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Transcript of Materi Inverter VSD
-
4/26/2010
1
Inverter (Konverter DC AC)Pekik Argo Dahono
Penggunaan Inverter Pengendalian motor ac UPS Catu daya ac Ballast elektronik Microwave heating Static VAR generators FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) Filter daya aktif Penyearah
2LPKEE-ITB
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2
Variable Speed DrivesSo
urc
e
AC
rectifier Diode inverter PWM
Link DC
Motor AC
3LPKEE-ITB
Uninterruptibe AC Power Supplies
chargerBattery Bettery
Inverter
Filter
Switch Bypass Static
Switch eMaintenanc Mechanical
Loads Critical
source
normal AC
generatorStandby
4LPKEE-ITB
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3
Properties of Ideal Inverters DC input is free of ripple AC output is sinusoidal or has a
controllable waveshape
5LPKEE-ITB
Klasifikasi Inverter1) Menurut jumlah fasa
- satu-fasa- banyak fasa
2) Menurut sumber dc:- sumber tegangan- sumber arus
3) Menurut metoda komutasi:- komutasi paksa- komutasi natural
4) Menurut metoda pengaturan gelombang ac:- gelombang persegi- pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)- pulse width modulation (PWM)
5) Menurut jumlah level gelombang keluaran:- dua level- banyak level
6LPKEE-ITB
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4
Basic Concepts
oV E
L
oI
dE
dI
Inv
ert
er
oVLo XjI
E
E
E
Lo XjI
Lo XjI
oV
oV
E Lo XjI
oVlagging
0=PF
1=PF
leading0=PF
1=PF
oI
oI
oI
oI
7LPKEE-ITB
Basic Concept
LPKEE-ITB 8
Voltage-Source Inverter Current-Source Inverter
Voltage across the switch is unidirectional but the current is bidirectionalReverse conducting switchesare required
Current through the switch is unidirectional but the voltage is bidirectional.Reverse blocking switchesare required.
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Inverter Satu-Fasa
dE
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
1N
1N2N
di
dE
1S 1D
2S 2D
dE
Load u0ov oi
dE
1S 1D
2S 2D
Load
3S 3D
4S 4D
u v
ov
oi
9LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap
dE
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
1N
1N2N
di
dENN
12
dENN
12
0
ov
oi
di
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Inverter Center-TapdEN
N12
dENN
12
0
ov
oi
di
dE
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
1N
1N2N
di
dE
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
1N
1N2N
di
dE
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
1N
1N2N
di
dE
1S
1D
2S
2D
ov Load
oi
1N
1N2N
di
11LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-TapBebanBeban
12LPKEE-ITB
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7
Analisis Tegangan OutputInverter Center-Tap
( )
( ) ( )kVV
ENN
tdtENNV
tkVv
k
dd
nkk
/
22sin22
sin2
:Tegangan
1
1
22/01
21
12
=
==
=
=
pi
pi
pi
13LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Center-Tap Sederhana Komponen minimum Harus pakai trafo Cocok untuk daya rendah (< 1 kW) Cocok untuk tegangan dc yang rendah Pengaturan tegangan dilakukan dengan
menggunakan trafo ferroresonance.
14LPKEE-ITB
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Half-Bridge Inverter
1S 1D
2S 2D
2dE
Load u0ov
oi
2dE
1di
2di
2dE
0
ov
oi
2dE
1Si1Di
1di
15LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Tegangan Output Inverter Half-Bridge
( )
( ) ( )
kVVk
EtdtEV
tkVv
k
dd
nkko
/: orde Harmonisa
2sin2
:dasarKomponen
sin2
:Tegangan
1
2/01
12
=
==
=
=
pi
pi
pi
16LPKEE-ITB
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Inverter Thyristor
Beban Beban
17LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Thyristor
Beban Beban
18LPKEE-ITB
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Inverter Full-Bridge
2dE
2dE
0
2dE
2dE0
0
dE
dE
uov
vov
uvv
uvi
1S 2S
4S 3S 4S
di
1S 1D
2S 2D
Load
3S 3D
4S 4D
u v
ov
oi
dE
2dE
2dE
0
di
19LPKEE-ITB
Inverter Full-Bridge( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )2/7cos7
22
2/5cos5
22
2/3cos3
22
2/cos22
2/cos22sin22
sin2
7
5
3
1
2/2/
12
pi
pi
pi
pi
pi
pi
pi
d
d
d
d
ddk
nkko
EV
EV
EV
EV
kEk
tdtkEV
tkVv
=
=
=
=
==
=
=
20LPKEE-ITB
Sudut bisa dipilih untuk mengaturbesarnya komponen dasar ataumenghilangkan harmonisa tertentu.
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11
Arus Input
LPKEE-ITB 21
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )[ ]genap. ordekomponen dan dckomponen atas terdiridc sisi Arus
1cos1cos2/cos22:input Arus
sin2/cos4:function Switching
sin2:sinusoidalkeluaran arus Asumsi
12
1212
122121
pi
pi
++=
=
=
===
=
=
tktkkkIi
tkkk
s
tIi
isissisisi
hkld
hk
lu
uuuud
Inverter Tiga-Fasa
( )( ) ( ) ( )
uowowuwovovwvououv
vouowownwouovovnwovououn
wovouonownvnun
nownwonovnvonounuo
vvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvvvvv
vvvvvvv
vvvvvvvvv
===
===
++==++
+=+=+=
2312
312
31
310
1S 1D
2S
2D
udE
2dE
2dE
0
di
3S 3D
4S
4D
v
5S 5D
6S
6D
w
n
Load
22LPKEE-ITB
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12
Inverter Tiga-Fasa2dE
2dE
0
0
0
0
0
2dE
2dE
2dE
2dE
32 dE
3dE
3dE
32 dE
dE
dE
uov
vov
wov
unv
uvv
23LPKEE-ITB
( )
( )
dll
nknk
kphun
phkph
dph
nkkphuo
EV
tkVv
kVV
EV
tkVv
pi
pi
6:fasaantar Tegangan
sin2
netral-ke-fasaTegangan /
2
sin2
nol-ke-fasaTegangan
1,
312
,
1,,
1,
12,
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Arus Input
LPKEE-ITB 24
( ) ( )[ ]( )[ ]
( ) ( ) ( )( )[ ] ( )[ ]
( )( )[ ] ( )( )[ ]
( )( )[ ] ( )( )[ ]enam.kelipatan harmonisa plus dckomponen atas terdiridc sisi Arus
1cos1cos22
1cos1cos22
1cos1cos22
sin2sin2sin2
sin221
sin221sin2
21
12
32
32
12
32
32
12
32
32
12
32
12
32
12
=
=
=
=
=
=
+++++
+++
++=
+==
++=
+=+=
++=
hkl
hkl
hkld
lwlvlu
hkw
hkv
hku
wwvvuud
ktktkI
ktktk
I
ktktkIi
tIitIitIiktk
s
ktk
sk
tks
isisisi
pi
pi
pi
pi
pi
pi
pipi
pipi
pipi
pi
pi
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13
Simulation
25LPKEE-ITB
Simulated Result
26LPKEE-ITB
Line-line voltage
Line-neutral voltage
Line current
Input current
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14
Teknik PWM1. Sampling Based PWM: Natural sampling (Carrier Based) Regular sampling 2. Programmed PWM: Eliminated Harmonics Minimum Harmonics
27LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM
1S
2dE
Load0ov
oi
2dE
1di
2di
1D
2S
2D
u
+
o2dE
0
2dE
uov
If fc/fr integer, the technique is called synchronous otherwise asynchronous
28LPKEE-ITB
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15
Natural Sampling
LPKEE-ITB 29
Regular Sampling
2dE
0
2dE
uov
30LPKEE-ITB
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16
Simulation
31LPKEE-ITB
carrier
reference
Simulation Results
32LPKEE-ITB
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17
Analisis Tegangan Keluaran Inverter PWM Satu-Fasa
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
[ ] ( )
=
=
+=
=
=
=
+=
=
==
=
1
0
1
cossinsin2
sin2
sin
sin2
coscos
cos
./22
122
n
sdd
o
r
dn
ssssd
n
n
snoo
sON
rddd
s
OFFONo
tnknkEE
kv
kv
nn
EC
tdtntdtnEC
tnCvv
TT
vEEE
TTT
v
pipi
pipi
pi
pi
pi
pi
maka Jika
:FourierDeret mana yang
:tegangan rata-rata Nilai
0
0
2dE
2dE
rvcar
ONT
sT
33LPKEE-ITB
Control characteristic
LPKEE-ITB 34
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18
Simulation result under nonsinusoidal reference
35LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Tegangan keluaran Maximum peak output voltage is Ed/2. This
value is less than the fundamentalcomponent of square-wave output voltage.
The output current waveform is almostsinusoidal when the switching frequency ishigh.
Because the switching frequency is high,the switching losses are also high.
36LPKEE-ITB
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19
Analisis Riak
0
2dE
2dE
ruv
carrier
ot 1t 2t 3t 4t
sT
1ToT oT
ui~
uv
( )( )
( )( )
+
=
+==
++=
==
+=+=
++=
434
311
1
for
for 2
for
1~Thus,
~
~~
212
2
Then
~
and ~ assume usLet
:equation tageOutput vol
tttttL
v
tttttL
vE
TL
v
tttttL
v
dtvvL
i
dtidLiRvvv
edtidLiR
ETTE
vv
iiivvv
edtdiLRiv
uo
uod
ouo
oouo
uouou
uuuououo
uu
u
d
s
ONdruo
uuuuououo
uu
uuo
37LPKEE-ITB
Analisis Riak
38LPKEE-ITB
sin21
21
21
212
1
kv
vTT
vTT
r
u
r
s
r
u
s
o
=
+=
=
=
=
+
pi
pi
2
02
,
22
~
21~
:ripple of value RMS
~1~:ripple of valuesquareMean
dII
dtiT
I
uavu
Tt
t us
u
so
o
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20
Programmed PWM
0
2dE
2dE
pi
ganjil. Untuk n
nn
Eb
nn
Ea
M
kk
kdn
M
kk
kdn
=
+=
=
=
2
1
2
1
sin)1(2
cos)1(12
pi
pi
39LPKEE-ITB
Programmed PWM
LPKEE-ITB 40
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21
Teknik PWM Untuk Inverter Satu-Fasa Full-Bridge
2dE
2dE
uov
vov
uvv
1S 1D
2S 2D
Load
3S 3D
4S 4D
u v
ov
oi
dE
2dE
2dE
0
di
+
+
1S
2S
3S
4S
41LPKEE-ITB
PWM Characteristic
LPKEE-ITB 42
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22
Three-Phase PWM Inverter
1S 1D
2S
2D
udE
2dE
2dE
0
di
3S 3D
4S
4D
v
5S 5D
6S
6D
w
n
Load
43LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasaruv
rvv
rwv
uov
vov
uvvr
wd
wo
rv
dvo
ru
duo
uowowu
wovovw
vououv
dwo
dwo
rw
dvo
dvo
r
v
duo
duo
ru
vE
v
vE
v
vE
v
vvv
vvv
vvv
Ev
Evcarv
Ev
Evcarv
Ev
Evcarv
2
2
2
22
22
22
=
=
=
=
=
=
==>
==>
==>
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF
44LPKEE-ITB
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23
PWM Characteristics
LPKEE-ITB 45
Ripple Analysis
LPKEE-ITB 46
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24
Simulation
47LPKEE-ITB
Simulation Results
48LPKEE-ITB
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25
Inverter Input Current
LPKEE-ITB 49
Dead Time
LPKEE-ITB 50
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26
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
n
Load
0
uov
vov
wov
wi
vi
ui
51LPKEE-ITB
Teknik PWM Inverter Tiga-Fasa
( )( ) orw
o
r
v
o
r
u
skvskv
skv
++=
+=
+=
32
32
sinsinsin
:signals Reference
pi
pi
52LPKEE-ITB
PWM vector Space -PWM ousDiscontinu
3sin4
3sin6
-
:popularmost The
=
=
ks
ks
o
o
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27
Simulation Result
53LPKEE-ITB
Switching Function Concept
( )( )( )
function switching phase-to-phase is
ELSE THEN IF ELSE THEN IF ELSE THEN IF
otherwise then signalON an receives device switchingupper the IF
uv
dwuduwuGwGwu
dvwdwvwGvGvw
duvdvuvGuGuv
dwwGdvvGduuG
wwrw
vvrv
uuru
s
EsEssvvvEsEssvvv
EsEssvvvEsvEsvEsv
sscarv
sscarv
sscarv
ss
===
===
===
===
==>
==>
==>
==
010101
.01
54LPKEE-ITB
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28
Voltage-Type and Current-Type InvertersR L e
C
1S
u
2S
3S
v
4S 6S
w
5S
dI
0
u
1S
2S
u
v
w
RL
e
3S
v
4S
5S
6S
wdE
Current-Type Inverter
Voltage-Type Inverter 55
Autosequential CommutationCurrent-Source Inverters
MotorInduction
dI
dv
56LPKEE-ITB
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29
Current-Source Inverter with Individual Commutation
dI
dv
BridgeAuxiliary
BridgeMain
MotorInduction
57LPKEE-ITB
Current-Source Inverter with Fourth-Leg Commutation
dI
dv
58LPKEE-ITB
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30
Duality Between Voltage-Type and Current-Type Inverters
0
dvuuo Esv =
dvvvo Esv =
dvwwo Esv =
ui
vi
wi
u
v
w
RL
e
u
v
w
C
G
j
diuvuv Isi =
divwvw ISi =
diwuwu Isi =
ui
vi
wi
59LPKEE-ITB
Duality Between Voltage-Type and Current-Type Inverters
ruvi r
vwirwui
0
1iuvs
0
1
1
ivs
ivws 0
1
ruv
rvv
rwv
0
1vus
0
1
1
vuvs
vvs
0
1
60LPKEE-ITB
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31
Current-Type Inverters
.continuitycurrent sorce ensure to devices switching lower and upper of pair one ON-turn then zero are and all IF
signal. ON an receives S6 nor S5 neither IF andsignal, ON an receives S6 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S5 THEN IF
signal. ON an receives S4 nor S3 neither IF andsignal, ON an receives S4 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S3 THEN IF
signal. ON an receives S2 nor S1 neither IF andsignal, ON an receives S2 THEN IF signal, ON an receives S1 THEN IF
ELSE THEN IF ELSE THEN IF ELSE THEN IF
iw
iv
iu
iw
iw
iw
iv
iv
iv
iu
iu
iu
iwu
ivw
iw
ivw
iuv
iv
iuv
iwu
iu
iwu
iwu
rwu
ivw
ivw
rvw
iuv
iuv
ruv
sss
s
ss
s
ss
s
ss
sssssssss
sscari
sscari
sscari
,,
0
11
0
11
0
11
01
01
01
=
==
=
==
=
==
===
==
==
==
61LPKEE-ITB
Current-Type Inverters At present, voltage-type inverters are more popular than
current-type inverters. Current-type inverters are commonly used as PWM
rectifiers. Advances on superconductor will increase the use of
current-type inverters. At present, several manufacturers introduce reverse-
blocking devices on one module. Current-type inverters are introduced for medium voltage
ac drives because the input and output currents are almost sinusoidal, inherently four-quadrants, and short-circuit proof.
62LPKEE-ITB
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32
Space-Vector PWM
( )3/2
232
pijcoboaoo
ea
avvavv
=
++=r
:definitionvector Voltage
100011
101001
010 110
111000
63LPKEE-ITB
Space Vector PWM
( )
[ ]21
1
2
2
21
22
11
21
sincos323
sin3
333
sin
31
32
cos
ttTtEVTt
EVTt
ETtV
ETtE
TtV
vTt
vTt
vTt
v
vbvaVev
so
ds
ds
ds
ds
ds
zeros
o
ss
ro
jro
=
=
=
=
+=
++=
+==
rrr
rrr
dEv 32
1 =r
3/2 3
2 pijd eEv =
r
rovr
64LPKEE-ITB
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33
Space Vector PWM
a phase
b phase
c phase
2ot
1t 2t 2ot
0
0
0
65LPKEE-ITB
Two-Level Inverters High-voltage applications
need high-voltage switching devices.
Series connection of switching devices are difficult to control.
Output waveforms can only be improved at the expense of switching losses.
High-voltage applications may need bulky and expensive transformers.
2dE
2dE
u0
1S
2S
66LPKEE-ITB
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34
Diode clamped multilevel inverters
2dE
2dE
u0
1S
2S
1D
2D3S
4S
0
1D
u
1S
2S
3S
4S
4dE
2D
3D
4D
5D
6D
5S
6S
7S
8S
4dE
4dE
4dE
Three-level inverterFive-level inverter
67LPKEE-ITB
Flying capacitor inverters
2dE u
1S
2S
3S
4S
dE
Three level inverters Five level
2dE u
1S
2S
3S
4S
dE 43 dE
4dE
5S
6S
7S
8S
68LPKEE-ITB
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35
Cascade connection of single-phase inverters
u
1S
2S
v
3S
4S
dE
1S
2S
v
3S
4S
dE
u
1S
2S
3S
4S
dE
Three level inverter
Five level inverter 69LPKEE-ITB
END
LPKEE-ITB 70
