Neraca Massa Sekam

7/17/2019 Neraca Massa Sekam

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7

8Reaktor

12

45°C 100oC

Neraca Massa

Selulosa

Hemiselulosa

Lignin

Abu

Air

Asam Sulfat

Air Steam 180oC

Kondensat 180oC

Selulosa

Hemiselulosa

Lignin

Abu

lukosa

!"losa

Asam Sulfat

Air

Neraca massa total



F12

= F8

+ F7

F8

= 1050 kg/jam

Alur 7

Berdasarkan lteratur ar !ang dtam"a#kan se"an!ak 50$ dar jumla# "a#an "aku

!ang masuk %No&tr' Amela dan Lst!an' 200()' maka

*2 , FA7

= 0'50 - F8

= 0'50 - 1050

= 525 kg/jam

Alur 12

.omoss ada alur 8 ,

F8

= 12 kg/jam

F*8 1 k /j



N 6 s s= N

% *105)100 + 100 *2 100 *12

elulosa Ar lukosa

engan kon&ers reaks 7 $9 % Badger' 2002 )

N8

= 390

162 100= 0,024 /

NAr = 613

18= 34,055 /

n n

s s − N out %:eklats' 1(8)

N

8

6 =N

8

; N

12

N12

= N8

% 1 < 6 )

N12

= 0'023 % 1 ; 0'7 )

N

12

0 0057 k l/j



= 2'3 kmol/jam -180

= 32 kmol/jam

F12

= N13

- BM selulosa

F12

= 0'0057 - 12 -100 = ('12 kg/jam

FA

12

= NA

11

- BM ar

FA12

= 1'55 - 18 = 5('7( kg/jam

dalam reaktor #drolsa "erlangsung reaks enguraan #emselulosa menjad

-!lose' dengan reaks se"aga "erkut,H2SO

4

% 5*83 )n + n *2 n 5*105

*emselulosa Ar 6!losa

dmana' n = 100 ; 200 %llman>s' 1(80)

d "l 100 k k j d



N*12

= N*8

% 1 ; 6* )

N*12

= 0'0203 % 1 ; 0'( )

N*12

= 0'00203 kmol/jam

N*12

!ang "ereaks = 0'0203 ; 0'00203

N*12

!ang "ereaks = 0'018 kmol/jam

% 5*83 )100 + 100 *2 100 5*105

*emselulosa Ar 6!losa

Mula<mula , 0'0203 kmol 3'055 kmol <

:eaks , 0'0203 kmol 2'03 k mol 0'203 k mol

*asl , < 2'015 kmol 0'203 kmol



A"u , FA"u12

= FA"u8

= 88 kg/jam

Ar , FA12

= 1 + %5('7( + 57'27)

= 175('0 kg/jam

*23 , F*2312

= 30 kg/jam

lukosa , F12

= 32 kmol/jam

6!lose , F612

= 0'0 kmol/jam



7

Ar 88 525 175('0

*23 30 < 30

lukosa < < 32

6!lose < < 0'0

830 525 278'2

278'2 278'2

LA.6 FILTE !E"" I

Selulosa

HemiselulosaLignin

15

Abu

Ai

17

F#l$er !ress I

16

Selulosa

Hemiselulo

sa Lignin

Abu

!lu"os



Ar = F

Ar

a a

a

F = F

Ar , F1

15Ar - 0'(0

F1

= 175('0- 0'(0 = 158'153 kg/jam

*23 , F *231

= F *2315

- 0'(0

F *231

= 30 - 0'(0 = kg/jam

6!lose , F6!lose1

= F6!lose15

- 0'(0

F6!lose1

= 0'0 - 0'(0 = 27'53 kg/jam

lukosa , Flukos1

= Flukos15

- 0'(0

Flukos1

= 32- 0'(0 = 88'80 kg/jam

Maka neraca massa total dalur 1 ,

1 1Ar + F *23

1+ F6!lose

1+ Flukosa

1

= 158'153 + + 27'53 + 88'80 = 205'3(3kg/jam

Alur 17



*23 , F *2317

= F *2315

< F *231

= 30 ; = 3 kg/jam



*2175('0 < 175('0

*2330 < 30

6!lose0'0 < 0'0

lukosa28'2 < 2'82

Fltrat

*2

< 175'(0 <

*23< <

6!lose< 27'53 <

glukosa< 88'80 <

To$al 278'2 205'3(3 278'2

278'2



(

*2+*2+3

*2+*2+3

10

F<217

.arolaktam*2 *2+3

11

Neraca massa e&aorator

F(

= F10

+ F11

Asums ' e?sens e&aorator 80 $

F*2311

= F*23(

- 0'80

= 30 - 0'80 = 2 kg/jam

F*2310

= F*23(< F*23

11



.omonen %kg/jam)

Alran ( Alran 10 Alran 11*23

30 8 2

*2 88 17' 70'3

4otal128 25' 102'3

128 128

LA.7 MI'E

Selulosa

Hemiselulosa

17Lignin

Abu

Ai

!lu"os

rea

18

M6B:

!lu"osa

19 #$losa

Ai

!$%su

m



F *2317

= F *231(

= 3kg/jam

F17

= 278'2

.omoss d alur 18 ,

Berdasarkan lteratur rea !ang dtam"a#kan se"an!ak 0$ dar jumla# "a#an "aku!ang masuk9 Maka ,

Alur 18,

Frea18

= F17

- 0'0

= 278'2- 0'0

= 85'8( kg/jam

Asam sul?at !ang terssa dar emsa#an e&aoras akan "ereaks dengan a%*)2

meng#aslkan gsum %a3) dengan reaks se"aga "erkut,

* + %N* ) 2N* + 2*



F17

urea = N17

F1(

Ar = %88 ; % - N1(

Asam)) kg/jamDDDD9%2)

Alur 1(

N17

sum = N17

Asam

F17

sum = N17

Asam - 1 kg/kmolDDDD9%)

N17

urea = N17

Asam

Asam - 73 kg/kmolDDDD9%3)

LA. 8 FEMET

H#$%4&'H4(2S%4

Saccharomyces

lukosa 21

22 24 25

*tanol

2+ Air



4otal glukosa F2

= F21

+ lukosa #asl #drolsa

= %32+ 77'70) kg

= 78'1(2 kg

lukosa ada alur 21 se"an!ak 32 kg karena !ang terkon&ers (0$ ' maka,

Eang "ereaks se"an!ak , (0

- 32 kg =88'8 kg/jam100

lukosa ada alur 2'F2

= 0'1F21

= 0'1 - 32 kg = 3'2 kg/jam

lukosa !ang "ereaks ' N21

= 88'8<3'2 = 35' kmol

Berdasarkan stokometr 1'28 kmol glukosa ek&alen dengan 2'5 kmol etanol dan

ek&alen dengan 2'55 kmol 29

2



sc

% N*3)23 = 0'3$ total su"strat % 9 um"ra sa>d' 1(83 )

*@3 = 0'3$ total su"strat

accarom!ces , F25

= 5 $ - total su"strat

= 0'05 - 520 kg = 2 kg/jam

% N*3)23 = 0'3$ total su"strat

= 0'3 $ - 520 kg

= 208 kg

*@3 = 0'3$ total su"strat

= 0'3 - 520 kg

= 208 kg



LA. * FILTE !E"" II

*tanol

Air

lukosa

!"losa

27

)ilter ,ress2- *tanol

Air

Saccharomyces 28

Air

SaccharomycesGlukosa Xylosa

#arakan keseluru#an saccarom!ces tersarng dan tdak mengandung ar 10$9

Neraca massa glukosa

lukosa masuk alur 27 = glukosa keluar 28

F27

= F28

= 32 kg

F6!losa27

= F6!losa28

= '0 kg/jam



Ar

F = F ; F

F Ar28

= 0'1 - F27

= 0'1 - 88 kg

= 8'8 kg

2(Ar

27Ar Ar

28= % 88 ; 8'8 ) kg

= 7('2 kg

4otal keluaran dar alur 2( adala# ,

tanol , F2(

= 118'0 kg

Ar , = 7('2 kg

Maka ,

F2(

= % 118'0 + 7('2 ) kg = 1(7'2 kg

ar total keluaran dar alur 20 d atas maka derole# ,



LA.1+ MEAA ,I"TILA"I

#7#8

#-

*tanol#2

Air#4

*tanol

air

40

Air

##

#+

.omoss destlat adala# se"aga "erkut,

F31

t = 118'0 kg/jam N31

t = 2'5 kmol/jam

F31

Ar = 7('2 kg/jam N31

Ar = 5'5 kmol/jam



Neraca massa total,

F = +

F - 0'02( = 8'0 - 0'18+ %F ; 8'0) - 0'81

F = 3'51(8 kmol/jam

= ; F = %8'0 < 3'51(8) kmol/jam = '532 kmol/jam

Alur 2

N2

tanol = 6F - F = 0'02( - 3'51(8 kmol/jam = 0'1387 kmol/jam

N2Ar = %1 ; 6F) - F = 3'71 kmol/jam

F2

tanol = 0'1387 kmol/jam - 3 kg/kmol = '8302 kg/jam

F2

Ar = 3'71 kmol/jam - 18 kg/kmol = 78'78 kg/jam



@enentuan ttk gelem"u ng %bubble point ) uman ,

4ekanan a dtentukan dengan rumus ln @ %k@a) = A ; B / %4 + ) %k@a' .)

a9 Meng#tung temeratur jenu# masng masng komonen

Asums @sat

etanol = @sstem

= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a

@sat

ar = @sstem

= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a

4 = B

< A < ln @

4sat

ar = (85'33

+ 8'((73 = 7'302 . 1'52 < ln 101'25



"

"=

sat @ 101'25@ "

=

6a9⟨ AB + 6"

=0'(719 0'3385 + 0'02(

= 217'102 k@a

e9 Meng#tung 4 dar @sat

dar ersamaan Antone

4sat

32'5

1'1(52 < ln 217'102+ 55'7152 = 72'2778 .

lang langka# c' d' dan e #ngga 4 kon&ergen9

ar #asl teras' ddaatkan "a#Ha #arga 4 = 72'2(5( . = (('135(o

@enentuan t tk g e le m " u ng %bubble p oint) b o ttom ,

a9 Meng#tung temeratur jenu# masng masng komonen

Asums @sat

etanol = @sstem

= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a

@sat

ar = @sstem

= 70 mm*g = 101'25 k@a

B



"

"

"=

c9 Meng#tung #arga ⟨BA ada 4 rata<rata

Gat 4 @Ar %a)

tanol %")

7'3030

7'3030

101'171

225'18

@a⟨AB =

@"= 0'33(1

d9 Meng#tung @sat

sat @ 101'25@ "

=6a9⟨

AB+ 6"

= = 225'08 k@a0'((((9 0'33(1 + 0'0001

e9 Meng#tung 4 dar @sat

dar ersamaan Antone

4sat

32'5

1'1(52 < ln 225'08+ 55'7152 = 7'3027 .

lang langka# c' d' dan e #ngga 4 kon&ergen9

o



Gat E 4

Ar %a)

tanol %")

0'0838

0'(152

7'302

51'38 "9 Meng#tung 4 rata<rata

@9E = 69 @sat

.arena dasumskan @ = @sat

' maka 6 = E

Gat E 4

Ar %a)

tanol %")

0'0838

0'(152

7'302

51'38

4 rata<rata = ∑ 6 9 4 = 5'2((8 .

c9 Meng#tung #arga ⟨AB ada 4 rata<rata

Gat 4 @

Ar %a) 5'2((8 37'2725



4a"el LA919 ata kesetm"angan sstem etanol<ar ada tekanan 1 atm

No 6 E

1 0 0

2 0'020 0'1(2

0'050 0'77

3 0'100 0'5275 0'200 0'5

0'00 0'71

7 0'300 0'73

8 0'500 0'771

( 0'00 0'7(3

10 0'700 0'822

11 0'800 0'85812 0'(00 0'(12

1 0'(30 0'(32

13 0'(0 0'(5(

15 0'(80 0'(78

1 1'00 1'00

%eankols' 200)



Y

ars oeras1 enrc#ng ada :m

0.-

0.8

0.7

0.+

0.5

0.4

0.#

E>

=0.

02

'2(5

/ line

0.1

0

0 0.1 0.2 0.# 0.4 0.5 0.+ 0.7 0.8 0.- 1

X6F = 0'02(

6 = 0'18 6 = 0'81

@er#tungan :e?lu- mnmum ,

:m=

6

< !I=

0'18 < 0'2(5= 0'080



Y

1

0.-

0.8

21

3

5

0.7

0.+

)eed tra"

0.5

0.4

0.#E>= 0'2(5

0.27

0.1

80

0 0.1 0.2 0.# 0.4 0.5 0.+ 0.7 0.8 0.- 1

6F = 0'02( X

6 = 0'18 6 = 0'81



F7

Ar = %1 ; 6) 9 Jn 9 Mr = 235'783( kg/jam

Alur

F

tanol = F2

"oetanol + F

"oetanol = 215'525 + 111'182 = 2'707kg/jam

F

Ar = F

2

Ar + F

Ar =78'78 + 20'22 = (( kg/jam

Alur 3

F3

tanol = F

"oetanol ; F

"oetanol = 2'707; 111'182 = 215'525 kg/jam

F

3

Ar = F

Ar ; F

Ar = (( ; 20'22 = 78'78 kg/jam



%K/mol9. )

1098(

* 795

1'32

N 18'73

%@err!' 1((7)

umus me$o4e urs$ 4an arr#son

n

= ∑ ⊆ i 9∆

Ei

i =1

mana ,

= .aastas anas adatan ada 2(8'15 . %K/mol9.)

n = Kumla# unsur atom !ang "er"eda dalam sen!aHa

N = Kumla# unsur atom dalam sen!aHa

∆ Ei

= Nla dar kontr"us unsur atom ada ta"el 2 < (

!er#$ungan panas penguapan

= n9 ∆*&" %mt# dan Jan Ness' 1(75)

o



f 2(8

∆∩

f 2(8

∆

∆∩

∆∩

f 2(8

∆∩

∆

∆∩

= <802((8000 K/mol

Meng#$ung ∆∩ 0 em#selulosa ((%8<)1=+)

0

f 2(8 = 509% <*< ) + (09% <*< ) + 109% << )

= 509%<1'2() + (09%<3'8) + 109%<23'2)

= <8837(00 K/mol

Meng#$ung ∆∩ 0 glukosa

0 f 2(8 = 9%<*<) + 1%<*<) + 39 %<*<) + 19 %<*2<)

0 f 2(8 = 9%<3'8) + 19%<2('71) + 39%<1'2() + 19%<3'(3)

0 f 2(8 = <1270(2 K/mol

Meng#$ung ∆∩0

>:losa 0 f 2(8 = 39%<*<) + 1%<<) + 39 %<*<) + 19 %<*2<)

0 f 2(8 = 39%<3'8) + 19%<23'2) + 39%<1'2() + 19%<3'(3)

0 f 2(8 = <87((00 K/mol



∑ i f 250

C produk ∑ i9 f 25

0C reak tan



f 250C f 25

0C

) 0 2= [10009∆∩

0C

∩

12

O

]− [19∆∩0 (C

H

10O

5 1000+ 10009∆∩

0

f 25 C H O]

= [10009(− 1270(2)] J / mol − [19(− 802((8000) + 10009(− 23270)] J / mol

= <225203000 K/mol

:eaks , *12 Saccharomyces 22*5* + 22

∆*r25o =[ ⌠ 9∆∩0

] − [ ⌠ ∆∩0

]∑ i f 250


C reak tan

= [29∆∩0

C ∩ OH + 29∆∩0 CO ]− [19∆∩0

(C H O )] f 25

0C 2 5 f 25

0C 2 f 25

0C 12

= [29%−25703) + 2%−(5010)] J / mol − [19(− 1270(2)] J / mol

= (53 K/mol

:eaks J , *23 + %N*2)2 2N* + %3)

∆*r25o = [ ⌠ 9∆∩0 ] − [ ⌠ ∆∩

0 ]∑ i f 250


0C reak tan

0 0O

0H

0



39 lukosa



= 9%<*<) + 19%<=) + 39%<*<) + 19%<*2<)

*

= 9%10'7) + 19%12') + 39%3'3) + 19%7'2)

= 101'72 kal/mol9.

= 327'223 K/mol9.

59 tanol %2*5*)

l = 112'723 K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)

g = 5' K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)9 Ar %*2)

l = 73'8781 K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)

g = '5(33 K/mol9. %:eklats' 1(8)

79 Asam ul?at %*23)

= 0'3 kal/g0

%@err!' 1((7)= 1('(33 K/mol9.

89 A"u %a)

= 1('8 + 0'0118(94<07004<2

%@err!' 1((7)

= 1('75(3 kal/mol9.



= 17'11(0 K/mol9.

139 Ammonum ul?at %%N*3)23)

= 51' kal/mol9. %@err!' 1((7)

= 21'72 K/mol9.

159 Saccharomyces

= 282 K/mol9.

#la# panas la$en penguapan/en$alp# penguapan (∆&l) un$uk komponen

19 tanol %2*5*)

∆*&l = 8577' K/mol %:eklats' 1(8)

29 Ar %*2)

∆*&l = 305'2 K/mol %:eklats' 1(8)

4a"el LB93 Berat Molekul dan 4tk d# .omonen

Berat molekul komonen %gr/mol) 4tk dd# %0)

lukosa 180 13

6!losa 150 15

Asam ul?at (8 30



0 0 0

∫ d42(8

+ N*em ∫ d4

2(8

+ NLg ∫

2(8

0 0 0

1. Tangk# -erpenga4uk (MT5118)

Asam

Sulfat

o

Air $endingin

25oC

SelulosaSelulosa

Hemiselulosa #

5 40 C +

8

Hemiselulosa

LigninLignin

Abu Air

25o

C

angki45C Abu AsamSulfat Air

Air $endingin ekas 45oC

@anas masuk = Nel d4 +

NA"u ∫

2(8

d4 + NAr ∫

2(8

d4 + N5Asam ∫

2(8

d4

4a"el LB95 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada :eaktor @encamur

Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kg/kmol) (kmol) ?p 4T @(k/jam)



@anas !ang dleaskan ,

c = out ; n

= %112(3'08; 07'721) kK/jam

= 8925'7 kK/jam4anda ost? %+)' "erart memerlukan anas se"esar 1020'355( .K/jam' maka untukmemenu# anas n' dgunakan saturated steam !ang masuk ada su#u 35 P ada

1 atm9e#ngga jumla# steam !ang d"utu#kan adala# ,

m = c

*%35°) − *%25°)

= 1020'355( kK/ jam

%188'35 − 103'8() kK/kg

= 8925'7

kg/jam8'5

= (8'807 kg/jam

2. eak$or #4rol#sa (5211)

Air Steam 180oC

Selulosa



100

7

o o7 7

∆*r100 = ∆*r25 + C*12 ∫ 18

d4 + C%*105)1000 ∫ 18

d4 + C*2 ∫ 18

d4

∆*ro = <1(87(57'202 kK/kmol

r 2∆*r2 = <251381'332 kK/jam0

@anas Masuk :eaktor *drolsa = @anas .eluar tangk "erengaduk + N7Ar ∫

2(8

d4

= (1('31 kK/jam + 1108582'817 kK/jam

= 1805202'351 kK/jam

7

@anas keluar = N12el ∫

18

7

d4 + N12*em ∫

18

7

d4 + N12Lg ∫

18

d4 +

7

N12A"u ∫

18

7

d4 + N12lu ∫

18

7

d4 + N126!l ∫

18

7

d4 +N12Ar ∫

18

7

d4 + N12Asam ∫

18

d4



Selulosa Selulosa

Hemiselulosa Hemiselulosa

Lignin Lignin

Abu 12 15 Abu

lukosa

!"losa100

oC #0

oC lukosa

!"losa

=35098(3'1 kK/jam

201'1 kK/kg

= 22'(80 kg/jam4a"el LB98 Neraca @anas :eaktor *drolsaKomponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)

man 112(3'08 <

@roduk < 32188'((

@anas :eaks 17(7953 <

team <3839830 <

4otal 28973'((1 32188'((

=. Cooler (E5212)

Cooler



11802'7000

Lgnn ( 1500 0'030 <11(000'00 <71'0000

A"u 88 100 0'8800 <580('271 <5112'1551

Ar 175('00 18 (7'725 <5231'3( <512223'(77Asam ul?at 30 (8 0'3082 <(7('0800 <((8'3000

lukosa 28'20 180 1'8230 <2((05'80 <53537'(0

6!losa 0'0 150 0'2030 <221'30 <351'773

To$al <5882('781


c = n ; out

= %32188'((<5882('781) kK/jam

= <129051'82 kK/jam

Ar endngn !ang derlukan adala# ,

4a"el LB910 Neraca @anas Cooler

Komponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)man 32188'(( <

@roduk < <129051'82

Ar @endngn < <58892('781

4otal 32188'(( <329188'((



0

@anas masuk = N17lu ∫

0

0

d4 + N176!l ∫

0

0

d4 + N17Asam ∫

0

d4 +

0

N17Ar ∫

0

0

d4 + N18rea ∫

0

d4

4a"el LB911 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada Mixer


17

lukosa 2'820 180 0'1823 0'0000 0

6!losa '000 150 0'0203 0'0000 0Asam ul?at 3 (8 0'0308 0'0000 0

Ar 175('0 18 (7'725 0'0000 0

18 rea 85'8( 73 11'2(5( 0'0000 0

To$al 0

0

@anas keluar = N1(lu ∫

0

0

d4 + N1(6!l

∫ 0

0

d4 + N1(Ar

∫ 0

d4 +

0

N1(sum ∫

0

d4

4a"el LB912 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada Mixer




H#$%4 Sa6arom"es

&'H4(2S%4 Air $endingin 25oC

lukosa

!"losa

22 #0oC

21o

24 #0oC 25 #0

oC

)ermentor2+

*tanol

Air lukosa

Air #0 C #0oC

2# #0oC

!"losa

Sa6arom"es

C%2 Air $endingin ekas 45oC

:eaks , *12 2 2*5* + 2 2

r 1 = 11'8373 kmol/jam

∆*r25o = (53 kK/kmol

0

∆*r0o = ∆*r25

o + C2*5* ∫

2(8

∆*r0o = 8(01'23 kK/kmol

r 1∆*r1 = 10182'82 kK/jam

0

d4 + C2 ∫ 2(8

0

d4 + C*12 ∫ 2(8

d4

18

@anas masuk = N21lu ∫

0

18

d4 + N216!l ∫

0

18

d4 + N21Ar ∫

0

d4 +

18

N22*@3 ∫

18

d4+N23%N*3)23 ∫

18

d4+N25acc#arom!ces ∫ d4



0

@anas keluar = N22 ∫

18

0

d4 + N2lu ∫

18

0

d4 + N26!l ∫

18

d4 +

0

N2Ar ∫

18

0

d4 + N2tanol ∫

18

d4

4a"el LB915 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada Fermentor


2 2 112'(02 332'50

<53'18 <1337'2(

2

lukosa 2892 180 1'8230 <308' <1188'83(

6!losa 9000 150 0'0203 <37(1'78 <(7'752

Ar 88 18 3'888( <738'781 <09705

tanol 11890 3 2'50 <1(0'83 <38'75

Saccharomyces 73'12 200 0'70 <320 <157'75

To$al <0(589850


c = n ; out + r 1∆*r1

= %%1011'2);%<0(58'850) + 10182'82)) kK/jam= 152'8kK/jam




Steam 180oC

*tanol #1Heater

#2 *tanol

Air #0oC -0

oC Air

Kondensat 180oC

@anas Masuk = N1tanol ∫

0

d4 + N1Ar ∫

0

d4

4a"el LB917 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada Heater


1tanol '8302 3 0'1387 7'3551 1005'7258

Ar 78'78 18 3'710 10(7'7830 37(8'31(

To$al 5803'1(

@anas .eluar = N2tanol ∫

0

l d4 + N2tanol 9 O*&l + N2

tanol ∫ 0

& d4 +

N2Ar d4



= 0'53( kg/jam

4a"el LB91( Neraca @anas Heater

Komponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)man 5803'1( <

@roduk < 881'081

Steam 0'53( <

4otal 5803'735 881'081

7. Kon4ensor 1 (E5<1%)

Air $endingin 25oC

*tanol

Air #7 #8

Kondensor -0

oC 80

oC

*tanol

Air

Air $endingin ekas 45oC

5

@anas Masuk = N7tanol ∫

5

l d4 + N7tanol 9 O*&l + N7

tanol ∫

& d4 +



5

+N8Ar ∫

d4

4a"el LB921 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada .ondensor 1

Alur Komponen Massa(kg)

-M (kmol) ?pl 4T ?p&4T

B&l @(k/jam)

8

tanol

152'((7

3

8'570 2253'385

112'5( 8577' 2888337'5(

Ar 235'783( 18 13'(881 13(7'51 22012'588(

To$al 108571'1855


c = n ; out

= %231170'12(1 ; %108571'1855)) kK/jam=<((00'0 kK/jam


m = c

*%35°) − *%25°)



##Reboiler

#4

-0oC 100

oC

#+ -0oC

Steam 180oC

*tanol

Air *tanol

Air

*tanol

Air Kondensat 180

oC

7

@anas Masuk = Ntanol ∫

7

l d4 + Ntanol 9 O*&l + Ntanol ∫

& d4 +

7

NAr ∫

d4

4a"el LB92 @er#tungan @anas Masuk ada eboiler

Alur Komponen Massa(kg) -M (kmol) ?pl 4T ?p&4T B&l @(k/jam)

tanol

2'707

3

7'1021127'232

5

5'2( 8577'

2855'830

Ar (( 18 5'5 738'780 3118'2(1



= %287203'287; 2(0773'1571) kK/jam= <5('(183 kK/jam

Steam !ang d"utu#kan adala# ,

m =

* JL

< 5('(183 kK/ jam=

201'1 kK/kg

= <1'773 kg/jam

4a"el LB925 Neraca @anas eboiler

Komponen Masuk (k/jam) Keluar (k/jam)man 2(0773'1571 <

@roduk < 287203'287

Steam <1'773 <

4otal 2(077('83 287203'287

*. Evaporator (FE5217)

Steam 180oC



4a"el LB9 0 @er#tungan @anas .eluar ada E!aporator 1

Alur Komponen Massa (kg) -M (kmol) ?p 4T ?p&,$

B&l @(k/jam)

10

Asamul?at

10 (80'1020 (7('0800

0((('

Ar 22 18 1'2222 5231'3( 0 30'27

13 Ar 88 18 3'888( 5231'3( 0 305'2 252'(37

To$al 00'7831

@anas !ang d"utu#kan ,

c = out ; n

= %00'7831; 702('183) kK/jam= <((8'( kK/jam

Steam !ang d"utu#kan adala# ,

m =

* JL

< ((8'(= kK/jam

201'1 kK/kg

= <1'(81 kg/jam



LAM!IA

!EIT0A "!E"IFIKA"I !EALATA



Laju alr massa' " = 1000 kg/jam

enstas jeram ad' % = 700 kg/m

% Anonm #

$%%& ) Lama enamungan = 1 "ulan

.e"utu#an jeram ad %m) = 1000k'

x0 hari

x23 (am

(am 1bulan 1har i

= 720000 kg

Jolume jeram ad %JBj) =m

⟩

=720000 k'

700 k' / m

= 1028'57 m

Faktor kelonggaran' f k = 20 $ %@err!' 1((()

J l %J) %1 f ) J



= 2'5 h -2 h -h

= 5 h

* h =

+

5

123'283 m

=

5

= '215 m

maka'

) = 2'5 h

= 2'5 - '215 m

= 15'57 m



Kens , Screw con!eyor

Ba#an .onstruks , carbon steel

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds eras , 4emeratur = 0P

4ekanan = 1 atm

Laju alr , 1000 kg/jam

Faktor kelonggaran , 20$

.aastas total con!eyor = 1'2 ⋅ Laju massa komonen

= 1'2 ⋅ 1000 kg/jam

= 1200 kg/jam = 235'52 l"m/jam

enstas Keram ad = 700 kg/m

= 3'88 l"m/?t



S = :m con!eyor

= Laju alr &olumetrk %?t/jam)

G = tngg con!eyor %?t)

m = massa "a#an "aku %l"m/jam)

= 235'52 l"m/jam / 3'88 l"m/ ?t

= 0'55 ?t/jam

aka 1 unt con!eyor maka laju alr &olumetrk jeram ad !ang dangkut ole#

ta con!eyor = 0'55 ?t/jam / 1 = 0'55 ?t

/jam

S =

Jolume j eram ad - rm maksmal

.aastas maksmal

= 0'55 ?t/jam - 35 rm / (50 ?t

/jam

= 2'8 rm = rm



.onds oeras , 0o U 1 atm

Laju alr "a#an "aku , 1000 kg/jam

Faktor kelonggaran , 20 $

Asums dameter aHal uman %jeram ad) = 100 mm = 100'000 m

ameter ak#r setela# roses = 0'1 mm = 100 m

.aastas alat = (1 + 0'2) x1000 k' / (am = 1200 kg/jam

ar #alaman 82( @err!' 1((7' dl# te rotary knife cutter dengan ses?kas ,

@anjang sau = 21 cm

Ba#an konstruks = Stainless steel

.eceatan utaran = (20 rm

@oHer = 5 *

Kumla# cutter = 5 "ua#



Faktor kelonggaran % f k ) = 20 $ -.erry and +reen# /00&1

kuran artkel = 0'1 mm

.aastas % K ) = " 3

%1 + f k )

= 200 kg/jam %1 + 0'2)

= 230 kg/jam = 0'23 ton/jam

amater lu"ang a!akan % ) ) untuk artkel 0'1 mm'

) = 0'0030 n -.erry and +reen# /00&1

= 0'0030 n - 0'08 ?t/n

= 0'000 ?t

.aastas standart *ibratin' Screen %J)' s = ton/?t

-.erry and +reen# /00&1

L k %,)K



@anjang a!akan % . ) = 2 2

= 2 - 2'38( m

= 3'(78 m

L.% Conveyor 2 (511%)

Fungs , mengangkut jeram ad menuju tangk "erengaduk

%M4<118)

Kens , Screw con!eyor

Ba#an .onstruks , carbon steel

Kumla# alat , 1 unt


4ekanan = 1 atm

Laju alr , 1000 kg/jam



< @utaran Maksmal = 35 rm %alas'1((0)

< .aastas Maksmal = (50 ?t/jam

< ?sens da!a % Q ) = 85$

@er#tungan da!a,

@ = R% - S + 097 - - 0) - 100 + %0951 - G - m)T/10

%alas'1((0)

dengan , = bearin' factor = 50

S = :m con!eyor

= Laju alr &olumetrk %?t/jam)

G = tngg con!eyor %?t)

m = massa "a#an "aku %l"m/jam)



@a %a!a aktual) = @ / Q = 27'03 * / 0'85 = 13'1 #

gunakan da!a standar 13 #9

L.6 Tangk# !en:#mpanan 2"< 7+C (T5116)

Fungs , men!man *23 70$ untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar

Kens , lnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal

Ba#an .onstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 grade

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds @en!manan , 4emeratur = 0P

4ekanan = 1 atm = 13'( sa

Laju massa *23 70$ = 50 kg/jam



= 2'372 m

"9 ameter dan tngg 4angk

< Jolume shell tangk %Js) ,

Js =1

Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,

3

Js=

Vs

3

< Jolume tutu tangk %Je)

Je=V

s2 Asums, s , *e = 3 ,

1

Je=V

s

23

d 4e"al shell tangk



d9 4e"al shell tangk



t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)

@ = tekanan desan %sa)

= dameter dalam tangk %n)

= allowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)

= (oint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)

= ?aktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)

n = umur tangk = 10 ta#un

Jolume larutan = 1('5 m



4e"al s#ell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =5'533 sa - 8'15 n

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 5'533 sa)

t = 0'12 n

Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'12 n = 0'20 cm

Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /3 n %BroHnell'1(5()

e9 4e"al tutu tangk

4utu atas tangk ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan shell 9


J k * 2 0 0153 l" /?



Jskostas *23 = 2 c = 0'0153 l"m/?t9s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'3875 m/jam = 0'00378?t

/s

esan oma,

'ot = %)0'

%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)

= %0'00378 ?t/s)

0'%113'871 l"m/?t

)0'18

= 0'20( n

ar 4a"el A95<1 eankols %200)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,

kuran nomnal , 1/3 n

Schedule number , 30

ameter alam %) , 0'3 n = 0'00 ?t = 0'00(2 m

ameter Luar %) , 0'53 n = 0'035 ?t

5nside sectional area , 0'00072 ?t2

2 (0'5'%2'173)



2 (0'5'%2'173)

1 5082 ?t l"?/l"



= 1'5082 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%'318'2

2 %2'173)

= 0'5131 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %2)%'318'2

2 %2'173)= 1'711 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&

2

92 9gc

= 3 %0'0108)0 %'318)

2

0'00 %2) %2'173)

= 28'(87 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =

&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= %1<0)%'318'2

2 (0'5'%2'173)

= 1'711 ?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss , ∑ F = '7512 ?t9l"?/l"m

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1/3 #9



L.8 Tangk# -erpenga4uk (MT5118)

Fungs , temat reteatment jeram ad

Kens , Continuous Stirred Tank eactor

Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal


Kumla# , 1 unt



Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m

/jam)

elulosa 12 1500092080

*emselulosa 21 11100 1(3

830 kg

- 2 jam



l

830 - 2 jam

J = jam

0'750 kg/m

= 19500507512m

Faktor kelonggaran 20$

Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 19500507512 mT

= 1'001015 m



Js =1


13

Js=1

Vs

3

l k % )

1



4ngg #ead' *e =1

- = 1'20(2 m3

Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = '03 m


t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)






Faktor keamanan = 20 $



Faktor keamanan 20 $

Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %22'113sa + 25 sa) = 5'2073 sa

4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =5' 2073 sa - 1(0' 3( n

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 5'2073 sa)

t = 0'35 n



e9 4e"al tutu tangk

t = dameter tangk



g

a = ameter impeller

L = anjang blade ada tur"n

= le"ar blade ada tur"n

K = le"ar baffle

.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'5 utaran/detk

enstas camuran = 1300'87 kg/m

Jskost a s c a m uran Xc %ada 35o ),

Jskostas larutan ada 350 adala# 10'1(03 c

Jskostas slurry ada 35o ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut

lnX

c 2' 5 s %@ 1((7)

Berdasarkan ?g 93<5 eankols %200)' untuk flat six blade turbine %kur&a



g % )' f %

1) dan N:e = 101'(22' maka derole# N = 3

@ = 3 %0'5)9%1'12)59%1300'87)

= 7'3 = 10'25 #

?sens motor enggerak = 80$

a!a motor enggerak = 10'25 # / 0'8 = 12'7(57 #

Maka dl# da!a motor dengan tenaga 1 #9

g9 Meng#tung Kaket @endngn

Kumla# ar endngn %25o) = 25000'8132 kg/jam

enstas ar endngn = ((7'08 kg/m

Laju alr ar endngn %H) =25000'8132 kg/jam

= 25'073 m/jam

((7'08 kg/m

AV

(*2 2'V

%5 11022

3 8522) 1 (88

2



A = (*2 + 2'

=

3

%5'11022 ; 3'852

2) = 1'(88 m

2

3

.eceatan ar endngn % & )

& = H

=25' 073 m / j am

A 1'(88 m2= 12'1 m/jam

4e"al dndng jaket % tj )

Ba#an Stainless Steel .late te A<30

@*drostats = W - g - #

= 5'1 kg/m - ('8 m/s2 - '03 m

= 0'05 k@a = 0'037 sa

@desgn = 1'2 - %0'037 sa + 13'( sa) = 17'877 sa

Kumla# , 1 unt




@Suction

@ 4ischar'e

=

=

23'5((2 sa

22'8107 sa


/jam)

elulosa (0 1500 0'2

*emselulosa270

11100'232323

Lgnn120

1000'11207537

A"u110

000'18

Asam ul?at 50 1830 0 02717(1

lnX

c =( 033

2 ' 5 %0 '832)



('0331 ; %1) %0'832)

Jskostas camuran = Xc

= 3'7(8 c@ = 0'0022 l"m / ?t 9s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'(78 m/jam = 0'00(1(( ?t

/s

esan oma,

'ot = %)0'

%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)

= %0'00(1(( ?t

/s)

0'

%0'000781 l"m/?t

)

0'18

= 1'1(1 n


kuran nomnal , 1'5 n


ameter alam %) , 1'1 n = 0'131 ?t = 0'0308 m

ameter Luar %) , 19( n = 0'158 ?t

A2&

A1

&2

2



A1 2Ygc

2= 0'55 %1<0)

%0

' 0238'

2 (0 5'%2 173)



% )2 (0'5'%2'173)

= 1'1(8 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%0'0238'2

2 %2'173)= 8'172 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %2)%0'0238'2

2 %2'173)= 2'17( ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 10 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&

2

92 9gc

= 3 %0'00387)10 %0'0238)

2

0'131 %2) %2'173)

= 1'582( ?t9l"?/l"m


&1<

A2&A1&

2

2Ygc

= %1<0) %0'0238'2

2 (0'5'%2'173)

= 2'17( ?t9l"?/l"m

= 31'1013 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s



= 0'07372 #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 0'073 #9



L.1+ eak$or #4rol#s#s (5211)

Fungs , temat "erlangsungn!a #drolss jeram ad

Kens , Continuous Stirred Tank eactor



Kumla# , 1 unt




/jam)

@er#tungan ,



l

a9 Jolume "a#an'

155'28 kg

- 1 jam

J = jam

108('25(8 kg/m

= 1'370 m


Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 1'370 mT

= 1'7233 m



Js =1


*s = 2'557 m



c9 ameter dan tngg tutu

ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 0'8852 m

4ngg #ead' *e =1

- = 0'221 m3

Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 2'557 m


t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)



@*drostatk = W - g - #



= 108('25(8 kg/m

- ('8 m/s2

- 2'21 m

= 223'023 k@a = '323 sa


Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %'323 sa + 25 sa) = 3'1117 sa

4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =3' 1117 sa - 3' 851 n

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %128(2'0120 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 3'1117 sa)

a/t = 1/ U a = 1/ - 0'8852 m = 0'2(51 m



L/a = 1/3 U L = 1/3 - 0'2(51 m = 0'078 m

/a = 1/5 U = 1/5 - 0'2(51 m= 0'05(0 m

K/t = 1/12 U K = 1/12 - 0'8852 m = 0'078 m

mana,

t = dameter tangk

a = ameter impeller



K = le"ar baffle


enstas camuran = 108('25(8 kg/m

Blangan :e!nold'



N:e =W9N9%a)

2

Xc

108('25(89(0'1'9%0'2(51)2

=0'0007

= 2112'071

N:e ] 109000' maka er#tungan dengan engadukan menggunakan rumus,

@=N9N

9a59W %eankols' 200)


1) dan N:e = (215('11' maka derole# N = 5

@ = 5 %0'1)9%0'2(51)

59%108('25(8)

= 0'013 = 0'01( #


a!a motor enggerak = 0'01( # / 0'8 = 0'0235 #

Maka dl# da!a motor dengan tenaga 1 #9

Asums te"al jaket = 1 n



ameter luar jaket %) = 5'851 n + % 2 - 1 )n

= 7'851 n

= 0'(13 m

Luas !ang dlalu steam % A )

A =V

(*2 + 2'

=3

V%0'(13

2 ; 0'(10

2) = 0'0737 m

2

3

.eceatan superficial steam % & )

& = s

=5335'138 m / j am

A 0'0737 m2= 37378('(523 m/jam


L.11 Cooler (E5212)



Fungs , menurunkan temeratur #drolsat se"elum dalrkan

ke filter press %F@<213)

Kens , 1<2 s#ell and tu"e e-c#anger

aka , 11/2 n ' 4u"e 18 B' anjang = 0 ?t' ass

Kumla# , 1 unt

Fluda anas,

Laju alr uman masuk = 1550 kg/jam = 317'182( l"m/jam

4emeratur aHal %41) = 100P = 212PF

4emeratur ak#r %42) = 0P = 8 PF

12°F



1

LM4 = ^t 2 − ^t1 = < (0 = 7'52( °Fln ^t 2

ln ( ^t ((

: = 4

1− 4

2 = 12

= '5t

2− t

1

= t

2− t

1 =

= 0'274

1− t 1 212 − 77

ar am"ar 18' .ern %1(5) derole# F4 = 0'(

Maka ∆t = F4 ⋅ LM4 = 0'( ⋅ 7'52( = '77( °F

%2) 4 dan t

am"l = 5 Btu/jam⋅ ?t2⋅ °F



Luas ermukaan untuk ernda#an anas'

A =

= 03377'073 Btu/jam

= 123'80 ?t 2

⋅ ^t

5Btu

⋅ 7'5oF

jam ⋅ ?t 2

⋅

o F

Luas ermukaan luar %a″) = 0'(25 ?t2/?t %4a"el 10' .ern)

Kumla# tube' N A 123'80 ?t

2

= = = 7'735 "ua#tL ⋅ a

_31'0533?t ⋅ 0'(25 ?t

2 /?t

"9 ar 4a"el (' #al 832' .ern %1(5)' nla !ang terdekat adala# 283 tube

dengan shell ( n9

c9 .oreks

A = L ⋅ ⋅ a

_

=

%@ers9 %792)' .ern)t at



at

t=

317'182(

0'502= 750'57

l"m

jam ⋅ ?t 2

%5) Blangan eynold

@ada 4c = 13(°F' ∝ = 5'27 c@ = 12'88 l"m/?t2

⋅ jam

ar 4a"el 10' .ern %1(5)' untuk 11/2 n ' 18 B' derole#,

= 1'3 n = 0'11 ?t

:e t =

⋅

t

X

%@ers9 %79)' .ern)

` t

0'11

0 2058



0'2058

#o

` t

#=

` t⋅

= (('77 ⋅ 1'3

1 5= ('12



a s = ?t2

133 ⋅ @4

%@ers9 %791)' .ern)

`

`t ` t

1'5

%() @ada &skostas = 12'88 l"m/?t2⋅ jam ' maka t = 0'(22

#o#o = ⋅ `t

t

#o = ('12 ⋅ 0'(22 = 85'(1

Flu#4a 4#ng#n shell ; a#r

%′ ) "low area shell

s ⋅ I⋅ B

%5′ ) Blangan eynold



@ada tc = (5°F

∝ = 0'7228 c@ = 1'7385 l"m/?t2

⋅ jam %"r9 15' .ern)

ar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' untuk 11/2 n dan 1

7/8 trian'ular pitch'

derole# de = 1'08 n9

e = 1'08/12 = 0'0( ?t

:es =e ⋅ s

X%@ers9 %79)' .ern)

0'0( ⋅ 788' 31:e

s=

1'7385= 305'(3(

%′ ) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' derole# j* = 130

%7′ ) @ada tc = (5°F

= #

o⋅ #

o = 85'(1 ⋅ (78'(8

= 78'(8 Btu/jam ⋅ ?t2

⋅ °F#

o+ #

o 85'(1 + (78'(8



%@ers9 %98)' .ern)

%11) Faktor engotor' : d

:d=

=− =

==

⋅ =

7 8 '(8 − ' 33

78'(8 ⋅

'33

= 0'001 %@ers9 %91)' .ern)

: d #tung : d "atas' maka ses?kas cooler daat dterma9

Pressure drop

Flu#4a panas 3aan; tube

%1) ntuk :et = 1'088

^@r 3n J

2

= 9s 2gI



= %3)9%)

90'02

1'2512= 0'8 sa

∆@4 = ∆@t + ∆@r

= 7'70 sa + 0'8 sa

= 8'08 sa

∆@t !ang der"ole#kan = 10 sa

Flu#4a 4#ng#n a#r; shell

%1′ ) ntuk :es = 305'(3(

2 2

( 0'0()(1)(1)= '8 sa



∆@s !ang der"ole#kan = 10 sa



L.12 !ompa = (!521=)

Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar cooler %<212) ke filter press

%F@<222)

Kens , @oma sentr?ugal

Ba#an .onstruks , commercial steel

Kumla# , 1 unt


@Suction = 1 atm = 13'( sa

@ 4ischar'e = 1 atm = 13'( sa


J k t l t d 00 d l # 808



Jskostas larutan ada 00 adala# '808 c


lnX

c =X

2' 5 s

1 < s

%@err!'1((7)

= 1

s =J old

=J total

0'7( m

1'370 m= 0'555

lnX

c =('033

2 ' 5 %0 '555)

1 ; %1) %0'555)

Jskostas camuran = Xc = '117( c@ = 20'(507 l"m / ?t 9s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 1'(88 m/jam = 0'0171 ?t

/s

esan oma,

l"m ?t('877 - 0'131 - 0'0(37 ?t

=?t s

20'(50l"m/?t9s



2

= 0'017

ntuk alran lamnar' ? = 1 / N:e %eankols' 200)' maka ? = 1/282 = 0'00387

"riction loss,

1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c

=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0(37'

2 (0'5'%2'173)

= 0'000021 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%0'0(37'2

2 %2'173)

= 0'0000181 ?t9l"?/l"m

ar ersamaan 7ernoulli,



1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+

@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0

%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W



dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = < 1'7885 sa

tngg emomaan ∆G = 10 ?t

maka, 0+2' 173

(10'+ 0 + 0'000177+s=02'173

s = <10'000177 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $s = < \

<10'000177 = <0'8 \

= 12'50 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'(58( /s - 12'50 ?t9l"?/l"m

= 11'(82 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'021 #


Ar 527'12 (58'8 0'5500

Asam sul?at 35 1830 0'0235



lukosa 2(5'388 1530 0'1(1(

6!losa 27'53 1525 0'01805

Kumla# 8(5'151 0'7833

Laju alr ?ltrat = 8(5'151 kg/jam

Jolume ?ltrat = 0'7833 m

enstas ?ltrat =8(5' 151 kg/ j am

= 1131'1830 kg/m

0'7833 m/jam

2. Cake


/jam)

elulosa('12 1500 0'022

*emselulosa237'52 1110 0'2228

Lgnn120 100 0'112

A"u110 00 0'18

A = luas en!arngan e?ekt? %m2)

b = orostas artkel %1< %10(2 5521 /1( (21)) = 0 182(



b orostas artkel %1 %10(2'5521 /1('(21)) 0'182(

Wc = denstas cake %kg/m)

= ?raks massa cake dalam uman

J? = &olume ?ltrat #asl en!arngan %m)

W? = densats ?ltrat %kg/m)

rencanakan luas en!arngan e?ekt? filter press untuk Haktu roses 1 jam

=Laj u alr cake

=70' 12 kg/ j am

= 0'121(Laju alr uman 1550 kg/jam

4e"al cake ada frame dasumskan = cm = 0'0 m

Bla drencanakan seta plate memun!a luas 1m2

maka luas e?ekt?

en!arngan =

A = 27'71 m2

Kumla# plate %n) = 27 71 m2/ 1 m

2/"ua# = 27 71 "ua#



Kumla# plate %n) 27'71 m / 1 m /"ua# 27'71 "ua#

Maka dam"l jumla# plate = 27'71 "ua#

Kumla# frame = jumla# plate = 27'71 "ua#

L.1< !ompa < (!521%)

Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar filter press %F@<213) menuju

m-er %M<21()



Kumla# , 1 unt


Kumla# 70'12 101'8 0'87

Laju massa = 70'12 kg/jam = 310'2 l"m/s



W am =

F 4ot

=

70' 12 kg/jam

4ot 0'87 m/jam= 1002'12 kg/m = 0'13 l"m/?t


Jskostas larutan ada 00 adala# 1'17( c

Jskostas slurry ada 0o

ddekat melalu ersamaan "erkut

lnX

c =X

2' 5 s

1 < s

%@err!' 1((7)

= 1

s =J old

=J total

0'02 m

0'87 m= 0'03

lnX

c =1'17(

2 ' 5 %0'03)

1 ; %1) %0'03)

.eceatan lner' & =

=0' 0055 ?t /s

= 0'0188 ?t/s

Blangan eynold ,

A 0'373 ?t2



N:e =W - & -

X

l"m - ?t2'533 0'131 - 0'0188 ?t

=?t s

20'(5 l"m/?t9s

= 0'0075

ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10<5

%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 1(13'31 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m

0'153m= 0'0002(8

maka #arga ? = 0'007 %eankols' 200)

"riction loss,

1 Sh d t #A2& &2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e-

=A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= %1<0)%0'0188'2

2 (1'%2'173)



&1<

= 5'3( -10<

?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss , ∑ F = '577 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m



f


1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+

@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0

%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W

dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = 0 sa


maka, 0+2' 173

(20'+ 0 + 0'0000577+s=02'173

s = <20'0000577 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

<20'0000577 = <0'8 \

= 25'00003371 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \





Ba#an Laju alr %kg/jam) ⟩ %kg/m) Jolume %m/jam)

*23 50 1830 0'02717

Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11377

Kumla# 10 1127'15 0'131(

Laju massa = 10 kg/jam = 0'0(7( l"m/s

W am =F 4ot

=10 kg/ jam

4ot 0'131( m/jam= 1127'15 kg/m = 70'37 l"m/?t

.omonen Laju alr $ "erat Jskostas %c@) 6 9 ln %&skostas)

%kg/jam) %-)

*23 50 0'125 '( 0'325

Ar 110 0'875 0'288 <0'85(

4otal 10 1 <0'3305

Jskostas camuran = e1'2225

= '(57 c@ = 0'00228 l"m/?t9s

.eceatan lner' & =

=0' 001( ?t /s

= 0'0030 ?t/s

Blangan eynold ,

A 0'373 ?t2



N:e = W - & -

X

l"m - ?t70'37 0'0030 - 0'1281 ?t

=?t s

0'00228 l"m/?t9s

= 15'80


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 15'80 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m

0'1281m= 0'00058


"riction loss,

1 Sh d t #A2& &2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e-

=A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= %1<0)%0'0030'2

2 (1'%2'173)



&1<

= 2'38 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 15'373 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m




1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+

@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0

%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W

dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = 0 sa


maka, 0+2' 173

(20'+ 0 + 0'0000015373+s=02'173

s = <20'0000015373 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

<20'0000015373= <0'8 \

= 25'000001( ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

Laju uman keluar = 128 kg/jam 4out = 100o = 212

oF

Laju enguaan ar = 2 kg/jam



Laju steam masuk = 702('183 kg/jam

Laju anas %) = ((8'( kK/jam = 881309(8710 "tu/jam

@er#tungan luas ermukaan ernda#an anas,

A = 9 O4

%eankols'200)

mana,

A = Luas ermukaan %?t2)

= Laju anas %"tu/jam)

= .oe?sen ernda#an anas %"tu/jam ?t2 o

F)

^4 = 4out ; 4n %oF)





l

Laju massa urea = 201'08 kg/jam

enstas urea = 15 kg/m

.e"utu#an erancangan = 0 #ar

Faktor .eamanan = 20$

@er#tungan ,

a9 Jolume "a#an'

201'08 kg

- 23 jam

- 0 #ar

J =

jam # ar

15 kg/m

= 108'32 m


c9 4e"al shell tangk

t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)



d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)







Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 17'73 sa) = 8'(22 sa



4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =8' (22 sa - 137'2 n

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 8'(22 sa)

t = 0'127 n



d9 4e"al tutu tangk


elulosa ('12 1500 0'022

*emselulosa 237'52 1110 0'2228

Lgnn 120 100 0'112



g '

A"u 110 00 0'18

Ar 58'57 (58'8 0'011

Asam sul?at 5 1830 0'0027

lukosa 2'82 1530 0'021

6!losa '0 1525 0'0020rea 201'08 15 0'(5

Kumla# 871'13 1138'8 1'82

Laju massa = 871'13 kg/jam

W am =F 4ot

=871' 13 kg/ j am

4ot 1'82 m/jam= 50'(( kg/m

.e"utu#an erancangan = 1 jam


Js =1




13

Js=1

Vs

3


Je=V

s2*e Asums, s , *e = 3 , 1

Je=V

s

23

< Jolume tangk %J)

Jt = Js + Je

Jt =7

Vs

23

t = te"al shell %n)









Jolume larutan = 1'82 m

Jolume tangk = 1'05 m

4ngg larutan dalam tangk =1' 82 m

- 1'87 m = 1'51 meter 1'05 m

t =1('( sa - 32

'13 n+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un

2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 1('( sa)

t = 0'125 n



Maka te"al shell !ang d"utu#kan = 0'125 n = 0'18cm


e9 4e"al tutu tangk



?9 @erancangan stem @engaduk

Kens engaduk , tur"n impeller daun enam

ntuk tur"n standar %eankols' 200)' derole# ,

a/t = 1/ U a = 1/ - 1 070 m = 0 5 m

enstas camuran = 50'(( kg/m




Jskostas larutan ada 0 0 adala# 0'2( c


lnX

c =X

2' 5 s

1 < s

%@err!'1((7)

= 1

s =J old

=J total

1'273 m

1'5 m= 0'(53

ln

Xc

=0'85

2' 5 %0'(53)

1 ; %1) %0'(53)

Xc = 0'2( c@ = 0'0002( kg/m s

Blangan :e!nold'

L.1* !ompa 6 (! D 22+ )



Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar tangk encamur %M<21() ke

centrifu'e %FF<11)



Kumla# , 1 unt


@Suction = 22'202 sa



elulosa ('12 1500 0'022


Jskostas larutan ada 00 adala# 0'2( c




lnX

c =X

2' 5 s

1 < s

%@err!'1((7)

= 1

s =J old

=J total

1'273 m

1'5 m= 0'(53

lnX

c =0'85

2' 5 %0'(53)

1 ; %1) %0'(53)

Xc = 0'2( c@ = 0'0002( kg/m s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 1'82 m/jam = 0'011 ?t

/s

N:e =W - & -

X

l"m - ?t30'2( 0'077 - 0'32 ?t

=?t s

0 0002 l"m/?t s



2

0'0002 l"m/?t9s

= 107'12


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 107'12 dan ∑/ =0'00003 m

0'128m = 0'0005(


"riction loss,


=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

'

= %1<0)% 0 ' 077'2

2 (1'%2'173)

= 2'20 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m



4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 10'3(5 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m


1 2 2 @2 < @1



&&2

< &2

&+ g&Z <Z &+2 1

+ [ F + s =0%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W

dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = <7'5102 sa


maka, 0+2' 173 (20'+

%<7' 5102 - 133)+ 0'0000103(5+s=0

2'173 30'2(

s = '18 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

'18 = <0'8 \ = 8'2725 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'5 l"m / s - 8'2725 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 #


elulosa ('12 1500 0'022

*emselulosa 237'52 1110 0'2228



Lgnn 120 100 0'112

A"u 110 00 0'18

Ar 58'57 (58'8 0'011

Asam sul?at 5 1830 0'0027

lukosa 2'82 1530 0'021

6!losa '0 1525 0'0020

rea 201'08 15 0'(5

Kumla# 871'13 1138'8 1'82

W am =F 4ot

=871' 13 kg/jam

4ot 1'82m/jam= 50'(( kg/m = 30'2( l"m/?t

@ = 5'(83 9 10<10

9% 1'0(37)9 %1'82) 9%12009 0'810)2

= 0'000182 #

Maka dl# centrifu'e dengan da!a 1/1 #9



L.21 !ompa 7 (!5=12)

Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar centrifu'e %FF<11) ke

tangk enamung 1 %4<1)



Kumla# , 1 unt



@ 3 78

lnX

c =X

2

' 5

s

1 < s

%@err!'1((7)

= 1



s =J old

=J total

0'02 m

0'18 m= 0'1731

lnX

c =0'8007

2 ' 5 %0'173 1 )

1 ; %1) %0'1731)

Xc = 1'52 c@ = 0'000(11 l"m / ?t s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'18 m/jam = 0'00112 ?t

/s

esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1

%alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'00112 ?t/s)

0'35%8'050 l"m/?t

)0'1

= 0'30n

ar 4a"el A 5 1 eankols %200) dl# a dengan ses?kas,


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 118'2 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m

0'131 m= 0'000255



2


"riction loss,


=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0077'

2 (1'%2'173)

= 1'213 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%0'0077'2

2 %2'173)

7

1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+

@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0

%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W

dmana, &1 = &2



O@ = 1('(808 sa


maka, 0+2' 173

(20'+%1(

' (808 - 133)+0'00000010503+s=0

2'173 8'050



s = <2'2811 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

<2'2811 = <0'8 \

= 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'08( l"m / s - 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m

= '(521 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'012 #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor

1

/3 #9

L.22 Tangk# !enampung mpan Fermen$as# (T5=1=)


/jam)

lukosa 2'82 1530 0'021

6!losa '0 1525 0'0020

A 110 (( 8 0 1103



Ar 110 ((5'8 0'1103Kumla# 135'8(2 10(0'3 0'18

Laju massa = 135'8(2 kg/jam = 0'08( l"m/s

W am =F 4ot

=135' 8(2 kg/jam

4ot 0'18 m/jam= 10(0'3 kg/m = 8'050 l"m/?t

@er#tungan ,

a9 Jolume "a#an'

Jl = 0'18 m/jam - jam

= 0'3013 m

< Jolume tangk %J)

Jt = Js + Je

1(



Jt = 1( Vs

23

0'3818 m =1(

Vs

23

s = 0'55 m = 1'(73 n

*s = 1'05 m = 31'(2(2 n



4ngg #ead' *e =1

- = 0'08875 m3




t k 10 t #




Jolume larutan = 0'3013 m



0'3818 m - 1'1575 m = 0'(13 meter

4ekanan *drosatatk ,


= 10(0'3 kg/m

- ('8 m/s2

- 0'(13 m

= 10272'878 k@a = 13'8(8 sa


Maka te"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/2 n %BroHnell'1(5()

L.2= !ompa 8 (!5=1<)



Fungs , memoma #drolsat dar tangk enamung %4<1) ke

?ermentor %:<1()



Kumla# , 1 unt


@Suction = 3'78 sa

@ 4ischar'e = 25'757 sa


/jam)

= 1

s =J old

=J total

0'02 m

0'18 m= 0'1731



lnX

c =0'8007

2' 5 %0'173 1 )

1 ; %1) %0'1731)

Xc = 1'52 c@ = 0'000(11 l"m / ?t s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'18 m/jam = 0'00112 ?t/s

esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'00112 ?t/s)

0'35%8'050 l"m/?t

)0'1

= 0'30n


kuran nomnal , 8 n

@ada N:e = 118'2 dan ∑/ =0'00003 m

0'131 m= 0'000255


" i i l



2

"riction loss,


=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0077'

2 (1'%2'173)

= 1'213 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9

&2

2gc = 1 %0'75)

%0'0077'2

2 %2'173)

= 1'55 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

2 %0 0077'2

dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = 1('(808 sa




maka, 0+2' 173

(20'+%1(

' (808 - 133)+0'00000010503+s=0

2'173 8'050

s = <2'2811 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \



s < \

<2'2811 = <0'8 \

= 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'08( l"m / s - 77'851 ?t9l"?/l"m

= '(521 ?t9 l"?/s 9 1 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'012 #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor1/3 #9

L.2< Tangk# !en:#mpanan =!< (T5=1%)

Fungs , men!man *@3 untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar

l

a9 Jolume "a#an'

kg jam22'808

- 23 - 0 #ar

J = jam # ar

171( kg/m



= ('550 m


Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - ('550 mT

= 11'3 m



Js =1


3


ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 8'33( m



ameter tutu dameter tangk 8'33( m

4ngg #ead' *e =1

- = 2'112 m3

Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 27'510( m


t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)



= 171( kg/m

- ('8 m/s2

- 22'(2575 m

= 8211'7(7 k@a = 5'015 sa



8211'7(7 k@a 5'015 sa


Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 5'015 sa) = 83'855 sa

4e"al s#ell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =83' 855 sa - ' 230 n

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 83'855 sa)

t = 0'130 n

Kumla# , 1 unt





'

@ 4ischar'e = 25'757 sa

Laju massa *@3 = 22'808 kg/jam = 0'01( l"m/s

enstas *@3 = 171( kg/m

= 107'285 l"m/?t

Jskostas *@3 = 1'5 c = 0'001007 l"m/?t9s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'012 m/jam = 0'00112 ?t

/s

esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35%⟩)0'1 %alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'00112 ?t/s)

0'35%107'285 l"m/?t

)0'1

= 0'13 n

= 1112'(73


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 1112'(73 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m = 0'0027



2

' ∑0'018 m

0'0027


"riction loss,


=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 218'

2 (1'%2'173)

= 0'00 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n .? &2

= 1 %0 75)%0'218'2

= 0 0035 ?t l"?/l"m

dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = <15'8107 sa




maka, 0+2' 173

(25'+%<15

' 8107 - 133)+ 0'077+s=0

2'173 107'285

s = <'852 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \



<'852 = <0'8 \

= 3'815 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'01( l"m / s - 3'815 ?t9l"?/l"m

= 0'0722 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'000122 #


L.26 Tangk# !en:#mpanan ag# (T5=17)

Fungs , men!man :ag untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar

l

a9 Jolume "a#an'

22'808kg

- 23 jam

- 0 #ar

J = jam #ar

1770 kg/m

= ( 277 m



= ('277 m


Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - ('277 mT

= 11'123 m


< Jolume tangk %Jt) ,

Jt =1

Vt2

*. Asums, t , *t = 1,

3






Jolume larutan = ('277 m


4ngg larutan dalam tangk =(' 277 m

11'123 m - 1'875m = 2'152 meter



= 1770 kg/m

- ('8 m/s2

- 2'152 m

= 3570'125 k@a = 5'803 sa

d9 4e"al tutu tangk





L.27 Tangk# !en:#mpanan Saccharomyces (T5=18)

Fungs , men!man S9 cere!iceae untuk ke"utu#an 0 #ar

Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar


Kumla# , 1 unt



Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 12'2(17 mT

= 13'750 m




< Jolume tangk %Jt) ,

Jt =1

Vt2 *. Asums, t , *t = 1,

3

Jt=

Vt

3

13'750 3 = Vt

3

t = 11'0(0 m = 3'133 n

Jolume larutan = 12'2(17 m




4ngg larutan dalam tangk =12' 2(17 m

- '27 m = 27'725 meter 13'750 m



= 170 kg/m

- ('8 m/s2

- 27'725 m

= 35737'5 k@a = 5'810 sa


Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 5'810 sa) = ('072 sa

4e"al shell tangk,

L.28 Fermen$or (5=1*)

Fungs , 4emat terjad reaks ?ermentas glukosa menjad etanol






Kumla# , 1 unt




/jam)

lukosa 28'2 1530 0'211(6!losa '0 1525 0'00201

Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11038

S9 cere!iceae 28'51 170 0'01707

= 1'10 m


Jolume ta tangk' Jt = %1 + 0'2) - 1'10 m

T



= 1'272 m



Js =1


13

Js=

1

Vs

3


V 2

4ngg #ead' *e =1

- = 0'317 m3





t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)







Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 7'518 sa) = 2'357 sa



4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t = 2' 357 sa - 5' 811 n + 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 2'357 sa)

t = 0'125 n



e9 4e"al tutu tangk

t = dameter tangk

a = ameter impeller





K = le"ar baffle


enstas camuran = 1102'1 kg/m


Jskostas larutan ada 0

0

adala# 0'813 c


lnX

c 2' 5 s %@ 1((7)

@=N9N

9a59W %eankols' 200)


1) dan N:e = 18581'877 maka derole# N = 5'5

@ = 5'5 9%0'1)9%0'355)

59% 1(7'31()



@ 5'5 9%0'1) 9%0'355) 9% 1(7'31()

= 0'1508 = 0'000202 #


a!a motor enggerak = 0'000202 # / 0'8 = 0'0002525 #

Maka dl# da!a motor dengan tenaga /3 #9

g9 Meng#tung Kaket @endngn

Kumla# ar endngn %25o) = 15157'7711 kg/jam

Kumla# ar endngn ta unt = 15157'7711 kg/jam /1 unt = (37' kg/jam

= 1'3 m

Luas !ang dlalu steam % A )

A =V

(*2 + 2'V

%1'3 2 ; 1'(22) = 0'772 m2

3



=3

.eceatan ar endngn % & )

& = H

=0' (50 m /j am

A 0'772 m2= 1'20 m/jam


Ba#an Stainless Steel .late te A<30

@*drostats = W - g - #

= ((7'08 kg/m

- ('8 m/s2

- 3'2 m



Kumla# , 1 unt





@ 4ischar'e = 3'1(12 sa


/jam)

lukosa 28'2 1530 0'211(

6!losa '0 1525 0'00201

Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11038

S9 cere!iceae 73'12 170 0'0333

Boetanol 118'0 78( 0'13(

Kumla# 25 532 0 51(

lnX

c =0'813

2

' 5 %0

'3(()

1 ; %1) %0'3(()

Xc = 0'707 c@ = 0'0050 kg/m s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

0 51(/j 0 0050 ?

/



= 0'51( m/jam = 0'0050 ?t

/s

esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'0050 ?t/s)

0'35%75'15 l"m/?t

)

0'1

= 0' n

ar 4a"el 1 %@eters et9al9' 1((1)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,

kuran nomnal , 12 n


ameter alam %) , 5'037 n = 0'32 ?t = 0'1218 m

ameter Luar %) , 5 5 n = 0 3 ?t = 0 131 m

"riction loss,


=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc



2= 0'55 %1<0)

%0' 0027'

2 (1'%2'173)

= '0 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%0'0027'2

2 %2'173)

= 3'58 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9

&2

2gc = 1 %2)

%0'0027'2

2 %2'173)

= 12'21 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

maka, 0+2' 173

(20'+%8' 375 - 133)

+0'0000000( +s=02'173 75'15

s = <'170 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $



s = < \

<'170 = <0'8 \

= 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

0 51( l" / 35 2125 ?t l"?/l"



= 0'51( l"m / s - 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m

= 2'3(2 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'032 #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor

1

/3 #9

L.=+ Tangk# !enampung (T5=21)

Fungs , menamung #asl ?ermentas dar ?ermentor %:<1()

Bentuk , slnder tegak dengan alas datar dan tutu ellsodal


Boetanol 118'0 78( 0'13(

Kumla# 25'532 0'51(


W am = F 4ot = 25' 532 kg/

j am 4ot 0'51( m/jam

= 120'8( kg/m = 75'15 l"m/?t



@er#tungan ,

a9 Jolume "a#an'

Jl = 25'532 kg/jam - jam

= 187'2 m



= 2251'(512 m

7Vs

23



2251,9512 m

=

7Vs

23

s = 218'8577 m = (12('32 n



*s = (5'571 m = 27880'28 n



4ngg #ead' *e =1

- = 57('71 m3



t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)


- 75'28 m = 280'2 meter 2251'(512 m



= 75 15 kg/m

- ( 8 m/s2

- 280 2 m



75'15 kg/m - ('8 m/s - 280'2 m

= 32372'2k@a = 70'70( sa


Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 70'70( sa) = 822'38sa

4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

822 38 (12( 32

%4<21) ke filter press %F@<2)



Kumla# , 1 unt




@Suction = 3'1(12 sa



/jam)

lukosa 28'2 1530 0'211(

6!losa '0 1525 0'00201

Ar 110 ((5'8 0'11038

S cere!iceae 73 12 170 0 0333

lnX

c =0'813

2

' 5 %0

'3(()

1 ; %1) %0'3(()

Xc = 0'707 c@ = 0'0050 kg/m s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'51( m/jam = 0'0050 ?t

/s



' j '

esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'0050 ?t/s)

0'35%75'15 l"m/?t

)

0'1

= 0' n

ar 4a"el 1 %@eters et9al9' 1((1)' dl# a dengan ses?kas,

kuran nomnal , 12 n


ameter alam %) , 5'037 n = 0'32 ?t = 0'1218 m

ameter Luar %) , 5 5 n = 0 3 ?t = 0 131 m

2

"riction loss,


=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

%0 0027'



= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 0027'

2 (1'%2'173)

= '0 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%0'0027'2

2 %2'173)

= 3'58 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %2)%0'0027'2

2 %2'173)

= 12'21 - 10<7

?t9l"?/l"m

maka, 0+2' 173

(20'+%8' 375 - 133)

+0'0000000( +s=02'173 75'15

s = <'170 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $



s = < \

<'170 = <0'8 \

= 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'51( l"m / s - 35'2125 ?t9l"?/l"m



= 2'3(2 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'032 #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor1/3 #9

L.=2 Filter Pressi II (F! D =2=)

Fungs , memsa#kan S9 cere!iceae dar #asl ?ermentas

Kens , plate and frame filter press

6!losa '0 1525 0'00201

Ar (( ((5'8 0'0((

Boetanol 118'0 78( 0'13(

Kumla# 538'31 0'38

Laju alr ?ltrat = 538'31 kg/jam



W ?ltrat =F 4ot

=538' 31 kg/j am

4ot 0'38 m/jam= 1182'33 kg/m

2. Cake


/jam)

S9 cere!iceae 73'12 170 0'033

Ar 11 ((5'8 0'011

Kumla# 0'055

Laju alr cake = 85'12 kg/jam

Jolume cake = 0'055 m

85 12 kg/jam

W? = densats ?ltrat %kg/m)

rencanakan luas en!arngan e?ekt? filter press untuk Haktu roses 1 jam

=

Laj u alr cake

=

1537

' 73 kg/j am

= 1'0Laju alr uman 1182,44 kg/jam

4e"al cake ada frame dasumskan = cm = 0 0 m



4e"al cake ada frame dasumskan = cm = 0'0 m

Bla drencanakan seta plate memun!a luas 1m2

maka luas e?ekt?

en!arngan =

0'09A9%1+0'180)91537'73= 0'38 +%<0'18090'09A)1182'331'0/%1<1'0)

10('09A = 27'37 + 55'30 A

53'179A = 27'37

A = 3'87


Kumla# , 1 unt




/jam)



S9 cere!iceae 73'12 170 0'033

Ar 11 ((5'8 0'0110

Kumla# 85'12 0'153

Laju alr = 85'12 kg/jam

enstas =85' 12 kg/ j am

= 551'( kg/m

0'153 m/jam

.e"utu#an erancangan = 1 #ar

Faktor .eamanan = 20$

@er#tungan ,

J l " #

0'1838 m3 =

Vt

3

t = 0'1( m = 5'37 n

*t = 0'317 m = 1'31 n

c9 4e"al shell tangk



g

t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)





= 1878'78 k@a = 0'2725 sa


Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa +0'2725 sa) = 17'(22 sa



4e"al s#ell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =17' (22 sa - 5' 37 n

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 17'(22 sa)

t = 0'125 n




@Suction = 27'( sa





/jam)

lukosa 28'2 1530 0'212

6!losa '0 1525 0'0020Ar (( ((5'8 0'0((3

Boetanol 118' 78( 0'1500

Kumla# 538'73 0'33

Laju massa = 538'73 kg/jam = 0'5( l"m/s

W am =F 4ot

=538' 73 kg/ jam

4ot 0'33 m/jam= 1181'10 kg/m = 7'71 l"m/?t


esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'003557 ?t/s)

0'35%7'71 l"m/?t

)0'1

= 0'0 n


kuran nomnal , n



kuran nomnal , n


ameter alam %) , '025 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m

ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t


.eceatan lner' & =

=0' 003557 ?t /s

= 0'02278 ?t/s

Blangan eynold ,

A 0'200 ?t2

2= 0'55 %1<0)

%0' 02278'

2 (1'%2'173)



= 3'35 - 10<

?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%0'02278'2

2 %2'173)

= '038 - 10< ?t9l"?/l"m

1 h k l # .? &2

1 %2)%0'02278'2



1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &

2gc

= 1 %2)2 %2'173)

= 1'12 - 10<

?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&

2

92 9gc

= 3 %0'0038)20 %0'02278)

2

0'5053 %2) %2'173)

= '127 - 10<

?t9l"?/l"m


&1<

A2

&A1

&2

2Ygc

= %1<0)%0'02278'2

2 (1'%2'173)

= '3(7 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \



= 0'5( l"m / s - '3(7 ?t9l"?/l"m

= 2'181 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'00( #




L.=% l$ra#l$ras# (F5=26)

Fungs , memsa#kan glukosa dan -!losa dar camuran

Kens , Spiral :ound Membrane

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel

Kumla# , 1 unt


4ekanan = 1 atm

2. Cake


/jam)

lukosa 28'2 1530 0'21

6!losa '0 1525 0'0020Kumla# 1'8 0'215

Luas en!arngan mnmal d#tung dengan menggunakan ersamaan,



Luas en!arngan mnmal d#tung dengan menggunakan ersamaan,

A =

K - t

mana,

A = luas en!arngan %m2)

= laju alr cake %kg/jam)

K = ?luks = 0'1( m/m2 jam %#aHan' 200()

t = Haktu en!arngan %jam)

L.=6 Tangk# !enampung (T5=27)

Fungs , menamung camuran ar<etanol dar ultra?ltras



%F<2)



Kumla# , 1 unt



Laju Massa Masuk = 137'08 kg/jam



= 0'1(88 m





Js =1


3

Js=

Vs

3


Je=V

s2*e Asums, s , *e = 3 , 1



t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,



t = te"al shell %n)







Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 0'502 sa) = 18'2( sa

4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)



t =18' 2( sa - 5' 787 n

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 18'2( sa)

t = 0'125 n



e9 4e"al tutu tangk




/jam)

tanol 8'302 78( 0'087

Ar 78'78 ((5'8 0'07(0Kumla# 137'08 0'157

W am =F 4ot

=137' 08 kg/jam

4 t 0 157 /j= 887'2 kg/m = 55'( l"m/?t



W a 4ot 0'157 m/jam

' g '

Laju massa = 137'08 kg/jam = 0'(0 l"m/s


%kg/jam) %-)

tanol 8'302 0'35 0'( <0'37(

Ar 8'302 0'53( 0'15 <0'153

4otal 137'08 1 <1'05

Jskostas camuran = e<0'2070

= 0'8157 c@ = 0'000538 l"m/?t9s

.eceatan lner' & =

=0' 0050( ?t /s

= 0'025 ?t/s

Blangan eynold ,

A 0' 200 ?t2

N:e =W - & -

X

55,39l" m -

0'025?t

- 0'5053

?t



?t= ?t s

0'000538 l"m/?t9s

= 1277'10


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 1277'10 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m

0'0153 m= 0'0002(8


"riction loss,

30 %0'025)2 0 ' 5053 %2) %2'173)

= 13'75 - 10<

?t9l"?/l"m




&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= %1<0)%0'025'2

2 (1'%2'173)

= ('712 -10

<

?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 5'503 - 10<

?t9l"?/l"m




1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+

@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0

%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W

dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = <11'8122 sa


maka, 0+2' 173

(28'+<11' 8122 - 133

+ 0'00005503+s=02'173 55'(

s = <2'708 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

Kumla# , 1 unt

Fluda anas,

Laju alr steam masuk = 881'081 kg/jam = 1515'(0 l"m/jam

4 l %4 ) 180P 5PF



4emeratur aHal %41) = 180P = 5PF


Fluda dngn,

Laju alr uman masuk = 5803'1( kg/jam = 127(2'2 l"m/jam

4emeratur aHal %t1) = 0P = 8PF

4emeratur ak#r %t2) = (0P = 1(3PF

@anas !ang dsera %) = 107'(32 kK/jam = 1020'7(8 Btu/jam

= t

2− t

1 = 108

= 0'34

1− t

1 5 − 8

ar am"ar 18' .ern %1(5) derole# F4 = 1

Maka ∆t = F4⋅

LM4 = 1⋅

211'32 = 211'32 °F



%2) 4c dan tc

4 = 4

1 + 42 =

5 + 5= 5 °Fc

2 2

t = t

1+ t

2 = 8 + 1(3

= 130 °Fc2 2

alam erancangan n dgunakan heater dengan ses?kas,

< ameter luar tube %) = /3 n

Kumla# tube' N A 0'033 ?t

2

= = = 0'0157 "ua#tL ⋅ a

_15 ?t ⋅ 0'1( ?t

2/?t

"9 ar 4a"el (' #al 832' .ern %1(5)' nla !ang terdekat adala# 2(0 tube

dengan shell 21'25 n9

c9 .oreks



A = L ⋅ N

t

⋅ a _

= 15 ?t⋅

0'0157 ⋅

0'1( ?t 2/?t

= 0'032 ?t 2

=

= 1020'7(81 Btu/jam

= 103'058 Btu

A ⋅ ^t 0'033 ?t

2⋅ 211'32

°F

jam ⋅ ?t2

⋅ °F

@ada 4c = 5°F' ∝ = 0'015 c@ = 0'02 l"m/?t2

⋅ jam



ar 4a"el 10' .ern %1(5)' untuk /3 n ' 18 B' derole#,

= 0'52 n = 0'053 ?t

:e t =

⋅

t

X

%@ers9 %79)' .ern)



:e t =

0'053 ⋅ 1385

0'02= 3(((73725

%) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 23' .ern %1(5)' derole# j* = 750

%7) @ada 4c = 5PF

c = 2'7 Btu/l"mPF

k = 0'025 Btu/jam9?tPF

t

#o = 371'1 ⋅ 1 = 371'1



a s = ?t2

133 ⋅ @

4

%@ers9 %791)' .ern)

Flu#4a 4#ng#n shell ; 3aan


s ⋅ I⋅ B



s = ameter dalam shell = 21'25 n

B = 7affle spacin' = 5 n

@4 = Tube pitch = 15/1 n = 0'(75 n

′ = Clearance = @4 ;

= 0'(75 ; 0'75 = 0'1875 n

2 1 ' 25 ⋅ 0'1875 ⋅ 5 2a s = = 0'1375 ?t

e = 0'55/12 = 0'0358 ?t

:es =e ⋅ s

X%@ers9 %79)' .ern)

0'0358⋅

10281('1:e s = 1'15

= 307'5

%′ ) 4aksr j dar am"ar 28 K %1(5) derole# j 110



% ) 4aksr j* dar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' derole# j* = 110

%7′ ) @ada tc = 130°F

c = 1'07 Btu/l"m⋅ °F

k = 0'57 Btu/jam9?t9oF

# o k1

c ⋅ X

%8′ ) = j* ⋅ ⋅ `s e k

%@ers9 %915)' .ern)

# 0 571

1 07 1 15


: d=

=− =

==

⋅ =

3 5 ' 37 − 10 '73

35'37 ⋅

10'73

= 0'0073 %@ers9 %91)' .ern)




Pressure drop



p

Flu#4a panas steam; tube

%1) ntuk :et = 85251'2

? = 0'00012 ?t2/n

2%"r9 2' .ern)

s = 1

t = 1

? 2

L

= 0'3( sa


Flu#4a 4#ng#n 3aan; shell

%1′ ) ntuk :es = 8733'(5



% ) s '

? = 0'0002 ?t2/n

2%"r9 2(' .ern)

s =1

s = 0'(83

%2′)

N + 1 = 12 ⋅LB

%@ers9 %793)' .ern)

N + 1 1215

Kens , Sie!e ; tray



Bentuk , slnder &ertkal dengan alas dan tutu elsodal

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 +rade

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds eras , 4emeratur = (0P




ar er#tungan neraca massa dan neraca anas derole# data,

6*F = 0'02( 6L = 0'(71

6LF = 0'0 = 8'0 kmol/jam

6L = 0'0001 = '532 kmol/jam

6* = 0'81 ⟨L = 0'3385

0 < a= e- &<&

X& %o#ert! dan

Malone' 2001)1 < a X

0

mana,

0 = e?sens olom destlas

a = 0'28



X = &skostas camuran feed %c)

X0 = 1'25 c

< = &olatltas key komonen uman

0 < 0 ' 28

1 ; 0'28= e- &<&2'7819

0'2(13&

1'25

0 = 0'5

Kad' uman masuk ada rng ke<1 dar atas9

esan kol o m

rencanakan,

Tray spacin' %t) = 0'5 m



Hole diameter %do)

Space between hole center %>)

=

=

3'5 mm

12 mm

%4re!"al' 1(81)

%4re!"al' 1(81)

:eir hei'ht %#H)

.itch

=

=

5 cm

n trian'ular

l/do = 0'3 %4re!"al' 1(81)

4a"el L911 .omoss Ba#an @ada Alur Jd .olom stlas %4<01)

Komponen

Boetanol

Alur 4 (kmol/jam)

0'1387

C mol

0'02

Mr

3

C mol Mr

1'51

Ar 3'71 0'(7 18 17'30

Mr a& 3'51(7 18'(1(

1 C

L

&

WL

&

0'5

=0' 0252

&87(

' 555&

0'5

= 1'15

WJ 3'55 1'32(

Y = 0'0733t + 0'0117 = 0'0733%0'5) + 0'0117 = 0'038( %4a"el 92 4re!"al' 1(81)

f = 0'003t + 0'05 = 0'003%0'5) + 0'015 = 0'002

F = &

log

0'5 + f& &0'2

& %@ers 90 4re!"al' 1(81)

W

% ) 0'02WJ



W

J

= &0'038( log1

+ 0'002&

&0' 03&

0'2

= 0'0825

WL

<WJ

0'13

0'5

0'02

JF = F & &

J 0'5

= 0'0825&

87(' 555<1'32(&

1'32(

= 2'035 m/s

Asums 80$ keceatan floodin' %4re!"al' 1(81)

1

1

&e??

& = 0'(27(

# = 0' &

&

2/

&

e??

&

2/

2/

# = 0'

&0' 0252

&1'31

(09(27('2/



#1 = 0'033 m

@er#tungan dulang dengan memaka nla #1 = 0'033 m #ngga nla #1 konstan

ada nla 0'033 m9

@er#tun g an .ressure 4 r op 4ry pressure drop

Ao = 0'1275 \ 1('1 = 0'00 m2

Jo = /Ao = 3'55/0'00 = 87'21 m/s



Jo /Ao 3'55/0'00 87'21 m/s

o = 1'0( \ %do/l)0'25

= 1'0( \ %1/0'3)0'25

= 1'30 %@ers 97 4re!"al' 1(81)

Wg9 Jo9do Hole eynold number = X

g

=1' 32( kg/m - 87'21 m/s - 0'0035 m

0'0000125 kg/m9s

= 5528'1


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 5528'1dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m

0'0035 m= 0'0102

#: = (0'03'

87('555(0'0035'%('8)

= 0'0018 m



2

Total 'as pressure drop

# = #d + #L + #: %@ers 95 4re!"al' 1(81)

# =0'7322 + 0'057 + 0'00018

# = 0'800 m

.ressure loss at li?uid entranceAda = 0'025 = 0'025%1'31) = 0'031 m

2

#2 =&

%@ers 93 4re!"al' 1(81)



2

&2g Ada

#2 = 2%('8) &

0'0252

&0'031

= 0'08(

7ackup in downspout

# = # + #2 %@ers 933 4re!"al' 1(81)

# = 0'800 + 0'08(# = 0'88( m

Check on floodin'

# # #

Corossion allowance %) = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)



mur alat = 10 ta#un

4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =13' (

sa - 7

' 727 n+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un

2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 13'(sa)

t = 0 1758 n



t = 0'1758 n



L.<+ !ompa 1= (!5<1=)

Fungs , memoma roduk "ottom ke re"oler %<313)

W am =F 4ot

=137' 08 kg/jam

= 887'2 kg/m

= 55'( l"m/?t

4ot 0'157 m/jam

Laju massa = 137'08 kg/jam = 0'(0 l"m/s


%kg/jam) %-)

tanol 8'302 0'35 0'( <0'37(



tanol 8'302 0'35 0'( 0'37(

Ar 8'302 0'53( 0'15 <0'153

4otal 137'08 1 <1'05


= 0'8157 c@ = 0'000538 l"m/?t9s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'157 m/jam = 0'0050( ?t

/s

esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35%⟩)0'1 %alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'0050( ?t/s)

0'35%55'( l"m/?t

)

0'1

= 0'10 n

= 1277'10


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 1277'10 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m

0'0153 m= 0'0002(8


"riction loss,



2


=0'55&1<

A2

&A1

&2

2Ygc

= 0'55 %1<0)%0' 025'

2 (1'%2'173)

= 5'32 - 10<

?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n .? &2

= 1 %0 75)%0'025'2

4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 5'503 - 10<

?t9l"?/l"m




1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+

@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0

%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W

dmana, &1 = &2

O@ = <11'8122 sa


maka, 0+2' 173

(28'+<11

' 8122 - 133+ 0'00005503+s=0

2'173 55'(

s = <2'708 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma 80 $



?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

<2'708 = <0'8 \

= '85 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'(0 l"m / s - '85 ?t9l"?/l"m

= '035 ?t9 l"?/s 9

1 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'00553 #


4emeratur aHal %41)

4emeratur ak#r %42)

Fluda dngn,

=

=

180P

180P

= 5PF

= 5 PF

Laju alr uman masuk = 287203'287 kg/jam

4emeratur aHal %t1) = (0P = 1(3PF

= 2((8'1321 l"m/jam



4emeratur ak#r %t2) = 100P = 212PF

@anas !ang dsera %) = 5('(183 kK/jam = 8'80(1 Btu/jam

%1) ∆t = "eda su#u se"enarn!a

Flu#4a !anas Flu#4a 4#ng#n "el#s#

41 = 5°F 4emeratur !ang le"# tngg t2 = 212°F ∆t1 = 133°F

%2) 4c dan tc

4 = 4

1+ 4

2 = 5 + 5

= 5 °Fc2 2

t = t 1 + t 2 = 1(3 + 212 = 20 °Fc2 2

alam erancangan n dgunakan heater dengan ses?kas,



< ameter luar tube %) = /3 n

< Kens tube = 18 B

< @tc# %@4)

< @anjang tube %L)

=

=

15/1 n trian'ular pitch

?t

a9 ar 4a"el 8' #al9 830' .ern %1(5)' heater untuk ?luda anas steam dan

?luda dngn li'ht or'anics' derole# = 100<200' ?aktor engotor %: d) =

0'009

am"l = 103 Btu/jam ?t2 °F

A = L ⋅ N

t

⋅ a_

= ?t ⋅ 0'17(( ⋅ 0'1( ?t2/?t

= 0'211?t2

=

= 8'80(1 Btu/jam

= 103'(3 Btu

A ⋅ ^t 0'211 ?t

2⋅ 152'82

°F

jam ⋅ ?t2

⋅ °F



= t

a


%) "low area tube' at′ = 0'3 n2

%4a"el 10' .ern)

N t ⋅ a

I

t 133 ⋅ n%@ers9 %7938)' .ern)

X

%@ers9%79)'.ern)



:e t=

0'053⋅

7351'3(

0'02

= 1115(('21


%7) @ada 4c = 5PF



c = 2'7 Btu/l"mPF

k = 0'025 Btu/jam9?tPF

1

# k c ⋅ X

%8) = j*⋅

` t

⋅

k

%@ers9 %915)' .ern)

1

Flu#4a 4#ng#n shell ; 3aan




a s =

s

?t2

133 ⋅ @

4

= ameter dalam shell = 8 n

%@ers9 %791)' .ern)


@4 = Tube pitch = 15/1 n = 0'(75 n


s ⋅ I⋅ B



Clearance @4

= 0'(75 ; 0'75 = 0'1875 n

8 ⋅ 0'1875 ⋅ 2 2a s = 133 ⋅ 0'(75

= 0'0222 ?t

%3′ ) .eceatan massa

= H

%@ers9 %792)' .ern)sas


%7′ ) @ada tc = 20°F

c = 0'72 Btu/l"m⋅ °F


# o k1

c ⋅ X

%8′ ) = j* ⋅ ⋅

`s e k

%@ers9 %915)' .ern)



`s e

# o = 50 ⋅ 0'071

1

⋅ 0 '72 ⋅ 0 '817

= 1118'2

`s 0'0358

0'071

%(′) .arena &skostas renda#' maka dam"l s = 1

# o =# o

⋅ s

Pressure drop




%1) ntuk :et = 1115(('21

? = 0'00013 ?t2/n

2%"r9 2' .ern)

s = 1

t = 1

%2) ^@t

? ⋅ 2

⋅ L ⋅ n= t %@ers9 %795)' .ern)

5'22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ⋅ s ⋅ ` t



t

^@t= (0'00013)(7351'3()2

%)(8)5'22 ⋅ 10

10

(0'053)(1)%1)

= 0'011 sa

%) ar ra?k 27' #al9 87' Kern %1(5)' ada derole# J

2

= 0'0012gI

2

? = 0'00013 ?t2/n

2%"r9 2(' .ern)

s =1

s = 0'825

%2′ ) N + 1 = 12 ⋅L

B

%@ers9 %793)' .ern)

N 1 12



2

N + 1 = 12 ⋅ = 2

s = 8/12 = 0'7 ?t

%′ ) ^@s = ? ⋅ s ⋅ s ⋅ ( N +

1 )10

%@ers9 %7933)' .ern)

5'22 ⋅ 10 ⋅ e

⋅ s ⋅ s

^@s = (0'00013)(2133(1'1)2(0'7)()

10

Fluda anas,



Laju alr uman masuk = 231170'12(1 kg/jam = 51520'(5 l"m/jam

4emeratur aHal %41) = (0P = 1(3PF


Fluda dngn,

Laju alr ar endngn = 108571'1855 kg/jam = 8512(0'8( l"m/jam

4emeratur aHal %t1) = 25P = 77PF



4emeratur ak#r %t2) = 35P = 11PF

@anas !ang dsera %) = ((00'0 kK/jam = 058'777 Btu/jam

%1) ∆t = "eda su#u se"enarn!a

Flu#4a !anas Flu#4a 4#ng#n "el#s#

41 = 1(3°F 4emeratur !ang le"# tngg t2 = 11°F ∆t1 = 81°F

%2) 4c dan tc

4 = 4

1+ 4

2 = 1(3 + 17

= 185 °Fc2 2

t = t

1+ t

2 = 77 + 11

= (5 °Fc2 2

alam erancangan n dgunakan cooler dengan ses?kas,



alam erancangan n dgunakan cooler dengan ses?kas,

< ameter luar tube %) = 1 n

< Kens tube

< @tc# %@4)

=

=

18 B

11/3 n trian'ular pitch

< @anjang tube %L) = 12 ?t

a9 ar 4a"el 8' #al9 830' .ern %1(5)' cooler untuk ?luda anas li'ht or'anics

A = L⋅

N

t

⋅ a _

= 12 ?t ⋅ 2('8( ⋅ 0'218 ?t 2/?t

= ('(0 ?t 2

=

= 058'777 Btu/jam

= 80 Btu

A ⋅ ^t ('( ?t

2⋅ 87'(05

°F

jam ⋅ ?t2

⋅ °F



= t

a

Flu#4a 4#ng#n a#r; tube

%) "low area tube' at′ = 0'( n2

%4a"el 10' .ern)

N t⋅

a I

t 133 ⋅ n%@ers9 %7938)' .ern)

X%@ers9%79)'.ern)



:et=

0'0751⋅

1827'72

1'7385= 782'8(


%7) @ada 4c = (5PF

c = 1'1 Btu/l"mPF



k = 0' Btu/jam9?tPF

1

# k c ⋅ X

%8) = j*⋅

` t

⋅

k

%@ers9 %915)' .ern)

1

#

1000'

1' 1 ⋅

87 28

Flu#4a panas shell ; 3aan




a s =

s

?t2

133 ⋅ @

4

= ameter dalam shell = 8 n

%@ers9 %791)' .ern)


@4 = Tube pitch = 1'25 n


s ⋅ I⋅ B



= 1'25 ; 1 = 0'25 n

8 ⋅ 0'25 ⋅ 52 a s = 133 ⋅ 1'25

= 0'0555?t

%3′ ) .eceatan massa

= H

%@ers9 %792)' .ern)sas

0'03⋅

(257('52:es =

0'023= 233100'5


%7′ ) @ada tc = 185°F

c = 0'3 Btu/l"m⋅ °F


1



# o k1

c ⋅ X

%8′) = j

* ⋅

⋅

`s e k

%@ers9 %915)' .ern)

# o1

= 1000 ⋅ 0'0117

⋅ 0' 3

⋅ 0 '023

= 12'72(

`s 0'03

0'0117




Pressure drop

Flu#4a 4#ng#n a#r; tube

%1) ntuk :et = 212'(7

? = 0'0001( ?t2/n2 %"r9 2' .ern)

s = 1

t = 1



%2) ^@t

? ⋅ 2

⋅ L ⋅ n=

t%@ers9 %795)' .ern)

5'22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ⋅ s ⋅ ` t

^@t= (0'0001()(73727'23)

2%12)()

5'22 ⋅ 1010

(0'0751)(1)%1)

= 1'(3 sa

Flu#4a panas 3aan; shell

%1′ ) ntuk :es = 233100'5

? = 0'0001 ?t2/n

2%"r9 2(' .ern)

s =1

s = 0'7((

%2′ ) N + 1 = 12 ⋅ %@ers %7 3) .ern)



2

%2 ) N + 1 12 L

B

%@ers9 %793)' .ern)

N + 1 = 12 ⋅ 12

= 28'85

s = 8/12 = 0'7 ?t

%′ ) ^@s = ? ⋅ s ⋅ s ⋅ ( N +

1)%@ers9 %7933)' .ern)


4ekanan = 1 atm

Laju alr massa = 57(8'385 kg/jam


Faktor kelonggaran = 20$


/jam)

tanol 152'7 78( '((5



tanol 152'7 78( '((5

Ar 235'785 ((5'8 2'57

Kumla# 57(8'385 '52

W am =F 4ot

=57(8'385 kg/j am

4ot '52 m/jam= 871'( kg/m

@er#tungan,

a9 Jolume tangk

Maka' &olume tangk,

Jt = L9: 29% Y

57'<sn Y 9cos Y)

5'5(23 m

= 89: 29%

2' 1572<sn 2'1572 9cos 2'1572)

57'

: %radus) = 2'(872 m

%dameter) = 5'(733 m = 25'215( n

* % ) 3 30



* %tngg caran) = 3'30 m

"9 4e"al shell tangk

t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)

Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 5'73( sa) = 23'858 sa

4e"al s#ell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t =23' 858

sa - 25

' 215( n+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un

2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 23'858 sa)

t = 0'128 n

M k t " l h ll d" t #k 0 128 0 25





c9 4utu tangk

ameter tutu = dameter tangk = 5'(733 m

:ato a-s = L# , = 1, 3


Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds eras , 4emeratur = 80 P

@Suction = 1('85 sa





tanol ('08 78( 0'03(

Ar 28'017 ((5'8 0'2(

Kumla# 7'10 0'78


W am =F 4ot

=7' 10 kg/ j am

4ot 0'78 m/jam= (8'3 kg/m = 0'355 l"m/?t

ameter alam %) , '538 n = 0'2(5 ?t = 0'0(01 m

ameter Luar %) , 3 n = 0' ?t


.eceatan lner' & =

=0' 007 ?t /s

= 0'053 ?t/s

Blangan eynold ,

A 0'087 ?t2

N:e =W - & -

X



X

l"m ?t0'007 - 0'053 - 0'2(5 ?t

=?t s

0'0001( l"m/?t9s

= 0'18

ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10

<5

%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 0'18 dan ∑/ = 0'00003 m= 0'00051

%0'053'2

2 %2'173)



= ('0 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&

2

92 9gc

= 3 %0'0038)20 %0'053)

2

0'2(5 %2) %2'173)

= 111'(7 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m


&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= %1<0)%0'053'2

2 (1'%2'173)

3 5 10<5

?t l"?/l"



= 3'5 - 10 ?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 11'33 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m


1&&

2< &

2&+ g&Z <Z &+@2 < @1

+ [ F + s =0

%eankols'200)2Y 2 1 2 1

W

dmana, &1 = &2

Fungs , memoma destlat ke cooler %<31()





Kumla# , 1 unt


@Suction = 1('85 sa



/jam)



tanol 118'0 78( 0'13(

Ar (( ((5'8 0'0((

Kumla# 217'0 0'23(

Laju massa = 217'0kg/jam = 0'12 l"m/s

W am = F 4ot = 217' 0 kg/ j am 4ot 0'23( m/jam

= 871'520 kg/m = 53'( l"m/?t

kuran nomnal , 2 n


ameter alam %) , 2'07 n = 0'1722 ?t = 0'0525 m

ameter Luar %) , 2'75 n = 0'1(7( ?t


.eceatan lner'

& =

=0

' 00233 ?t /s

A 0'02 ?t2 = 0'1038 ?t/s



Blangan eynold ,

N:e =W - & -

X

l"m ?t53'( - 0'1038 - 0'1722 ?t

=?t s

0'0001( l"m/?t9s

= 207'(

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %2)%0'1038'2

2 %2'173)

= 3'1 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 25 ?t, F? = 3? OL 9&

2

92 9gc

= 3 %0'00)25 %0'1038)

2

0'1722 %2) %2'173)

= 5('37 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- =A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= %1<0)%0'1038'2

2 (1'%2'173)



&1<

= (('11 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss , ∑ F = 213'8( - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m


1&&2< &2&+ g&Z <Z &+

@2 < @1+ [ F + s =0

L.<% ooler (E5<1*)



Fungs , untuk mendngnkan "oetanol se"elum dalrkan ke

tangk en!manan "oetanol %4<321)

Kens , 2<3 s#ell and tu"e e-c#anger

aka , /3 n ' 4u"e 18 B' anjang = 5 ?t' 8 ass

Kumla# , 1 unt

Fluda anas,

Laju alr uman masuk = 231170'12(1 kg/jam = 51520'(5 l"m/jam



j ' g j ' j

4emeratur aHal %41) = (0P = 1(3PF


Fluda dngn,

Laju alr ar endngn = 108571'1855 kg/jam = 8512(0'8( l"m/jam

4emeratur aHal %t ) = 25P = 77PF

1

LM4 = ^t 2 − ^t 1 =

18= 8('(( °F

ln ^t 2 ln ((

^t 81

: = 4

1− 4

2 = 18

= 0'5t

2

− t1

= t

2− t

1 =

= 0'074

1− t

1 1(3 − 77

ar am"ar 18' .ern %1(5) derole# F4 = 0'(8



Maka ∆t = F4 ⋅ LM4 = 0'(8 ⋅ 8('(( = 87'(05 °F

%2) 4c dan tc

4 = 4

1+ 4

2 = 1(3 + 17

= 185 °Fc2 2

A =

= 058'777 Btu/jam

= ('( ?t 2

= ⋅

^t80

Btu⋅ 87'(05

oF

jam ⋅ ?t 2

⋅o F

Luas ermukaan luar %a″) = 0'218 ?t2/?t %4a"el 10' .ern)

Kumla# tube' N A ('( ?t

2

= = = 2('8( "ua#tL ⋅ a

_12 ?t ⋅ 0'218 ?t

2/?t

"9 ar 4a"el (' #al 832' .ern %1(5)' nla !ang terdekat adala# 1 tube



dengan shell 8 n9

c9 .oreks

A = L ⋅ N

t

⋅ a _

= 12 ?t⋅

2('8( ⋅

0'218 ?t 2

/?t

= ('(0 ?t 2

=

%@ers9 %792)' .ern)t at

= 3012'0(

= 1827'72 l" m

t 0'0022 jam ⋅ ?t2

%5) Blangan eynold

@ada 4c = (5°F' ∝ = 0'7228 c@ = 1'7385 l"m/?t2

⋅ jam

ar 4a"el 10' .ern %1(5)' untuk 1 n ' 18 B' derole#,



= 0'(02n = 0'0751 ?t

:e t =

⋅

t

X

%@ers9 %79)' .ern)

:et=

0'0751 ⋅ 1827'72= 782'8(

`

t0'0751

0'



`

# o

` t

#=

` t⋅

= 87'28 ⋅ 0'(02

1

= 755'215

%() .arena &skostas renda#' maka dam"l t = 1

#o#o = ⋅ `t

t



#o = 755'215⋅

1 = 755'215

Flu#4a panas shell ; 3aan


⋅ I⋅ B

513'13 l" m s = = (257('52

0'0555 jam ⋅ ?t 2

%5′ ) Blangan eynold

@ada tc = 185°F

∝ = 0'0100 c@ = 0'023 l"m/?t2

⋅ jam %"r9 15' .ern)

ar am"ar 28' Kern %1(5)' untuk 1 n dan 11/3 trian'ular pitch' derole#

de = 0'77 n9



e = 0'77/12 = 0'03 ?t

:es =e ⋅ s

X%@ers9 %79)' .ern)

0'03⋅

(257('52:es = 0'023 = 233100'5

# o`s ⋅

s



#o = 12'72(⋅

1 = 12'72(

%10) Clean O!erall coefficient '

= #

o⋅ #

o = 755' 215 ⋅ 12'72(

= 1'88 Btu/jam ⋅ ?t2

⋅ °F#

o+ #

o 755'215 + 12'72(

%@ers9 %98)' .ern)


d

−

1'88 − 7' 21

0 00 % % ) )



: d = ⋅

= 1'88⋅7'21

= 0'005 %@ers9 %91)' .ern)


%) ar ra?k 27' #al9 87' Kern %1(5)' ada derole#J 2

= 0'0072gI

3n J2

^@r = 9s 2gI

=

%3)9%)

90'0071

= 0'18 sa

∆@4 = ∆@t + ∆@r

= 1'(3 sa + 0'18 sa



= 2'113 sa


Flu#4a panas 3aan; shell



tanol 172(7'8 0'53 0'( <0'512

Ar 27'8 0'35 0'15 <0'523

4otal 17(25'23 1 <1'0


= 0'317 c@ = 0'0001( l"m/?t9s

Laju alr &olumetrk'

= 0'23( m

/jam = 0'00233 ?t

/s

esan oma,

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( %0'00233 ?t/s)

0'35%53'( l"m/?t

)

0'1

0 70



= 0'70 n


kuran nomnal , 2 n


ameter alam %) , 2'07 n = 0'1722 ?t = 0'0525 m

2


"riction loss,


=0'55&1<

A2&

A1

&2

2Ygc

= 0'55 %1<0)%0

' 1038'

2 (1'%2'173)

= ('8 -10<5

?t9l"?/l"m



1 elbow 0%6 , #? = n9.?9 &2

2gc

= 1 %0'75)%0'1038'2

2 %2'173)

= 12'8 - 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 &

2

2gc= 1 %2)

%0'1038'2

2 %2'173)

5


maka, 0 +2' 173

(20' +<5

' 1705 - 133+ 0'00215+s=0

2'173 53'(



s = <'1 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

<'1 = <0'8 \

= 7'8( ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma, @ = m \

= 0'12 l"m / s - 7'8( ?t9l"?/l"m

= 1'03 ?t9 l"?/s 91 #

550 ?t9 l"?/s

= 0'0018( #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 0'0018( #9



L.<7 Tangk# !en:#mpanan -#oe$anol (T5<21)

Fungs , men!man "oetanol (('8$ selama 15 #ar



= 5'85 m



= 3'2 m



Js = 1 Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,



Js = 1 Vs2*s Asums, s , *s = 1,

3

Js=

Vs

3


V 2

4ngg #ead' *e = 1 - = 11'( m3

Kad total tngg tangk' *t = *s + *e = 155'0( m


t =@

+ n %@err!'1((7)2% < 0'@)

d mana,

t = te"al shell %n)









Maka' @desan = 1'2 - %13'( sa + 133'(5 sa) = 1(1'57 sa

4e"al shell tangk,

t =@

+ n2%<0'@)

t1(1'57 sa - 1878'(3 n

+ 10 t # 0 0125 /t #



t =' '

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 - %1700 sa - 0'85 < 0' - 1(1'57 sa)

t = 0'20n



.EH5T@A+,A S.ES5"5K,S5 .E,2,T,A @T525T,S

,.1 Screening (")

Fungs , men!arng artkel<artkel adat !ang "esar

Kens , bar screen

Kumla# , 1 unt

Ba#an konstruks , stainless steel

.onds oeras,



< 4emeratur = 0°

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m

%@err!' 1((7)

< Laju alr massa %F) = 12858'071( kg/jam

Laju alr &olume %) =12858'071( kg/jam ⋅ 1 jam/00s

= 0 05( m/s

Msalkan' jumla# "ar = -

Maka'

20- + 20 %- + 1) = 2000

30- = 1(80

- = 3('5 ≈ 50 "ua#

Luas "ukaan %A2) = 20%50 + 1) %2000) = 290309000 mm2

= 2'03 m2



2

2 A 2

% ) % ) % ) '

Asums' d = 0' dan 0$ screen tersum"at

Head loss %∆#) =

= %0'05() 2

2 g d 2

2 %('8) %0') 2

%2'03) 2

= 3'7(910<5

m dar ar

Ba#an konstruks , commercial steel

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 00

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m

= 2'131( l"m/?t

< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8007 c@ = 0'00058 l"m/?t⋅ jam

Laju alr massa %F) = 12858'071( kg/jam = 78'(8 l"m/detk

e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F=

78'(8 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l"m /?t



= 1'2 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %1'2 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 7'31( n

% 2'131( l"m / ?t

)%'352 ?t / s )% 0'5?t )

=0'00058 l"m/?t9s

= 28001'87


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 28001'87 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'2027 m = 0'00022(




"riction loss,

, ! 2 '3522

1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 5%1 − 0)

,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m

2 2

( )

1

(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) + @2 − @1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws

dmana , &1 = &2

@1 = @2

∆G = 50 ?t

2'173?t/s2

maka, 0 + 50 ?t + 0 + 1'38( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s

2

s = ;51'3(2 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

s



< 51'3(2 = < 0'8 \

= 3'185 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= 78'(8 l"m/s ⋅ 3'185 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

= ( 188 #

1 #

550?t9l"?/s

.eceatan engendaan 0'1 mm asr adala#,⌡

0= 1'57 ?t/mn = 8 mm/s %.aHamura' 1((1)

esan derkrakan menggunakan ses?kas,

.edalaman tangk = 15 ?t

Le"ar tangk = 3 ?t

75'(7( ?t /mn.eceatan alran = & = = = 1'2 ?t/mn = 0'003 m/sA

t15 ?t ⋅ 3 ?t

h esan anjang deal "ak , L = . & %.aHamura' 1((1)

⌡0

dengan , . = ?aktor keamanan = 1'5



# = kedalaman ar e?ekt? %10<1 ?t)U dam"l 15 ?t9

Maka , = 1'5 \ %15/1'57) \ 1'2 = 18'13 ?t

am"l anjang "ak = 18'2 ?t = 5'515 m

j des a n

aktu retens %t) , t =Ja

= p ⋅ l ⋅ t

Fungs , memoma ar dar "ak engendaan ke Clarifier Kens , oma sentr?ugal

Kumla# , 1 unt


.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 00

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m

= 2'131( l"m/?t


Laju alr massa %F) = 12858'071( kg/jam = 78'(8 l"m/detk



e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' = F =

78'(8 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l" m /?t

= 1'2 ?t/s

esan o m a

% 2'131( l"m / ?t

)%'352 ?t / s )% 0'5?t )

=0'00058 l"m/?t9s

= 28001'87

ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3' - 10

<5

%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 28001'87 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'2027 m = 0'00022(




"riction loss,

, ! 2 '3522


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m

2 2

( )

ar ersamaan Bernoull, 1

(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +

@2− @

1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws

dmana , &1 = &2

@1 = @2

∆G = 0 ?t

2'173?t/s2

maka, 0 + 0 ?t + 0 + 1'3 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s

2

s = ;1'3 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s



s = < \

< 1'3 = < 0'8 \

= ('25 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= 78'(8 l"m/s⋅

('25 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

1 #550?t9l"?/s

@er#tungan,a9 kuran 4angk



Jolume larutan' Jl = '32( kg/jam⋅

23 jam/#ar⋅

0 #ar0' ⋅ 1 kg/m

= 11'1 m

Jolume tangk' Jt = 1'2 ⋅ 11'1 m

= 1'57(( m

rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg tangk' , * = 1 , 1

J =

1

V

2

*3

1'57(( m =

1V

3

Maka, = 2'5858 m = 101'8057 nU * = 2'5858 m

4ngg caran dalam tangk =11'1

⋅ 2'5858 = 2'1538 m1'57((



"9 4e"al ndng 4angk

4ekanan #drostatk, @ = ⟩ \ g \ #

= 1 kg/m

\ ('8 m/det2\ 2'1538 m

= 28'787 k@a

t = @ + n9c2 − 1'2@

= %1('5582 sa) ⋅ %101'8057 n)

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅1('5582 sa)

= 0'2105 n

4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell'1(5()

c9 a!a engaduk

Kens engaduk , flat blade turbin impeller

Kumla# baffle , 3 "ua#




ntuk tur"n standar %eankols' 200)' derole#,

a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ 2'5858 m = 0'81( m = 2'827( ?t

/a = 1 U = 0'81( m

.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'5 utaran/det

Jskostas Al2%3) 0% = '72⋅ 10<3

l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)

Blangan eynold '

W N ( a )2

N :e=

X%eankols' 200)

N :e

(85'0(2)(0'5)(2'827()2

= '72 ⋅ 10 −3 = 5017'(




. 9n9

5W

@ = 4 a

gc

%Mca"e' 1((()

.4 = ' %Mca"e' 1((()

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 0°

< enstas alum %⟩) = 1 kg/m

= 85'0(2 l"m/?t

%@err!' 1((7)

< Jskostas alum %∝) = '72⋅ 10<3

l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)

< Laju alr massa %F) = '32( kg/jam = 0'00(3 l"m/detk

Laju alr &olume' = F =

0 '00(3 l" m /detk = 3'2910 −5

?t /s

W 85 088( l" /?t



W 85'088( l" m/?t

esan o m a ,

'ot = %)0'

%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)

= \ %0'000032 ?t

/s)

0'

\ %85'0(2 l"m/?t

)

0'18

= 0'0221 n

= 28'1

ntuk alran lamnar' ? = 1/N:e %eankols' 200)' maka ? = 1/28'1 = 0'0387

"riction loss,

, ! 2

0'1152

1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'55 %1 − 0)

,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'00035 ?t9l"?/l"m

2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9!

2

29 ' c

= 2%0'75)

0'115 2

2%2'173) = 0'0001 ?t9l"?/l"m



1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)0'115

2

2%2'173)= 0'00031 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'0387) (0)9(0'115)

2

(0'0223)929(2'173)

2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2

85'0(2 l"m/?t s



s = ;25'223 ?t9l"?/l"m?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

< 25'223 = < 0'8 \

= 1'503 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= 0'00( l"m/s ⋅ 1'503 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

= 0'000225 #


1 #

550?t9l"?/s



,.7 Tangk# !elaru$an "o4a A3u (a2=) (T!5+2) Fungs

, mem"uat larutan soda a"u %Na2) Bentuk ,

lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar Ba#an konstruks ,

Carbon Steel A;285 grade

Kumla# , 1 unt

J = 1 V 2 *3

7'52 m =

1V

3

Maka, = 2'123 m = 8'358 nU * = 2'123 m

4ngg caran dalam tangk =' 277

⋅

2'1237'52

= 1'7705 m

"9 4e"al ndng 4angk


= 127 kg/m

\ ('8 m/det2\ 1'7705 m



= 2'0237 k@a

4ekanan total = 2'0237 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 10'572 k@a = 17'802 sa


c9 a!a engaduk

Kens engaduk , flat blade turbin impeller



a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ 2'123 m = 0'7082 m = 2'23 ?t

/a = 1 U = 0'7082 m

L/a = 1/3 U L =1/3 \ 0'7082 m = 0'177 m



/a = 1/5 U =1/5 \ 0'7082 m = 0'131 m

K/t = 1/12 U K =1/12 \ 2'123 m = 0'177 m

dengan,

W N ( a )2

N :e = X

%eankols' 200)

N:e

(85'835)(0'5)(2'23)2

='( ⋅ 10

−3 = 001'3(


. 9n9

5W

@ = 4 a

gc

%Mca"e' 1((()

. 4 = ' %Mca"e' 1((()



5

@ = ' %0'5 ut/det) ⋅ % 2'23 ?t) ⋅ %85'835 l"m/?t )

⋅ 1 #

= 0'23( #

2'173 l"m9?t/l"?9det2

550 ?t l"?/det

?sens motor enggerak = 80 %

0 23(

< Jskostas soda a"u %∝) = '(⋅10

<3

l"m/?t⋅detk %t#mer' 1(7)

< Laju alr massa %F) = '3705 kg/jam = 0'00212 l"m/detk

Laju alr &olume' = F=

0

'00212

l" m

/detk= 2'5 ⋅ 10

−5?t

/s

W 82'835 l" m/?t

esan o m a ,

'ot = %)0'

%⟩)0'18%alas' 1((0)

= \ %0'000025 ?t/s)

0'\ %85'835 l"m/?t

)0'18

= 0'01 n






, ! 2

0'03121 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 −

2 = 0'55 %1 − 0) ,

1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'00013 ?t9l"?/l"m

2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 !

2

29 ' c

= 2%0'75)

0'0312

2%2'173) = 0'0000( ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)0'031

2

2%2'173)= 0'00012 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4 2= 3%0'03(558)

(0)9(0'031)2

(0 0223) 2 (2 173)



4929 ' c

(0'0223)929(2'173)

= 0'01(5 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 22 0'0312

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

< 2'75( = < 0'8 \



= '33(1 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= 0'00212 l"m/s ⋅ '33(1 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

= 0'00012( #


1 #

550 ?t9l"?/s

,.* Clariier (L)

Fungs , memsa#kan endaan %?lok<?lok) !ang ter"entuk karena

enam"a#an alum dan soda a"u

4e , External Solid ecirculation Clarifier

Bentuk , Circular desan



Bentuk , Circular desan

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 rade

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras , 4emeratur = 00


enstas larutan' W = (128537'(()

12858'071(+

' 32(+

' 3705

= ((5'7278 kg/m

((5'8 2710 25

Jolume caran' J =128537'(( kg/jam ⋅ 1 jam

= 12('0((5 m

((5'7278

J = 1/3

2

*

⋅ 1/2

= % 3J

)1/2 =

3 12('0((5 = 5'77 m

V* '13 ⋅ 5

Maka' dameter clarifier = 5'77 m = 225'777 n

4ngg clarifier = 1'5 = 8'00 m



4e"al nd ng 4angk


= ((5'7278 kg/m

\ ('8 m/det2\ 5 m

t = @

+ n9c2 − 1'2@

= %22'751 sa) ⋅ %225'777 n)

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ 22'751 sa)

= 0'35( n

4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = /8 n %BroHnell'1(5()

a!a Clari

fi er

@ = 0'00 2

%lrc# # 1(83)

dmana,

@ = da!a !ang d"utu#kan %k)

e#ngga'

@ = 0 00 %5 77)2

= 0 1(72 k = 0 235 #



@ = 0'00 ⋅ %5'77) = 0'1(72 k = 0'235 #

,.1+ !ompa Clariier (!5+%)

Fungs , memoma ar dar clarifier ke sand filter

Kens , oma sentr?ugal

Kumla# , 1 unt

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %1'2 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 7'31( n


kuran nomnal , 8 n


ameter alam %) , 7'(81 n = 0'5 ?t = 0'2027 m

ameter Luar %) , 8'25 n = 0'718 ?t




.eceatan lner, & = 1'2 ?t

/s

=

= '352 ?t/s

A 0'373 ?t 2

W &

= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m

2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= %0'75)'352

2

2%2'173)= 0'0(7 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9!

2

29 ' c

= 1%2)

'352 2

2%2'173) = 0'312( ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 50 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'003) (50)9('352)

2

(0'55)929(2'173)

= 0'238 ?t9l"?/l"m



2

, ! 2

2 '352 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'203 ?t9l"?/l"m

4 t l f i ti l ∑ F 1 3033 ?t l"?/l"

= 78'(8 l"m/s⋅

'22 ?t9l"?/l"m\

= ('38 #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor ('5 #9

1 #

550?t9l"?/s

,.11 Sand Filter ("F)Fungs , men!arng artkel<artkel !ang mas# ter"aHa dalam ar

!ang keluar dar clarifier

Bentuk , slnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu ellsodal

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel A<285 grade

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds en!arngan , 4emeratur = 0°



4ekanan = 1 atm = 101'25 k@a

Laju massa ar = 12858'071( kg/jam

enstas ar = ((5'8 kg/m

Faktor keamanan = 20%

Sand filter drancang untuk enamungan1/3 jam oeras

ameter tutu = dameter tangk = '7 m

rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg tutu , * = 3 , 1

4ngg tutu J1⋅ '7 = 0'(17 m

3

4ngg tangk total = 3'88(3 + 2%0'(17) = '7228 md9 4e"al shell dan tutu tangk

4ngg en!arng =1⋅ 3'88(3 = 1'222 m

3

4ngg caran dalam tangk =

@#dro = ⟩ \ g \ #

2'27( m

⋅ 3'88(3 m = '0558 m51'8 m



g

= ((5'8 kg/m

\ ('8 m/det2

\ '0558 m

= 2('818 k@a

@ = ⟩ \ g \ l

t =

@

+ n9c2 − 1'2@

= %2'37 sa) ⋅ %133'723 n)

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ 2'37 sa)

= 0'27 n


4utu ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan dndng tangk dan dtetakan te"al

tutu /8 n9



,.12 !ompa F#l$ras# (!5+6)

Fungs , memoma ar dar clarifier ke tangk utltas 1

Kens , oma sentr?ugal

= 7'31( n


kuran nomnal , 8 n


ameter alam %) , 7'(81 n = 0'5 ?t = 0'2027 m

ameter Luar %) , 8'25 n = 0'718 ?t



/s=

= '352 ?t/s



=A 0'373 ?t

2

⋅ ⋅Blangan eynold , N:e =W &

X

% 2'131( l"m / ?t)%'352 ?t / s )% 0'5?t)

= 0'2271 ?t9l"?/l"m

elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= %0'75)'352

2

2%2'173)= 0'33 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)'352

2

2%2'173)= 0'312( ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'003) (0)9('352)

2

(0'55)929(2'173)

= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m

2



2

, ! 2

2 '352 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'203 ?t9l"?/l"m

4 t l f i ti l ∑ F 1 3 ?t l"?/l"

= 78'(8 l"m/s⋅

52'2387 ?t9l"?/l"m\

= 7'3757 #


1 #

550?t9l"?/s

,.1= Tangk# $#l#$as 1 (T5+1)Fungs , menamung ar sementara dar Sand "ilter %F)

Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel A<285 grade

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras, 4emeratur = 00

4ekanan = 1 atm = 101'25 k@a



Laju massa ar = 12858'071( kg/jam


.e"utu#an erancangan = jam

Faktor keamanan = 20%

esan 4angk


= ((5'8 kg/m

\ ('8 m/det2

\ 8'8137 m

= 8'01 k@a

@ total = 8'01 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 187'5 k@a = 2'81(7 sa


Maka' @desgn = 1'05 \ 2'81(7 sa = 28'107 sa

,llowable stress = 1700 sa %@eters et9al9' 2003)

Joint efficiency = 0'85 %@eters et9al9' 2003)



Faktor koros = 0'0125 n/ta#un %@eters et9al9' 2003)

mur tangk = 10 ta#un

4e"al shell tangk ,

< 4emeratur = 00

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m

= 2'131( l"m/?t


Laju alr massa %F) = 1252'23(3 kg/jam = 7'52 l"m/detk


7'52 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l"m /?t

= 0'121 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)



'

= '( \ %0'121 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 2'5853 n


k l


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 7003('8 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'077( m = 0'0005(


"riction loss,

, ! 2 2'7132


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m



elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= %0'75)2'713

2

2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

2 '

= 1%2)2'713 2

2%2'173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m

( )

@1 = 2'81(7 sa U @2 = 15'5713 sa

∆G = 0 ?t

2'173?t/s2

< 11'238 - 133maka, 0 + 0 ?t + + 0'(( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 0

2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2

s = ;3'13 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

< 3'13 = < 0'8 \

= 5'78( ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

2'131(s

1 #

= 7'52 l"m/s⋅

5'78( ?t9l"?/l"m\ 550?t9l"?/s



= 0'07( #


,.1% Tangk# !elaru$an Asam "ula$ (2"<) (T!5+=)

J =

1

V 2

*3

3'88 m =

1V

3

Maka, = '821 m = 150'5157 n

* = '821 m

"9 4e"al ndng 4angk

4ngg larutan *23 dalam tangk ='571 m

⋅ '821 m = '185( m

4ekanan #drostatk, @#d = ⟩ \ g \ #

3'88 m

= 101'7 kg/m

\ ('8 m/det2

\ '185( m

= '1383 k@a



@ total = '1383 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 13'373 k@a = 1('2517 sa


Maka' @desgn = 1'05 \ 1('2517 sa = 20'213 sa

. ,a:a !enga4uk

Kens engaduk

Kumla# baffle

, flat B blade tur"n impeller

, 3 "ua#


a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ '821 m = 1'273 m = 3'180( ?t

/a = 1 U = 1'273 m

L/a = 1/3 U L =1/3 \ 1'273 m = 0'18 m

/a = 1/5 U =1/5 \ 1'273 m = 0'2538 m



K/t = 1/12 U K =1/12 \ '821 m = 0'18 m

.eceatan engadukan' N = 0'5 utaran/det

Jskostas *23 5% = 0'012 l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)


a!a motor enggerak =2'((07

= '783 #0'8

Maka da!a motor !ang dl# /3 #9

,.16 !ompa 2"< (!51+)

Fungs , memoma larutan asam sul?at dar tangk elarutan asam

sul?at ke enukar katon %cation exchan'er )

Kens , oma njeks




Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 0°


ameter alam %) , 0'2( n = 0'0223 ?t = 0'008 m

ameter Luar %) , 0'305 n = 0'07 ?t


.eceatan lner, & = 0'000023 ( ?t

/s=

A 0'0003 ?t 2

= 0'022 ?t/s

W




X

% 2' 2822 l"m / ?t )%0'022 ?t / s )% 0'0223?t )

=0'012 l"m/?t9s

(0)9(0'022)2

(0'0223)929(2'173)



2

2

= 0'( ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 2

2 0'022 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'00012 ?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'(8 ?t9l"?/l"m

ar ersamaan Bernoull,

1

(&− &

)+ g(Z − Z ) +

@2

− @1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws



( )

dmana , &1 = &2

@1 = 1('2517 saU @2 = 15'5713 sa

∆G = 20 ?t

2'173?t/s2

< '80 - 133maka, 0 + 20 ?t + + 0'(8 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02 s

.onds oeras , 4emeratur = 0o



4ekana

Laju massa ar

n =

=

1 atm

1252'23(3 kg/jam

enstas ar

enstas resn

=

=

((5'8 kg/m

28 kg/?t

= 0'7(2( kg/m %Nalco' 1(88)


Faktor keamanan = 20$

kuran Cat ion Exchan'er

ar 4a"el 1293' The Aalco :ater Handbook ' derole#,

< ameter enukar katon = '5 ?t = 1'08 m = 32 n

< Luas enamang enukar katon = ('2 ?t2

4ngg resn dalam cation exchan'er = 2'5 ?t = 0'72 m

4ngg slnder = %1 + 0'2)⋅

2'5 ?t = ?t = 0'(133 m




:aso a-s = 2 , 1

4ngg tutu = 1 1'08 = 0'27 m %BroHnell' 1(5()

Maka' @desan = 1'05 - 108'7 k@a = 113'203 k@a = 1'3(( sa





4e"al shell tangk,

t =

@

+ n9c2 − 1'2@

= %1'3(( sa) ⋅ %32 n)

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ %1'3(( sa)



= 0'1535 n

4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/3 n %BroHnell' 1(5()

4utu ter"uat dar "a#an !ang sama dengan dndng tangk dan dtetakan te"al tutu

e"t ar/laju alr &olumetrk' =

F

=

7'52 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l" m /?t

= 0'121 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)

0'35

%⟩)0'1

%alas' 1((0)= '( \ %0'121 ?t

/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 2'5853 n


kuran nomnal , n




ameter alam %) , '08 n = 0'255 ?t = 0'077( m

ameter Luar %) , '5 n = 0'2(1 ?t

5nside sectional area , 0 051 ?t2

"riction loss,

, ! 2 2'7132


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m

2 2 7132



elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= %0'75)2'713

2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

= 1%2)2'713 2

2%2 173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m

dmana , &1 = &2



( )

@1 = @2

∆G = 20 ?t

2'173?t/s2

maka, 0 + 20 ?t + 0 + 0'(( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s

2

s = ;20'(( ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

< 20'(( = < 0'8 \

= 25'8711 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= 7'52 l"m/s ⋅ 25'8711

s

1 #

550?t l"?/s



?t9l"?/l"m \

= 0'557 #


550?t9l"?/s

rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg slnder tangk' , * = 1 , 19

J = 1

V 2*

3

105'783 m =

1V

3

Maka, = 5'12 m = 201'812 n

* = 5'12 m

"9 4e"al ndng 4angk

4ngg larutan Na* dalam tangk =88'157 m

⋅ 5'12 m105'783 m

= 3'271 m

4ekanan #drostatk, @#d = ⟩ \ g \ #

= 1518 kg/m

\ ('8 m/det2\ 3'271 m



g ' '

= '5373 k@a

@ total = '5373 k@a + 101'25 k@a = 13'8723 k@a = 2'07 sa


. ,a:a !enga4uk

Kens engaduk

Kumla# baffle

, flat B blade tur"n impeller

, 3 "ua#


a/t = 1/ U a =1/ \ 5'12 m = 1'708 m = 5'058 ?t

/a = 1 U = 1'708 m

L/a = 1/3 U L =1/3 \ 1'708 m = 0'3271 m



/ a / U /3 1'708 m 0'3271 m

/a = 1/5 U =1/5 \ 1'708 m = 0'317 m

K/t = 1/12 U K =1/12 \ 5'12 m = 0'3271 m

. 4 = ' %Mca"e' 1((()

5

@ = '9%0'2 ut/det) 9%5'058 ?t) %(3'7(1 l"m/?t )

⋅ 1#

= 1'3(32

#

2'173 l"m9?t/l"?9det2

550 ?t9l"?/det


a!a motor enggerak =1'3(32

= 1'878 #0'8

Maka da!a motor !ang dl# 2 #9

,.2+ !ompa a (!512)



Fungs , memoma larutan Na* dar tangk elarutan Na* ke

enukar anon %anion exchan'er )

Kens , oma njeks


= \ %0'000038 ?t/s)

0'\ %(3'7(1 l"m/?t

)0'18

= 0'0207 n




ameter alam %) , 0'2( n = 0'0223 ?t = 0'008 m

ameter Luar %) , 0'305 n = 0'07 ?t


.eceatan lner, & = 0'00003 8 ?t

/s=

2

= 0'12 ?t/s



A 0'0003 ?t 2


X

@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3?

∆ 29! 2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'02()

(0)9(0'12)2

(0'0223)929(2'173)

= 0'02 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 2

2 0'12 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'00033 ?t9l"?/l"m

4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 0'032 ?t9l"?/l"m



2 2


1

(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +

@2− @

1 + ∑ F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws

Fungs , Mengkat anon !ang terdaat dalam ar uman ketel



Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu elsodal

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel A<285 rade

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras , 4emeratur = 0o

4ekanan = 1 atm

Laju massa ar = 1252'23(3 kg/jam


enstas resn = 28 kg/?t

= 0'7(2( kg/m %Nalco' 1(88)


Faktor keamanan

kuran Cat ion Exchan'er

= 20$

ar 4a"el 1293' The Aalco :ater Handbook ' derole#,

< ameter enukar anon = '5 ?t = 1'(812 m = 78 n



< Luas enamang enukar anon = '2 ?t2

4ngg resn dalam anion exchan'er = 2'5 ?t = 0'72 m

4ngg slnder = %1 + 0'2)⋅

2'5 ?t = ?t = 0'(133 m

4ekanan oeras = 1 atm = 101'25 k@a



@4 = 7'353 k@a + 101'25 k@a + 0'005( k@a = 108'7 k@a = 15'5713 sa


Maka' @desan = 1'05 - 108'7 k@a = 113'203 k@a = 1'3(( sa







4e"al shell tangk,

@

< 4emeratur = 00

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m = 2'131( l"m/?t




7'52 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l" m /?t

= 0'121 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %0'121 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 2'5853 n




kuran nomnal , n


@ada N:e = 7003('8 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'077( m = 0'0005(


"riction loss,

, ! 2 2'713 2


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m

elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= %0'75)2'713

2

2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m



1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)2'713

2

2%2'173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m

∆G = 20 ?t



( ) 2'173?t/s 2 10'32 - 133

maka, 0 + 20 ?t + + 0'(( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2

s = ;33'858( ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

< 33'858( = < 0'8 \

2'131(s

= 5'07 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= 7'52 l"m/s ⋅ 5'07 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

= 0'770( #Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1 #9

1 #

550?t9l"?/s

, 2= "eaerator (,E)



,.2= "eaerator (,E)

Fungs , Meng#langkan gas<gas !ang terlarut dalam ar uman ketel

Bentuk , lnder #orZontal dengan tutu elsodalBa#an konstruks , Carbon Steel S,;$D +rade C

J = 1

V2*

3

8'517 m = 1 V 2

3 2

8'517 m =

V

8

Maka, = '788 m = 27'255 n

* = 10'1823 m

4ngg caran dalam tangk =

a9 ameter dan tngg tutu

07'0(8⋅

8'51710'1823 = 8'385 m

ameter tutu = dameter tangk = '788 m

rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg tutu' , * = 3 , 1

4ngg tutu =1

788 m 1 (7 %BroHnell 1(5()



4ngg tutu = ⋅ '788 m = 1'(7

m3

%BroHnell'1(5()

4ngg tangk total = 10 1823 + 2%1 (7) = 1 573 m



4e"al shell tangk,

t = @ + n9c2 − 1'2@

= %27'2(7( sa) ⋅ %27'255 n)

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ %27'2(7( sa)



= 0'38 n

4e"al shell standar !ang dgunakan = 1/2 n %BroHnell' 1(5()



7'52 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l" m /?t

= 0'121 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %0'121 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 2'5853 n


kuran nomnal , n




ameter alam %) , '08 n = 0'255 ?t = 0'077( m

ameter Luar %) , 5 n = 0 2(1 ?t

"riction loss,

, ! 2 2'7132


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'0(1 ?t9l"?/l"m

elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= %0'75)2'713

2

2%2'173)= 0'1( ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2) 2'713 2

2%2'173)= 0'1737 ?t9l"?/l"m

∆22 (0) (2 713)

2



@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'0052) (0)9(2'713)(0'255)929(2'173)

= 0 213 ?t l"?/l"m

2'131(

s



?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

< 3'5788 = < 0'8 \

= 5'72 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= 7'52 l"m/s ⋅ 5'72 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

= 0'078 #


1 #

550?t9l"?/s

,.2% Ke$el ap (K)Fungs , Men!edakan ua untuk keerluan roses

Kens , :ater tube boiler

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon steel



.onds oeras ,a jenu# !ang dgunakan "ersu#u 180

0 dan tekanan 1002'7 k@a "ar9

< @anjang tube = 0 ?t

< ameter tube = n

< Luas ermukaan a' a>

= 0'(17 ft $ 3 ft %.ern' 1(5)

e#ngga jumla# tube,

Nt = ,

= 2 ⋅ a

I

%7030'5 ft2)

0 ft ⋅ 0'(17 ft2

/

ft

Nt = 255'(

Nt = 25 "ua#

, 26 !ompa ke Menara !en4#ng#n A#r (! +8)



,.26 !ompa ke Menara !en4#ng#n A#r (!5+8)

Fungs , Memoma ar dar 4angk tltas 1 %4<01) ke Menara

@endngn %4)

= 2'352 n


kuran nomnal , n


ameter alam %) , '08 n = 0'255 ?t = 0'077( m

ameter Luar %) , '5 n = 0'2(1 ?t



/s=

A 0'051 ?t2

= 2'112 ?t/s




Blangan eynold , N:eX

% 2'131( l "m / ?t )% 2'112 ?t / s )%0 255?t)

2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 2%0'75)2'112

2

2%2'173)

= 0'1033 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)2'112

2

2%2'173)= 0'1(2 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 50 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29! 2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'0053) (50)9(2'112)2

(0'255)929(2'173)

= 0'2(3 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, !

2

2 2'112 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0) ,

2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'0( ?t9l"?/l"m




#

1 #

550?t9l"?/s




,.27 Menara Pendingin $ir #%ater Cooling &o'er (%C&)

Fungs , Mendngnkan ar endngn "ekas dar temeratur 35o

menjad 25o

Kens , Mechanical 4raft Coolin' Tower

Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel S,;D +rade 7

.onds oeras,

u#u ar masuk menara %4L2) = 350 = 11

0F

u#u ar keluar menara %4L1) = 250 = 77

0F

u#u udara %41) = 250 = 77

0F

ar am"ar 12<13' @err! %1((() derole# su#u "ola "asa#' 4H = 72'50F9

k k l " " d l # * 0 018 k /k d k



ar kur&a kelem"a"an' derole# * = 0'018 kg ua ar/kg udara kerng9

%eankols' 200)

ar am"ar 12<13' @err! %1((() derole# konsentras ar = 2'1 gal/?t2⋅ ment

E n t a l p i ( x 1 0 - 3 )

*!1 = %1'005 + 1'88 \ 0'018)910

%25 ; 0) + 2'5013910

%0'018)

= 70(('2 K/kgar @ers9 1095<2' eankols %200) derole#,

%*!2 ; *!1) = L 9 cL 9 %4L2 ; 4L1)

0'303 %*!2 ; 70(('2) = 0'587 %3'187910) %35<25)

*!2 = 130'0038 K/kg

500

450

400

#50

#00

250

200

aris Kesetimbangan

aris %,erasi

150

100



100

50

0

10 15 20 25 #0 #5 40 45 50 55 +0 +5 70

1 / ( H y - H y ) x 1 0 3

0.1+

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.0+

0.04

0.02

0

+0 80 100 120 140 1+0

Hy x10-3

am"ar 9 .ur&a *! ter#ada 1/%*!;*!)

Luasan daera# d "aHa# kur&a dar *! = 70'((2 sama 130' ada am"ar 9

Hy2

adala# ∫ Hy

dHy

Hy − HyJ '5



Hy1y y

stmas k 9a = 1'207910<7

kg9mol /s9m

%eankols' 1((7)9

Maka ketnggan menara ' Z =0' 303

⋅

'5−7 −5

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((7'08 kg/m

= 2'22(2 l"m/?t

< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0'8(7 c@ = 0'000 l"m/?t⋅ jam

Laju alr massa %F) = 1101('712 kg/jam = '733 l"m/detk


'733 l" m

/s

W 2'22(2 l" m /?t

= 0'1083 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %0'1083 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'22(2 l"m/?t

)0'1

= 2'3551 n


kuran nomnal , n



kuran nomnal , n



"riction loss,

, ! 2 2'112


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'07 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%0'75)2'11

2

2%2'173)= 0'052 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)2'11

2

2%2'173)= 0'188 ?t9l"?/l"m



@a lurus 0 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'0053) (0)9(2'11)

2

(0'255)929(2'173)

2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2 s



s = ;0'5125 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

< 0'5125 = < 0'8 \

= 8'130 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= '733 l"m/s⋅

8'130 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

= 0'378 #


1 #

550?t9l"?/s

,.2* !ompa ke Tangk# $#l#$as 2 (!5+*)

Fungs , Memoma ar dar 4angk tltas 1 %4<01) ke 4angk

tlt 2 %@ 0()



tltas 2 %@<0()


Ba#an konstruks, Commercial steel


kuran nomnal , 1 n


ameter alam %) , 1'03( n = 0'0873 ?t = 0'02 m

ameter Luar %) , 1'15 n = 0'10(5 ?t



/s=

A 0'00 ?t

2

= 1'1 ?t/s


X

%2 131( l"m / ?t )%1 1 ?t / s)



% 2'131( l"m / ?t )%1'1 ?t / s )% 0'0873?t )

=

0'00058 l"m/?t9s

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)1'1

2

2%2'173)

= 0'05 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'007) (20)9(2'112)

2

(0'0873)929(2'173)

= 0'1717 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 2

2 1'1 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'028 ?t9l"?/l"m




2 2


1 − & )+ g(Z − Z ) + @2 − @1 + ∑ F + = %eankols' 200)

,.=+ Tangk# !elaru$an Kapor#$ Ha(l)2 (T!5+%)



Fungs , Mem"uat larutan kaort untuk klornas ar domestk

Bentuk , lnder tegak dengan alas dan tutu datar Ba#an konstruks , Carbon Steel A<285 rade

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds elarutan , 4emeratur = 0°

, 4ekanan = 1 atm

.aort !ang dgunakan = 2 m

.aort !ang dgunakan "erua larutan 70$ %$ "erat)

Laju massa kaort = 0'002 kg/jam

enstas larutan kaort 70$ = 1272 kg/m

= 7('3112 l"m/?t

%@err!' 1((7)

.e"utu#an erancangan = (0 #ar

Faktor keamanan = 20$@er#tungan,

a9 kuran 4angk

Jolume larutan' Jl =

0'002 kg/jam ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ (0 #ar

0 7 1272 k /= 0'00557 m



0'7 ⋅ 1272 kg/m

Jolume tangk' Jt = 1'2 0'00557 m

= 0'00( m

Maka' @desgn = 1'05 \ 13'80( sa

= 15'55 sa





4e"al shell tangk,

t = @

+ n9c

2 − 1'2@

= %15'55 sa) ⋅ %8'032 n)

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅15'55 sa)

= 0'10 n




dengan,

t = dameter tangk

a = dameter impeller

= tngg tur"n dar dasar tangk



K = le"ar baffle

.eceatan engadukan' N = 1 utaran/det

J k t k t 0 0007 l" /?t d tk %t# 1(7)



Jskostas kaort = 0'0007 l"m/?t⋅ detk %t#mer' 1(7)

Blangan eynold'

a!a motor enggerak =0'000012

= 0'000015 #0'8

Maka' dgunakan motor dengan da!a 1/3 #9

,.=1 !ompa Kapor#$ (!51<)

Fungs , memoma larutan kaort dar 4angk @elarutan .aort

%4@<05) ke 4angk tltas 2 %4<02)


Ba#an konstruks , Commercial Steel

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 0°



< enstas kaort %⟩) = 1272 kg/m

= 7('3112 l"m/?t

%@err!' 1((7)

< Jskostas kaort %∝) = 0 0007 l" /?t⋅ detk % t#mer 1(7)


<8

.eceatan lner, & =

=1'779 10 ?t /s

= 3'39 10<5

?t/sA 0'0003 ?t

2


X

<5

=% 7(' 3112 l"m / ?t )% 3' 39 10 ?t / s )% 0'0223 ?t)

0'0007 l"m/?t9s

= 0'1127

ntuk alran lamnar' ? = 1/N:e %eankols' 200)' maka ? = 1/0'1127 = 131'(28

"riction loss,

, ! 2 %3'3910<5

) 2

1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'55 %1 −

0) , 2⟨ 2%1)%2 173)



,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 71 10<11

?t l"?/l"m

2 2

( ) <5

4otal friction loss, ∑ F = 1'539 10<5

?t9l"?/l"m


1

(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +

@2− @

1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws

dmana , &1 = &2

@1 = 13'80( saU @2 = 18'1015 sa

∆G = 20 ?t

maka,

2'173?t/s

2

'2(25 - 1330 + 20 ?t +

+ 1'53910 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173 ?t9 l"m/l"?9s2

7('3112 l"m/?t s

s = ;25'(7 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \



s

< 25'(7 = < 0'8 \ 2 3 ?t l"?/l"

esan 4an g k



a9 Jolume tangk

Jolume ar' Ja = 800 kg/jam⋅

23 jam((5'8 kg/m

= 1('28 m

Jolume tangk' Jt = 1'2 ⋅ 1('28 m

= 2'1(( m

"9 ameter tangk

rencanakan er"andngan dameter dengan tngg slnder' , * = 1 , 1

* = 1 4

2

H 3

2'1((m =

1V

3

Maka' = '088 m = 121'5(82 n

* = '088 m

c9 4e"al tangk



1('28 m

4ngg ar dalam tangk =⋅

'088 m = 2'578 m2'1(( m

4e"al shell tangk ,

t = @

+ n9c2 − 1'2@

= %1('00 sa) ⋅ %121'5(82 n)

+ 10 ta#un - 0'0125 n/ta#un2 ⋅ %1700 sa) ⋅ %0'85) − 1'2 ⋅ %1('00 sa)

= 0'223 n


,.== !ompa ,omes$#k (!51%)

Fungs , memoma ar dar 4angk tltas 2 %4<02) ke ke"utu#an

domestk



Kumla# , 1 unt



.onds oeras,


ameter alam %) , 1'03( n = 0'0873 ?t = 0'02 m

ameter Luar %) , 1'15 n = 0'10(5 ?t



/s=

A 0'00 ?t2

= 1'1 ?t/s


X

% 2'131( l"m / ?t )%1'1 ?t / s )% 0'0873?t )

=0'00058 l"m/?t9s

= 122'77



122'77

ntuk a commercial steel derole# #arga ∑ = 3 - 10<5

%eankols 200)

2 2

@a lurus 30 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'007) (30)9(2'112)

2

(0'0873)929(2'173)

= 0'35 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 2

2 1'1 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = 1 − 1 = (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'028 ?t9l"?/l"m



1

(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +

@2− @

1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws



dmana , &1

= &2

@ @




Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 00

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m

= 2'131( l"m/?t


Laju alr massa %F) = 103'151 kg/jam = '8(52 l"m/detk


'8(52 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l"m /?t

= 1'2082 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %1'2082 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1



= '7552 n

= 2275'5


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 2275'5 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'2027 m = 0'00022(


"riction loss,

, ! 2 2'(5(72


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'13(7 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

2 '

= 1%0'75)2'(5(7

2

2%2'173)= 0'1021 ?t9l"?/l"m



29 ' c

% ' )

( )

dmana , &1 = &2

@1

= @2

∆G = 20 ?t

2'173?t/s2

maka, 0 + 20 ?t + 0 + 0'88( ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s

2

s = ;20'88(5 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $s = < \

< 20'88(5 = < 0'8 \

= 2'1118 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= '8(52 l"m/s⋅

2'1118 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

= '05 #


s

1 #550?t9l"?/s



n#$ !engolaan L#m3a

< anjang "ak %) = \ le"ar "ak %l)

< tngg "ak %t) = le"ar "ak %l)

Maka,

Jolume "ak = \ l \ t

8052 m

= l \ l \ l

le"ar = 1'8(7 m

Kad' anjang "ak = 31'(1 m

le"ar "ak = 1'8(7 m

tngg "ak = 1'8(7 m

Luas "ak = 57('8 m2



,.=6 !ompa -ak !enampung (!L5+1)

= 0'5(2 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %0'5(2 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 5'27 n


kuran nomnal , n


ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m

ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t




.eceatan lner, & = 0'5(2 ?t

/s = 2'(52( ?t/s

, ! 2 2'(52(2


,1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m

2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 2%0'75)2'(52(

2

2%2'173)= 0'202 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)2'(52(

2

2%2'173)= 0'271 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3?

∆ 29! 2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'0033)

(20)9(2'(52()2

(0'5053)929(2'173)

= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, !2

2 2 (52(2

1



! 2 2'(52( 1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 −

1 = 1 (1 − 0) ,2 29⟨9 ' c 2(1)(2'173)

= 17'15 ?t9l"?/l"m



a!a oma , @ = m \

= '8103 l"m/s⋅

17'15 ?t9l"?/l"m\

= 1'158( #


1 #550?t9l"?/s

,.=7 -ak "e4#men$as# A9al (-"A)Fungs , Meng#langkan adatan dengan cara engendaan9

Ba#an konstruks , Beton keda ar

Kumla# , 1 unt

Laju &olumetrk ar "uangan = 0'( m/jam

aktu tnggal ar = 5 jam %@err!' 1((7)

Jolume "ak %J) = 0'( m/jam \ 5 jam = 01'(5 m



Bak ters (0 % maka &olume "ak = 01'(55 5

le"ar "ak = 5'51 m

tngg "ak = 5'51 m

Luas "ak = 0'85 m2

,.=8 !ompa -ak !engen4apan A9al (!L5+2)

Fungs , Memoma lm"a# dar "ak engendaan aHal ke "ak

netralsas


Ba#an konstruks , Commercial steel

Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 00



< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m = 2'131( l"m/?t

ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m

ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t



/s=

A 0'200 ?t 2

= 2'(52( ?t/s


X

% 2'131( l"m / ?t )% 2'(52(?t / s )% 0'5053?t)

= 0'00058 l"m/?t9s

= 17278'01


%eankols' 200)



@ada N:e = 17278'01 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'153 m = 0'0002(8

(20)9(2'(52()2

(0'5053)929(2'173)



2 2

( )

= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 2

2 2'(52( 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'155 ?t9l"?/l"m



1

(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +

@2− @

1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws

dmana , &1 = &2

@1 = @2

∆G = 20 ?t

2'173?t/s2

maka, 0 + 20 ?t + 0 + 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02 173?t l" /l"?

2 s



2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2

.e"utu#an Na2 untuk menetralkan * ar lm"a# adala# 0'15 mg Na2/ 0

ml ar lm"a# %La"9 Analsa FM@A ' 1((()9

Kumla# ar "uangan = 0'( m/jam = 0(0 lter/jam

.e"utu#an Na2,

= %0(0 lter/jam) \ %0'15 mg/0'0 lter) \ %1 kg/10

mg)

= 0'01(5 kg/jam

Laju &olumetrk ar "uangan = 0'3208 m/jam

rencanakan Haktu enamungan ar "uangan selama 1 #ar9

J l " 0 (/ j \ 1 # \ 23 j /1 # 133(



Jolume ar "uangan = 0'( m / jam \ 1 #ar \ 23 jam/1 #ar = 133(' m

le"ar "ak = ('0 m

tngg "ak = ('0 m

Luas "ak = 17'0( m2

,.<+ !ompa -ak e$ral#sas# (!L5+=)

Fungs , Memoma lm"a# dar "ak netralsas ke tangk aeras



Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 00

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m

= 2'131( l"m/?t



< Jskostas ar %∝) = 0 8007 c@ = 0 00058 l" /?t⋅ jam

ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m

ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t



/s=

A 0'200 ?t 2

= 2'(52( ?t/s


X

% 2'131( l"m / ?t )% 2'(52(?t / s )% 0'5053?t)

= 0'00058 l"m/?t9s

= 17278'01


%eankols' 200)



@ada N:e = 17278 01 dan ∑/5 = 0 00003 m /0 153 m = 0 0002(8

(20)9(2'(52()2

(0'5053)929(2'173)



2 2

( )

= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 2

2 2'(52( 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)

,2

29⟨9 '

c2(1)(2'173)

= 0'155 ?t9l"?/l"m



1

(&− & )+ g(Z − Z ) +

@2− @

1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y2 1 2 1

Ws

dmana , &1 = &2

@1 = @2

∆G = 22 ?t

2'173?t/s2

maka, 0 + 22 ?t + 0 + 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02 173?t l"m/l"? s

2 s



2'173?t9l"m/l"?9s

se#ngga akan dresrkulas kem"al ke tangk aeras9



ata,

Laju &olumetrk %) = 0'( m/jam = 133('7(7 m/#ar

ar .etrochemical Manufacturin' %2003) derole# data se"aga "erkut,

< B5 %o) = 100 mg/lter

< Mixed 2i?uor *olatile Suspended Solid %6) = 200 mg/lter

ar Metcal? h dd! %1((1) derole# data untuk unt acti!ated slud'e,

< .oe?sen cell yield %E) = 0'3 mg J/mg B5

< .oe?sen endo'enous decay %. d) = 0'12 #ar<1

rencanakan,

aktu tnggal sel % c) = 10 #ar



29 @enentuan Jolume Aerator %Jr)

Jr = i

c99E%

o

− ) 6%1 + kd

9ic)

%Metcal? h dd!' 1((1)

%10 #ar)%133('7(7m /#ar)%0'3)%100 − 35) mg/l=

%200 mg/l)%1 + 0'12 ⋅10)

= 723'8(( m

9 @enentuan kuran .olam Aeras

rencanakan ,

4ngg caran dalam aerator = '5 m

rencanakan er"andngan le"ar dan tngg caran = 3 , 1

Kad' le"ar = 3 \ '5 m = 13 m



J l t

39 @enentuan Kumla# Flok !ang resrkulas %r)

Bak @enamung

dan @engendaan4angk

aeras

+ r

6

4angk e

sedmentas 6e

r

6r

Asums,

e = = 0'( m/jam = 82882'7 gal/#ar

H

HI

6r

6e = 0'001 6 = 0'001 \ 200 mg/l = 0'2 mg/lter

6r = 0'((( 6 = 0'((( \ 200 mg/l = 1(('8 mg/lter

@- = H \ 6r %Metcal? h dd!' 1((1)



= 6%1 < 0'001) + @

-r

6

= %82882'7)%200)%1 < 0'001) + 82882'5200

= 3013'( gal/#ar

59 @enentuan aktu 4nggal d Aerator % )

Jr 723'8(( m

i = = = 0'5 #ar 0'( m

hari

9 @enentuan a!a !ang "utu#kan

4!e aerator !ang dgunakan adala# surface aerator 9 .edalaman ar = 3 m' dar

4a"el 10<11' Metcal? h dd! %1((1) derole# da!a aeratorn!a 20 #9

,.<2 !ompa Tangk# Aeras# (!L5+<)



'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

= '( \ %0'5(2 ?t/s)

0'35\ %2'131( l"m/?t

)0'1

= 5'27 n


kuran nomnal , n


ameter alam %) , '05 n = 0'5053 ?t = 0'153 m

ameter Luar %) , '25 n = 0'552 ?t



/s=

A 0'200 ?t 2

= 2'(52( ?t/s




X

, ! 2 2'(52(2


,

1

2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m

2 elbow 0%6, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 2%0'75)2'(52(

2

2%2'173)= 0'202 ?t9l"?/l"m

1 check !al!e, #? = n9.?9 ! 2

29 ' c

= 1%2)2'(52(

2

2%2'173)= 0'271 ?t9l"?/l"m

@a lurus 20 ?t, F? = 3? ∆ 29!

2

4929 ' c

= 3%0'0033) (20)9(2'(52()

2

(0'5053)929(2'173)

= 0'0(3 ?t9l"?/l"m

2

, ! 2

2 2'(52( 2

1 Sharp ed'e exit , #e- = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)



,2 2 ⟨ ' c 2(1)(2 173)

= 1'55 ?t9l"?/l"m



a!a oma , @ = m \

= '8103 l"m/s⋅

1'55 ?t9l"?/l"m\

= 0'(07( #

Maka dl# oma dengan da!a motor 1 #9

,.<= Tangk# "e4#men$as#

1 #

550?t9l"?/s

Fungs , mengendakan ?lok "ologs dar tangk aeras dan se"agan dresrkulas

kem"al ke tangk aeras9

Laju &olumetrk ar "uangan = %82882'7 + 3013'() gal/#ar

= 78352' gal/#ar = 2(('77 m/#ar

k k k fl k

/2

# %@ 1((7)



erkrakan keceatan o!erflow maksmum = m /m #ar %@err! 1((7)


Kumla# , 1 unt

.onds oeras,

< 4emeratur = 00

< enstas ar %⟩) = ((5'8 kg/m

= 2'131( l"m/?t


Laju alr massa %F) = 0125'(188 kg/jam = '8103 l"m/detk


'8103 l" m

/s

W 2'131( l" m /?t

= 0'5(2 ?t/s

esan o m a

'ot = '( %)0'35

%⟩)0'1%alas' 1((0)

( %0 5(2 ?t

/ )

0'35

%2 131( l" /?t

)

0'1



= ( \ %0 5(2 ?t /s) \ %2 131( l"m/?t )

% 2'131( l"m / ?t )% 2'(52(?t / s )% 0'5053?t)

=

0'00058 l"m/?t9s

= 17278'01


%eankols' 200)

@ada N:e = 17278'01 dan ∑/5 = 0'00003 m /0'153 m = 0'0002(8


"riction loss,

, ! 2 2'(52(2

1 Sharp ed'e entrance, #c = 0'55 1 − 2 = 0'5 %1 −

0) ,

1 2⟨ 2%1)%2'173)

= 0'13( ?t9l"?/l"m



2 2

( )

1

(&

− & )+ g(Z − Z ) + @

2− @

1 + ∑F + =

0

%eankols' 200)

2Y 2 1 2 1 W s

dmana , &1 = &2

@1 = @2

∆G = 22 ?t

2'173?t/s2

maka, 0 + 22 ?t + 0 + 0'85 ?t9l"?/l"m + = 02'173?t9l"m/l"?9s2

s = ;22'852 ?t9l"?/l"m

?sens oma' = 80 $

s = < \

< 22'852 = < 0'8 \

= 28'55 ?t9l"?/l"m

a!a oma , @ = m \

= '8103 l"m/s ⋅ 28'55 ?t9l"?/l"m

\

1 (11( #

s

1 #

550?t9l"?/s



@a"rk "eroeras selama 0 #ar dalam seta#un9



.aastas maksmum adala# 1059000 kL/ta#un9

@er#tungan ddasarkan ada #arga eralatan t"a d a"rk atau purchased8

e?uipment deli!ered %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9

*arga alat dsesuakan dengan "ass 10 No&em"er 200(' dmana nla tukar dollar

ter#ada rua# adala# 1 = : (9300'< %*aran Analsa' 10 No&em"er 200()9

1. Mo4al In&es$as# Te$ap (Fixed Capital *nvestment )1.1 Mo4al In&es$as# Te$ap Langsung (MITL)

1.1.1 -#a:a Tana Lokas# !a3r#k

Menurut keterangan mas!arakat setemat' "a!a tana# ada lokas a"rk "erksar

: 2509000/m29

Luas tana# seluru#n!a = 239000 m2

*arga tana# seluru#n!a = 239000 m2⋅ : 2509000/m

2= : 900090009000'<

Ba!a erataan tana# derkrakan 5% dar #arga tana# seluru#n!a %@eters et9 al9'

2003)



8 @erkantoran 00 290009000 0090009000

( La"oratorum 100 295009000 25090009000

10 @olklnk 0 292509000 1590009000

11 .antn 100 195009000 15090009000

12 :uang "ada# 80 290009000 1090009000

1 udang @eralatan 70 195009000 10590009000

13 Bengkel 80 195009000 12090009000

15 @erustakaan 100 290009000 20090009000

1 nt @emadam .e"akaran 100 290009000 20090009000

17 nt @engola#an Ar 1300 292009000 908090009000

18 @em"angkt Lstrk 300 198009000 72090009000

1( @em"angkt a 200 293009000 38090009000

20 @engola#an Lm"a# 3000 295009000 10900090009000

21 Area @erluasan 000 009000 (0090009000

22 @eruma#an .ar!aHan 2000 295009000 5900090009000

2 Kalan 1000 190009000 1900090009000

23 A A t B 2850 00 000 855 000 000



! = #arga alat ada ta#un dan kaastas !ang terseda

61 = kaastas alat !ang terseda

62 = kaastas alat !ang dngnkan

- = ndeks #arga ada ta#un 200(

! = ndeks #arga ada ta#un !ang terseda

m = ?aktor eksonensal untuk kaastas %tergantung jens alat)

ntuk menentukan ndeks #arga ada ta#un 200( dgunakan metode regres

koe?sen korelas ,

[n ⋅ [6 ⋅ E − [6 ⋅ [E ] r =

(n ⋅ [62− ([6 )2 )⋅ (n ⋅ [E

2− ([E )2 )

%Montgomer!' 1((2)

4a"el L92 *arga ndeks Marshall dan Swift



27*=7 1<18< 28=+7**6 %%7<8%11 1<<=6786To$al

um"er, 4a"el <2' @eters et9 al9' 2003

ata, n = 13 6 = 27(7 E = 13183

6E = 2807(( 6 = 55738511 E = 13378

engan memasukkan #arga<#arga ada 4a"el L<2' maka derole# #arga

koe?sen korelas,

r = %13) 9 %2807(() ; %27(7)%13183)

%13)9 %55738511) ; %27(7) \ %13)%13378) ; %13183)

0'(8 1

*arga koe?sen !ang mendekat +1 men!atakan "a#Ha terdaat #u"ungan

lner antar &ara"el 6 dan E' se#ngga ersamaan regres !ang mendekat adala#

ersamaan regres lner9



" =%13)% 2807(() − % 27(7 )%13183)

= 55

= 1'8088%13)%55738511) − %27(7) 2

185

a =%13183)%55738511) − % 27(7 )% 2807(()

= − 1003228

= −2528'8%13)%55738511) − %27(7)

2 185

e#ngga ersamaan regres lnern!a adala# ,

E = a + " ⋅ 6

E = 1'80886 ; 2528'8

engan demkan' #arga ndeks ada ta#un 200( adala#,

E = 1'8088%200() ; 2528'8

E = 1230'07(2 E sama dengan -

@er#tungan #arga eralatan menggunakan adala# #arga ?aktor eksonsal %m)

Marshall F Swift 9 *arga ?aktor eksonen n "eracuan ada 4a"el <3' @eters et9 al9'

2003 t k l t td k t d ? kt k l d 0 %@ t t



$82

M#>#ng $ank 9#$ ag#$a$or

=+< "$a#nless s$ell

ar3on s$eel

! u r E 2 a s e 4

E o s $ ;

4 o l l a r

1+6 1+2

apa#$:; gal1+= 1+< 1+%

1+%

1+<

=1+ k!a (=+ ps#g) ar3on5s$eel $ank (sper#Eal)

1+=Aan;2++2

1+51 1 1+ 1+2 1+=

apa#$:; m=

am"ar L91 *arga @eralatan untuk 4angk @en!manan %Stora'e) dan 4angk@elarutan9%@eters et9 al99' 2003)

ndeks #arga ta#un 200( %-) adala# 1230'07(29 Maka estmas #arga tangk untuk

%6 ) 5727 0718 d l #



-'kolom = : 389897('</unt

q #eI__ %/ G # ?t

... 9:8

r(i;!,o'

A99L ll__I_ 199 K999oooIa &7;<=:1 1.1 )1%MsHd = tt

I09000 99_ tl9<9uo '''111 99..+ 9=fkk=.t>or ?=;l9L# a90%% # I 9& )KI@a I39I)j' I /9/!"C#$01h u.8oo..... 99

..t.@@... ? :8 <<.<99'<<9 .

q9q< <q8?... 3<9<s<88 99 <

~ ;;: _r:=;.:.~'-,

q

ABta.C.9:: : : <> :99:99 :l++2

1 10 10=

Jettall.K#l 01D;;;;=? m

am"ar L92 *arga @eralatan untuk .olom stlas9 *arga 4dak 4ermasuk Trays'

.ackin' ' atau am"ungan9 %@eters et9 al9' 2003)



15)2unn c9unctn<'m

am"ar L9 *arga 4a Tray dalam .olom stlas9 *arga 4ermasuk 4anggul'

@ermukaan aluran Lma#' aluran a' dan Bagan truktur Lann!a

%@eters et9 al9' 2003)



4otal = 3 %

ntuk #arga alat non mor sama d lokas a"rk dtam"a#kan "a!a se"aga

"erkut,

< @@n = 10 % %:usjd' 2003)

< @@# = 10 % %:usjd' 2003)

< 4ransortas lokal = 0'5 %< Ba!a tak terduga = 0'5 %

< 4otal = 21 %

4a"el L9 stmas *arga @eralatan @roses

o. Ko4e n#$ Ke$) arga / n#$ (p) arga To$al (p)

1 44<12 1 192092879(27 192092879(27

2 M<20 1 5859100971 5859100971

44<22 1 (09(9083 (09(9083



20 <2 1 19339751 19339751

21 <1 1 359559837 359559837

22 <50 1 2(8979788 2(8979788

2 F@<222 1 782903931 782903931

23 F@<1 1 51091(3981 51091(3981

25 <111 1 2(909178 2(909178

2 <121 198927( (((982(975

27 :<110 1 589533971( 5(89533971(

28 F<230 1 197029(9852 197029(9852

2( F<250 1 19((7922917 19((7922917

0 F<220 2 92095219(5 93079039(0

1 FF<20 1 29(819573 29(819573

2 F<10 1 5(929(51 5(929(51

@J<30 1 1(931(9100918 1(931(9100918

3 KB<51 1 80978(93 80978(93

5 J<32 1 (8917988 (8917988

"u3$o$al Impor 2*=.8*+.+62.<1*



52 K<23 1 N 5982908 5982908

5 K<25 1 N (925092( (925092(

53 K<31 1 N 9(23901 9(23901

55 K<1 1 N 988890 988890

"u3$o$al on5Impor 2<7.21%.%%%

arga To$al 2*<.1=7.277.*7<

4a"el L93 stmas *arga @eralatan tltas dan @engola#an Lm"a#

o. Ko4e n#$ Ke$) arga / n#$ (p) arga To$al (p)

1 1 1(97229(77 1(97229(77

2 L 1 192(9(53910 192(9(53910 F 1 35902923 35902923

3 1 10595809055 10595809055

5 A 1 17(9509783 17(9509783

4 1 7090790 7090790



22 @<03 1 N 2(09370 2(09370

2 @<05 1 N 109281920 109281920

23 @<0 1 N 109281920 109281920

25 @<07 1 N 5911953 5911953

2 @<08 1 N 39519801 39519801

27 @<0( 1 N 195119108 195119108

28 @<10 1 N 1298 1298

2( @<11 1 N 5911953 5911953

0 @<12 1 N 8892( 8892(

1 @<1 1 N 5911953 5911953

2 @<13 1 N 209738 209738

@<15 1 N 195119108 195119108

3 @<1 1 N 19192(( 19192((

5 @<17 1 N 8988980 8988980

@<18 1 N (950918 (950918

7 B@ 1 N 3090009000 3090009000

8 BA 1 N 1590009000 1590009000



= 1'3 \ %: 2(98(0902931('< + : 9057955893('<) +

1'21 \ %: 23792159555'< N : 952938897('<)

= : 37598897309101'<

Ba!a emasangan derkrakan 37% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9

Ba!a emasangan = 0'37 ⋅ : 37598897309101'<

= : 2959579837'<

*arga eralatan + "a!a emasangan %) ,

= : 37598897309101'< + : 2959579837'<

= : ((953(90(79(38'<



/9/9B 7iaya 5nstalasi 2istrik

erkrakan "a!a nstalas lstrk 15% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9'

2003)9

Ba!a nstalas lstrk %F) = 0'15 ⋅ : 37598897309101'<

= : 719829519015'<

/9/9& 7iaya 5nsulasi

erkrakan "a!a nsulas 12% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9'

2003)9

Ba!a nsulas %) = 0'12 ⋅ : 37598897309101'<

= : 5791090389812'<

/9/9 7iaya 5n!entaris Kantor

erkrakan "a!a n&entars kantor 5% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9



o. en#s Ken4araan n#$ T#pe

arga/ n#$

(p)

arga To$al

(p)

1 eHan .omsars 1 orolla Alts : 2090009000 : 2090009000

2 rektur 1 Fortuner : 090009000 : 090009000

Manajer 3 .jang nno&a : 20090009000 : 80090009000

3 Bus .ar!aHan Bus : 28090009000 : 83090009000

5 4ruk 4ruk : 35090009000 : 195090009000

Mo"l @emasaran A&anZa : 1090009000 : (090009000

7Mo"l @emadam

.e"akaran2 4ruk : 35090009000 : (0090009000

To$al () p <.*6+.+++.+++

4otal M4L = A + B + + + + F + + * + + K

= : 19238939187952'<



1.2.< -#a:a Kon$rak$orerkrakan 22% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9

Ba!a .ontraktor %) = 0'22 ⋅ : 37598897309101'< = : 1039(393229822'<

1.2.% -#a:a Tak Ter4uga

erkrakan 33% dar total #arga eralatan %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9

Ba!a 4ak 4erduga %) = 0'33 ⋅ : 37598897309101'< = : 20(9889835933'<

4otal M44L = A + B + + + = : 3(39(1(908(9703'<



2.1 !erse4#aan -aan -aku

2.1.1 -aan -aku !roses

19 4andan .osong .elaa aHt

.e"utu#an = 589(('(25 kg/jam

*arga 4.. = : 500'</kg

*arga total = 0 #ar⋅

23 jam/#ar⋅

589(('(25 kg/jam \ : 500'<

= : 219279819000'<

29 Asam ul?at %*23)

.e"utu#an = 17(3'0158 kg/jam

*arga = : 159000'</lter %@49 Bratac#em' 200()

*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 17(3'0158 kg

\

: 159000'< /lter

1'83 kg/lter



59 Ammonum ul?at %%N*3)23)

.e"utu#an = 88'7(2 kg/jam

*arga = : 9700'< / kg %@49 Bratac#em' 200()

*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 88'7(2 kg \ : 9700'<

= : 19839(359085'<

9 Saccharomyces Cere!isiae

.e"utu#an = 80('(138 kg/jam

*arga = : 129000 kg %HHH9"sns"a l9com' 200()

*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 80('(138 kg \ : 129000'<

= : 7398(99872'<

http://www.bisnisbali.com/

http://www.bisnisbali.com/



= : 5597209080'<

9 .aort.e"utu#an = 0'002 kg/jam

*arga = : 159000'</kg %@49 Bratac#em' 200()

*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 0'002 kg/jam ⋅ : 159000'</kg

= : 239830'<

39 Asam ul?at %*23)

.e"utu#an = 7'1385 kg/#ar

*arga = : 159000'</lter %@49 Bratac#em' 200()

*arga total = 0 #ar ⋅ 23 jam/#ar - 7'1385 kg/#ar

⋅

: 159000'< /lter

1'83 kg/lter

= : 319(589587'<



4otal "a!a ersedaan "a#an "aku roses dan utltas selama 1 "ulan %0 #ar) adala#

: 191(197109(37'<

2.2 Kas

2.2.1 0aj# !ega9a#

4a"el L9 @erncan aj @egaHa

a3a$an umla

0aj#/3ulan

(p)

umla gaj#/3ulan

(p)

eHan .omsars 1 2090009000 2090009000

+eneral Mana'er 1 1590009000 1590009000

ta? A#l 2 1090009000 2090009000

ekretars 2 290009000 390009000

Manajer @roduks 1 90009000 90009000

Manajer 4eknk 1 90009000 90009000

Manajer mum dan .euangan 1 90009000 90009000



.eala eks @enjualan 1 90009000 90009000

.ar!aHan @roduks 35 195009000 795009000

.ar!aHan 4eknk 17 195009000 2595009000

.ar!aHan mum dan .euangan 15 195009000 2295009000

.ar!aHan @em"elan dan @emasaran 15 195009000 2295009000

okter 1 90009000 90009000

@eraHat 2 195009000 90009000

@etugas .eamanan 15 190009000 1590009000

@etugas .e"ers#an 10 8009000 890009000

ur 3 190009000 390009000

umla 1%+ =+7.+++.+++

4otal gaj egaHa selama 1 "ulan = : 0790009000'<

2.2.2 -#a:a A4m#n#s$ras# mum

erkrakan 15% dar gaj egaHa = 0'15 ⋅ : 0790009000'< %@eters et9 al9' 2003)



= 0'08 ⋅ : 1973952927795'<

= : 1(93891829188'<

2.< !#u$ang ,agang

@ = @⋅

*@412

dmana, @ = utang dagang

@ = jangka Haktu kredt !ang d"erkan % "ulan)

*@4 = #asl enjualan ta#unan

@enjualan ,

19 *arga jual "oetanol = :9 129500'</lter



@roduks -!losa = 17871'770 kg/jam

*asl enjualan -!losa ta#unan !atu ,

= 17871'770 kg/jam ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 0 #ar/ta#un \ : (9000'<

= : 192798((980898'<

39 *arga jual Saccharomyces "ekas = : 29000'</kg %@49 Mtra Feed eja#tera' 200()

@roduks Saccharomyces "ekas = (9(87'5012 kg/jam

*asl enjualan Saccharomyces "ekas ta#unan !atu ,

= (9(87'5012 kg/jam ⋅ 23 jam/#ar ⋅ 0 #ar/ta#un \ : 29000'<

= : 1589202901(9008'<

*asl enjualan total ta#unan = : 90219159779150'<



= : 1973952927795'< + : (9((19298(2'<

= : 29130939019238'<

Modal n "erasal dar ,

< Modal sendr = 0% dar total modal n&estas

= 0' ⋅ : 29130939019238'<

= : 19283920910973('<

< @njaman dar Bank = 30% dar total modal n&estas

=

=

0'3 \ : 29130939019238'<

: 85917933093(('<



=.1.= ,epres#as# 4an Amor$#sas#

@engeluaran untuk memerole# #arta "erHujud !ang memun!a masa

man?aat le"# dar 1%satu) ta#un #arus d"e"ankan se"aga "a!a untuk mendaatkan'

menag#' dan memel#ara eng#aslan melalu en!usutan %:usdj' 2003)9 @ada

erancangan a"rk n' daka metode gars lurus atau strai'ht line method 9 asar

en!usutan menggunakan masa man?aat dan tar? en!usutan sesua dengan ndang<

undang :eu"lk ndonesa No917 4a#un 2000 @asal 11 a!at daat dl#at ada

ta"el L9(9

4a"el L9( Aturan deresas sesua :eu"lk ndonesa No9 17 4a#un 2000

Kelompok ar$a

-er9uju4

Masa

($aun)

Tar#

(C)

-e3erapa en#s ar$a

9Bukan Bangunan

19.elomok 1 3 25 Mesn kantor' erlengkaan' alat



@ = #arga aHal eralatan

L = #arga ak#r eralatan

n = umur eralatan %ta#un)

4a"el L910 @er#tungan Ba!a eresas sesua : No9 17 4a#un 2000

Komponen -#a:a (p)

mur

($aun)

,epres#as# (p)

Bangunan 32970590009000 20 291592509000

@eralatan roses dan utltas ((953(90(79(38 1 392719818922

nstrumentras dan engendalan roses 3795889739010 3 1198(790(950

@eraan 2859509233900 3 719829519015

nstalas lstrk 719829519015 3 1798359309253

nsulas 5791090389812 3 139279512920



= : 12972(9772932'<

4otal Ba!a eresas dan Amortsas

= : 1709209831903('< + : 12972(9772932'<

= : 2(9(919375'<

=.1.< -#a:a Te$ap !era9a$an

Ba!a teta eraHatan ter"ag menjad,

19 @eraHatan mesn dan alat<alat roses

@eraHatan mesn dan eralatan dalam ndustr roses "erksar 2 sama 20$'

dam"l 8$ dar #arga eralatan terasang d a"rk %@eters et9al9' 2003)9

Ba!a eraHatan mesn = 0'08 ⋅ : ((953(90(79(38'<



= 0'08 ⋅ : 3795889739010'<

= : 980790(9(21'<

59 @eraHatan eraan

erkrakan 8% dar #arga eraan %@eters et9al9' 2003)9

= 0'08 ⋅ : 2859509233900'<

= : 229832931(9525'<

9 @eraHatan nstalas lstrk

erkrakan 8% dar #arga nstalas lstrk %@eters et9al9' 2003)9

= 0'08⋅

: 719829519015'<

= : 597109039881'<

79 @eraHatan nsulas



4otal Ba!a @eraHatan = : ((9709559012'<

=.1.% -#a:a Tam3aan In4us$r# ( Plant -verhead Cost )

Ba!a tam"a#an ndustr n derkrakan 10% dar modal n&estas teta %@eters et9

al9' 2003)9

.lant O!erhead Cost = 0'1 \ : 1973952927795'<

= : 17395922797'<

=.1.6 -#a:a A4m#n#s$ras# mumBa!a admnstras umum selama 1 "ulan adala# : 390509000'<

Ba!a admnstras umum selama 1 ta#un = 12 ⋅ : 390509000'<

= : 5529009000'<



= 0'05 \ : 17395922797'<

= : 8971971987'<

=.1.* ak !a$en 4an o:al$#

erkrakan 1$ dar modal n&estas teta %@eters et9 al9' 2003)9

= 0'01 \ : 1973952927795'<

= : 179395229773'<

=.1.1+ -#a:a Asurans#

19 Ba!a asurans a"rk adala# '1 erml dar modal n&estas teta langsung

%Asosas Asurans KHa ndonesa<AAK' 200()9

= 0'001 ⋅ : 19238939187952'<



Eang menjad o"jek ajak adala# erole#an #ak atas tana# dan atas "angunan

%@asal 2 a!at 1 No920/00)9

asar engenaan ajak adala# Nla @erole#an "jek @ajak %@asal a!at 1

No920/00)9

4ar? ajak dtetakan se"esar 5$ %@asal 5 No921/(7)9

Nla @erole#an "jek @ajak 4dak .ena @ajak dtetakan se"esar :9

090009000'< %@asal 7 a!at 1 No921/(7)9

Besarn!a ajak !ang terutang d#tung dengan cara mengalkkan tar? ajak

dengan Nla @erole#an "jek .ena @ajak %@asal 8 a!at 2 No921/(7)9

Maka "erdasarkan enjelasan d atas' er#tungan @BB dtetakan se"aga "erkut,

Oaj#3 !ajak !a3r#k !em3ua$an -#oe$anol

Nla @erole#an "jek @ajak

< 4ana# : 900090009000'<

< Bangunan : 8938795009000'<

4otal NK@ : 33938795009000'<



4otal "a!a ersedaan "a#an "aku roses dan utltas selama 1 ta#un adala#,

= : 191(197109(37'< -0

= : 1935910898209317'<0

9$9$ 7iaya *ariabel Tambahan

Ba!a &ara"el tam"a#an ter"ag menjad ,

.! /iaya Pera'atan dan Penanganan 0ingkungan

erkrakan 5% dar "a!a &ara"el "a#an "aku

= 0'05 ⋅ : 1935910898209317'<

= : 7925593319021'<

29 Ba!a Jara"el @emasaran dan str"us

erkrakan 1% dar "a!a &ara"el "a#an "aku



4otal Ba!a @roduks = Ba!a 4eta + Ba!a Jara"el

= : 7089095(191259'< + : 19557931097910'<

= : 29290319279227'<

< !erk#raan La3a/ug# !erusaaan

9/ 2aba Sebelum .a(ak -7ruto1

La"a atas enjualan = 4otal enjualan ; 4otal "a!a roduks

= : 90219159779150'< ; : 29290319279227'<

= : 755911295059(2'<

Bonus erusa#aan untuk kar!aHan 0'5$ dar keuntungan erusa#aan

= 0'005 \ : 755911295059(2'<



@eng#aslan d atas : 10090009000'< dkenakan ajak se"esar 0 %9

Maka ajak eng#aslan !ang #arus d"a!ar adala# ,

< 10 % ⋅ : 5090009000 = : 590009000'<

< 15 % ⋅ %: 10090009000 < : 5090009000) = : 795009000'<

< 0 % ⋅ %: 75199(39(< : 10090009000) = : 2259719089018'<

4otal @@# = : 225989589018'<

<.= La3a "e$ela !ajak

La"a setela# ajak = la"a se"elum ajak ; @@#

= : 75199(39('< ; : 225989589018'<

= : 5259(590975'<



B@ =: 7089095(19125'<

⋅ 100 %: 90219159779150'< − : 19557931097910'<

B@ = 38'31$

.aastas roduks ada ttk B@ = 38'31$ ⋅ 1059000 kL/ta#un

J 50982'855 kL/ta#un

Nla enjualan ada ttk B@ = 38'31$ \ : 90219159779150'<

= : 193290797309705'<

%.= Return on *nvestment (I)



:N =La"a setela# ajak

⋅ 100 %Modal sendr

:N = : 5259(590975'<

⋅ 100 %: 19283920910973('<

:N = 30'( $

%.6 *nternal Rate o Return (I)

ntuk menentukan nla :: #arus dgam"arkan jumla# endaatan dan

engeluaran dar ta#un ke ta#un !ang dse"ut vCash "loww9 ntuk memerole# cash

flow dam"l ketentuan se"aga "erkut ,

< La"a kotor dasumskan mengalam kenakan 10% ta ta#un9

< Masa em"angunan dse"ut ta#un ke nol9

< Kangka Haktu cash flow dl# 10 ta#un9



Universitas Sumatera Utara

Tn

La3a se3elumpajak

!ajak La3a "esu4a

pajak !en:usu$an e$ as Flo9

!/Fpa4a #J<=C

! pa4a # J <=C!/F

pa4a #J<<C

! pa4a # J <<C

0 < < < <

<291309390192

38 1

<2913093901923

8 1

<2913093901923

8

1 75199(39(2259895890

18 5259(5909752(9(9193

75 81(988(9(79850 0'(( 5793(9290 0'(33 5(989079(

2 82937097972379(29(19

20 5789539(39312(9(9193

75 872938955(9888 0'38(0 32991(192(( 0'382 3209757988(90

(0(911797019502729717981093

52 9((98(190532(9(9193

75 (099503952( 0'320 189150901927 0'3( 1195798129(((

319000902(93719

52((9((193193

(7 7009089109102(9(9193

75 ((9(7397393 0'2(1 2797019103971 0'22 21919757902

519100902931898

222(9((292259

37 770903091(91752(9(9193

751909(79809

50 0'172 1779(191359077 0'115 17198891(39(

19210905909703 29((91(89211 837903293293( 2(9(919375 191309(7(90759(8 0'11( 19329338930 0'1122 1279(89(930

719190(92297

75((92(392890

2 (197339(5897322(9(9193

7519225981957292

17 0'0818 10092983973 0'077( (593391289352

81933913913(93

523(9225933398

190239(1797039

172(9(9193

751918985391890

(1 0'0572 759329820920 0'0531 719390519150

(191095579339

(738913(97(9

1(191279307972590

782(9(9193

75193219339895

5 0'0300 59832975911 0'07 5987919(37

101977191921098

751939392

5119230913973795

82(9(9193

7519539089190

1 0'0280 329(090(1921 0'021 3090159112913

2928(9(795(8 <379379053955:: = 3$ +

2928(9(795(8-%33$ − 3$)

92928(9(795(8 − %−379379053955)

= 3'05 $



9 9 9

:9

_I'

= E9

L,,,,] < <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<4<<<<<<<<<<4<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< <<< < << < < r<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< i88

~---------------l-----i-------I--------~-----------------------------,----

Fi 9 ?M 9;;;=: 9 &G.> 1:;=H'=.tr ... ::1 9 &11l1::

~~--------~~

9 .?.. & 9 99;:.9H888 9 9

19tt 9%9ll9Ct.I=r=

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nl&1J(=&

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Krx$9.

84. oro9 ]t__<UKNI q l9

1 Iull__ 9991

'l'l!t <__s q t( I _92

K 4ll altor

lE ,111

= =ill I19_9_'

lK 8# $l - ner U]rBs1

=ill Kan1=l4

9C I219 @om/aU

1+ IT ·1l 1

11 l9S 99:fel1L1Dl9El>lll11lR.A ~m Ml6 r

1( H//O $9ll9lMl+

: ?l entr?oM

=l4 rIom_')

11 m 4r3 @le1l4fll>.r:Ltn:ftrmenlilll

n =l1E In]

9E <l5 8: @le5r mtmlllH.@4 9

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Neraca Massa Sekam

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