LANDASAN PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN...

TUGAS AKHIR 142

LANDASAN PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN ARSITEKTUR

WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT, JATIBARANG Diajukan untuk memenuhi sebagian persyaratan

guna memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur

oleh :

Muliani Fajri Ichzani

21020114130082

Dosen Pembimbing Utama:

Septana Bagus Pribadi, S.T., M.T.

Dosen Pembimbing Kedua :

E. Endrianto Pandelaki, S.T.,M.T.,Ph.D.

Dosen Penguji :

Dr.Ir. Atik Suprapti, M.T.

PROGRAM STUDI S1

DEPARTEMEN ARSITEKTUR FAKULTAS TEKNIK

UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO

SEMARANG

2018


JUDUL WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT, JATIBARANG

TUGAS AKHIR


21020114130082

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK ARSITEKTUR

SEMARANG

APRIL 2018


JUDUL WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT,

JATIBARANG

TUGAS AKHIR

Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Arsitektur


21020114130082

FAKULTAS TEKNIK

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK ARSITEKTUR

SEMARANG

APRIL 2018

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Hal. Pernyataan Orisinalitas

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Hal Pengesahan

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Waste to Energy Plant, Jatibarang

TUGAS AKHIR Muliani Fajri Ichzani - 21020114130082

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji dan syukur kehadirat Allah swt Tuhan yang Maha Pengasih namun tidak pilih

kasih dan Tuhan yang Maha Penyayang dengan kata yang tak terbilang. Hanya dengan

rahmat-Nya penyusun dapat menyelesaikan Landasan Program Perencanaan dan

Perancangan Arsitektur (LP3A) untuk mata kuliah Tugas Akhir dengan judul Waste to

Energy Plant, Jatibarang.

Melalui LP3A Kampung Waste to Energy Plant, Jatibarang ini penyusun berharap

mahasiswa arsitektur pada umumnya dan mahasiswa Departemen Arsitektur Fakultas

Teknik Universitas Diponegoro pada khususnya dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan

kepekaan terhadap kualitas serta nilai-nilai hidup masyarakat kelas bawah. Masyarakat yang

takkan mampu membayar jasa arsitek profesional yang seringkali terabaikan dan semakin

terhimpit ruang hidupnya karena derasnya proyek-proyek besar yang justru berpihak pada

kaum kelas atas.

Dalam proses penyusunan LP3A ini penyusun mendapatkan banyak bimbingan dan

bantuan baik moril dan materiil dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu, pada kesempatan ini

penyusun ingin mengucapkan rasa terima kasih yang tak terhingga kepada :

1. Allah Subhanallahu wa ta’ala; 2. Ayah saya, Dr. Mujiono Sadikin, MT. CISA, CGEIT; 3. Dr. Ir. Agung Budi Sardjono, M.T., selaku Kepala Departemen Arsitektur Fakultas

Teknik Universitas Diponegoro; 4. Dr. Ir. Erni Setyowati, MTA, selau Kepala Prodi S-1 Teknik Arsitektur Universitas

Diponegoro; 5. Septana Bagus Pribadi, S.T., M.T., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I; 6. E. Endrianto Pandelaki, S.T.,M.T.,Ph.D., selaku Dosen Pembimbing II; 7. Dr.Ir. Atik Suprapti, M.T., selaku Dosen Penguji; 8. Semua pihak yang telah banyak membantu dalam pelaksanaan Tugas Akhir ini.

Akhir kata penyusun menyadari bahwa penyusunan LP3A ini masih memiliki

kekurangan, oleh karena itu pada kesempatan ini pula penyusun meminta maaf apabila

terdapat penulisan kata-kata yang kurang berkenan.

Semarang, 5 April 2018

Penyusun

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DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL .................................................................................................................. i HALAMAN PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS .............................................................................. ii HALAMAN PENGESAHAN .................................................................................................... iii HALAMAN PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ......................................................... iv KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................................ v DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................................... vi DAFTAR GAMBAR .............................................................................................................. viii DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................................ xi ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................................. xii BAB I PENDAHULUAN ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Tujuan dan Sasaran ......................................................................................................... 3

1.2.1 Tujuan ................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Sasaran .................................................................................................................. 3

1.3 Manfaat .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Subyektif ............................................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Obyektif ................................................................................................................. 3

1.4 Ruang Lingkup ................................................................................................................. 3 1.4.1 Ruang Lingkup Substansial .................................................................................... 3 1.4.2 Ruang Lingkup Spasial ........................................................................................... 3

1.5 Metode Pembahasan ...................................................................................................... 3 1.5.1 Metode Deskriptif ................................................................................................. 3 1.5.2 Metode Dokumentatif .......................................................................................... 3 1.5.3 Metode Komparatif .............................................................................................. 4

1.6 Sistematika Pembahasan ................................................................................................ 4 1.7 Alur Pikir .......................................................................................................................... 5 BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA .................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Kajian Mengenai Sampah ................................................................................................ 6

2.1.1 Pengertian Sampah ............................................................................................... 6 2.1.2 Jenis Sampah ......................................................................................................... 6 2.1.3 Sumber atau Timbulan Sampah ............................................................................ 6 2.1.4 Karakteristik Sampah ............................................................................................ 8 2.1.5 Tinjauan Pengelolaan Sampah .............................................................................. 9

2.2 Tinjauan Mengenai PLTSa ............................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 Tinjauan dan Fungsi ............................................................................................ 10 2.2.2 Proses Konversi Thermal dan PLTSa ................................................................... 10

2.3 TinjauanMengenai Incenerator .................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Pengertian Hunian Incenerator .......................................................................... 14 2.3.2 Jenis-jenis Insinerator ......................................................................................... 14 2.3.3 Komponen dalam Insinerator ............................................................................. 20 2.3.4 Proses dalam Incenerator ................................................................................... 21

2.4 Tinjauan Pabrik .............................................................................................................. 21

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2.4.1 Sirkulasi pada Industri ......................................................................................... 21 2.4.2 Layout Pabrik ...................................................................................................... 23 2.4.3 Identifikasi Kegiatan ............................................................................................ 23

2.5 Arsitektur Hijau ............................................................................................................. 25 2.6 Studi Banding ................................................................................................................ 26

2.6.1 Bozen Waste to Energy Plant .............................................................................. 26 2.6.2 Naka Inceneration Plant, Hiroshima ................................................................... 28 2.6.3 TPA Benowo Surabaya ........................................................................................ 30

BAB III TINJAUAN LOKASI ................................................................................................... 34 3.1 Tinjauan Kota Semarang ................................................................................................ 34

3.1.1 Kondisi Geografis ................................................................................................ 34 3.1.2 Tinjauan Non Fisik ............................................................................................... 35

3.2 Tinjauan Lokasi Jatibarang ............................................................................................ 37 3.3 Tinjauan Tapak .............................................................................................................. 39 BAB IV PENDEKATAN PROGRAM PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN ......................... 43 4.1 Dasar Pendekatan ......................................................................................................... 43 4.2 Pendekatan Aspek Fungsional ...................................................................................... 43

4.2.1 Pendekatan Proses Kegiatan ............................................................................... 44 4.2.2 Pendekatan Pelaku Kegiatan .............................................................................. 44 4.2.3 Aktivitas Pelaku Kegiatan ..................................................................................... 45 4.2.4 Pendekatan Sirkulasi ........................................................................................... 46 4.2.5 Pendekatan Kebutuhan Ruang ........................................................................... 51 4.2.6 Pendekatan Kapasitas dan Besaran Ruang ......................................................... 52 4.2.7 Pendekatan Besaran Ruang ................................................................................ 57

4.3 Pendekatan Aspek Kontekstual .................................................................................... 66 4.3.1 Analisa Pemilihan Tapak ..................................................................................... 65

4.4 Pendekatan Aspek Kinerja ............................................................................................ 67 4.4.1 Contoh Perencanaan Penataan Secara Umum .................................................. 66 4.4.2 Residu Insinerasi ................................................................................................. 70 4.4.3 Sistem Jaringan Listrik ........................................................................................ 70 4.4.4 Sistem Jaringan Air Bersih ................................................................................... 70 4.4.5 Sistem Pembuangan Air Kotor ............................................................................ 70 4.4.6 Sistem Pembuangan Sampah .............................................................................. 71 4.4.7 Sistem Pencegahan Kebakaran .......................................................................... 71 4.4.8 Sistem Penangkal Petir ...................................................................................... 72 4.4.9 Sistem Transportasi Vertikal .............................................................................. 73 4.4.10 Sistem Penghawaan ......................................................................................... 73 4.4.11 Sistem Pencahayaan ......................................................................................... 73 4.4.12 Sistem Keamanan ............................................................................................ 74

4.5 Pendekatan Aspek Teknis ............................................................................................. 75 4.5.1 Sistem Struktur ................................................................................................... 75 4.5.2 Sistem Sirkulasi ................................................................................................... 76

4.6 Pendekatan Aspek Arsitektural ..................................................................................... 78

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BAB V KESIMPULAN, BATASAN, DAN ANGGAPAN ........................................................... 81 5.1 Kesimpulan .................................................................................................................... 81 5.2 Batasan .......................................................................................................................... 81 5.3 Anggapan ....................................................................................................................... 81 BAB VI KONSEP DAN PROGRAM DASAR PERENCANAAN DAN PERANCANGAN .............. 82 6.1 Konsep Dasar Perencanaan .......................................................................................... 82

6.1.1 Konsep Arsitektural ............................................................................................. 82 6.1.2 Tapak Terpilih ...................................................................................................... 82 6.1.3 Proses Produksi ................................................................................................... 86

6.2 Program Ruang .............................................................................................................. 87 6.3 Konsep Dasar Perancangan ........................................................................................... 91

6.3.1 Aspek Kinerja ....................................................................................................... 91 6.3.2 Aspek Teknis ........................................................................................................ 94 6.3.3 Aspek Arsitektural ................................................................................................ 95

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ............................................................................................................... 98

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

2.1 Sistem Pengolahan Sampah .......................................................................................... 11 2.2 Sistem Combustion ....................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Diagram Gasifikasi ............................................................................................................ 12 2.4 Diagram AD ...................................................................................................................... 13 2.5 Single Chamber Incenerator ............................................................................................ 15 2.6 Open Pit Incenerator........................................................................................................ 15 2.7 Rotary Kiln with Waste Heat Boiler.................................................................................. 18 2.8 Rotary Combustor ............................................................................................................ 18 2.9 Ukuran Insinerator Berdasarkan Kapasitas...................................................................... 19 2.10 Konsep Kerja Insinerator ................................................................................................ 21 2.11 Diagram Tipikal Organisasi dalam PLTSa ....................................................................... 24 2.12 Bozen Waste to Energy Plant ........................................................................................ 27 2.13 Suasana Ecorium Naka Incenerator Plant ..................................................................... 28 2.14 Perletakan Naka Incenerator Plant terhadap axis kota ................................................. 29 2.15 Zonasi Naka Incenerator Plant ........................................................................... 29 2.16 Sirkulasi Naka Incenerator Plant .................................................................................... 30 2.17 Eksterior Naka Incenerator Plant terhadap axis kota .................................................... 30 2.18 TPA Benowo .................................................................................................................. 31 2.19 Proyek Gasifikasi TPA Benowo ....................................................................................... 32 2.20 Diagram Sirkulasi Sampah TPA Benowo ........................................................................ 33 3.1 Rencana Pembagian BWK Kota Semarang .................................................................... 34 3.2 Lokasi TPA Jatibarang Semarang ................................................................................... 38 3.3 List sarana dan pra sarana di TPA Jatibarang ................................................................ 39 3.4 Metoda Pengolahan Sampah .......................................................................................... 39 3.5 Zoning Lahan TPA Jatibarang ........................................................................................ 40 3.6 Posisi Tapak A dan B ...................................................................................................... 41 3.7 Proses Pengolahan Menjadi Pupuk oleh PT. Narpati .................................................... 41 4.1 Skema Sirkulasi Proses Produksi pada Jatibarang WTE ................................................. 44 4.2 Skema Alur Pada Perancangan ...................................................................................... 47 4.3 Skema Alur Pada Perancangan ...................................................................................... 48 4.4 Skema Sirkulasi Karyawan .............................................................................................. 48 4.5 Skema Sirkulasi Teknisi .................................................................................................. 49 4.6 Skema Sirkulasi Pengawas Pabrik .................................................................................. 49 4.7 Skema Sirkulasi Truk Pembawa Sampah ....................................................................... 50 4.8 Skema Sirkulasi Truk Pengangkut Sampah Keluar ......................................................... 50 4.9 Skema Sirkulasi Truk Menuju Landfill ............................................................................ 50 4.10 Skema Sirkulasi Pengunjung (pemasaran, penjualan) ................................................. 51 4.11 Skema Sirkulasi Pengunjung (Rekreasi dan Edukasi) .................................................. 51 4.12 Zoning Eksisting Tapak ................................................................................................ 68 4.13 Contoh Ground Plan Waste Bunker ........................................................................... 69 4.14 Contoh Waste Bunker .................................................................................................. 69 4.15 Contoh Flue Gas Cleaning ........................................................................................... 70 4.16 Contoh Boiler House ................................................................................................... 70

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4.17 Contoh Turbine Section ............................................................................................. 71 4.18 Contoh Layout Penataan ............................................................................................ 71 4.19 Contoh Jembatan Penimbangan .................................................................................. 78 4.20 Contoh Tangga yang Direkomendasikan .................................................................... 78 4.21 Spot yang Direkomendasikan untuk Luminerisasi ....................................................... 79 4.22 Struktur Arch pada Ecorium ........................................................................................ 79 4.23 Gambaran suasana Ecorium ....................................................................................... 80 4.24 Gambaran Suasana Galeri pada Ecoshop WTE Plant .................................................. 80 6.1 General Concept Waste to energy Plant ...................................................................... 82 6.2 Zoning Tapak TPA Jatibarang ....................................................................................... 83 6.3 Posisi Tapak pada Site .................................................................................................. 83 6.4 Zoning Tapak Waste to Energy Plant ............................................................................ 85 6.5 Posisi Tapak Pada Site ................................................................................................... 86 6.6 Tapak Waste to Energy Plant ........................................................................................ 86 6.7 Diagram Alur ke, di, dan dari Waste to Energy Plant .................................................... 87 6.8 Proses Produksi Pada Pemilahan Sampah ..................................................................... 88 6.9 Diagram Proses pada Incineration Waste to Energy Plant ........................................... 89 6.10 Gambaran suasana Ecorium ....................................................................................... 97 6.11 Gambaran Suasana Galeri pada Ecoshop WTE Plant .................................................. 97

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DAFTAR TABEL

1.1 Volume Sampah per hari di Kota Semarang ..................................................................... 1 1.2 Proyeksi Kebutuhan Listrik ................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Contoh Produk Hasil Daur Ulang ...................................................................................... 9 2.2 Emisi dari Dua Insinerator Limbah Patologis dengan Pembakar ................................... 17 2.3 Kebutuhan Staff. ............................................................................................................ 25 2.4 Perhitungan Radius Putar Kendaraan Berdasarkan Sudut Belok Ban. .......................... 25 2.5 Penentuan Satuan Parkir Kendaraan Berat. .................................................................. 25 2.6 Tabel Prinsip Perancangan Arsitektur. ........................................................................... 26 3.1 Volume Sampah per hari di Kota Semarang .................................................................. 36 3.2 Presentase Komposisi Sampah di Kota Semarang ........................................................ 37 3.3 Sarana Pengumpulan Sampah di Kota Semarang .......................................................... 37 4.1 Pelaku Kegiatan .............................................................................................................. 45 4.2 Kebutuhan Ruang ........................................................................................................... 52 4.3 Perkembangan Sampah di Kota Semarang .................................................................... 54 4.4 Jumlah Sampah di Kota Semarang ................................................................................. 55 4.5 Presentase Komposisi Sampah Semarang ..................................................................... 55 4.6 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Pemilahan Sampah ........................................................... 59 4.7 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Insinerasi .......................................................................... 61 4.8 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Pengelola .......................................................................... 62 4.9 Perhitungan Besaran Bengkel Alat Berat ....................................................................... 63 4.10 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Retail Produk Daur Ulang ............................................... 63 4.11 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Penunjang Pegawai ........................................................ 64 4.12 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Kebutuhan Edukasi Rekreasi Pengunjung ...................... 64 4.13 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Parkir .............................................................................. 65 4.14 Perhitungan Besaran Ruang Servis .............................................................................. 66 6.1 Proses Produksi .............................................................................................................. 88 6.2 Tabel Kebutuhan Ruang Pemilahan Sampah ................................................................. 89 6.3 Tabel Kebutuhan Ruang Insinerasi ................................................................................ 89 6.4 Tabel Kebutuhan Ruang Kantor Pengelola WTE ............................................................ 90 6.5 Tabel Kebutuhan Bengkel Alat Berat ............................................................................. 91 6.6 Tabel Kebutuhan Ruang Retail Produk Daur Ulang ....................................................... 91 6.7 Tabel Kebutuhan Ruang Penunjang Pegawai ................................................................ 91 6.8 Tabel Kebutuhan Ruang Edukasi dan Rekreasi Pengunjung .......................................... 91 6.9 Tabel Kebutuhan Besaran Ruang Parkir ........................................................................ 92 6.10 Tabel Kebutuhan Ruang Servis .................................................................................... 92

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ABSTRAK

WASTE TO ENERGY PLANT, JATIBARANG

Oleh: Muliani Fajri Ichzani

Jumlah sampah yang ada di muka bumi ini semakin bertambah. Padahal sampah dari

berpuluh-puluh tahun lalu hanya dibiarkan menumpuk begitu saja. Sedangkan semakin lama

laju konsumsi masyarakat semakin meningkat. Jika dibiarkan terus menerus, lahan

peruntukan landfill akan penuh dan tidak sanggup lagi menampung sampah tambahan. Hal

ini tentunya akan menimbulkan efek domino, dari mulai pencemaran udara, air, dan tanah,

tentu juga akan menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan kesehatan, sosial, juga ekonomi.

Sayangnya, hingga saat ini Indonesia belum menemukan solusi yang efektif untuk mengatasi

permasalahan sampah. Oleh karena itu, TPA Jatibarang mencanangkan pembangkit listrik

bertenaga pembakaran sampah (Waste to Energy Plant) menggunakan teknologi insinerasi

pertama di Indonesia. Selain sangat efektif menekan kuantitas timbunan sampah, teknologi

WTE juga menghasilkan energy yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan. Hal ini

tentu sangat menguntungkan bagi Indonesia dengan produksi sampah yang sangat besar.

Hanya saja, bagaimana WTE itu dikembangkan sehingga memiliki nilai estetika dan fungsi

edukasi-pariwisata lah yang menjadi keunggulan pada WTE yang didesain di sini.

Kata Kunci : Insinerasi, Waste to Energy Plant

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