Laporan per Semester Periode : Kepada Yth. Januari 2014 September 2014

Bapak/Ibu Kasubdit Kualifikasi

Direktorat Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Ditjen Pendidikan Tinggi, Kemendikbud

Gedung D Lt. 5 Kompleks Kemendikbud- Jl. Jenderal Sudirman, Pintu 1 Senayan

Jakarta 10270 INDONESIA

LAPORAN BELAJAR KARYASISWA DIKTI

1. NAMA LENGKAP : Mayang Gitta Pawitra

2. TEMPAT/TGL. LAHIR : Semarang/16 Juni 1990

3. AGAMA : Islam

4. INSTANSI & JABATAN : Calon dosen

5. N I P./NO. PEG. : -

6. PANGKAT/GOLONGAN : -

7. NO. & TGL. BERLAKU PASPOR : A 0394839, 06 Mei 2011 06 Mei 2016

8. ALAMAT DI INGGRIS : 67 Selly Hill Road, Selly Oak, B26 7DL

E - MAIL : mayang_gitta@yahoo.com

9. ALAMAT DI INDONESIA : Pamulang Permai I A16/27, Pamulang,

Tangerang

10. SK. PENUGASAN/SK. INSTANSI : -

11. TEMPAT/TGL. TIBA DI INGGRIS : Birmingham, 22 September 2013

12. BIAYA/BEASISWA DARI : BPP LN DIKTI Gelombang 5 Tahun 2013

13. JENJANG STUDI : Master

14. BIDANG STUDI : Advanced Chemical Engineering

15. RENCANA LAMANYA STUDI S/D : 1 tahun

16. CONTACT PERSON DI LUAR NEGERI

NAMA : Adinda Fertina

ALAMAT : 67 Selly Hill Road, Selly Oak, B267DL

17. TEMPAT BELAJAR SAAT INI

A. UNIVERSITAS : University of Birmingham

B. TINGKAT/SEMESTER : 1

C. MULAI BELAJAR : 30 September 2013

D. ALAMAT DAN NO. TILP. : Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands,

B152TT

E. DOSEN PEMBIMBING : Dr. Serafim Bakalis

18. URAIAN RINGKAS LAPORAN BELAJAR (SEMESTER LALU) :

Semester lalu saya mengambil 6 mata kuliah yaitu:

Hygiene food processing 10 credits

Business method, economics and strategy 10 credits

Plant design and manufacturing principles in bio pharmaceutical production

10 credits

Measurement techniques 10 credits

Saya akan menjalankan ujian untuk 2 mata kuliah yang saya ambil pada tanggal

3 Juni dan 5 Juni 2014 sementara 2 mata kuliah lainnya adalah coursework

(berbasis pada tugas essay).

19. RENCANA SEMESTER MENDATANG : Semester ini saya akan menyelesaikan thesis saya yang berjudul Tribological Study of Various Skin Cream Formulation using Mini Traction Machine. Berikut saya lampirkan

proposal penelitian saya.

20. HAMBATAN/MASALAH & SARAN-SARAN (sekiranya ada) :

-

Demikian laporan studi ini dibuat dengan sebenarnya. Terima kasih

Birmingham, 20 Mei 2014

Karyasiswa DIKTI

Mayang Gitta Pawitra

Mengetahui, Personal Tutor,

Dr. Serafim Bakalis Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering

The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT UK t: +44 (0) 121 414 5306

Proposed title: Tribological Study of Various Skin Cream Formulation using Mini Traction Machine

Introduction

Introduction:

Skin cream has been one of the common cosmetic products found in the market. Skin creams

in the market are commonly smooth, soft and moist in structure. They are not only

determined by its rheological properties but also its tribological properties. The rheological

properties which influenced cream structure is its viscosity while the tribological properties

are lubrication, friction and wear of skin cream (Gohar and Rahnejat, 2008). The final

structure of skin cream, whether the cream is sticky or creamy depends on the ingredients of

the cream. It is believed that cream which has more oil ingredients have higher viscosity

which leads to higher friction and longer durability (Bhushan, 2010). Viscosity and friction

plays an important role in characterisation of cream and it is essential to further understand

those factors to improve the quality of skin cream.

There has been several studies conducted about the tribological properties on skin before and

after the application of skin cream, however, only limited studies has been conducted about

the effect of those properties on different ingredients towards the final structure of skin

cream. Therefore there needs a further experiment to provide a better understanding of

rheological and tribological properties in order to improve the performance of skin cream.

(Canter,2010).

Objectives:

The aim of this research is to investigate the characteristic of skin cream through viscosity

measurement and traction test with focus on the effect of different temperature, speed and

additional load on three different formulated skin cream (glycerin skin cream, pure lanolin

and oil- free cream). This study is done by using a mini traction machine (MTM, PCS

Instrument, UK). The traction test presented is used to plot Stribeck curves by which the

influence of entrainment speed, temperature and load can be examined (Myant et al, 2010).

Materials and method:

Preparation of skin cream

Cream are o/w emulsion based preparations containing aqueous phase and oil phase.

Ingredient of oil phase (A) is melted in a beaker using water bath at constant stirring.

Components of aqueous phase (B) are mixed together and warmed to about same temperature

of oil phase (up to 70 C). The oil phase was added to water phase continuously on a constant

stirring at 70 C. While the batch is still hot, the sodium hydroxide is added while mixing for

about 10-15 minutes until uniform. The mixture should appeared as a white colour semi-solid

cream. (Das, 2012).

Viscosity measurement method (Purushotham et al 2010)

The viscosity of formulated creams was measured by Brook field Viscometer using spindle at

varying speed and shear rates. Viscosity measurement is done at room temperature. The

measurement is conducted over speed ranging from 0.1 until 0.5 rpm with 60 sec between

two successive speeds as equilibration with shear rate ranging from 0.2 sec-1 to 1 sec-1.

Friction measurement method

Friction measurement will be done by employing Mini Traction Machine (MTM). The first

test contact is formed between a polished 19 mm diameter steel ball and the flat surface a

disc, each independently driven to produce a sliding/rolling contact. Before sample reached

the required temperature the machine is set to an idle speed of 2 mm/s where the ball applied

no load to sample or disc, but where both ball and disc rotated at the selected speed until the

samples temperature equilibrated. Once the desired temperature is reached, the ball apllied

the selected load and the test run began. Each test is carried out in triplicate with a fresh

sample each time. The sample pot of the tribometer together with the disc is rinsed with hot

water and cleaned with ethanol after each run (Malone, 2003). In this study, variables of

applied loads are 0.5N, 2N and 5N at the temperature of 35C, 45C, 55C and in mixed sliding-

rolling conditions with a fixed slide roll ratio of 50% over a range of entrainment speeds

between 2 until 1000 mm/s (de Vicente, et al, 2006).

References

Feel of Skin Cream. [Online], : 22 April 2014

https://www.stle.org/assets/document/Tech_Beat_March_2010.pdf

Das, K., Dang, R., Machale, M., et al. (2012) Evaluation for Safety Assessment of Formulated Vanishing Cream Containing Aqueous Stevia extract for Topical Application. Indian Journal of

Novel Drug Delivery, 4 (1): 43-51.

De Vicente, J., Stokes, J.R. and Spikes, H.A. (2006) Soft Lubrication of Model Hydrocolloids. Food

Hydrocolloids, 20 (4): 483-491.

Gohar, R. and Rahnejat, H. (2008) Fundamentals of Tribology. London, United Kingdom:

Imperial College Press.

Skin Cream formulation. [Online], : 19 April 2014-https://www.lubrizol.com/Personal-

Care/Documents/Formulations/O---Other-Skin-Care/O-0051B.pdf.

Malone, M. (2003) Oral behaviour of food hydrocolloids and emulsion. Part 1. Food hydrocolloids

17(6)763-773. Food Hydrocolloids, 17 (6): 763-773.

Myant, C., Spikes, H.A. and Stokes, J.R. (2010) Influence of Load and Elastic Properties on the Rolling and Sliding Friction o Lubricated Compliant Contacts. 43 55-63.

Purushotham, R., Khaliq, K., Kharat, S., et al. (2010) Preparation and Evaluation O/W Cream for Skin Psoriasis. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 1 (3): 1-11.

Tang, W. and Bhushan, B. (2010) Adhesion, Friction and Wear Characterization of skin and skin cream using Atomic Force Microscope. 76 1-1