KLASIFIKASI TANAH -...

34
KLASIFIKASI TANAH

Transcript of KLASIFIKASI TANAH -...

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KLASIFIKASI TANAH

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PENGERTIAN TENTANG TANAH

• UKURAN PARTIKEL

BERUKURAN BESAR : quartz , feldspar

BERUKURAN SANGAT LEMBUT : clay minerals

• RONGGA DIANTARA PARTIKEL DIISI UDARA/AIR

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Aragonite-rich soil x 2000

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Cemented calcareous sand

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KLASIFIKASI YANG DIDASARKAN TEKSTUR / UKURAN DAN

PERMUKAAN BUTIRAN

• UKURAN PARTIKEL BIASANYA DIKAITKAN DENGAN KANDUNGAN MINERALNYA, CONTOH DENGAN KANDUNGAN MINERALNYA, CONTOH Ukuran partikel kecil, biasanya mengandungCLAY

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BEBERAPA STANDART KLASIFIKASI TANAH

• UNITED STATE DEPARTEMENT of AGRICULTURE(USDA)

• AMERICAN ASOSIATION of STATE HIGWAY and TRANSPORTATION OFFICIAL ( AASHTO )TRANSPORTATION OFFICIAL ( AASHTO )

• UNIFIED SOIL CLASIFICATION SYSTEM (USCS)

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PROSEDUR ANALISA UKURAN BUTIR

• Analisa dengan ayakan dipakai untuk ukuran partikel > 75 µm

• Analisa Hydrometer dipakai untuk butiran lembutYakni analisa yang didasarkan Hukum Stoke’s , dimana kecepatan mengendap butiran dianggap proporsional terhadap diameter butiran

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KURVA UKURAN BUTIR

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0%

Fin

er

0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 1 0 1 0 00

2 0

P ar tic le s ize (mm)

W Well graded

U Uniform

P Poorly graded

C Well graded with some clay

F Well graded with an excess of fines

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• CONTOH 1

• TANAH A TERDIRI DARI ;• PASIR ; 30 %• LANAU ; 30 %• LEMPUNG ; 40 % ( BUTIRAN < 0,002 mm )• Plotkan dalam grafik ; Jenis tanah LEMPUNG TANAH LIAT

• CONTOH 2• TANAH A TSB MENGANDUNG KERIKIL 20 % DAN • TANAH A TSB MENGANDUNG KERIKIL 20 % DAN

PASIR 10 %MAKA HARUS DIADAKAN KOREKSI

%5020100

10040;

%5,3720100

10030;

%5,1220100

10010;

=−

=−

=−

xLempung

xLanau

xPasir

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GRUP INDEX

• GI = (F-35)[0,2+0,005(LL-40)] • + 0,01(F-15)(PI-10)• F = persentase butir lolos ayakan no 200• LL = batas cair ( Liquid Limit )• PI = index plastisitas

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USDA

• PASIR 2 S/D 0,05 mm• LANAU 0,05 S/D 0,002 mm• LEMPUNG < 0,002 mm

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CONTOH• USDA HANYA MENGKLASIFIKASI BUTIR LOLOS NO 10• JIKA ADA KANDUNGAN LEBIH BESAR , DIKOREKSI

• Tanah B dengan komposisi sbb :• 20 % kerikil, 10 % pasir, 30 % lanau 40 % lempung••• Pasir = ( 10 x 100 ) / ( 100 – 20 ) = 12,5 %• Lanau = ( 30 x 100 ) / ( 100 – 20 ) = 37,5 %• Lempung = ( 40 x 100 ) / ( 100 – 20 ) = 50,0 %

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Atterberg Limits

• Analisa ukuran butir kurang cocok • Analisa ukuran butir kurang cocok untuk partikel lembut

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Atterberg Limits

01020304050

Vo

lum

e

Hubungan antara Kadar Air vs Volume

0

0 50 100

Moisture Content (%)

LLSL PL

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Atterberg Limits• Analisa saringan tidak bisa diterapkan

pada tanah berbutir lembut

1020304050

Vo

lum

e

Kadar air >< volume saat proses pengeringan SL -Shrinkage Limit

• PL - Plastic Limit• LL - Liquid limit

0

0 50 100

Moisture Content (%)

LLSL PL

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Atterberg Limits

SL - Shrinkage LimitPL - Plastic LimitLL - Liquid limit

Moisture contentmassof water

=

Plasticity Index = LL - PL = PI or Ip

Moisture contentmassof water

massof solids=

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BEBERAPA CONTOH KLASIFIKASI TANAH

STANDART AAHSO

• 1. Well graded sand or gravel: may include fines

• 2. Sands and Gravels with excess fines• 3. Fine sands• 4. Low compressibility silts• 5. High compressibility silts• 6. Low to medium compressibility clays• 7. High compressibility clays• 8. Peat and organic soils

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Unified Soil Classification

• SETIAP JENIS TANAH DIBERI TANDA DUA • SETIAP JENIS TANAH DIBERI TANDA DUA HURUF, CONTOH SW ( PASIR GRADASI BAIK )

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Unified Soil Classification• Jenis tanah ditandai dengan dua huruf (contoh. SW). • Prosedurnya sbb :

• Coarse grained (>50% lebih besar 75 µm)

• Huruf S jika > 50% butiran kasar adalah pasir• Huruf G jika > 50% butiran kasar adalah Gravel• Suffix tergantung prosentase kandungan butir halus• Jika % butir halus < 5% suffix nya W atau P• Jika % butir halus > 12% suffix nya M atau C• Jika 5% < % butir halus < 12% Memakai Dua simbol

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Unified Soil ClassificationUntuk menentukan jenis W atau P, hitung Cu dan Cc

CD

Du = 60

10

CD

D Dc =×302

60 10( )

X % dari tanah berukuran lebih kecil dari Dx

Contoh ; D10 adalah berapa ukuran terbesar butiran , dimana prosentase terbesar butiran , dimana prosentase yang lolos saringan sebesar 10 %

Cu = Koefisien keseragaman

Cc = Koefisien gradasi

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Unified Soil Classification

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0%

Fin

er

0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 1 0 .1 1 1 0 1 0 00

2 0

P a r t i c l e s i z e ( m m )

D90 = 3 mm

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Unified Soil Classification

CD

Du = 60

10

CD

D Dc =×302

60 10( )

If prefix is G then suffix is W if Cu > 4 and Cc is between 1 and 3 otherwise use P

If prefix is S then suffix is W if Cu > 6 and Cc is between 1 and 3 otherwise use P

60 10

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Unified Soil Classification

40

50

60in

dex

CH

"A" lin

e

Comparing soils at equal liquid limit

Toughness and dry strength increase

with increasing plasticity index

Coarse grained soilsTo determine M or C use plasticity chart

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Liquid limit

0

10

20

30

Pla

stic

ity

OH

or

MH

CLOL

MLor

CL

ML

Plasticity chartfor laboratory classification of fine grained soilsBelow A-line use suffix M - Silt

Above A-line use suffix C - Clay

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Unified Soil Classification– Tanah berbutir halus (> 50% lebih kecil 75 µm)– Kedua huruf ditentukan dari plasticity chart

40

50

60nd

ex

CH

"A" lin

e

Comparing soils at equal liquid limit

Toughness and dry strength increase

with increasing plasticity index

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Liquid limit

0

10

20

30

Pla

stic

ityin CH

OH

or

MH

CLOL

MLor

CL

ML

Plasticity chartfor laboratory classification of fine grained soils

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Give typical names: indicate ap-proximate percentages of sandand gravel: maximum size:angularity, surface condition,and hardness of the coarsegrains: local or geological nameand other pertinent descriptiveinformation and symbol inparentheses.

For undisturbed soils add infor-mation on stratification, degreeof compactness, cementation,moisture conditions and drain-age characteristics.

Example:

Well graded gravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little or nofinesPoorly graded gravels, gravel-sand mixtures, little or nofinesSilty gravels, poorlygraded gravel-sand-silt mixtures

Clayey gravels, poorly gradedgravel-sand-clay mixtures

Well graded sands, gravellysands, little or no fines

Poorly graded sands, gravellysands, little or no fines

Silty sands, poorly gradedsand-silt mixtures

Clayey sands, poorly gradedsand-clay mixtures

GW

GP

GM

GC

SW

SP

SM

SC

Wide range of grain size and substantialamounts of all intermediate particlesizesPredominantly one size or a range ofsizes with some intermediate sizesmissing

Non-plastic fines (for identificationprocedures see ML below)

Plastic fines (for identification pro-cedures see CL below)

Wide range in grain sizes and sub-stantial amounts of all intermediateparticle sizes

Predominantely one size or a range ofsizes with some intermediate sizes missing

Non-plastic fines (for identification pro-cedures, see ML below)

Plastic fines (for identification pro-cedures, see CL below)

Field identification procedures(Excluding particles larger than 75mm and basing fractionson

estimated weights)

Groupsymbols

1Typical names Information required for

describing soilsLaboratory classification

criteria

C = Greater than 4DD----60

10U

C = Between 1 and 3(D )

D x D----------------------30

10c

2

60

Not meeting all gradation requirements for GW

Atterberg limits below"A" line or PI less than 4

Atterberg limits above "A"line with PI greater than 7

Above "A" line withPI between 4 and 7are borderline casesrequiring use of dualsymbols

Not meeting all gradation requirements for SW

C = Greater than 6DD----60

10U

C = Between 1 and 3(D )

D x D----------------------30

10c

2

60

Atterberg limits below"A" line or PI less than 4

Atterberg limits above"A"

Above "A" line withPI between 4 and 7are borderline casesrequiring useof dualet

erm

ine

perc

enta

ge

sof

grav

elan

dsa

ndfr

omg

rain

size

curv

e

the

frac

tion

sa

sg

ive

nun

der

field

iden

tific

atio

n

epen

ding

onpe

rcen

tage

sof

fine

s(f

ract

ion

smal

ler

than

.075

mm

eve

size

)co

ars

egr

ain

ed

soils

are

clas

sifie

das

follo

ws

ssth

an5%

ore

than

12%

%to

12%

GW

,GP,

SW

,SP

GM

,GC

,SM

,SC

Bor

delin

eca

sere

quir

ing

use

ofd

uals

ymbo

ls

smal

lest

par

ticle

visi

ble

toth

ena

ked

eye

Coa

rse

grai

ned

soils

Mor

eth

anha

lfof

mat

eria

lis

larg

erth

an.0

75m

msi

eve

size

Sand

sM

ore

than

half

ofco

arse

frac

tion

issm

alle

rth

an2.

36m

m

Gra

vels

Mor

eth

anha

lfof

coar

sefr

actio

nis

larg

erth

an2.

36m

m

Sand

sw

ithfin

esap

prec

iabl

eou

ntof

fines

)

Cle

ansa

nds

(lit

tleor

nofin

es)

Gra

vels

wit

hfin

es(a

prec

iabl

eam

ount

offin

es)

Cle

angr

avel

s(l

ittle

orno

fines

)

Unified soil classification (including identification and description)

Silty sand, gravelly; about 20%hard angular gravel particles12.5mm maximum size; roundedand subangular sand grainscoarse to fine, about 15% non-plastic lines with low drystrength; well compacted andmoist in places; alluvial sand;sand-clay mixturescedures, see CL below)

ML

CL,CI

OL

MH

CH

OH

Pt

Dry strengthcrushing

character-istics

None toslight

Medium tohigh

Slight tomedium

Slight tomedium

High to veryhigh

Medium tohigh

Readily identified by colour, odourspongy feel and frequently by fibroustexture

Dilatency(reaction

to shaking)

Quick toslow

None to veryslow

Slow

Slow tonone

None

None to veryhigh

Toughness(consistencynear plastic

limit)

None

Medium

Slight

Slight tomedium

High

Slight tomedium

Inorganic silts and very fine sands,rock flour, silty or clayeyfine sands with slight plasticityInorganic clays of low to mediumplasticity, gravelly clays, sandyclays, silty clays, lean clays

Organic silts and organic silt-clays of low plasticity

inorganic silts, micaceous ordictomaceous fine sandy orsilty soils, elastic silts

Inorganic clays of highplasticity, fat clays

Organic clays of medium tohigh plasticity

Peat and other highly organic soils

Give typical name; indicate degreeand character of plasticity,amount and maximum size ofcoarse grains: colour in wet con-dition, odour if any, local orgeological name, and other pert-inent descriptive information, andsymbol in parentheses

For undisturbed soils add infor-mation on structure, stratif-ication, consistency and undis-turbed and remoulded states,moisture and drainage conditions

ExampleClayey silt, brown: slightly plastic:small percentage of fine sand:numerous vertical root holes: firmand dry in places; loess; (ML)

Atterberg limits above"A"line with PI greater than 7

requiring useof dualsymbolsD

e

Use

gra

insi

zecu

rve

inid

entif

yingt De

sie

Le

Mo

5%

The

.075

mm

siev

esi

zeis

abo

utth

e

Fin

egr

aine

dso

ils

Mor

eth

anha

lfof

mat

eria

lis

smal

ler

than

.075

mm

siev

esi

ze

Silt

san

dcl

ays

liqui

dlim

itgr

eate

rth

an50

Silt

san

dcl

ays

liqui

dlim

itle

ssth

an50

M f S (ap

amo

Identification procedure on fraction smaller than .425mmsieve size

Highly organic soils

moist in places; alluvial sand;(SM)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Liquid limit

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Pla

stic

ityin

dex

CH

OH

or

MHOL

MLor

CL

"A" lin

e

Comparing soils at equal liquid limit

Toughness and dry strength increase

with increasing plasticity index

Plasticity chartfor laboratory classification of fine grained soils

CI

CL-MLCL-ML

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CONTOH

40

60

80

100%

Fin

er

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000

20

Particle size (mm)

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CONTOH

40

60

80

100%

Fin

er

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000

20

Particle size (mm)

• %fines (% finer than 75 µm) = 11% - Dual symbols required

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CONTOH

40

60

80

100%

Fin

er

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000

20

Particle size (mm)

• %fines (% finer than 75 µm) = 11% - Dual symbols required

• D10 = 0.06 mm, D30 = 0.25 mm, D60 = 0.75 mm

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CONTOH

40

60

80

100%

Fin

er

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 1000

20

Particle size (mm)

Particle size fractions: Gravel 17%

Sand 73%

Silt and Clay 10%

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CONTOH

30

40

50

60

stic

ityin

dex

CH

"A" lin

e

Comparing soils at equal liquid limit

Toughness and dry strength increase

with increasing plasticity index

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Liquid limit

0

10

20Plas

OH

or

MH

CLOL

MLor

CL

ML

Plasticity chartfor laboratory classification of fine grained soils

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Fraksi kasar 80% berupa pasir, pakai huruf S

Cu = 12.5, Cc = 1.38

Suffix1 = W

Dari Atterberg Tests

LL = 32, PL = 26

Ip = 32 - 26 = 6Ip = 32 - 26 = 6

Dari Plasticity Chart titik terletak dibawah garis A

Suffix2 = M

Dipakai simbol ganda SW-SM

Untuk melengkapi, simbol harus diberi diskripsi