Kumarasambhava Sarga 01

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    Kumrasabhava

    Sarga1

    Grammatical Notes

    Narsing Rao

    November, 2015

    Email:[email protected]

    Contents

    Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2

    Prvat............................................................................................................................................. 2

    mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]
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    Introduction

    Sat, the daughter of Daka, and in her previous life the wife of ivawas born as the daughter,

    named Prvat, of the mountainHimlayaandMen. On attaining youth, she was sent by her

    father on the advice of the sage Narad, to attend on iva, who was practicing penance on oneof theHimlayanpeaks.

    Daingave the following guideline on how to begin a Kvya:

    .

    In this case, Klidsabegins with(indication of subject matter). Recall that theRaghuvaabegan with

    Prvat

    .

    In the northern direction there is the divine king of mountains called the Himlaya, which

    stands like the beam of a balance spanning (having entered) the eastern and western oceans.

    ()

    () ()

    , + , should be dropped by (). However, there is anexception in this case by () which makes the elision ofoptional only in the case of insentient beings. Since a mountain is insentient, both forms are

    valid: and However, when referring to a person, the form must be (one whodoes not move).

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    But if a mountain is insentient, how can one consider it to be a human for the purpose of a

    narrative? That is why Klidsauses the qualifier [ ()],one whose self is of the nature of a god. Mallinthaclarifies the purpose of this appellation:

    by this we can considerhim capable of participating in activities such as marriage, birth of a daughter etc. that will be

    described

    = + + [by ()]= + + [by()] =

    is actually [ + +] (having fathomed) with the elided followingthe opinion of the grammarian Bhguri:

    ||

    In the opinion of Bhguri, the of the upasargas and is dropped, and also can beadded toprtipadikasthat end with a consonant () [Pinidoes not have a rule thataffixes to derive feminine forms of substantives ending in consonants]

    Using this rule, the following forms are equivalent: (,), (,)

    Similarly the following feminine forms are valid: + =, + =, + =

    Verses 2 through 17 that follow are descriptions of theHimlaya.

    .

    ()

    From whom all the mountains, considering to be a calf, whileMeruthe expert milkman stood

    by, extracted from the earth, under the direction of Pthu, brilliant gemstones and valuable

    medicinal herbs. [The analogy is this: the gems and herbs on theHimlayasare considered as

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    if extracted from the earth by the mountains, just as one extracts milk from a cow for the

    purpose of the calf].

    (), this compound is formed using:

    () [+ (), ()]

    Words meaning at an earlier timeand the words,,,,, and arecompounded with another subantaprovided they are in the same case. Examples from the

    ,,,,,

    whileMeruthe expert milkman was present. Here the action ofmilking () is conditional on another action (the presence of Meru). An action which

    indicates another action is represented in the locative () using:

    () [+(), ()]

    An action the performance of which indicates another action must be used in the seventh case.

    This usage is analogous to the English construction onMeruthe expert milkman being

    present

    the verb (to milk, to extract) is which means that it has two objects thatwhich is extracted (in this case, gems and herbs), and that from which is extracted (in this

    case, the earth, ); both of these objects will therefore be in The list of roots thathave two objects is given by:

    [ on ()]

    Examples: he milks the cow, he begs Balifor the earth

    .

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    Snow could not be a destroyer of the fortune of him who is the source of unlimited gems; for a

    single blemish is hidden (drowned) in a host of virtues, like a mark on the moon (by its rays).

    () destroys fortune

    = = + [by ()]. In this casethere isby:

    () [+ () and others]

    In the case of compound words ending in, , and, the first vowel of bothpadasissubstituted by vddhi. Using this rule, + =

    .

    Who bears on his peaks (coloured) ores, which give various colours reflected on scattered

    clouds, thereby appearing like an untimely twilight which causes the heavenly nymphs to

    complete their amorous adornments. [The implication is that even though it is not evening, the

    light reflected from the ore deposits on scattered clouds make it look like evening, thereby

    prompting the apsarasto hurry to decorate themselves in preparation for the enjoyments atnight].

    scattering of clouds that are coloured (by the light reflected by theores), here the word meaning cloudis irregularly formed from carrier of the waters, using () which says that words such as derived from = + = requires elision of Similarly+becomesby replacingby andby The types of transformationsgenerally valid for such irregular formations is summarized in the following verse:

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    Etymology ( ) requires the following five types of operations: 1) Insertion of anadditional vara, 2) Interchange of varas, 3) Modification of a vara, 4) Elision of a vara,

    and 5) Attribution of a meaning to a verbal root beyond its normally accepted meaning

    Examples: 1) = + = (insertion of), 2) + = (interchange ofand), 3) as seen above, 4) as seen above, 5) derived using + (to cry out) + , where is replaced by, the final is elided, and the meaningof the root is taken as to sport

    .

    To whose peaks Siddhasrepair when troubled by showers after having enjoyed the shadows

    cast by the clouds, moving around the girdle of the mountain, below the peaks. [The clouds

    girdle the mountain up to the middle. Therefore the region below the clouds is shady but also

    prone to rain. When it rains the Siddhasrepair to the peak which is perpetually exposed to the

    sun].

    up to and including the girdle (middle) of the mountain. This compound is formedusing the rule:

    () [+ () , ()]

    The word signifying the exclusive limit ( ) or inclusive limit ( ) is optionally compounded with a word in the fifth case resulting in an avyaybhvacompound.

    nominative plural in the neuter gender of (with sunshine), qualifies

    .

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    Where Kirtastrack the path of lions, from whom blood stains have been washed off by snow

    melt, that have killed elephants, by pearls dropped from the cavities of their claws, not having

    seen their pug marks. [It was believed that pearls were also found in cavities of elephants]

    (snowmelt), (washed away by snowmelt), () from whom blood stainshave been washed off by snow melt

    .

    Where the barks of birch trees, having characters written on them with

    mineral fluid, resembling red spots on the bodies of elephants, serve the

    purpose of writing love letters for Vidydharadamsels.

    Note the similarity between and birch. On the right are pictures ofthe bark of the tree and a manuscript written on birch bark.

    Betula utili s(Himalayan birch, ) is abirchtree native to the Himalayas,growing at elevations up to 4,500 m (14,800 ft). The white, paper-like bark ofthe tree was used in ancient times for writing Sanskritscriptures and texts.

    The thin, papery bark is very shiny, reddish brown, reddish white, or white,

    with horizontal pores. The bark peels off in broad, horizontal belts, making it

    very usable for creating even large pages for texts.

    (Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_utilis)

    .

    Who seemingly wishes to improvise (using) the high pitched singing of the Kinnarasbyfilling the holes of bamboos with wind rising from the mouths of caves.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_utilishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_utilishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_utilishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_utilis
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    , rising from the mouth of a cave; the word meaning rising upis derived as follow: + + [by () = + + [by ()] = + + + [by ()]= + [by ()] = [by ()]

    .

    Where the odour from the milky juice flowing from the cedar trees, rubbed against by

    elephants seeking to remove the itching in their temples, makes the peaks fragrant.

    + + + [by (), ()] makes fragrant

    .

    Where fluorescent herbs which shed their light in the interior of caves, serve, at night, as

    lamps, which do not require oil, at the time of amorous sports of forest dwellers accompanied

    by beautiful women.

    (), , ()

    + + [by ()] = , [derivation similar to in 1.1].

    (dwells in the forest) (+) ++ [by ()], (noelision of case ending) by (). indicates that in some cases theelision does happen, as in

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    .

    Where theAvamukh(Kinnara) women, bowed down by the weight of their hips and full

    breasts, do not abandon their slow gait even on paths on which the snow has solidified,

    causing frostbite to the fingers and heels.

    : (agonized) is derived using + +using () which replaces +by rather than as wouldnormally be the case.

    + ( ) ++

    .

    Who protects from the sun, darkness, as if afraid of daylight, which has resorted to its caves;

    indeed high-minded people display affection even to lowly supplicants who have taken refuge

    in them.

    from the sun;, being the source of fear, becomes by (). It is in the fifth case by ()

    (maker of the day, i.e. sun) is derived as + + using------------------

    -------()

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    .

    Whose title King of mountainsis made purposeful by the yaks by (fanning him) with their

    hairy fan-tails, white as moonlight, spreading their glow all around by the movements of their

    tails.

    (), [compounding of an object with the one it is compared to is done by ()],

    .

    Where clouds that have arrived by chance at the entrance of caverns which are dwelling

    places serve as screens for the Kinnarawomen abashed at their garments being snatched

    away.

    , , ,

    - , , those which are hanging around the entrances of the caves which are also dwelling places

    nominative plural of (curtain, screen) ( ..), derived as that by which something is

    kept away, separated

    + +by (); howeverthis particular form is an irregular formation because there is instead of(because of); but note Furthermore, Visarjanyais substituted byby(), otherwise it would have been substituted by , being followed by

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    .

    Whose breezes, bearing the spray from the waterfalls of the Ganges, constantly shaking the

    Deodar trees, and separating the plumage of peacocks is enjoyed by the Kirtasstalking deer.

    by (the Kirtas) stalking deer - (..) to look for, seek, hunt, stalk

    .

    Whose lotuses, growing in lakes at a high altitude, which are left after being collected by the

    seven sages, are made to blossom by the sun moving at a lower level with its rays shooting

    upwards.

    growing in lakes at high altitudes, ,derived as += [by ()]

    .

    On knowing whom as the source in providing materials (such as Soma, wood, fuel etc.) for

    sacrifices and his capability in holding the earth, Prajpatihimself conferred on him

    sovereignty of the mountains as well as a share in the sacrificial offerings.

    ,,

    , is derived as + [by ()]

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    .

    He, the friend ofMeruand upright, married, according to proper rites,Mena, the mind-born

    daughter of the ancestors, honoured by the sages, and matched to him in every way.

    married; the root is normallyparasmaipada, giving the form in as However, tmanepadais ordained by () giving the formHeremeans making ones own, i.e. marrying. However, if this sense is notintended, then hasparasmaipadato be used, for example, as in which would mean Devadattahas an affair with Yajadattaswife

    .

    In course of time, on their mutual enjoyment of amorous pleasures appropriate to their

    respective allure, the consort of the lord of mountains, possessed of charming youth,

    conceived a child.

    .

    She gave birth toMainka, worthy of marrying Ngadamsels, the one who befriended the

    ocean, and who was unfamiliar with the experience of pain caused by the wounds made by thethunderbolt even when the enemy of Vtraand the cleaver of wings (of the mountains) (Indra)

    was enraged.

    Note: This has a reference to a legend in which Indraclipped the wings of mountains to

    prevent them from moving from place to place. Although the idea of mountains having wings

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    may seem strange, it is quite possible that it is rooted in the observation of geological

    phenomena over a long period of time by successive generations of people, or geological

    upheavals.

    one who did not know the experience of pain, derived using + +using (); compounding by ()

    locative of derived as + + using--------- ()

    Mallinthaquotes a verse to justify whyMenakahad to have a son:

    .

    Subsequently Sat, the daughter of Dakaand the former wife of Bhava(iva), who, driven by

    insult, abandoned her body by the power of Yoga, resorted to the Mountains consort (Mena)

    so that she could be reborn.

    Note: The first occurrence of is the name of a person while the second is the feminineform of meaning she who was such

    .

    She (Sat), the auspicious one, was born to her, who was always disciplined, by the lord of the

    mountains, just as prosperity is produced by measures that are properly applied, not failing,

    and accompanied by enthusiasm.

    was born to, past causal passive form ( ), derived as follows:

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    + + + = + + + + + = + + + + + =[by ()] = + + + + [by ()] = + + + = [by ()] =

    .

    The day of her birth became one in which there was happiness in all directions, winds blowing

    without dust, blowing of conches followed by showers of flowers, and happiness for all

    embodied beings, both movable and immovable.

    of movable () and immovable (); isderived as + using () [Other words derived using thisrule are: , , ,].

    .

    The mother (Mena), in the company of her daughter who was endowed with a lustrous halo,

    shone exceedingly brightly just as the region of the Vidramountain by beams of light from

    gems split by newly formed thundering clouds.

    + ( ) + =orbecause of optional gamaofby ().

    Note: Vidrais the name of a mountain in Sri Lanka where Blue sapphires (Lapis Lazuli)

    come from. The gem itself is called derived as + using the rule(). See theMahbhyafor more discussion on this, the point being that the gemsactually originate frombut are only polished at Vidra. If so, should be appliedto and not to | However, this can be justified on the grounds that is wellknown whereas is not; so for all practical purposes, the source is

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    .

    From her birth onwards, as the days rolled by, she, who was growing up, developed an

    increasingly beautiful lustre in her limbs just as the crescent of the moon increases every night

    by the addition of digits caused by more and more light.

    day by day, repetition of the word by () to indicate thatsomething keeps repeating.

    Mallinthasays that this is an example of Vkyopamaand quotes Dain:

    .

    When the meaning of one sentence is compared to that of another, then this type of simile is

    called Vkyrthopama. It is of two types, depending on whether the word iva(indicating

    comparison) is used once or more than once.

    .

    Her relatives, who were fond of her, called her by the ancestral name of Prvat; later the

    beautiful one came to be known as Umwhen forbidden by her mother to do penance with the

    words (dear, do not).

    is explained by the Kikin the commentary on (): the wordabhijanameans ancestorsas well as, by implication, the place where the ancestors lived.

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    = + [by ()] + [by ()]= () +

    In the construction ,becomes by () the

    object from which prohibition is desired is designated as apdna.

    .

    The sight of the king, who had a son and daughter, was not satisfied even though it rested on

    his child; indeed a row of bees is most attached to a mango blossom even though there is an

    endless availability of flowers during spring.

    () when the words and are compounded respectively with andthen only thefirst one remains. Therefore means having sons and daughters

    here the word which normally means a mango tree, actually means a mangoblossom, derived as follows: is affixed with the appropriatepratyayaby () to designate a part of the tree (such as a leaf, branch, or flower).However thispratyayais elided by () on ().

    .

    He was purified and embellished by her, just as a lamp by a vigorous flame, the path to

    heaven by the three-coursed river (Ganges,), or the wise by refined speech.

    one who possesses wisdom (). = = + = () +() =by () on ()

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    .

    During her childhood, she (Prvat), surrounded by her friends, enjoyed playing with dolls,

    balls, and mounds of sand on the banks of theMandkin.

    artificial dolls made from cloth etc. (artificial) is derived as follows:() () + () + () by () and (). is derivedas +by (). Here has the sense of the diminutive. Also: ( ..)

    .

    At the time of her education, knowledge acquired in her past lives came to her, who retained

    what was learnt, just as a row of swans to the Ganges during autumn, or inherent

    luminescence to herbs during the night.

    () to one whose learning is retained