role of a bacterium in disease

10/04/23 24Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 25: Overview week1

Eucaryotes vs Procaryotes

10/04/23 25Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 26: Overview week1

Eucaryotes• True nucleus

– nuclear membrane– more than 1 chromosome– chromosome replicated by mitosis– membrane-bound organelles

ex. algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, animals

10/04/23 26Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 27: Overview week1

Eucaryotic Cell

10/04/23 27Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 28: Overview week1

Procaryotes

• Nuclear area (nucleoid)– no nuclear membrane– 1 chromosome– no mitosis– ribosomes are the only membrane-

bound organelles

ex. bacteria (rickettsia, blue-green algae), archaea

10/04/23 28Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 29: Overview week1

Procaryotic Cell

10/04/23 29Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 30: Overview week1

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotic cells– No Nucleus– No Organelles– Cell Wall of

peptidoglycan– Binary Fission– 1 circular

chromosome

• Eukaryotic Cells– Nucleus– Organelles– If cell wall,

Cellulose or chitin– Mitosis– Linear

chromosomes

10/04/23 30Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 31: Overview week1

Kelompok mikroorganismeKelompok

Ukuran Karakteristik spesifik

Bakteri 0.5-1.5µm x 1.0-3.0µm,

Prokariot, uniseluler, struktur internal sederhana, tumbuh pada media buatan, reproduksi aseksual (pembelahan sel)

Virus 0.015-1.2µm Sangat kecil (mikr.elktr), tidak tumbuh pada media buatan, obligat parasit

Yeasts 5.0-10.0µm Eukariot, uniseluler, tumbuh pada media buatan, reproduksi aseksual : pembelahan sel dan budding, seksual

Molds 2.0-10.0µm Eukariot, multiseluler dng struktur bervariasi, tumbuh pada media buatan, reproduksi : seksual dan aseksual

10/04/23 31Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB

Page 32: Overview week1

Kelompok mikroorganisme

Kelompok Ukuran Karakteristik spesifik

Protozoa 2.0-200 µm Eukariot, uniseluler, tumbuh pada media buatan, bbrp tumbuh sbg parasit intraseluler, reproduksi seksual dan aseksual

Algae 1.0µm-bbrp feet Eukariot, uniseluler dan multiseluler, umum pd lingk.akuatik, mengandung klorofil, reproduksi :aseksual dan seksual

10/04/23 32Masdiana Padaga Fapet UB