KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.Hazard identification and characterization.

Hazard : Sesuatu yang berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian baik dalam bentuk substansi/ zat/ benda tertentu maupun situasi/ kondisi tertentu.

Regulation, Standard.

Hazard Identification - Register of Activities Physical HazardsEnvironmental Hazards Chemical HazardsRadiation HazardsBiological Hazards

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.PENGAWASNPENGAWASANTANPAKECELAKAANPEMBINAAN TEKNIS

ADMINISTRATIF

PP dan PERMENPESTISIDA PERTAMBANGANMIGASPENEBANGAN dan PENGANGKUTAN KAYUPESAWAT UAPBEJANA TEKANKONSTRUKSI BANGUNANPSWT TENAGA & PRODUKSIPSWT ANGKAT & ANGKUTINST.PENYLUR PETIRINST.LISTRIKINST.KEBAKARANAPARPSWT LIFT LISTRIKKES. TENAGA KERJARETRIBUSI(Permen 06/94)SMK3(Permen 02/96)DIKLAT K3(Permen 04/95)P2K3(Permen 04/87)

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.TANTANGAN :Moral Hazard dan Human FailureKesiapan infra struktur dalam pelaksanaan OTDAPasar bebas AFTA 2003Tuntutan terhadap penggunaan Standar Nasional dan InternasionalPenerapan ISO 9000 ( zero defect and delay) ISO 14000 ( zero emisi and green product ) SMK3 ( zero accident )

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.Physical Hazards :Confined spacesRemote locationFall hazards (e.g., ladders, elevated platforms, towers)Oxygen deficient atmosphereNoise >85 dBAExtreme temperaturesManual handlingMaterial handling equipment (e.g., forklifts, trolleys)Mechanical power transmission equipment (e.g., gears, rollers)Powered equipment (e.g., saws, punchers, presses, wood-working or metal-working machinery)Electrical (large batteries, exposed conductors, etc)Potential energy hazardsSharp objectsOther

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.Pressure or Vacuum Compressed gases (cylinders, gas lines etc)BoilersAutoclavesPressurised vessels or systemsVacuum chambers or systems with >1000 J stored energyOther

FireOpen flamesWeldingSpark producing activityFlammable/combustible liquidsFlammable gasesExplosive materialsStrong oxidizersPyrophoricsFlammable solidsHighly reactive materials, such as organic peroxides Other

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.Environmental Hazards:

Vibration NoiseWater pollutionTemperatureDustSlippingTrippingGasVapourOther

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.Chemical Hazards

Asbestos ExplosivesHerbicides PCBsPoisons CarcinogensFlammable liquids PesticidesPeroxides formers ToxicsCorrosives] Flammable solidsOils Pyrophorics

Reproductive toxinsToxic metals (arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, selenium, silver)Other

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.Radiation Hazards

Ionizing radiationNon-fissionable radioactive materialsFissionable radio nucleotidesIonizing radiation-generating devices (X-ray sources, accelerators, or sealed radioactive sources)

Non-ionizing radiationLasers of any kindStatic magnetic fields > 1G at 60HzDynamic electric fields >1kV/m at 60HzRadio frequency (RF) or Microwave sources exceeding 10mW radiated outputInfrared sources >10WUV sources >1WExtremely low frequency (ELF) radio sources

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.Biological Hazards

Pathogens Viral and RickettsialBacterial FungalParasitic Recombinant DNA Genetically modified microorganismsHuman or animal bloodHuman or animal blood componentsProducts made from human or animal bloodHuman or animal tissueBody fluidsCell linesEnvironmentally-sensitive microbesProteins Other

KULIAH 1: K3 & LIntroduction to Regulation and Standard.NFPA 704 Hazard Identification System

Blue, Red , Yellow ( Health, Flammability, Reactivity).

Skala penomoran : 0 s/d 4, dimana 0 = no hazard dan 4 = extreme danger

NFPA Hazard Identification SystemSpecial PrecautionsProtective Gear Required(White) Material shows unusual reactivity with water (i.e. don't put water on it).

OX Material possesses oxidizing properties.

Other symbols commonly used

ACID Material is an acid. ALK Material is a base (alkaline). COR Material is corrosive. Material is radioactive.

Example: magnesium metal Example: ammonium nitrate (fertilizer used in Oklahoma City bomb)

NFPA Hazard Identification SystemHealth HazardType of Possible Injury.(Blue)0 Material that on exposure under fire conditions Example: peanut oil would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material.

1 Material that on exposure would cause irritation Example: turpentine but only minor residual injury.

2 Material that on intense or continued but not Example: ammonia gas chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury.

3 Material that on short exposure could cause Example: chlorine gas serious temporary or residual injury.

4 Material that on very short exposure could cause Example: hydrogen cyanide death or major residual injury.

NFPA Hazard Identification SystemReactivitySusceptibility of Material to Burning.(Yellow)0 Material that in itself is normally stable, Example: liquid nitrogen even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water.1 Material that in itself is normally stable, Example: phosphorus (red or white) but which can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. 2 Material that readily undergoes violent Example: calcium metal chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures or which reacts violently with water or which may form explosive mixtures with water. 3 Material that in itself is capable of detonation or Example: fluorine gas explosive decomposition or reaction but requires a strong initiating source or which must be heated under confinement before initiation or which reacts explosively with water. 4 Material that in itself is readily capable of Example: trinitrotoluene (TNT) detonation or of explosive decomposition or reaction at normal temperatures and pressures.

NFPA Hazard Identification SystemFlammabilitySusceptibility of Material to Burning.(Red)0 Material will not burn Example: water

1 Material must be pre-heated before ignition can occur Example: corn oil

2 Material must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur Example: diesel fuel oil

3 Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Example: gasoline

4 Materials that will rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature, or that are readily dispersed in air and that will burn readily. Example: propane gas

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.IntroductionRisk perceptionRisk assessmentRisk analysis and managementFault tree analysisEvent tree analysisProblems

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.PENDAHULUAN.

Selalu ada risiko untuk setiap keputusan dan tindakan.Risiko selalu ada pada semua tempat seperti : industri, pemerintahan, masyarakat, dan pribadi.

Untuk melakukan penilaian risiko dan keselamatan, metode yang digunakan adalah metode kwantitatif karena banyaknya disiplin dan objek yang terlibat, dan juga kesimpulannya sangat subjektif.

Bahkan metode kwantitatif sering mempengaruhi beberapa derajat tingkat subjektifitas yang menghasilkan ketidaktentuan (uncertainty)

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Risk Perception. Persepsi terhadap risiko sangat tergantung kepada situasi personal. Jika diperhatikan selalu ada beberapa risiko kecil yang terjadi setiap hari dan tidak dipedulikan, yang dipedulikan adalah risiko lain yang kurang serius, karena persepsi personal terhadap suatu kegiatan, bahan kimia atau proses operasi.

Setiap orang akan suka hidup tanpa risiko bebas dari lingkungan, tetapi apakah benar-benar bisa tercapai ?Apa risiko dari :Meminum segelas air dari keranMelakukan deteksi kanker dengan sinar x pada bagian dada.Adanya gangguan radiasi cosmic selama perjalanan udara.Adanya bahan kimia pada sabun dan shampoo.

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Persepsi masyarakat awam terhadap risiko sering berbeda dengan persepsi masyarakat industri dan orang statistik.

Mengidentifikasi yang tepat suatu risiko atau risiko yang ada hubungannya dengan kesehatan adalah masalah yang komplek karena pelik dan panjangnya pengamatan untuk berbagai risiko selama suatu jangka hidup.

Tingkat kecelakaan biasanya digunakan untuk mengukur dan membandingkan kecelakaan dan penyakit pada masyarakat industri.

The incidence rate = (total injuries and illnesses * 200.000) or (total lost workdays * 200.000) total hours worked by all employees during period

The 200.000 constant is based on 100 full-time equivalent workers working 40 hours a week, 50 weeks a year.

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Faktor yang mempengaruhi diterimanya risiko berdasarkan persepsi masyarakat :

Greater acceptability Lower acceptability Voluntary Involuntary Natural Synthetic Controllable Uncontrollable Delayed effect Immediate effect Essential Nonessential Major benefits Minor benefits Experienced Inexperienced Understandable Not understandable Known Unknown Common Uncommon Routine Special Low media coverage High media coverage Low controversy Controversial

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management. Dasar-dasar persepsi masyarakat bahwa risiko negatif terhadap fasilitas industri :

The basis for negative risk perception

Risks are unfamiliarInvoluntary risksRisks are controlled by outsidersUndetectable risksRisks are unfairIndividual protective action are not permittedDramatic and memorable risksUncertain risksUnrelated hazards comparisonsRisk estimation, not reduction, emphasizedRoutine

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Risk assessmentInterdependent steps in determining an acceptable risk

Specify the objectives and measures of effectiveness to be achievedDefine the possible alternatives that could achieve the objectives ands their associated risksIdentify all possible consequences of each alternativeQuantify the various consequences, using consistent assumptionsAnalyse the results and prioritise the alternativeSelect and implement the best choise for an acceptable riskObtain feedback and iterate the process as neccesary

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.The process of risk assessments

Identification of the potentially harmful hazardMeasurements to estimate the consequences of the hazardsEstimation of the probability of the occurrence of each hazard consequenceQuantitative calculation of risks and comparison with potentially acceptable hazard levelsCharacterisation of the hazard risks to be managed, along with the assumptions and uncertaintiesRanking of the risk hazards for management decision making

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Potential risk factors in the impact of hazards on people, facilities, and community

Type and length of hazard exposureNumber of people exposed inside and outside the facilityDemographics of the exposed peopleEffectiveness of emergency response inside and outside the facilityLost time of employee and outside peopleReduction in employee moraleDamage to public imageProperty damage inside and outside the facilityCost of cleanup, repairs, and lost production inside and outside the facilityPersonal injury and damage lawsuitsBacklash legislation and additional regulatory constraints

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Risk analysis and managementManagement risiko yang efektif menjamin tercapainya sasaran, merespons secara konsisten terhadap adanya risiko. Hal ini dilakukan melalui planning, organizing, implementing, dan controlling untuk membangun program management risiko yang berhasil.

Elements of a risk management programHazard identificationRisk assessmentAdministrative controlsEngineering controlsEmergency response planningOperation and emergency trainingAccident and incident investigationNear-miss reviewInternal and external auditFeedback and iteration

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Fault tree analysis

Methodologies to determine and evaluate process safety hazards:What-if checklistHazard and operability study (HAZOP)Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)Fault tree analysisAn appropriate equivalent methodology

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Fault Tree AnalysistThe examination of a process, operation, and facility for potentialhazards is a complex task. Generally it is best to begin with process flow diagrams and an outline of the facility lay-out.A more detailed piping and instrument diagram (P&ID) better identifies all of the potential hazards.

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Fault Tree AnalysistTypical fault tree analysis. This includes the following steps : Define the top event Define the intermediate events Identify all gates and basic events Resolve all duplication & conflict

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Fault Tree AnalysistFault tree analysis for the fluid flow example

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Event Tree Analysist Event tree analysis (ETA) is an inductive logic model that identifies possible outcomes from given initiating event.

An initiating event will usually initiate an accident or incident.

An ETA considers the responses of operators and safety systems to the initiating event.

This technique is best suited for analyzing complex process involving several layers of safety systems and emergency procedures

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Event Tree AnalysistThe first step is to define aninitiating event that could lead tofailure of the system: equipmentfailure, human error, utilityfailure, or natural disaster.

The next steps is to identifyintermediate actions to eliminateor reduce the effects of theinitiating event. The event treedevelops two branches for eachintermediate event, one for asuccessful and the other for anunsuccessful operation.

The top path represents successand the bottom path failure.

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Event Tree AnalysistThe probability of anybranch of the event treeoccurring is the product of the event probabilities onthe branch.Fault tree analysis for the fluid flow example

Kuliah 2 : Risk Perception, Assessment and Management.Event Tree AnalysistThe event tree can be summarizedas follows:

Identify initiating events thatcould result in an accident Identify the safety functions tomitigate the initiating event Construct the event tree Describe accident sequenceoutcomes and their probability.