LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM - Unika Repositoryrepository.unika.ac.id/9992/1/11.11.0008 Eva Litta...

PROJEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR

Periode LXVIII, Semester Gasal, Tahun 2015/2016

LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI

Tema Desain

Biophilic Architecture

Fokus Kajian

Inovasi Desain untuk Menjaga Kualitas Udara yang Sehat di Dalam Bangunan

Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan

memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur

Disusun Oleh :

Eva Litta Devitiani 11.11.0008

Dosen Pembimbing :

Ir. A.M.S. Darmawan M-Bldg

NIDN. 0006085001

PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR

FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN

UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA

November 2015

v

PRAKATA

Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas rahmat-Nya sehingga LTP

Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 ini dapat terselesaikan. LTP ini berjudul Sekolah Tinggi

Ilmu Farmasi yang merupakan persyaratan kelengkapan untuk Proyek Akhir

Arsitektur 68, Fakultas Aristektur dan Desain Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata

Semarang.

LTP yang dibuat dapat terlaksana dengan baik atas dukungan dan bantuan

dari berbagai pihak yang terkait. Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada:

1. Ir. A.M.S. Darmawan, M-Bldg, selaku dosen pembimbing Proyek Akhir Arsitektur

68

2. Ir. FX. Bambang Suskiyatno, MT selaku dosen Koordinator Proyek Akhir

Arsitektur 68

3. Ir. Afriyanto Sofyan, St.B, MT. selaku sekretaris Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68

4. Vera Marina,S.Psi.,M.Psi, selaku Direktur Eksekutif Yayasan Pharmasi

Semarang

5. Pihak-pihak lain yang telah membantu baik secara langsung maupun tidak

langsung

Berharap dengan disusunnya LTP ini dapat memberikan gambaran

mengenai Proyek Akhir Arsitektur 68 yang berjudul Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi.

Akhir kata penulis mengucapkan Terimakasih.

Semarang, 13 November 2015

Penulis

vi

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................. i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ................................................................................... ii

PRAKATA .............................................................................................................. v

DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................ vi

DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................... xi

DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................ xiv

BAB I. PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................ 1

1.1. LATAR BELAKANG SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI ........................... 1

1.2. TUJUAN DAN SASARAN PEMBAHASAN .................................................. 3

1.3. LINGKUP PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................... 4

1.4. METODA PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................ 5

1.4.1. Metoda Pengumpulan Data ............................................................... 5

a. Data Primer .................................................................................... 5

b. Data Sekunder ............................................................................... 6

1.4.2. Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisa ...................................................... 7

1.4.3. Metoda Pemrograman ....................................................................... 8

a. Analisa ........................................................................................... 8

b. Sintesa ........................................................................................... 8

1.4.4. Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur ......................................................... 9

1.5. SISTEMATIKA PEMBAHASAN ................................................................... 10

BAB II. TINJAUAN PROYEK SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU FARMASI ...................... 12

2.1. TINJAUAN UMUM ....................................................................................... 12

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2.1.1. Gambaran Umum .............................................................................. 12

2.1.2. Latar Belakang – Perkembangan – Trend ......................................... 15

2.1.3. Sasaran yang Akan Dicapai ............................................................... 17

2.2. TINJAUAN KHUSUS ................................................................................... 17

2.2.1. Terminologi ........................................................................................ 17

a. Pengertian Epistemologis .............................................................. 17

b. Latar belakang sejarah Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi (STIFAR)

Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang ........................................................... 22

2.2.2. Kegiatan ............................................................................................. 23

a. Pelaku ............................................................................................ 23

b. Fasilitas.......................................................................................... 28

c. Peralatan/ Prasarana ..................................................................... 32

2.2.3. Spesifikasi dan Persyaratan Desain................................................... 44

2.2.4. Deskripsi Konteks Desa/ Kota ............................................................ 65

a. Lokasi ............................................................................................ 65

b. Urgensi – Relevansi Proyek di Kota Semarang ............................. 67

c. Urban Issue .................................................................................... 68

2.2.5. Studi Banding/ Komparasi Kasus Proyek Sejenis .............................. 68

2.2.6. Permasalahan Desain ........................................................................ 77

2.3. KESIMPULAN, BATASAN DAN ANGGAPAN ............................................. 78

2.3.1. Kesimpulan ...................................................................................... 78

2.3.2. Batasan ............................................................................................ 78

2.3.3. Anggapan ......................................................................................... 79

BAB III. ANALISA PENDEKATAN PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ............................. 80

3.1. ANALISA PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR ..................................................... 80

viii

3.1.1. Studi Aktifitas ..................................................................................... 80

a. Pengelompokan Aktifitas ............................................................... 80

b. Pola Kegiatan ................................................................................ 93

c. Jadwal Kegiatan ............................................................................. 97

d. Perhitungan Jumlah Pelaku ........................................................... 97

e. Jumlah Pelaku di Sekolah.............................................................. 100

f. Perhitungan Time Slot .................................................................... 102

3.1.2. Studi Fasilitas ..................................................................................... 117

a. Pengelompokan Ruang dan Sifat .................................................. 117

b. Persyaratan Ruang ........................................................................ 120

c. Pola Ruang .................................................................................... 124

d. Studi Ruang Khusus ...................................................................... 127

e. Studi Kebutuhan Luas Ruang ........................................................ 130

f. Perhitungan Area Parkir ................................................................. 141

g. Fasilitas Kaum Difabel ................................................................... 143

h. Citra Arsitektural ............................................................................ 145

3.2. ANALISA PENDEKATAN SISTEM BANGUNAN ......................................... 146

3.2.1. Studi Sistem Struktur & Enclosure ..................................................... 146

3.2.2. Studi Sistem Utilitas ........................................................................... 157

a. Tangga........................................................................................... 157

b. Lift .................................................................................................. 158

c. Sistem Air Bersih ........................................................................... 159

d. Sistem Distribusi Listrik .................................................................. 160

e. Sistem Pengolahan Limbah ........................................................... 160

f. Sistem Jaringan Telepon ................................................................ 166

ix

g. Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi ................................................... 166

h. Sistem Penangkal Petir ................................................................. 167

3.2.3. Studi Pemanfaatan Teknologi ............................................................ 168

3.3. ANALISA KONTEKS LINGKUNGAN ........................................................... 175

3.3.1. Analisa Pemilihan Lokasi ................................................................... 175

3.3.2. Analisa Pemilihan Tapak .................................................................... 179

BAB IV. PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ....................................................................... 189

4.1. KONSEP PROGRAM .................................................................................. 189

4.1.1. Aspek Citra ........................................................................................ 189

4.1.2. Aspek Fungsi ..................................................................................... 190

4.1.3. Aspek Teknologi ................................................................................ 190

4.2. TUJUAN PERANCANGAN, FAKTOR PENENTU PERANCANGAN, FAKTOR

PERSYARATAN PERANCANGAN .............................................................. 190

4.2.1. Tujuan Perancangan (Design Objective) ........................................... 190

4.2.2. Faktor Penentu Perancangan (Design Determinant) ......................... 191

4.2.3. Faktor Persyaratan Perancangan (Design Requirement) .................. 192

a. Persyaratan Arsitektur ................................................................... 192

b. Persyaratan Bangunan .................................................................. 193

c. Persyaratan Lingkungan ................................................................ 193

4.3. PROGRAM ARSITEKTUR ........................................................................... 194

4.3.1. Program Kegiatan .............................................................................. 194

4.3.2. Program Sistem Struktur .................................................................... 198

4.3.3. Progam Sistem Utilitas ....................................................................... 200

4.3.4. Program Lokasi dan Tapak ................................................................ 203

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BAB V. KAJIAN TEORI ......................................................................................... 209

5.1. KAJIAN TEORI PENEKANAN/ TEMA DESAIN ........................................... 209

5.1.1. Uraian Interprestasi dan Elaborasi Teori Tema Desain...................... 209

5.1.2. Studi Preseden .................................................................................. 214

5.1.3. Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Tema Desain ................................... 216

5.2. KAJIAN TEORI PERMASALAHAN DOMINAN ............................................ 218

5.2.1. Uraian Interprestasi & Elaborasi Teori Permasalahan Dominan ........ 218

5.2.2. Studi Preseden .................................................................................. 221

5.2.3. Kemungkinan Penerapan Teori Permasalahan Dominan .................. 222

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................... 223

LAMPIRAN

xi

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1. Peralatan Umum Laboratorium .............................................................. 38

Tabel 2.2. Pengelompokkan Mata Kuliah dan Sebaran SKS .................................. 46

Tabel 2.3. Kurikulum D3 Anafarma ......................................................................... 47

Tabel 2.4. Kurikulum D3 Farmasi ........................................................................... 50

Tabel 2.5. Kurikulum S1 Farmasi ............................................................................ 53

Tabel 2.6. Mata Kuliah Pilihan ................................................................................ 57

Tabel 2.7. Kurikulum Profesi Apoteker.................................................................... 58

Tabel 3.1. Kategori Pimpinan STIFAR .................................................................... 80

Tabel 3.2. Kategori Karyawan STIFAR ................................................................... 85

Tabel 3.3. Mahasiswa, Pengunjung/ Tamu ............................................................. 91

Tabel 3.4. Jadwal Pelayanan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi .................................... 97

Tabel 3.5. Jadwal Kegiatan ..................................................................................... 97

Tabel 3.6. Data Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi di Semarang ...................... 98

Tabel 3.7. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (D3) ............................. 98

Tabel 3.8. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (D3) ............................. 99

Tabel 3.9. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Farmasi (S1) ............................. 99

Tabel 3.10. Rata-rata Jumlah Mahasiswa Jurusan Profesi Apoteker ..................... 100

Tabel 3.11. Jumlah Pelaku di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Farmasi (STIFAR) ................... 100

Tabel 3.12. Time Slot D3 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GANJIL) ..................................... 102

Tabel 3.13. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GANJIL ......................... 103

Tabel 3.14. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GANJIL ............................ 103

Tabel 3.15. Time Slot D3 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GENAP) ..................................... 104

Tabel 3.16. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas SEMESTER GENAP ......................... 105

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Tabel 3.17. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Lab SEMESTER GENAP ............................ 105

Tabel 3.18. Time Slot D3 Anafarma ( SEMESTER GANJIL) .................................. 105



Tabel 3.21. Time Slot D3 Anafarma ( SEMESTER GENAP) .................................. 107



Tabel 3.24. Time Slot S1 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GANJIL) ..................................... 109



Tabel 3.27. Time Slot S1 Farmasi ( SEMESTER GENAP) ..................................... 111



Tabel 3.30. Time Slot Progdi Profesi Apoteker ....................................................... 113

Tabel 3.31. Jumlah Slot untuk Ruang Kelas Profesi Apoteker ................................ 113

Tabel 3.32. Kebutuhan Slot Kelas 1 jam ................................................................. 114



Tabel 3.35. Pengelompokan Ruang dan Sifat ........................................................ 117

Tabel 3.36. Persyaratan Ruang .............................................................................. 120

Tabel 3.37. Kebutuhan Luas Ruang ....................................................................... 130

Tabel 3.38. Alternatif Struktur Pondasi ................................................................... 146

Tabel 3.39. Alternatif Dinding .................................................................................. 150

Tabel 3.40. Alternatif Lantai .................................................................................... 153

Tabel 3.41. Alternatif Struktur Atap ......................................................................... 155

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Tabel 3.42. Analisa Lokasi BWK II .......................................................................... 175

Tabel 3.43. Analisa Potensi dan Kendala ............................................................... 176

Tabel 3.44. Analisa Lokasi BWK VI ........................................................................ 177

Tabel 3.45. Analisa Potensi dan Kendala ............................................................... 178

Tabel 3.46. Pemilihan Lokasi .................................................................................. 179

Tabel 3.47. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Tapak 1 .................................................... 181

Tabel 3.48. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Tapak 2 .................................................... 184

Tabel 3.49. Penilaian Alternatif Tapak .................................................................... 187

Tabel 4.1. Tabel Luas Bangunan ............................................................................ 194

Tabel 4.2. Tabel Jenis Vegetasi dalam Bangunan .................................................. 204

Tabel 4.3. Tabel Jenis Vegetasi di Luar Bangunan ................................................ 206

Tabel 5.1. Hubungan Green Arcitecture dan Biophilic Architecture ........................ 210

xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1.1. Diagram Metoda Penyusunan dan Analisa ........................................ 7

Gambar 1.2. Diagram Metoda Perancangan Arsitektur .......................................... 9

Gambar 2.1. Lambang STIFAR, Yayasan Pharmasi Semarang ............................. 19

Gambar 2.2. Struktur Organisasi STIFAR ............................................................... 27

Gambar 2.3. Struktur Organisasi Program Studi .................................................... 28

Gambar 2.4. Mikroskop ........................................................................................... 32

Gambar 2.5. Timbangan Neraca ............................................................................ 32

Gambar 2.6. Lemari Pengering ............................................................................... 32

Gambar 2.7. Lemari Asam ...................................................................................... 33

Gambar 2.8. Timbangan Elektrik ............................................................................ 33

Gambar 2.9. Spectrophotometer ............................................................................ 33

Gambar 2.10. Waterbath ........................................................................................ 34

Gambar 2.11. Centrifuge ........................................................................................ 34

Gambar 2.12. Rotarod Test .................................................................................... 34

Gambar 2.13. Laminair Air Flow (LAF) ................................................................... 35

Gambar 2.14. Inkubator .......................................................................................... 35

Gambar 2.15. Enkas ............................................................................................... 35

Gambar 2.16. Alat Uji Waktu Alir Granul ................................................................. 36

Gambar 2.17. Alat Waktu Leleh Suppo ................................................................... 36

Gambar 2.18. Brookfield ......................................................................................... 36

Gambar 2.19. Friability Rotator Machine ................................................................ 37

Gambar 2.20. Refraktometer .................................................................................. 37

Gambar 2.21. Piknometer ....................................................................................... 37

Gambar 2.22. Disolution Test ................................................................................. 37

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Gambar 2.23. Autoclave ......................................................................................... 38

Gambar 2.24. Disintegration Tester ........................................................................ 38

Gambar 2.25. Beaker Glass ................................................................................... 38

Gambar 2.26. Batang Pengaduk ............................................................................ 39

Gambar 2.27. Cawan Petri ..................................................................................... 39

Gambar 2.28. Cawan Porselin ................................................................................ 39

Gambar 2.29.Corong Kaca ..................................................................................... 39

Gambar 2.30.Erlenmeyer ........................................................................................ 39

Gambar 2.31. Gelas Ukur ....................................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.32. Labu Takar ....................................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.33. Tabung Reaksi ................................................................................. 40

Gambar 2.34. Pipet Volume .................................................................................... 40

Gambar 2.35. Thermometer ................................................................................... 41

Gambar 2.36. Kamera CCTV Dome ....................................................................... 41

Gambar 2.37. Fire Extinguisher .............................................................................. 42

Gambar 2.38. Kotak Hydrant .................................................................................. 42

Gambar 2.39. Pintu Darurat .................................................................................... 42

Gambar 2.40. Genset ............................................................................................. 42

Gambar 2.41. Lift .................................................................................................... 43

Gambar 2.42. Ruang Kelas dengan Lampu LED Otomatis .................................... 43

Gambar 2.43. Absensi Fingerprint .......................................................................... 43

Gambar 2.44. Parking System ................................................................................ 44

Gambar 2.45. Letak Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah ............................................... 65

Gambar 2.46. Peta Pembagian BWK Semarang .................................................... 66

Gambar 2.47. Pintu Gerbang STIFAR Pucanggading Semarang ........................... 69

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Gambar 2.48. Denah Lantai 1 STIFAR ................................................................... 70



Gambar 2.51. Ruang Kelas STIFAR ....................................................................... 71

Gambar 2.52. Ruang Lab. Mikrobiologi .................................................................. 72

Gambar 2.53. Rak Penyimpanan Barang Di Ruang Lab. Mikrobiologi ................... 72

Gambar 2.54. Ruang Laboran ................................................................................ 72

Gambar 2.55. Ruang Lab. Farmasetika .................................................................. 72

Gambar 2.56. Ruang Lab. Kimia Farmasi ............................................................... 72

Gambar 2.57. Selasar Di STIFAR ........................................................................... 72

Gambar 2.58. Ruang Aula ...................................................................................... 72

Gambar 2.59. Ruang Lab. Komputasi ..................................................................... 72

Gambar 2.60. Ruang Lab. Steril ............................................................................. 73

Gambar 2.61. Oven di Ruang Lab. Steril ................................................................ 73

Gambar 2.62. LAF di Ruang Kerja Steril ................................................................. 73

Gambar 2.63. Ruang Inokulasi ............................................................................... 73

Gambar 2.64. LAF di Ruang Inokulasi .................................................................... 73

Gambar 2.65. Kondisi Bangunan Lama .................................................................. 74

Gambar 2.66. Kondisi Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker ............................. 74

Gambar 2.67. Kondisi Bangunan Lama .................................................................. 74

Gambar 2.68. Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker ......................................... 74

Gambar 2.69. Letak Bangunan Baru Progdi Profesi Apoteker dalam Siteplan ....... 75

Gambar 2.70. Kantin Lantai 1 ................................................................................. 75

Gambar 3.1. Pola Kegiatan Kedatangan ................................................................ 93

Gambar 3.2. Pola Kegiatan Kepergian/ Kepulangan .............................................. 93

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Gambar 3.3. Pola Kegiatan Kelompok Pimpinan STIFAR ...................................... 94

Gambar 3.4. Pola Kegiatan Kelompok Karyawan STIFAR ..................................... 95

Gambar 3.5. Pola Kegiatan Mahasiswa .................................................................. 96

Gambar 3.6. Pola Kegiatan Pengunjung/ Tamu ..................................................... 96

Gambar 3.7. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Privat) .......................................................... 124

Gambar 3.8. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Semi Publik- Publik) ..................................... 124

Gambar 3.9. Pola Hubungan Ruang (Servis) ......................................................... 125

Gambar 3.10. Pola Hubungan Ruang Makro .......................................................... 126

Gambar 3.11. Jarak Antar Meja .............................................................................. 127

Gambar 3.12. Jarak Jangkauan untuk Difabel ........................................................ 143

Gambar 3.13. Minimum Lebar Koridor .................................................................... 144

Gambar 3.14. Ruang Gerak pada Toilet ................................................................. 144

Gambar 3.15. Potongan Footplat ............................................................................ 147

Gambar 3.16. Footplat ............................................................................................ 147

Gambar 3.17. Bore Pile .......................................................................................... 148

Gambar 3.18. Pondasi Rakit ................................................................................... 148

Gambar 3.19. Struktur Rangka ............................................................................... 149

Gambar 3.20. Batu Bata ......................................................................................... 150

Gambar 3.21. Bata Ringan ..................................................................................... 151

Gambar 3.22. Penggunaan Papan Kalsiboard sebagai Dinding ............................. 152

Gambar 3.23. Penggunaan Alumunium Composite Panel ...................................... 152

Gambar 3.24. Lantai Keramik ................................................................................. 153

Gambar 3.25. Penggunaan Lantai Vinyl pada Laboratorium .................................. 154

Gambar 3.26. Penggunaan Lantai Karpet pada Laboratorium ............................... 155

Gambar 3.27. Penggunaan Atap Beton .................................................................. 156

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Gambar 3.28. Penggunaan Roof Garden ............................................................... 156

Gambar 3.29. Penggunaan Space Frame .............................................................. 157

Gambar 3.30. Lebar Tangga untuk 2 Orang ........................................................... 157

Gambar 3.31. Lebar Tangga untuk 3 Orang ........................................................... 158

Gambar 3.32. Ketinggian Antar Tangga ................................................................. 158

Gambar 3.33. Model Anak Tangga ......................................................................... 158

Gambar 3.34. Lebar Lift untuk Difabel .................................................................... 159

Gambar 3.35. Jaringan Air Bersih ........................................................................... 159

Gambar 3.36. Sistem Distribusi Listrik .................................................................... 160

Gambar 3.37. Incinerator ........................................................................................ 161

Gambar 3.38. Needle Destroyer ............................................................................. 162

Gambar 3.39. IPAL Laboratorium STIFAR ............................................................. 162

Gambar 3.40. Sistem Sub Surface Flow Wetlands ................................................. 164

Gambar 3.41. Recirculating Fume Scrubber ........................................................... 165

Gambar 3.42. Sistem Jaringan Telepon ................................................................. 166

Gambar 3.43. Sistem Jaringan Telekomunikasi ..................................................... 166

Gambar 3.44. Contoh Penggunaan Smart Window ................................................ 168

Gambar 3.45. Cara Kerja Smart Window ................................................................ 168

Gambar 3.46. Penggunaan Green Wall .................................................................. 169

Gambar 3.47. 5 Komponen Pemasangan Green Wall ............................................ 170

Gambar 3.48. Double Skin Facade ......................................................................... 171

Gambar 3.49. Refleksi, Absorbsi dan Transmisi Radiasi Matahari ......................... 171

Gambar 3.50. Penerapan DSF pada Gedung UMN ............................................... 172

Gambar 3.51. Penerapan Anidolic Daylighting System .......................................... 173

Gambar 3.52. Penerapan Anidolic Daylighting System pada Ruangan .................. 173

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Gambar 3.53. Rain Haversting System ................................................................... 174

Gambar 3.54. Peta BWK II Kota Semarang ............................................................ 175

Gambar 3.55. Peta BWK VI Kota Semarang .......................................................... 177

Gambar 3.56. Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 1 ................................................................. 179

Gambar 3.57. Panorama Alternatif Tapak 1 .......................................................... 180

Gambar 3.58. Kondisi Alternatif Tapak 1 ............................................................... 182

Gambar 3.59. Lokasi Alternatif Tapak 2 ................................................................. 183

Gambar 3.60. Kondisi Alternatif Tapak 2 ............................................................... 186

Gambar 3.61. Panorama Alternatif Tapak 2 .......................................................... 187

Gambar 3.62. Ukuran Alternatif Tapak 1 ................................................................ 188

Gambar 4.1. Struktur Rangka ................................................................................. 198

Gambar 4.2. Tabel Kebutuhan Air Bersih ............................................................... 200

Gambar 4.3. Kapasitas dan Ukuran Tangki Air ....................................................... 201

Gambar 4.4. Tangki Air ........................................................................................... 201

Gambar 4.5. Prakiraan Jumlah Sampah ................................................................. 202

Gambar 5.1. Hubungan Antara Manusia, Bangunan dan Alam .............................. 210

Gambar 5.2. Interaksi Antara Bioclimatic dan Biophilic Architecture ..................... 211

Gambar 5.3. Kebutuhan Manusia Akan Oksigen .................................................... 213

Gambar 5.4. Pasona Group Office ......................................................................... 214

Gambar 5.5. Tanaman sebagai Partisi ................................................................... 214

Gambar 5.6. Double Skin Green Facade ................................................................ 215

Gambar 5.7. Area Hijau di Lantai 1 ......................................................................... 215

Gambar 5.8. Area Hijau di Lantai 2 ......................................................................... 215

Gambar 5.9. Cross Vetilation .................................................................................. 216

Gambar 5.10. Earth Cooling Tubes ........................................................................ 219

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Gambar 5.11. Earth Tubes ..................................................................................... 219

Gambar 5.12. Stack Effect (Vertical)....................................................................... 220

Gambar 5.13. Stack Effect (Horizontal) .................................................................. 220

Gambar 5.14. Ventury Effect .................................................................................. 220

Gambar 5.15. Eco Laboratory ................................................................................. 221

Gambar 5.16. Sistem Ventilasi Alami Eco Laboratory ............................................ 221

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