BAHAN PERKERASAN(Semester 5; 2 sks)Dosen: Dr. Ir. Sri Sunarjono (s/d mid semester) Ir. Agus Riyanto, MT.(paska mid semester)Koordinator kelas: IKA SETYOWATI 081327535362

Kontrak perkuliahan (1)

Perkuliahan dilaksanakan 14 kali tatap muka plus 2 kali ujian (uts + uas)Satu kali tatap muka= kuliah 2 kali 50 menit dengan istirahat 10 menit diantaranya (bila diperlukan)Dosen melaksanakan perkuliahan sesuai silabus dan Rencana Mutu Pembelajaran (RMP) kurikulum JTS-UMS tahun 2008Mahasiswa wajib mengikuti perkuliahan minimal 10 kali (exclude 2x ujian)

Kontrak perkuliahan (2)

Bila dosen terlambat 15 menit dan tidak ada pemberitahuan maka mahasiswa boleh meninggalkan kelas dan melakukan pengisian presensi kehadiranMahasiswa terlambat 30 menit dan tanpa ada pemberitahuan tidak boleh mengikuti perkuliahanNilai ujian = Nilai tes tulis + nilai tugas + nilai diskusi/ tanya jawab/ presentasiMahasiswa ketahuan menyontek atau memberi contekan langsung mendapat sangsi tidak lulusMahasiswa masuk kuliah penuh (14x)+ujian 2x+mengumpulkan semua tugas -- nilai min C

SILABUSBahan lapis keras, jenis konstruksi dan karakteristiknyaAspal sebagai bahan ikat: Pengertian, jenis dan komposisi, proses manufaktur, properties dan cara pemeriksaan, spesifikasi.Agregat sebagai bahan utama dan filler: pengertian, jenis, gradasi, sifat dan proses terjadinya, pemeriksaan, spesifikasi dan mix design agregat.Perencanaan campuran aspal agregat: prinsip dasar perencanaan pencampuran, metode pencampuran, metode Marshall, Marshal test, penentuan kadar aspal optimum, dan pelaksanaan pencampuran aspal agregat di lapangan.Nilai struktural campuran aspal dan agregat.Kerusakan jalan: jenis, identifikasi kerusakan dan metode survey, faktor penyebab kerusakan jalan, metode evaluasi kerusakan jalan (mis. PCI) dan metode perbaikan mengatasi kerusakan.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA (1)Asphalt Institute, 1983, Principles of Construction Hot mix Asphalt Pavement, MS- 22, Maryland, USA.Asphalt Institute, 1984, Asphalt Technology and Construction Practices (ES-1), The Asphalt Institute Building College Park, Maryland.Krebs, RD and Walker, RD, 1971, Highway Material, Mc Graw Hill.Roberts, Kandhal and Brown, 1991, Hot Mix Asphalt Material, Mixture Design and Construction, Napa Education Foundation Anham, Maryland.Whiteoak, D., 1990, The Shell Bitument Hand Book, Shell, International Petroleum Company Limited, London.Hosking, R., 1992, Road Aggregates and Skidding, HMSO, London.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA (2)Khairudin, M.A, 1993, Tinjauan Umum Hasil Aplikasi SMA dengan Bahan Tambah Serat Selulosa, PusLitBang Jalan Raya, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, Jakarta.

Oflaherty, C.A., 2002. Highways - The Location, Design, Construction & Maintenance of Pavements, 4th edition, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford.

Anon, 2000. Bituminous Pavements Materials, Design and Evaluation, Lecturer Notes, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham.

Jenis Struktur PerkerasanJenis perkerasanJalan raya (Highway)Bandar udaraRel kereta api (Railway)

Jenis struktur perkerasanFleksibel (Flexible pavement)Kaku (Rigid pavement)Komposit (Composite pavement)

Lapis perkerasanTANAH DASARPAVEMENT (PERKERASAN)Mengapa harus diberi lapis perkerasan?Mengapa perkerasan dibuat berlapis?Semakin keatas tegangan yang dipikul semakin besar maka butuh perkerasan yang semakin bermutu. Perkerasan bagian bawah dapat menggunakan bahan yang mutunya lebih rendah (harga lebih murah)Daya dukung tanah dasar rendah, maka butuh lapis perkerasan

Lapis perkerasan (1)GRANULAR (KERIKIL)SOIL (TANAH)SOIL (TANAH)GRANULAR (KERIKIL)Gravel road (Jalan kerikil)Sealed granular road (Jalan kerikil dilapisi aspal tipis)SOIL (TANAH)GRANULAR (KERIKIL)ASPHALT (AGG+ASPAL)Asphalt pavt (Jalan aspal)SOIL (TANAH)GRANULAR (KERIKIL)CONCRETE (BETON)Concrete pavt (Jalan beton)

Lapis perkerasan (2)GRANULAR (KERIKIL)SOIL (TANAH)SOIL (TANAH)GRANULAR (KERIKIL)Composite pavement (perkerasan komposit)Heavy duty concrete (Jalan beton utk lalin berat)SOIL (TANAH)GRANULAR (KERIKIL)ASPHALT (AGG+ASPAL)Block pavement (lalin berat)CEMENT TREATED (STAB SEMEN)CONCRETE (BETON)RailwayCONCRETE (BETON)CEMENT TREATED (STAB SEMEN)ASPHALT orCEMENT TREATED SOIL (TANAH)SUB-BALLAST (GRANULAR)BALLAST (GRANULAR)Rel

Cross-Section perkerasanSub-base course (Lapis pondasi bawah/ LPB)Subgrade (Tanah dasar)Basic pavement layers(Lapis perkerasan standar)Heavy duty pevement (Perkerasan utk kendaraan berat)Surfacing (Lapis Permukaan)Base course (Lapis pondasi atas/ LPA)

Wearing course

Base course Sub-base course

Subgrade Capping (Landasan)

Binder course

Fungsi lapis perkerasan

Wearing course

Base course Sub-base course

Subgrade Capping (Landasan)

Binder course

Lapis fungsional (air hujan, suhu, kekesatan, suara) Lapis struktural (kekuatan)Kekuatan struktural naikHarga bahan semakin mahal, semakin tipis

Bahan ikat antara lapis perkerasan (Bonding)

Wearing course(Asphalt)

Base course(Unbound material/ granular)

Binder course(Asphalt)

Prime coat (Aspal + minyak tanah)Tack coat (Aspal emulsi atau Aspal+minyak tanah)

Road pavementSurfacingBinder courseBase courseSub-base courseSub-gradeSoil mechanicsAsphalt mechanicsConcrete

Failure mechanism CRACKINGRUTTINGCOMPRESSIONTENSIONTRAFFIC LOAD

Asphalt mechanicsAsphalt materials: STRAIN DEPENDENT

Chart1

Critical

Failure

Stiffness

50%

100%

No. of standard axles

Rut depth

Fatigue cracking

Nearside wheel track

(b) Failure mechanism

(a) Pavement Serciveability

Chart1 (2)

Critical

Failure

Stiffness

50%

100%

No. of standard axles

STRESSStiffness = --------------------- STRAIN

Chart2

F

fb

Filler particle

Fracture surface

Binder

r

F

F

Binder

Fracture surface in bulk mortar

Fracture surface around single particle

Fracture surface

Chart3

Chart3

L'

x

L

cross section area = ab

z

x

y

= Q/abx = x / LE = /x = QL / xab

Q

Chart4

(a) Indirect Tensile Test

(c1) Two Point Bending Trapezoidal Test

(c2) Four Point Bending Beam Test

(b) Uniaxial Test

Chart5

6200

4500

2900

1800

900

400

20mm DBM

Temperature (oC)

Stiffness Modulus (MPa)

Chart6

6200

4500

2900

1800

900

400

20mm DBM

Horisontal Stress (kPa)

Stiffness Modulus (MPa)

Sheet2

Read, 1996

TempSmHor stressSm

562001002000

1045001601800

1529002301750

2018003251650

259001202300

304001902100

2652000

3701800

1402700

2352500

3202400

4502300

Chart7

Moving wheel loads

Skid resistant surface

Main structural element(Durable)

[Bound Material]

[Granular material over soil]

Pavement Foundation(Well drained)

Adequate platform to place layer above

High stiffness

Crack resistant

Deformation resistant

Chart8

Y

X

Compression

Tension

Compression

Tension

xmax

ymax

Applied Compressive stress

hx (+)

hy (+)

vx (-)

vy (-)

Steel load platen

Measured horizontal deformation (),h= 2

Specimen

Chart9

PNEUMATIC UNIT

COMPUTER UNIT

INTERFACE UNIT

TEST FRAME

Solenoid valve

Actuator

Load cell

Specimen

Control & data acquisition

To LVDTs

Chart10

0 5 17 Time (seconds)

20

10

Half of the maximum expansion ratio

Expansion Ratio (ER)

Spraying time

Half Life

Maximum Expansion Ratio

In this case:ERm = 20HL = 17 - 5 = 12 seconds

Bitumen returns to an approximately original volume

Mass of bitumen is weighed and converted to an original volume

The height of foam is measured by dipstick and is converted to expansion ratio (ER). ER is the ratio of foam volume relative to the original volume

1/2 Hmax

Hmax

Dipstick

Sheet3

tER modelER measured

010.510.5

29.48.5

48.37.5

67.47

86.66

105.95.8

125.35.7

144.75

164.24.2

183.74

203.33.8

222.93.7

242.63.6

262.33

t, secvol, litrebit

-500-5

060.51

153.50.515

3520.535

5510.555

750.50.575

HLts=1ts=2ts=5ts=10

20.84

3

4

5

6

70.95

8

9

100.96

200.99

300.995

400.998

500.999

601

701

801

901

1001

Sheet3

ERm = 10.5HL = 12 seconds

R2 = 0.927

(a)

Decay model

Measured

Time (seconds)

Expansion ratio (ER)

0

ERm = 6/0.5 = 12

During spraying

After spraying (decay)

(b)

Foam

Bitumen

Time (seconds)

Volume (Litres)

Asphalt mechanicsSTIFFNESS ?

STRESSStiffness = --------------------- STRAIN

Chart11

x

L

cross section area = ab

z

x

y

= Q/abx = x / LE = /x = QL / xab

Q

Chart1

Critical

Failure

Stiffness

50%

100%

No. of standard axles

Rut depth

Fatigue cracking

Nearside wheel track

(b) Failure mechanism

(a) Pavement Serciveability

Chart1 (2)

Critical

Failure

Stiffness

50%

100%

No. of standard axles

STRESSStiffness = --------------------- STRAIN

Chart2

F

fb

Filler particle

Fracture surface

Binder

r

F

F

Binder

Fracture surface in bulk mortar

Fracture surface around single particle

Fracture surface

Chart3

Chart3

L'

x

L

cross section area = ab

z

x

y

= Q/abx = x / LE = /x = QL / xab

Q

Chart4

x

L

cross section area = ab

z

x

y

= Q/abx = x / LE = /x = QL / xab

Q

Chart5

(a) Indirect Tensile Test

(c1) Two Point Bending Trapezoidal Test

(c2) Four Point Bending Beam Test

(b) Uniaxial Test

Chart6

6200

4500

2900

1800

900

400

20mm DBM

Temperature (oC)

Stiffness Modulus (MPa)

Sheet2

6200

4500

2900

1800

900

400

20mm DBM

Horisontal Stress (kPa)

Stiffness Modulus (MPa)

Chart7

Read, 1996

TempSmHor stressSm

562001002000

1045001601800

1529002301750

2018003251650

259001202300

304001902100

2652000

3701800

1402700

2352500

3202400

4502300

Chart8

Moving wheel loads

Skid resistant surface

Main structural element(Durable)

[Bound Material]

[Granular material over soil]

Pavement Foundation(Well drained)

Adequate platform to place layer above

High stiffness

Crack resistant

Deformation resistant

Chart9

Y

X

Compression

Tension

Compression

Tension

xmax

ymax

Applied Compressive stress

hx (+)

hy (+)

vx (-)

vy (-)

Steel load platen

Measured horizontal deformation (),h= 2

Specimen

Chart10

PNEUMATIC UNIT

COMPUTER UNIT

INTERFACE UNIT

TEST FRAME

Solenoid valve

Actuator

Load cell

Specimen

Control & data acquisition

To LVDTs

Sheet3

0 5 17 Time (seconds)

20

10

Half of the maximum expansion ratio

Expansion Ratio (ER)

Spraying time

Half Life

Maximum Expansion Ratio

In this case:ERm = 20HL = 17 - 5 = 12 seconds

Bitumen returns to an approximately original volume

Mass of bitumen is weighed and converted to an original volume

The height of foam is measured by dipstick and is converted to expansion ratio (ER). ER is the ratio of foam volume relative to the original volume

1/2 Hmax

Hmax

Dipstick

tER modelER measured

010.510.5

29.48.5

48.37.5

67.47

86.66

105.95.8

125.35.7

144.75

164.24.2

183.74

203.33.8

222.93.7

242.63.6

262.33

t, secvol, litrebit

-500-5

060.51

153.50.515

3520.535

5510.555

750.50.575

HLts=1ts=2ts=5ts=10

20.84

3

4

5

6

70.95

8

9

100.96

200.99

300.995

400.998

500.999

601

701

801

901

1001

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

ERm = 10.5HL = 12 seconds

R2 = 0.927

(a)

Decay model

Measured

Time (seconds)

Expansion ratio (ER)

00

00

00

00

00

00

0

ERm = 6/0.5 = 12

During spraying

After spraying (decay)

(b)

Foam

Bitumen

Time (seconds)

Volume (Litres)

Asphalt mechanicsTEMPERATURE DEPENDENT

RESPONSE TO LOADSAsphalt mechanics

Asphalt mechanicsVISCO-ELASTIC MATERIALS

Soil mechanics= - uSTRENGTH vs WATERDRY CONDITIONWET CONDITION = tan

Soil mechanicsSoil and granular: STRESS DEPENDENT

Chart4

0

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.4

1

FAILURE

STRESS

PERMANENT DEFORMATION (%)

Sheet1

00

100.05

150.1

200.2

230.4

271

Sheet1

FAILURE

STRESS

PERMANENT DEFORMATION (%)

Sheet2

Sheet3

Upper layer stiffness bottom layer stress LOW STIFFNESSHIGH STIFFNESSHIGH STRESSLOW STRESSPOOR STRESS DISTRIBUTIONBETTER STRESS DISTRIBUTION

THE IDEAL PAVEMENT

Chart1

Critical

Failure

Stiffness

50%

100%

No. of standard axles

Rut depth

Fatigue cracking

Nearside wheel track

(b) Failure mechanism

(a) Pavement Serciveability

Chart2

F

fb

Filler particle

Fracture surface

Binder

r

F

F

Binder

Fracture surface in bulk mortar

Fracture surface around single particle

Fracture surface

Chart3

Chart3

L'

x

L

cross section area = ab

z

x

y

= Q/abx = x / LE = /x = QL / xab

Q

Chart4

(a) Indirect Tensile Test

(c1) Two Point Bending Trapezoidal Test

(c2) Four Point Bending Beam Test

(b) Uniaxial Test

Chart5

6200

4500

2900

1800

900

400

20mm DBM

Temperature (oC)

Stiffness Modulus (MPa)

Chart6

6200

4500

2900

1800

900

400

20mm DBM

Horisontal Stress (kPa)

Stiffness Modulus (MPa)

Sheet2

Read, 1996

TempSmHor stressSm

562001002000

1045001601800

1529002301750

2018003251650

259001202300

304001902100

2652000

3701800

1402700

2352500

3202400

4502300

Chart7

Moving wheel loads

Skid resistant surface

Main structural element(Durable)

[Bound Material]

[Granular material over soil]

Pavement Foundation(Well drained)

Adequate platform to place layer above

High stiffness

Crack resistant

Deformation resistant

Chart8

Y

X

Compression

Tension

Compression

Tension

xmax

ymax

Applied Compressive stress

hx (+)

hy (+)

vx (-)

vy (-)

Steel load platen

Measured horizontal deformation (),h= 2

Specimen

Chart9

PNEUMATIC UNIT

COMPUTER UNIT

INTERFACE UNIT

TEST FRAME

Solenoid valve

Actuator

Load cell

Specimen

Control & data acquisition

To LVDTs

Chart10

0 5 17 Time (seconds)

20

10

Half of the maximum expansion ratio

Expansion Ratio (ER)

Spraying time

Half Life

Maximum Expansion Ratio

In this case:ERm = 20HL = 17 - 5 = 12 seconds

Bitumen returns to an approximately original volume

Mass of bitumen is weighed and converted to an original volume

The height of foam is measured by dipstick and is converted to expansion ratio (ER). ER is the ratio of foam volume relative to the original volume

1/2 Hmax

Hmax

Dipstick

Sheet3

tER modelER measured

010.510.5

29.48.5

48.37.5

67.47

86.66

105.95.8

125.35.7

144.75

164.24.2

183.74

203.33.8

222.93.7

242.63.6

262.33

t, secvol, litrebit

-500-5

060.51

153.50.515

3520.535

5510.555

750.50.575

HLts=1ts=2ts=5ts=10

20.84

3

4

5

6

70.95

8

9

100.96

200.99

300.995

400.998

500.999

601

701

801

901

1001

Sheet3

ERm = 10.5HL = 12 seconds

R2 = 0.927

(a)

Decay model

Measured

Time (seconds)

Expansion ratio (ER)

0

ERm = 6/0.5 = 12

During spraying

After spraying (decay)

(b)

Foam

Bitumen

Time (seconds)

Volume (Litres)

Komponen bahan perkerasanAgregatBahan ikat: aspal (perkerasan fleksibel) Portland cement (perkerasan kaku)Bahan tambah (additives) Kapur (lime) PC Lain-lain