MEMAHAMI PROBLEM

KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI

Ir. Moh Sholichin, MT. Ph.D

(sho – lee - chin)

Sg Cisadane

Sg Ciliwung

Sungai Pasig dulu dan sekarang

di Kota Manila, Philipina

Tanaman wetland di

tepian sg Pasig

Manila

Sg Cheonggyecheon

Seoul Korsel

Di

Sungai di Itali

Konsep Utama

Tipe pencemar, sumber pencemaran, efek dari pencemaran air thd kesehatan.

Problem 2 utama pencemaran air permukaan

Problem 2 utama pencemaran air tanah

Pengurangan dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air

Kualitas Air Minum

Air adalah

kehidupan

di Bumi.

1. Point Source Pollution (PSP) (Sumber Pencemaran titik )

2. Nonpoint Source Pollution (NPSP)

(Sumber Pencemaran bukan titik/ menyebar)

2 Tipe Utama Sumber Pencemar

Sumber Pencemaran : Titik

Berasal dari sumber yg

pasti, seperti pipa

pembuangan

Pabrik, kawasan

industri, Kawasan IPAL

Dapat di monitor dan

dikontrol dg sistem yg

sdh di rencanakan

Sumber pencemaran: Bukan-titik

Nonpoint Source (NPS)

Pollution adalah

pencemaran yang

terbawa melalui air

limpasan hujan.

NPS tidak dapat di

deteksi secara pasti pd

suatu titik tertentu sprt

pd IPAL.

Contoh-contoh NPS

oil & grease from cars

fertilizers

animal waste

grass clippings

septic systems

sewage & cleaners from

boats

household cleaning

products

Mekanisme Transpor Polutan

• NPS pollutants berlangsung selama musim kemarau

Atmospheric deposition

Pemakaian pupuk kimia

Kotoran hewan/peternakan

Tumpahan minyak

• Sumber Pollutants akan tercuci saat musin hujan dan

mengalir kepermukaan tanah, selanjutnya masuk ke sungai, danau, telaga dll

Sumber Pollutant terjadi dan mengalir

bergantung pada land use.

Imperviousness increases runoff

Land use changes impact build up

Keterkaitan Landuse dengan Kualitas Air

More Imperviousness = More Water

Apa itu Penutup Kedap Air?

Jalan raya

Atap rumah

Parking Area

Cor beton

dll

Penutup kedap air

• Menyebabkan adanya

akumulasi polutan

menyebabkan

peningkatan limpasan

tercemar dan banjir

menghambat resapan

air tanah

Dampak pencemaran Sumber Bukan-titik

fish and wildlife

recreational water activities

commercial fishing

tourism

drinking water quality

Muatan Polutan dalam Runoff

Sediment Soil particles transported from their source

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ● Oxygen depleting material Leaves Organic material

Toxics ● Pesticides Herbicides Fungicides Insecticides ● Metals (naturally occurring in soil, automotive emissions/ tires) Lead Zinc Mercury ● Petroleum Hydrocarbons (automotive exhaust and fuel/oil)

Debris Litter and illegal dumping

Nutrients ● Various types of materials that become dissolved and suspended in water (commonly found in fertilizer and plant material): Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P)

Bacteria/ Pathogens

Originating from:

● Pets

● Waterfowl

● Failing septic systems

Thermal Stress Heated runoff, removal of streamside vegetation

Sumber Polutan di Kawasan Permukiman

Nutrients: Fertilizers and

septic systems

Pathogens: Pet waste and

septic systems

Sediment: Construction,

road sand, soil erosion

Toxic: Pesticides, household

products

Debris: Litter and illegal

dumping

Thermal: heated runoff,

removal of streamside

vegetation

Polutan dari pertanian

Sediment

Nutrients

Pathogens

Pesticides

Polutan Penting

Sediment reduces light penetration in stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic invertebrates.

Nutrients act as fertilizer for algae & aquatic plants which can cause highly varying dissolved oxygen levels. At low DO levels, the aquatic life has the potential to be harmed.

Toxics can impact life and contaminate drinking water supplies.

Bacteria/Pathogens are an indicator of possible viruses present in the system.

Apa Pencemaran Air?

PP 82 2001.

Pencemaran air yaitu

masuknya mahluk hidup, zat,

energi atau komponen lain ke

dalam air, sehingga kualitas

air turun sampai ke tingkat

tertentu yang menyebabkan

air tidak berfungsi lagi sesuai

dengan peruntukannya

Apa pencemaran air?

WHO:

• 3.4 million premature

deaths each year from

waterborne diseases

• 1.9 million from

diarrhea

• U.S. 1.5 million

illnesses

• 1993 Milwaukee

370,000 sick

Apa pencemaran air?

Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often

from animal wastes

Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that

needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper

mills and food processing.

Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals

often from runoff, industries and household

cleaners

Apa pencemaran air?

Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents

often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners

Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and

phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban

fertilizers

Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt

photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog

rivers and streams

Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from

powerplants

Bagaimana Kualitas Air?

Bacterial Counts: Fecal coliform counts from intestines of animals

• None per 100 ml for drinking

• >200 per 100 ml for swimming

Sources: human sewage, animals, birds, raccoons, etc.

Bagaimana mengukur kualitas air?

Dissolved Oxygen: BOD

Biological Oxygen

Demand…the amount of

oxygen consumed by aquatic

decomposers

Chemical Analysis: looking for

presence of inorganic or

organic chemicals

Suspended Sediment water

clarity

Bagaimana mengukur Kualitas air?

Indicator Species:

organisms that give an

idea of the health of the

water body.

• Mussels, oysters and

clams filter water

Tipe, Efek dan Sumber Pencemaran Air

Point sources

Nonpoint sources

Water quality

Sumber Pencemaran: Titik dan Bukan-Titik

NONPOINT SOURCES

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

POINT SOURCES

Sumber Pencemaran Air

Agriculture: by far the

leader

• Sediment, fertilizers,

bacteria from livestock,

food processing, salt

from soil irrigation

Industrial: factories and

powerplants

Mining: surface mining

toxics, acids, sediment

Pencemaran Air Sungai

Flowing streams can recover from moderate level of degradable water pollution if their flows are not reduced.

• Natural biodegradation process

• Does not work if overloaded or stream flow reduced

• Does not work against non biodegradable pollutants

Pencemaran Sungai

Kurva Kantong oksigen Faktor yang mempengaruhi recovery

Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?

Dua Dunia

Developed Countries

U.S. and other developed countries sharply reduced point sources even with population and economic growth

• Nonpoint still a problem

• Toxic chemicals still problem

• Success Cuyahoga River, Thames River

Dua Dunia

Developing Countries:

Serious and growing problem

• Half of world’s 500 major

rivers heavily polluted

• Sewage treatment minimal

$$$

• Law enforcement difficult

• 10% of sewage in China

treated

• Economic growth with

little $$$ to clean up

Sungai Gangga India

• Holy River (1 million take

daily holy dip)

• 350 million (1/3rd of pop) live

in watershed

• Little sewage treatment

• Used for bathing, drinking

etc.

• Bodies (cremated or not)

thrown in river

• Good news is the Indian

government is beginning to

work on problem

Pencemaran Danau Air Tawar

Dilution as a solution in lakes less effective

• Little vertical mixing

• Little water flow (flushing)

Makes them more vulnerable

• Toxins settle

• Kill bottom life

• Atmospheric deposition

• Food chain disruptions

Biomagnifications

of PCBs in an

aquatic food chain

from the Great

Lakes.

Eutrofikasi Danau

Eutrophication: nutrient

enrichment of lakes

mostly from runoff of

plant nutrients (nitrates

and phosphates)

• During hot dry weather can lead

to algae blooms

• Decrease of photosynthesis

• Dying algae then drops DO

levels

• Fish kills, bad odor

Pencemaran Danau

Eutrofikasi

Eutrofikasi Danau

Penyelesaian masalah:

• Advanced sewage

treatment (N, P)

• Household detergents

• Soil conservation

• Remove excess weed

build up

• Pump in oxygen or

freshwater

Studi Kasus: The Great Lakes

•Pollution levels

dropped, but long

way to go

•95% of U.S.

freshwater

•30% Canadian

pop, 14% U.S.

•38 million drink

•1% flow out St.

Lawrence

•Toxic fish

AIR TANAH = Groundwater

• Why is groundwater pollution a serious

problem?

• What is the extent of the problem?

• What are the solutions?

Groundwater

Groundwater DAPAT

TERKONTAMINASI:

• No way to cleanse itself

• Little dilution and

dispersion

• Out of sight pollution

• Prime source for irrigation

and drinking

• REMOVAL of pollutant

difficult

Pencemaran Groundwater

Low flow rates Few bacteria

Cold temperatures

Coal strip

mine runoff

Pumping well

Waste lagoon

Accidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquifer

Discharge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection well

Pesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

Sewer

Cesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Water pumping well Landfill

Low oxygen

Aliran air bawah tanah

Groundwater

• Pollution moves in

plumes

• Soil, rocks, etc. act like

sponge

• Cleansing does not

work (low O, low flow,

cold)

• Nondegradables may

be permanent

Pencegahan

lebih efektif

dan murah

Pencegahan Pencemaran Groundwater

Monitor aquifers

Leak detection systems

Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

Store hazardous materials above ground

Find less hazardous substitutes

Pencemaran Laut

• Toleransi pencemaran laut

• Coastal zones: How does pollution affect

coastal zones?

• What are major sources of ocean

pollution and what is being done?

• Tumpahan Minyak

Pencemaran Laut

Oceans can disperse and

break down large

quantities of degradable

pollution if they are not

overloaded.

• Pollution worst near heavily

populated coastal zones

• Wetlands, estuaries, coral

reefs, mangrove swamps

• 40% of world’s pop. Live

within 62 miles of coast

Mangrove Swamp

Estuaries

Pencemaran Laut

• Large amounts of

untreated raw sewage

(viruses)

• Leaking septic tanks

• Runoff

• Algae blooms from

nutrients

• Dead zones NO DO

• Airborne toxins

• Oil spills

Pencemaran Laut

Preventing and

reducing the

flow of pollution

from land and

from streams

emptying into

the ocean is key

to protecting

oceans

TUMPAHAN MINYAK

Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage

tanks

Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation

and buoyancy, smothering

Significant economic impacts

Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters

Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing

agents

Pencegahan dan Reduksi

• How can we reduce surface water

pollution: point and also nonpoint.

• How do sewage treatment plants work?

• How successful has the U.S. been at

reducing water pollution? Clean Water

Act

Penyelesiaan: Mencegah dan Mereduksi

Pencemaran Air Permukaan

Nonpoint Sources Point Sources

Reduce runoff

Buffer zone

vegetation

Reduce soil erosion

Clean Water Act

Water Quality Act

Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed

Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Reduksi Runoff

Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Zone Penyangga sekitar

sungai

Sumber pencemaran Nonpoint

Prevent soil erosion and only apply

needed pesticides and fertilizers

Sumber Pencemaran: Titik

Most developed countries

use laws to set water

pollution standards.

Federal Water Pollution

Control Act (Clean Water

Act 1972, ’77, ’87)

• Regulates navigable

waterways..streams,

wetlands, rivers, lake

Peraturan Air Bersih

• Sets standards for key

pollutants

• Requires permits for

discharge

• Requires sewage treatment

• Require permits for

wetland destruction

• Does not deal with

nonpoint sources well

• Goal All Waterways

fishable and swimable

Teknologi: Sistem Septic

Memerlukan tanah dan perawatan

•¼ of all U.S. homes

have Septic tanks

•Can be used in

parking lots, business

parks, etc.

Combined sewer

overflow is a

problem in many

older towns

•EPA: 1.8 M to

3.85 M sick from

swimming in

water

contaminated by

sewer overflows

•EPA: $100 billion

to fix

Pendekatan Teknologi: Pengolahan Air

Limbah

Pengolahan Secara Fisik dan Biologis

Primary: removes 60% of

solids and 30-40% oxygen

demanding wastes

(physically)

Secondary: uses biological

processes to remove up to

90% of biodegradables

Tertiary: advanced

techniques only used in 5%

of U.S. $$$$

Disinfection: chlorine,

ozone, UV

What is not taken out???

Technological Approach: Advanced

(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment

Uses physical and chemical processes

Removes nitrate and phosphate

Expensive

Not widely used

Sludge disposal…using as fertilizer

Technological Approach: Using

Wetlands to Treat Sewage

Fig. 22-18 p. 513

Berita Baik

Largely thanks to CWA:

• Between 1972 – 2002

fishable and swimmable

streams 36% to 60%

• 74% served by sewage

treatment

• Wetlands loss dropped by

80%

• Topsoil losses dropped by

1 billion tons annually

Khabar Buruk

• 45% of Lakes, 40% streams

still not fishable and

swimmable

• Nonpoint sources still huge

problem

• Livestock and Ag. Runoff

• Ikan dengan Racun

Solusi

Pencemaran Air

Air Bersih / Minum

• How is drinking water purified? High tech

way.

• How can we purify drinking water in

developing nations?

• What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?

• Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive

rip-off?

Kualitas Air Minum

Safe Drinking Water Act

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

Purification of urban drinking water

Air Minum Botolan

Protection from terrorism

Purification of rural drinking water

Purifikasi Air Bersih Perkotaan

Surface Water: (like

Delaware River)

• Removed to reservoir to

improve clarity

• Pumped to a treatment

plant to meet drinking

water standards

Groundwater: often does not

need much treatment

Purifikasi Air Bersih Pedesaan

There can be simple ways

to purify water:

• Exposing to heat and UV

rays

• Fine cloths to filter water

• Add small amounts of

chlorine

• 54 countries have

drinking water laws

SDWA passed 1974

requires EPA to set

drinking water

standards

Maximum Contaminating

Levels (MCLs)

Hemat Air Bersih

Hemat Air Bersih

• Privately owned wells

exempt from SDWA

SDWA requires public

notification of failing to

meet standards and fine.

MCLs often stated in

parts per million or

parts per billion

Bottle Water

U.S. has the world’s safest

tap water due to billions

of $$$ of investment

Bottle water 240 to 10,000

times more expensive

than tap water

25% of bottle water is tap

water

Air Botolan

1.4 million metric tons of

bottle thrown away each

year

Toxic fumes released during

bottling

Bottles made from oil based

plastics

Water does not need to meet

SDWA