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Protokol dan Pensinyalan


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TET6166

Protokol dan Pensinyalan2 SKS

Tujuan Pembelajaran:

Memahami fungsi protokol dan pensinyalan di jaringan Telekomunikasiserta standarisasi protokol dan Pensinyalan.

Silabus:

Pengertian Protokol & Pensinyalan, Standarisasi protokol dan

Pensinyalan, Protokol dan Pensinyalan pada jaringanTelekomunikasi fix, Protokol dan Pensinyalan pada jaringantelekomunikasi bergerak, Protokol dan Pensinyalan padaInternetworking.

Prasyarat:

Sistem Komunikasi; Komunikasi Data dan Teknik

PenyambunganBuku Ajar :

Data Communications, Computer Network, William Stalling

Data and Computer CommunicationComputer Network, FredHallshall

Signalling in Telecommunication Network


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Protokol dan Arsitektur Protokol

Bila :

Data path : - direct- via comm net.

ExchangeData

Diperlukan

Terminal

Komputer

Other Data Processing Devices


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Tahapan yang harus dilakukan :

Sistem sumber harus :

Mengaktifkan jalur (path) komunikasi langsung ataumenginformasikan identitas sistim tujuan yang diinginkanke jaringan komunikasi.

Memastikan destination system siap menerima data.

Aplikasi transfer file pada source systemharus memastikanbahwa program manajemen file pada destination systemsiapmenerima dan menyimpan file for this particular user.

Perform a format translation function if the file format used onthe two system are incompatible.


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Konsep Komunikasi

Komputer/Computer Network

Protocol

Pada Computer Science:

Suatu prosedur standar untuk mengatur

transmisi data antar komputer.

Computer Communication Architecture orprotocol Architecture


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Protocols

Digunakan untuk komunikasi antar entitas padasistem yang berbeda

Contoh entitas :file transfer packages

data base managenment system

program aplikasi user

eletronic mail facilititis terminal

contoh system :Computer

Terminal

Remote sensors


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Komunikasi antar entitas

akan sukses bila :

Speak the same langguage

What is communicated

How it is communicated

When it is communicated

Harus diatur bersamaantar entitas

Protocol


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Elemen-elemen Protocol

Syntax :format data, level signal

Semantic :Informasi kontrol untuk koordinasi dan error handling

Timing :Speed, matching and sequencing


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Karakteristik Protokol

Direct/Indirect

Monolitic/Structured

Symetric/Asymetric (peer to peer/ClientServer)

Standard/Non Standard


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Direct

Point to point

Multipoint broadcast Network


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Indirect

Switched Network

Internet


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Fungsi Protokol

Encapsulation

Segmentation and reassembly

Connection Control

Ordered deliveryFlow Control

Error Control

AddressingMultiplexing

Transmission Services


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Encapsulation

PDU Data + Informasi Kontrol

Address (Sender & Receiver)EDCProtokol Kontrol


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Segmentation & Reassembly

Why ?

Jaringan Komunikasi hanya menerima blok data hinggaukuran tertentu.

Contoh :

ATM netEthernet

Error Control lebih efisien dilakukan dengan ukuran PDUlebih kecil

More equitable access to shared transmission facilities. Can allocate smaller buffer

For check point and restart/ recovery operation.

53 Oktet

1526 Oktet

Saat retransmisi


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Connection Control

Pada Connectionless tidak diperlukan

Pada Connection Oriented

Phasa komunikasi : Connection establishment

Data transfer

Connection termination


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Addressing

Lingkup :

Addressing Level (Pada arsitektur)

Addressing scope Connection Identifier

Addressing Mode (Unicast, Multicast,

Broadcast)


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Transmission Services

Priority

QOS

Security


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Arsitektur Protokol

OSI Reference Model (ISO 7498)

Phisical

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data link

Application

Phisical

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data link

Application

Phisical

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data link

Application

Comm.

Path


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TCP/IP Protocol Architecture

Application Layer

Host to Host /Transport Layer

Internet Layer

Network Access Layer

Phisical Layer

Provide communication between

process/application on separate host

Provide end to end, data transfer services. (reliable)

Concerned with routing data from source to dest.

Host

Concerned with the Logical Interface between an

end system and a subnetwork.

Defines characteristics of the transmission

medium, signalling rate, and signal encoding

scheme.


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Element Pelayanan

(Services Element) Framing

Penandaan awal dan akhir frame data (Layers 1 & 2 only)

Addresses

Menjamin data dikiri pada penerima yang benar.

Handshake

Ensures fully synchronized communicating layer processesApplies to connection-oriented protocols

Acknowledgements

Pemberitahuan sinyal diterima dengan benar ke sender.

Sequence numbers

Used in conjunction with acknowledgements and serviceelements

Timers

Penentuan delay maksimum sebelum ack yang diharapkandatang.


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Element Pelayanan

Error control Error detection :

sender computes checksum or check code

Receiver recalculates and compares with received value

Error correction:Sender retransmits information (sometimes called backward error correction)

Or (more rarely) receiver locates and corrects error(s) Calledforward error correction

Flow control Receiver requests sender to reduce sending rate

Optional service elements include Congestion control: sender detects network congestion and reduces its

sending rate Timestamps: allows data to carry senders clocking information

Authentication: sender verifies itself to receiver

Encryption: sender hides information using unbreakable code


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Level Pelayanan

( Services Level)

Pengertian Pelayanan :

Suatu facility yang disediakan untuk digunakan user.

For example the telephone service

Kapabilitas untuk menyampaikan protocol

Kumpulan pelayanan yang disediakan oleh by a set

of layered protocols

For example, Transport Service, Network Service

Tiga level Pelayanan : Best-efforts

Basic connection-oriented

Reliable


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Protocol Type Elements Used Service Level

Connectionless

Data transfer,

addressing

May also include:

framing and

checksum

Best efforts

(no delivery

guarantees)

Basic Connection-

Oriented

All of the above,

plus handshake to

set up and release

connection

May include error

detection

Sequenced

information

transfer(But delivery not

guaranteed; errors

cause data unit to

be discarded)

Full (Reliable)

Connection-

Oriented

All of the above,plus, sequence

numbers,

acknowledgement

s, flow control,

error detection and

error correction

Guarantees to

deliver information

in sequence and

without loss or

corruption

Increasing

complexity,

which meansincreasingly

more

process-

intensive


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Layering Service Levels

Tidak diperlukan setiap protocol padalapisan di set reliable Can run a best efforts protocol on top of a

reliable serviceReduces overall complexity

Can run a reliable protocol on top of a best-

efforts serviceEnhances reliability of underlying service

Diusahakan tanpa duplikasi The additional complexity increases

processing overhead and reducesthroughput

Two trends in modern protocol suites Spread service elements over a number of

layers

Reduce complexity of Network Service(Layers 1-3)

simple network

intelligent hosts

reliable

service

simple

protocol

best-efforts

service

reliable

protocol


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NEXT WEEK


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Protocols normally designed as two-way (or full-duplex) Two communicating parties, each with a sending and a

receiving process

Model is independent of any specific communications layer

Data normally buffered awaiting acknowledgement at thesender, and also buffered awaiting processing at the receiver

Some protocols operate between one sender andmultiple receivers multicasting protocols

Operasi Protocol

receiving

process

sending

processreceiving

process

sending

process

buffers

A B


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Digunakan untuk mengilustrasikan operasi protokol. Sender on left, receiver on right, lower layer service in the middle

Time runs down the page

Time Sequence Diagrams

SENDER RECEIVER

time

LOWER LAYER SERVICE

protocol

primitive

protocol

primitive

A B


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Connectionless Protocol

data blocks, including headers from current layer and layer(s) above

receiving

process

sending

process

receiving

process

sendingprocess

A B

Bagaimana mencapai best efforts communications? Setiap party mengirimkan data bila siap dan mengetahui

penerimaan benar.

Beberapa problema.

Kegagalan acknowledgements menyebabkan protocolberada pada keadaan tak menentu.

Loss hard to detect, for example

Bila sender and receiver tidak sinkron, sulit untukmenyinkronkan aplikasi.


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request

reply

A B

Can be made to work if higher layers constrained to sending or receiving

Only one data block exchanged at a time (half-duplex mode)

Each block elicits some sort of reply from remote higher layer

Explicit acknowledgement or return data block This approach often used for simple request-reply protocols

For example, name-to-address resolution

Also works if a higher layer protocol operates at a higher service level

Is a reliable service, for example

Working With

Connectionless Protocols


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Most obvious difference is theinclusion of handshakes For connection set-up and release

Facilitates sender and receiversynchronization For example, to exchange

opening sequence numbers To define service class (ATM)

Open also triggers network path set-up Allows service to incorporate

sequential delivery withoutincorporating sequence numbers

Addition of sequence numbers toprotocol header allows deliverysequence to be checked by receiver

Connection-Oriented Services

open

ack

close

ack

Connection available for use

A B

Simple CO Examples

ATM, FR

More Complex CO Examp les

TCP, FTP, HDLC


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