Kuliah Imunisasi FKG Sept 2013

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    7'6-/5 R%1/'1/1

    DiseaseType of

    OrganismIncidence

    (2000) Mode of Transmission Symptoms Complications

    Diphtheria Gram-positivebacteria

    1 Person-to-person directcontact or contact withairborne droplet usuallyaffects children under 15years.

    Sore throat, fever.Characterized by formation ofyellow-white membranes on tonsilsand pharyngeal walls.

    Potential respiratorydistress.

    Haemophilusinfluenzae b

    Gram-negativebacteria

    1,398(invasivedisease)

    Person-to-personcontact or droplet.

    Bacteria may cause otitis media,sinusitis, epiglottis and upperrespiratory infections.

    Bacterial meningitis;most cases of invasivedisease occur inchildren 3 months to 3years of age.

    Hepatitis B Virus 8,036 Exposure to infectedblood or body fluids. Inchildren primarilyprenatally spread.

    General flu-like symptoms (may beasymptomatic). Liver may beenlarged, dark urine, light stool,

    jaundice. Symptoms last 4-6 weeks.

    Chronic hepatitis;cirrhosis; liver cancer.

    Measles Virus 86 Person-to-personcontact or droplet.

    Flu-like symptoms, high fever(greater that 101), cough, andconjunctivitis. Rash usually startson the face and spreads to thebody. Kopliks spots in the mouthare bluish with very fine red spots.

    Pneumonia andencephalitis. Personsallergic to eggs mayhave severe reactions tothe vaccine.

    Table. Vaccine Preventable DIseases

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    7'6-/5 R%1/'1/1Disease

    Type ofOrganism

    Incidence(2000) Mode of Transmission Symptoms Complications

    Mumps Virus 338 Person-to person contactor droplet. Communicable6 days before to 9 daysafter swelling. Most oftenoccurs in children.

    Low-grade fever, headache,earache, pain and swelling ofparotid glands (may be unilateralor bilateral). Swelling lasts abouta week.

    Infrequent complicationsare encephalitis andmeningitis. Orchitis mayoccur in males whohave reached puberty,but sterility is rare.

    Pertussis Gram-negativebacteria

    7,867 Person-to person contactor droplet. Verycontagious.

    Characteristic cough isnonproductive with quickexpiratory phase followed byinspiratory "whoop." Small scleral

    and conjunctival hemorrhagescan occur because of severecoughing.

    Infants younger than 1year are severelyaffected. Pneumonia,seizures, and ear

    infections may occur.

    Pneumococcus Gram-positivebacteria

    Not areportabledisease

    Person-to-person, likelyby droplet contact; inmany persons arecolonized in the upperrespiratory tract.

    Causes otitis media, sinusitis,and invasive bacterial infections.

    Pneumonia meningitis

    Polio Virus 0 Direct contact of virus withmouth.

    Low-grade fever and sore throat(most cases are asymptomatic).

    Muscle weaknessprogressing to paralysisin 0.1-2% of cases. Mayaffect any muscle group

    including limbs andrespiratory muscles.

    Adults may developpostpolio syndrome 30-40 years after thedisease.

    Table. Vaccine Preventable DIseases

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    7'6-/5 R%1/'1/1

    DiseaseType of

    OrganismIncidence

    (2000) Mode of Transmission Symptoms Complications

    Rubella Virus 176 Person-to-person contact ordroplet. Communicable 4 daysbefore to 4 days after rashappears. Highly contagious.

    Mild in adults and youngchildren; macular rash onscalp, trunk, and limbs lasting1-3 days.

    Severe complications inearly fetaldevelopmentmayresult in congenitalmalformations anddeath. Vaccine is live soit must NOT be given topregnant women.

    Tetanus Neurotoxinproduced by ananaerobic,Gram-positivebacteria

    35 Exposure of wound to thebacterium. Deep-puncturewounds are at greatest risk.Neonatal tetanus results fromcontamination of the umbilicalstump.

    Severe generalized musclespasms.

    Varicella Virus 27,382 Person-to-person contact orcontact with airborne droplets.Very contagious.Communicable 2 days before to6 days after vesicles appear.Primarily affects children.

    Low-grade fever, listlessness.Lesions appear within 2-4days. Rash has three phases:raised spots, fluid-filledvesicles, and scabs. Rashitches and is found over entirebody.

    Grandparents and olderadults should avoidcaring for childrenbecause they maydevelop herpes zoster(shingles).

    Table. Vaccine Preventable DIseases

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    P'BB%$/ 7D8/1

    " BCG " OPV" Measles

    " MMR" Varicella" Yellow fever

    " Difteria" Tetanus" Pertusis" Cholera

    " Meningococ" Pneumococ" Hib" Typhoid Vi

    " Influenza" IPV " Rabies

    " Hepatitis B" Hepatitis A

    Bacterial Vaccine Viral Vaccine

    Vaksin sensitifsuhu panas

    Vaksin sensitifsuhu dingin

    Vaksin sensitif

    suhu dingin

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