PROJEK AKHIR ARSITEKTUR

Periode LXXV, Semester Genap, Tahun 2018/2019

LANDASAN TEORI DAN PROGRAM

MUSEUM SEJARAH SEMARANG

DI KOTA LAMA

Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan memperoleh gelar

Sarjana Arsitektur

Disusun Oleh :

Julius Yoga T. Lewerissa

14.A1.0029

Dosen pembimbing :

MD. Nestri Kiswari, S.T, M.Sc NIDN : 0627097502

PROGRAM STUDI ARSITEKTUR

FAKULTAS ARSITEKTUR DAN DESAIN

UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK SOEGIJAPRANATA

Maret 2019

i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN

ii

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN

iii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN

iv

PRAKATA

Puji dan syukur diucapkan ke hadirat Tuhan yang maha Esa karena atas rahmat dan

anugerahNya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Landasan Teori dan Program Projek

Akhir Arsitektur Periode 75 yang berjudul “Museum Sejarah Semarang di Kota Lama” dengan

baik.

Tidak lupa juga penulis ucapkan terimakasih kepada :

1. MD. Nestri Kiswari,S.T,M.Sc, selaku dosen pembimbing yang telah memberikan kritik,

saran dan masukan selama proses pembuatan hingga penyelesaian Landasan Teori

Program ini.

2. Ir. FX. Bambang Suskiyatno, MT selaku dosen koordinator Projek Akhir Arsitektur (PAA)

periode 75.

3. Orang tua dan keluarga penulis yang senantiasa mendoakan keberhasilan pembuatan

Landasan Teori Program ini

4. Rekan, sahabat, dan orang terdekat penulis yang telah memberikan dukungan kepada

penulis.

Penulis berharap semoga Landasan Teori Program ini dapat bermanfaat sebgaimana

mestinya. Akhir kata, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih.

Semarang, 26 Maret 2019

Penulis

Julius Yoga T. Lewerissa

v

DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................................................... i

HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ....................................................................................................ii

HALAMAN PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ................................................................................. iii

PRAKATA .............................................................................................................................iv

DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................................. viii

DAFTAR TABEL ...................................................................................................................xi

DAFTAR BAGAN ................................................................................................................. xii

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................................................... 1

A. Latar Belakang ........................................................................................................... 1

B. Pertanyaan Masalah Desain....................................................................................... 2

C. Tujuan ........................................................................................................................ 2

D. Manfaat ...................................................................................................................... 2

E. Sistematika Pembahasan ........................................................................................... 3

BAB II GAMBARAN UMUM .................................................................................................. 5

A. Sejarah Semarang Dan Kota Lama ............................................................................ 5

1. Sejarah Perkembangan Semarang ......................................................................... 5

2. Datangnya VOC dan Terbentuknya Kota Lama ...................................................... 6

B. Gambaran Umum Museum Sejarah Semarang di Kota Lama .................................... 8

1. Definisi Museum ..................................................................................................... 8

2. Fungsi Museum ...................................................................................................... 9

3. Museum Sejarah Semarang ................................................................................. 10

4. Jenis Ruang .......................................................................................................... 11

5. Persyaratan – Persyaratan Yang Berlaku Terhadap Ruang .................................. 11

6. Utilitas ................................................................................................................... 12

C. Gambaran Umum Lokasi Di Luar Tapak................................................................... 12

1. Kondisi Administratif Kota Semarang .................................................................... 12

2. Kondisi Administratif Kota Lama ........................................................................... 13

3. Karakteristik Bangunan ......................................................................................... 15

4. Karakteristik Jalan dan Transportasi ..................................................................... 16

5. Karakteristik Lansekap .......................................................................................... 16

6. Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan Kota Lama .......................................... 18

D. Gambaran Umum Tapak .......................................................................................... 20

1. Pemilihan Site ....................................................................................................... 20

2. Kondisi Eksisting Gedung Schouwburg ................................................................. 23

BAB III PEMROGRAMAN ARSITEKTUR ............................................................................ 25

A. Studi Preseden ......................................................................................................... 25

vi

1. Museum Fatahillah ................................................................................................ 25

2. Museum Bank Indonesia ....................................................................................... 28

3. Museum Nasional Singapura ................................................................................ 32

4. Komparasi Studi Preseden ................................................................................... 36

B. Analisa Fungsi Bangunan ......................................................................................... 37

1. Analisa Kapasitas dan Karakteristik Pengguna ..................................................... 37

2. Analisa Kegiatan ................................................................................................... 45

3. Analisa Ruang Dalam ........................................................................................... 53

4. Struktur Ruang ...................................................................................................... 74

C. Analisa Tapak........................................................................................................... 79

1. Jenis Ruang Luar .................................................................................................. 79

2. Zonasi Ruang Luar ............................................................................................... 80

3. Kebutuhan Luas Lahan ......................................................................................... 80

D. Analisa Lingkungan Buatan ...................................................................................... 81

1. Analisa Bangunan Sekitar Tapak .......................................................................... 81

2. Analisa Transportasi ............................................................................................. 82

3. Analisa Vegetasi ................................................................................................... 83

E. Analisa Lingkungan Alami ........................................................................................ 84

1. Analisa Lansekap.................................................................................................. 84

2. Analisa Klimatik..................................................................................................... 84

BAB IV ANALISA MASALAH .............................................................................................. 86

A. Pernyataan Masalah Secara Komprehensif .............................................................. 86

1. Masalah Fungsi Bangunan dengan Aspek Pengguna ........................................... 86

2. Masalah Fungsi Bangunan dengan Tapak ............................................................ 86

3. Masalah Fungsi Bangunan dengan Lingkungan di Luar Tapak ............................. 86

B. Masalah – Masalah Yang Muncul ............................................................................. 88

C. Pernyataan Masalah................................................................................................. 88

BAB V LANDASAN TEORI ................................................................................................. 89

A. Elaborasi Teoritik ...................................................................................................... 89

1. Konservasi ............................................................................................................ 89

2. Penataan Elemen Arsitektur Fasad ....................................................................... 92

3. Bentuk Visual Bangunan Dalam Ekspresi Arsitektur ............................................. 92

4. Tinjauan Sirkulasi dan Display .............................................................................. 92

BAB VI PENDEKATAN PERANCANGAN ........................................................................... 95

A. Penetapan Pendekatan Perancangan Sebagai Tema .............................................. 95

1. Pendekatan Konservasi ........................................................................................ 95

2. Arsitektur Metafora ................................................................................................ 95

vii

B. Penerapan Pendekatan Pada Desain ....................................................................... 97

1. Penerapan Teknik Konservasi pada Desain .......................................................... 97

2. Penerapan Arsitektur Metafora pada Desain ......................................................... 98

BAB VII LANDASAN PERANCANGAN ............................................................................. 100

A. Landasan Perancangan Tata Ruang Bangunan ..................................................... 100

B. Landasan Perancangan Bentuk Bangunan ............................................................ 100

C. Landasan Perancangan Struktur Bangunan ........................................................... 101

D. Landasan Perancangan Wajah Bangunan ............................................................. 101

E. Landasan Perancangan Utilitas Bangunan ............................................................. 101

DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................................... 103

LAMPIRAN ....................................................................................................................... 105

viii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2. 1 Benteng Vijfhoek ............................................................................................. 7 Gambar 2. 2 Peta Semarang ± tahun 1741 .......................................................................... 8 Gambar 2. 3 Contoh Ruang Display Museum .................................................................... 11 Gambar 2. 4 Peta RTRW Kota Semarang .......................................................................... 12 Gambar 2. 5 Peta Kawasan Kota Lama Semarang ............................................................ 13 Gambar 2. 6 Pembagian Kawasan Kota Lama dan Kawasan Pengaruh ............................ 14 Gambar 2. 7 Gereja Blenduk .............................................................................................. 15 Gambar 2. 8 Rumah Makan Ikan Bakar Cianjur ................................................................. 15 Gambar 2. 9 3D Trick Art Museum ..................................................................................... 15 Gambar 2. 10 Contemporary Art Gallery ............................................................................ 15 Gambar 2. 11 Gedung Outdetraap ..................................................................................... 15 Gambar 2. 12 Gedung Spiegel ........................................................................................... 15 Gambar 2. 13 Gedung Marabunta...................................................................................... 16 Gambar 2. 14 Gedung Tekodeko ....................................................................................... 16 Gambar 2. 15 Kepadatan Antar Bangunan Pada Koridor Jl. Cendrawasih ......................... 16 Gambar 2. 16 Pedestrian, Jalan, dan Bangunan ................................................................ 17 Gambar 2. 17 Vegetasi Di Sekitar Tapak ........................................................................... 17 Gambar 2. 18 Topografi Koridor Jl. Cendrawasih ............................................................... 17 Gambar 2. 19 Kemiringan Lahan Koridor Jl. Cendrawasih ................................................. 18 Gambar 2. 20 Foto Udara dan Foto Eksisting Tapak .......................................................... 21 Gambar 2. 21 Analisis Topografi Tapak ............................................................................. 22 Gambar 2. 22 Potongan A – A Lokasi Tapak ..................................................................... 22 Gambar 2. 23 Potongan B – B Lokasi Tapak ..................................................................... 23 Gambar 2. 24 Gedung Schouwburg Tahun 1925 dan 1930 ............................................... 23 Gambar 2. 25 Kondisi Gedung Schouwburg Sekarang ...................................................... 24 Gambar 2. 26 Denah Gedung Schouwburg ....................................................................... 24

Gambar 3. 1 Foto Udara Lokasi Museum Fatahillah .......................................................... 25 Gambar 3. 2 Foto Museum Fatahillah ................................................................................ 26 Gambar 3. 3 Denah Display Museum Fatahillah ................................................................ 26 Gambar 3. 4 Penjelasan singkat Sejarah – Sejarah ........................................................... 26 Gambar 3. 5 Koleksi – Koleksi Museum Fatahillah............................................................. 27 Gambar 3. 6 Benda – Benda Yang Digunakan Pada Masa Awal Batavia .......................... 27 Gambar 3. 7 Perabotan Yang Digunakan Di Balai Kota ..................................................... 28 Gambar 3. 8 Interior Museum Fatahillah ............................................................................ 28 Gambar 3. 9 Foto Udara Museum Bank Indonesia............................................................. 28 Gambar 3. 10 Foto Eksterior Museum Bank Indonesia ...................................................... 29 Gambar 3. 11 Layout Display Museum Bank Indonesia ..................................................... 30 Gambar 3. 12 Pembagian Peristiwa Bersejarah menggunakan Periode ............................ 30 Gambar 3. 13 Contoh – contoh koleksi Museum Bank Indonesia....................................... 31 Gambar 3. 14 Ruang Teater Museum Bank Indonesia ....................................................... 31 Gambar 3. 15 Entrance dan Lobby Museum Bank Indonesia ............................................. 32 Gambar 3. 16 Interior Ruang Display Yang Modern ........................................................... 32 Gambar 3. 17 Peta Udara Lokasi Museum Nasional Singapura ......................................... 32 Gambar 3. 18 Eksterior Museum Nasional Singapura ........................................................ 33 Gambar 3. 19 Sejarah Koloni Singapura ............................................................................ 33 Gambar 3. 20 Edukasi Kehidupan Flora dan Fauna Hutan ................................................ 34 Gambar 3. 21 Edukasi Budaya, Ras, dan Bahasa ............................................................. 34

ix

Gambar 3. 22 Denah Lantai 1 Museum Nasional Singapura .............................................. 34 Gambar 3. 23 Denah Lantai 3 Museum Nasional Singapura .............................................. 35 Gambar 3. 24 Denah Lantai 2 Museum Nasional Singapura .............................................. 35 Gambar 3. 25 Interior Modern Museum Nasional Singapura .............................................. 35 Gambar 3. 26 Jarak Pandang Visual secara Horizontal ..................................................... 54 Gambar 3. 27 Jarak Pandang Visual secara Vertikal ......................................................... 54 Gambar 3. 28 Sudut Pergerakan Kepala Manusia Vertikal dan Horizontal ......................... 55 Gambar 3. 29 Jarak Pandang Vertikal pada Display Sedang Sesuai Tinggi Anak .............. 55 Gambar 3. 30 Jarak Pandang Horizontal pada Display Sedang Sesuai Tinggi Anak.......... 56 Gambar 3. 31 Jarak Pandang Vertikal pada Display Besar Sesuai Tinggi Anak ................. 56 Gambar 3. 32 Jarak Pandang Horizontal pada Display Besar Sesuai Tinggi Anak ............ 57 Gambar 3. 33 Jarak Pandang Vertikal pada Display Sedang Sesuai Tinggi Orang Dewasa

........................................................................................................................................... 57 Gambar 3. 34 Jarak Pandang Horizontal pada Display Sedang Sesuai Tinggi Orang

Dewasa ............................................................................................................................... 58 Gambar 3. 35 Jarak Pandang Vertikal pada Display Besar Sesuai Tinggi Orang Dewasa . 58 Gambar 3. 36 Jarak Pandang Horizontal pada Display Besar Sesuai Tinggi Orang Dewasa

........................................................................................................................................... 59 Gambar 3. 37 Jarak Pandang Terhadap Lukisan ............................................................... 59 Gambar 3. 38 Jarak Pandang Lukisan ............................................................................... 60 Gambar 3. 39 Ruang Pameran dengan sebagian cahaya .................................................. 60 Gambar 3. 40 Memasang penerangan, dengan penerangan yang alami ........................... 60 Gambar 3. 41 Diorama ukuran sedang .............................................................................. 61 Gambar 3. 42 Diorama ukuran besar ................................................................................. 61 Gambar 3. 43 Benda miniatur ............................................................................................ 61 Gambar 3. 44 Contoh replika ............................................................................................. 62 Gambar 3. 45 Studi Kenyamanan Visual pada Teater ........................................................ 62 Gambar 3. 46 Studi Layout Teater Mini .............................................................................. 63 Gambar 3. 47 Studi potongan Layout Teater Mini .............................................................. 63 Gambar 3. 48 Kursi Teater ................................................................................................. 64 Gambar 3. 49 Studi Luasan Meja Cafetaria kapasitas 6 orang ........................................... 66 Gambar 3. 50 Studi Ruang Display Sedang ....................................................................... 67 Gambar 3. 51 Studi Ruang Display Besar .......................................................................... 68 Gambar 3. 52 Zonasi Ruang Luar ...................................................................................... 80 Gambar 3. 53 Kondisi Bangunan Sekitar Tapak ................................................................. 82 Gambar 3. 54 Utilitas Koridor Jalan Cendrawasih .............................................................. 82 Gambar 3. 55 Rencana Jalur Kendaraan Bermotor Kawasan Kota Lama .......................... 83 Gambar 3. 56 Letak Vegetasi Pada Jl. Cendrawasih ......................................................... 83 Gambar 3. 57 Pohon Angsana ........................................................................................... 84 Gambar 3. 58 Pohon Ketapang .......................................................................................... 84 Gambar 3. 59 Arah Pergerakan Matahari Pada Tapak ....................................................... 85

Gambar 5. 1 Contoh Alur Museum ..................................................................................... 93 Gambar 5. 2 Pola Linear .................................................................................................... 93 Gambar 5. 3 Alur Sirkulasi Yang Disarankan ..................................................................... 94

Gambar 6. 1 Perwujudan Bentuk Buah Asam Jawa ........................................................... 98 Gambar 6. 2 Lotus Temple................................................................................................. 99 Gambar 6. 3 TWA Flight Center ......................................................................................... 99

x

Gambar 7. 1 Bentuk Massa Bangunan Baru .................................................................... 100 Gambar 7. 2 Bentuk Massa Bangunan Eksisting ............................................................. 100 Gambar 7. 3 Bentuk Massa Bangunan Cafetaria ............................................................. 100 Gambar 7. 4 Rangka Pipa Baja ........................................................................................ 101

xi

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 3. 1 Komparasi Studi Preseden ................................................................................ 36 Tabel 3. 2 Studi Aktivitas dan Kebutuhan Ruang ............................................................... 37 Tabel 3. 3 Analisis Jumlah Pengelola ................................................................................. 42 Tabel 3. 4 Jumlah Wisatawan kota Semarang tahun 2014 – 2016 .................................... 43 Tabel 3. 5 Jadwal Operasional Museum ............................................................................ 50 Tabel 3. 6 Persyaratan Ruang ........................................................................................... 52 Tabel 3. 7 Tinggi Rata – Rata Anak Indonesia ................................................................... 54 Tabel 3. 8 Studi Perabot Ruang Display............................................................................. 61 Tabel 3. 9 Perabot Ruang Teater Mini................................................................................ 64 Tabel 3. 10 Kebutuhan Luas R. Display Sedang ................................................................ 67 Tabel 3. 11 Kebutuhan Luas R. Display Besar ................................................................... 68 Tabel 3. 12 Kebutuhan Luas Ruang Teater Mini ................................................................ 69 Tabel 3. 13 Kebutuhan Ruang Lobby ................................................................................. 69 Tabel 3. 14 Kebutuhan Ruang Toko Suvenir ...................................................................... 70 Tabel 3. 15 Kebutuhan Ruang Cafetaria ............................................................................ 70 Tabel 3. 16 Kebutuhan Ruang Pengelola ........................................................................... 71 Tabel 3. 17 Kebutuhan Ruang Servis Publik ...................................................................... 73 Tabel 3. 18 Kebutuhan Ruang Servis ................................................................................. 74 Tabel 3. 19 Perhitungan Kebutuhan Parkir ......................................................................... 79 Tabel 3. 20 Total Luas Kebutuhan Lahan ........................................................................... 80

Tabel 4. 1 Potensi Pada Lokasi Tapak ............................................................................... 87 Tabel 4. 2 Kendala Pada Lokasi Tapak .............................................................................. 87

Tabel 5. 1 Istilah dan Pengertian ........................................................................................ 89 Tabel 5. 2 Prinsip Dasar dari Konservasi ........................................................................... 92

Tabel 6. 1 Kaitan Antara Kegiatan Konservasi dengan Perubahan Fisik dan Fungsi.......... 97

xii

DAFTAR BAGAN

Bagan 3. 1 Pola Kedatangan Pengunjung .......................................................................... 48 Bagan 3. 2 Pola Pergi Pengunjung .................................................................................... 48 Bagan 3. 3 Pola Kedatangan Pengelola ............................................................................. 49 Bagan 3. 4 Pola Pergi Pengelola........................................................................................ 49 Bagan 3. 5 Pola Jalur Evakuasi ......................................................................................... 49 Bagan 3. 6 Pola Kedatangan Loading Truck ...................................................................... 50 Bagan 3. 7 Pola Sirkulasi Gedung Museum 1 .................................................................... 75 Bagan 3. 8 Pola Sirkulasi Gedung Museum 2 .................................................................... 75 Bagan 3. 9 Pola Sirkulasi Fasilitas Penunjang ................................................................... 76 Bagan 3. 10 Pola Sirkulasi Pengelola ................................................................................ 76 Bagan 3. 11 Pola Sirkulasi Servis ...................................................................................... 77 Bagan 3. 12 Pola Sirkulasi Mikro Bangunan Utama 1 ........................................................ 77 Bagan 3. 13 Pola Sirkulasi Mikro Bangunan Utama 2 ........................................................ 78 Bagan 3. 14 Pola Sirkulasi Makro Museum Sejarah ........................................................... 78

Bagan 6. 1 Kerangka Pikir Penekanan Tema dan Konsep Desain ..................................... 96