MINGGU 3: STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN PERUBAHAN...
Transcript of MINGGU 3: STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN PERUBAHAN...
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MINGGU 2:
STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN PERUBAHAN LANSKAP
Prof. Lilik Budi Prasetyo
http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id
Bogor Agricultural University
INDONESIA
Landscape Structure: spatial relationships among landscape elements(hubungan spasial antar elemen pembentuk)
Landscape Function: how the elements act and interact(bagaimana masing-masing elemen berperan dan interaksi antar elemen)
Landscape Change: alteration of the structure and function of the landscape over time(alterasi struktur dan fungsi pada bentang lahan sepanjang waktu)
BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR
LANSKAP ?
• Tipe element
• Dominansi /Luas (size) element
• Jumlah tiap element (Heterogenitas)
• Bentuk (shape)/Size elemen
• Distribusi/arrangement
Tipe element
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Dominansi Heterogenitas
Distribusi/Arrangement Distribusi/Arrangement
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Bentuk/shapeBentuk/shape
Faktor apa yg menentukan
structure/pattern sebuah lanskap
• Tipe Disturbance/gangguan
– Intensity
– Frequency (Chronic/single disturbance)
– Timing (coincidence)
– Extent/Area
– Distribution (random/clumped)
• Sucession
• Biophysical Factors
– Topography, geology, soil (independent), Wildlife (Biotic
interaction : competion, domince)
• Climate
– Curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban
STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)
DISTURBANCE :
Kejadian yg mengganggu struktur ekosistem, komunitas atau
populasi dan mengubah sumberdaya dan ketersediaan materi,
atau lingkungan fisik
any process or condition external to the natural physiology of
living organisms that results in the sudden mortality of
biomass in a community on a time scale significantly shorter
than the accumulation of the biomass.
Any relatively discrete event in space and time that disrupts
ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes
resources, substrate, or the physical environment. Disturbances
typically cause a significant change in the system.
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Disturbance can also be defined as a relatively discrete event in time and space where plant biomass (or labile soil organic matter) has been lost or removed; in this case, the disturbance concept is intricately linked with the concept of succession.
Pickett and White (1985) and Chapin et al. (2002) disturbance as a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes changes in resource availability or the physical environment
STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)Concepts of Disturbance and Equilibrium
Tipe and asal/origin dari disturbances
Disturbance
1) Intensity: proporsi biomasa yang terganggu/hilang/mati Misal : tipe kebakaran (surface/crown fire)
Clear cutting/selective logging
1) Frequency: Jumlah disturbance pada satu waktu interval tertentu : menentukan bagaimana proses suksesi bisa berlangsung.
Frekuensi gangguan dapat diprediksi bila berulang pada interval tertentu, misal kekeringan, banjir, kebakaran
Disturbance
3) Timing: coincidence disturbance dengan faktor lain
misal : peristiwa kebakaran pada musim kemarau akan lebih parah merusak ekosistem dibandingkan bila terjadi pada musim hujan api pada musim hujan
4) Disturbance area: luasan disturbance
5) Ketersediaan Sumberdaya: kehilangan/kematian secarimmediate mortality is the most dramatic mendadak mempunyai efek yg lebih besar
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Disturbance Recovery-
RecoveryDisturbance
Time
Sta
te v
aria
ble
s
Seasonal
• Setelah disturbance, ecosystems kembali mengalami suksesi/ succession,
• Bila disturbance berhenti maka suksesi proses akan mencapai klimaks/climax
(titik akhir suksesi),
• Pada titik ini struktur dan ecosystem mengalami steady state kebutuhan
vegetasi (mempertahankan kondisi klimaks) akan sama seimbang dengan
suplainya (respirasi =fotosintesa)
PATCH ORIGIN
Succession
• Primer :
occurring over decades to centuries explain much of the local variation among ecosystems (waktu sangat panjang)
• Secondary succession
occurs on previously vegetated sites after disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, logging, and agricultural plowing (relatif pendek karena tersedia resources/biji, stolon, etc)
Disturbance and Species Existence
FAKTA DARI RESEARCH
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DISTURBANCE RECOVERY(Case study)
Prasetyo, L.B, Hirata, Y, Hideki, S
TOTAL AFFECTED AREAS IN 1998
3.4 MILLION HECTARE
-0.2
-0.1
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Ap
r-9
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Ma
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Ju
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Ju
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Au
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Se
p-9
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Oct-
98
No
v-9
8
De
c-9
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Ja
n-9
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Fe
b-9
9
Ma
r-9
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Ap
r-9
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Ma
y-9
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Ju
n-9
9
Ju
l-9
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Au
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Se
p-9
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Oct-
99
No
v-9
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De
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Ja
n-0
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Fe
b-0
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Ma
r-0
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Ap
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Ma
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Ju
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g-0
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Se
p-0
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Oct-
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No
v-0
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De
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RECOVERY PROCESS OF FIRE DISTURBANCE :
NDSWIR DYNAMIS CHANGES 1998 - 2000
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Herbs & Seedlings
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No. of sub-plots
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Post fireA mangium
Trees
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No. of subplots
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Saplings
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PLOT LEVEL RECOVERY(Species Diversity)
H.SIMBOLON et.al
KONDISI LANSKAP 1985KONDISI LANSKAP 1989
Exogenous disturbance
KONDISI LANSKAP 1992KONDISI LANSKAP 2000KONDISI LANSKAP 2004
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Effects of weather, landscape structure, and management
on fire spread: Comparison between WI hardwoods and
NJ Pinelands, USA
Zheng, D1*., J.J. LaCroix1, S. Ryu1, J. Chen1, J. Hom2, and K. Clark2
1 University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
2 USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
Spatial distribution of 24 fire ignition points in relation to fuel types in the CNF
(left) and NJP (right) USA. 5 = Brush < 0.8 m with scattered trees, 8 = Litter
layer without under story, 10 = Litter layer with under story, and 11 = light
logging/Swamps.
Eastern USA
KESIMPULAN
Fire spread was + with landscape fragmentation. The combination of
fuel/structure determine fire areas/patterns if other factors are constants.
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SOURCE & SINK GHG
L.B.Prasetyo, S. Genya, U. Rosalina
D.Murdiyarso, H. Tsuruta
Land-use/cover changes in Jambi
impact on green house gas :
reduction of above-ground
carbon stock : 10 x 106 ton/year
reduction of Methane gas
absorption : 1.5 x 103 ton/year
KAJIAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG DI BERBAGAI TIPE LANSKAP HUTAN TANAMAN PINUS
TIARA SUKRA DEWI
Kekayaan jenis burung di lokasi penelitian
Kondisi Burung Lokasi A Lokasi B Lokasi C Lokasi D
Jumlah jenis 16 16 27 22
Indeks Keanekaragaman 2.13 2.33 2.98 2.47
Indeks Kemerataan 0.77 0.84 0.90 0.80
Jumlah Jenis Dominan 5 7 7 5
Jumlah Jenis Jarang 4 2 10 9
Jumlah Jenis Dilindungi 4 4 4 4
Jumlah Jenis Endemik 2 1 3 2
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38.56
18.95
5.233.27 2.61 1.96 1.31
0
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Jenis Burung
Kera
pata
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ela
tif
Kacamata gunung
Walet linci
Tepus pipi-perak
Cinenen Jaw a
Perenjak Jaw a
Gelatik-batu kelabu
Cekakak Jaw a
Wiw ik kelabu
Cekakak sungai
Layang-layang batu
Cucak kutilang
Srigunting hitam
Cica-koreng Jaw a
Burung-madu sriganti
Pelanduk semak
Cabai gunung
24.24
21.21
9.09
7.07
5.054.04
3.038.082.02 1.01
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jenis Burung
Kera
pata
n R
ela
tif
Walet linci
Kacamata gunung
Layang-layang batu
Perenjak Jaw a
Cabai Jaw a
Cekakak Jaw a
Cucak kutilang
Cinenen Jaw a
Pelanduk semak
Kacamata biasa
Tekukur biasa
Raja-udang meninting
Cekakak sungai
Burung-madu sriganti
Remetuk laut
Burung-gereja Erasia
Kacamata Gunung
(Zosterops montanus)
Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)
A
B
12.3611.24
5.62 5.063.93
2.253.37 2.81
1.69 1.12 0.56
0
5
10
15
Jenis Burung
Ke
rap
ata
n
Re
lati
f
Walet linci Kacamata gunung Kacamata biasa Gelatik-batu kelabu
Tekukur biasa Cinenen Jaw a Perenjak Jaw a Cekakak sungai
Pelanduk semak Burung-madu sriganti Srigunting kelabu Cinenen pisang
Cekakak Jaw a Srigunting hitam Wiw ik kelabu Munguk beledu
Meninting besar Caladi tilik Empuloh janggut Cabai Jaw a
Bondol Jaw a Layang-layang batu Merbah cerucuk Tepus pipi-perak
Cinenen kelabu Gemak loreng Burung-madu kelapa
32.54
4.76 3.97
11.117.14
6.355.56 3.17 2.38 0.79
0
10
20
30
40
Jenis Burung
Kera
pata
n
Rela
tif
Kacamata gunung Walet linci Pelanduk semak Perenjak Jaw a
Cabai Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Gelatik-batu kelabu Cinenen Jaw a
Tepus pipi-perak Wiw ik uncuing Srigunting hitam Layang-layang batu
Empuloh janggut Munguk beledu Tekukur biasa Cekakak Jaw a
Cekakak sungai Jingjing batu Meninting besar Cinenen pisang
Burung-madu sriganti Cabai gunung
Kacamata Gunung
(Zosterops montanus)
Walet linci (Collocalia linchi)
Kacamata biasa
(Zosterops palpebrosus)
C
D