Jaringan Nirkabel

Baso MaruddaniUniversitas Negeri Jakarta

Bahan Ajar D3 - Teknik Jaringan Komputer - Pertemuan 11

Jaringan Nirkabel

Sejarah Komunikasi Wireless (1)


Awal komunikasi radio— Awal 1800s: Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry, Hans Oersted

bereksperimen tentang aliran arus listrik pada satu kawat yang dapat menginduksi kawat lain

— 1864: James Maxwell berteori tentang osilasi dari arus listrik yang dapat menimbulkan medan EM. Medan EM ini berpropagasi dengan kecepatan cahaya. Cahaya tampak merupakan salah satu fenomena EM dan merupakan bagian dari spektrum EM

— 1873: Maxwall mempublikasikan persamaan Maxwell yang sangat findamental. 4 persamaan differensial yang mendeskripsikan perubahan ruang dan waktu pada medan EM

— 1888: Heinrich Hertz membangun transmitter dan receiver radio yg pertama untuk mengukur gelombang EM dan membuktikan teori Maxwell yang mengatakan bahwa gelombang EM bergerak dengan kecepatan cahaya



— 1895: Guglielmo Marconi membangun sistem wireless telegraph pertama

— 1901: Marconi mentransmisikan transatlantic wireless telegraph message pertama

— 1906: Reginald Fessenden pertama kali mentransmisikan suara melalui radio (from Boston to ships in Atlantic)

— 1918: Edwin Armstrong menemukan superheterodyne circuit untuk receiver radio yg stabil

— 1933: Armstrong menemukan frequency modulation (sebelumnya yang digunakan adalah amplitude modulation), lebih tahan terhadap nose dan interferensi

1934: US creates FCC (Federal Commun. Commission) to mengawasi telekomun ikasi di publik termasuk pengalokasian spektrum



1946: AT&T memperkenlkan layanan mobile telephone pertama dgn menggunakan transmisi radio FM, 120KHz per kanal voice dan terbatas hanya pada 50 mil dari base station serta menggunakan operator untuk men-dial— Pertengahan-1960s: AT&T’s IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone

Service) menggunakan 30 kHz voice channels, narrowband FM and direct dialing (tanpa operator)

Generasi pertama telepon selular analog (First generation analog cellular telephony)— akhir1940s: AT&T membuat konsep selular untuk frequency reuse— 1971: AT&T mengajukan High Capacity Mobile Phone Service

kepada FCC— 1979: US menstandarkan hal itu sebagai AMPS (Advanced Mobile

Phone System) pada daerah 800-900 MHz

• 1983: AT&T me-launchAMPS di Chicago



— 1985: Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) di Scandanavia, Total Access Communications System (TACS) di UK, C450 di W. Germany

• Total : 6 incompatible analog cellular systems di Europe

• Motivated Europe to accelerate 2nd generation digital cellular

Generasi Kedua Selular Digital (Second generation digital cellular)— 1989: Europe membuat standar Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM)

• 1992: GSM di-launching— 1990: Japan menstandarkan Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) yang

sekarang disebut Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)— 1990: Europe menstandarkan Digital Cellular System at 1800 MHz

(DCS 1800, yang kemudian dinamakan GSM 1800)

• 1993: DCS 1800 di-launching



— 1992: TIA/IS-54 TDMA (Digital AMPS) dikembangkan diUS

— 1996: TIA/IS-95 CDMA di US

— 1995: Personal Handphone System (PHS) di Japan, first widespread low-tier PCS, is hugely successful

1996: AT&T and Sprint offer PCS in major US cities

— Smaller cell sites (0.25 km vs traditional 1-8 km), smaller/lighter portable handsets, cheaper access points

1998: ITU begins to study proposals for 3rd generation cellular

mid-2000s: UMTS, IMT-2000, W-CDMA, cdma2000, EDGE,...

2010-?: 4th generation?

— Self organizing, ad hoc?

Badan Hukum Telekomunikasi


Di Indonesia : BRTIUntuk internasional : FCC (Federal

Communication Commision)

Pentingnya Komunikasi Wireless


Networks Today


Perlunya Wireless


Elemen Wireless Network (1)


Wireless Link : Parameter


Standar Wireless


Selular vs Wi Fi


Karakteristik Kanal Wireless


Sinyal yang ditransmisikan melalui gelombang radio akan mengalami fluktuasi akibat karakteristik medium yang selalu berubah

Selain itu terjadi penurunan daya sinyalKesulitan untuk melakukan proses

selanjutnya : demodulasi



Fluktuasi sinyal tersebut dapat dibagi 2:Large Scale Fading fading relatif tetap untuk

plot area yg besar - Refleksi- Difraksi- Scattering

Small Scale Fading (Multipath) fading berubah secara dramatis untuk plot area yg kecil- Time spreading signal- Time varying kanal

Large Scale Fading


Refleksi : mengenai benda rata yg > λDifraksi : terhalang oleh permukaan tajam

gelombang semu muncul di belakang penghalang Shadowing

Scattering : mengenai benda yg < λMengatasi :

- Fading margin (secara defintif) adalah kenaikan daya pancar yang harus dilakukan agar penerimaan lebih/sama dengan level penerimaan minimum yang diijinkan- Diversitas- Antena sektoral dan smart antena

Small Scale Fading


Small Scale Fading


Time Varying : Fluktuasi amplitudo disebabkan superposisi konstruktif dan destruktif dari sinyal yang diterima

Time spreading : Perbedaan waktu kedatangan sinyal akibat perbedaan lintasan

Flat SlowFading

Flat FastFading

FrequencySelective

SlowFading

FrequencySelective

FastFading

TSym

TSymT0

m

Perioda simbolP

erio

da s

imbo

l

Contoh :


Teknologi Komunikasi Wireless


PAN


PAN - Bluetooth


Bluetooth Protocol Stack


Wireless LAN : IEEE802.11


Infrastuktur Dasar Wireless LAN


Arsitektur Dasar IEEE 802.11


Wireless WAN


Teknik Multiple-Akses Radio


1G - FDMA


2G - TDMA


2G dan 3G - CDMA


CDMA


1st Generation – 1G


2nd Generation – 2G


D-AMPS / TDMA / PDC


iDEN


DECT dan PHS


CDMAone – North America CDMA


CDMAone – North America CDMA (IS-95)


GSM


GPRS(1)


GPRS (2)


Visi 3G


International Standard


Visi IMT 2000


Standar Radio IMT 2000


CDMA2000


WCDMA (UMTS)


TD- SCDMA


Migrasi ke 3G


Spektrum Wireless Mobile


Perkembangan ArsitekturJaringan Selular


Arsitektur 3G – Secara Umum


Jaringan GSM


Signalling pada Core Network


Panggilan dari PSTN – Jaringan Mobile


Arsitektur GSM 2G


Perkembangan GSM


Vocoder : AMR dan SMV


Perkembangan GSM


GPRS – 2.5G untuk GSM


2.5G/3G (Add IP Data w/out perubahan pada voice)


Arsitektur 2.5G


Evolusi GSM untuk Data Access


EDGE


3G Partnership Project


Sasaran 3GPP Rel 6


Wireless LAN


85

Topics of DiscussionMaking the Decision to go WirelessWireless StandardsWireless Router and Adapter BrandsFire WallsWireless SecurityRouter SetupWireless Adapter Setup

86

Making the Decision to go WirelessWhy have a network at home?To share files between computersTo share printersTo share an Internet connection

87

Making the Decision to go WirelessTypes of Networks used in a Home

Hard Wired

Wireless

88

Types of Networks used in a HomeHard Wired

Is the most secureFaster than wireless

Technology is increasing wireless though put speeds Increased cost

Cable and connections (electrician)May have to cut through walls and floors

Can be mitigated using cable raceways on wall surfaces

89

Types of Networks used in a HomeWireless

Does not require cable to be runEasy to installEasier to add equipment Equipment is more expensiveYou may need to plan for problems

Will be covered in Planning for Your Wireless Router

90

Router/SwitchDevices are connected together on a network

using a router / switchRouter part connects two nodes together

Local-area network (LAN)Wide-area network (WAN)

Switch parts connects devices on LAN togetherRouterHard wired devices Access point on a wireless router

91

Special Planning for Wireless Access Cordless telephonesMicrowaves Type of construction of your home

Brick Wood Metal

Outside interferenceRadio or microwave transmission

92

Wireless Standards802.11a

Speed 54MbsFrequency used is 5 gigahertz (Ghz).

802.11bSpeed 11MbsFrequency used is 2.4 gigahertz (Ghz).

802.11gSpeed 54MbsFrequency used is 2.4 gigahertz (Ghz).

93

Wireless Standards

New and Future TechnologyMultiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)

Allows present technology to achieve greater throughput with the present standards,

In the future 802.11n may be the new standard for wireless local-area networks Throughput may reach 540 Mbs 10 times faster than 802.11a or 802.11g A better operating distance May include MIMO technology

94

Wireless Standards802.11a

Speed 54MbsFrequency used is 5 gigahertz (Ghz).

802.11bSpeed 11MbsFrequency used is 2.4 gigahertz (Ghz).

802.11gSpeed 54MbsFrequency used is 2.4 gigahertz (Ghz).

802.11nSpeed 200Mbs (Typ), 540Mps (max)Frequency used is 2.4 gigahertz (Ghz).Range indoors is 50m

Komponen Wireless Network


Wireless Standards


Access Point


102

Wireless Router FeaturesContain a wireless access point

Allows wireless devices to connectMay use MIMO technology

Increases throughputContain a hardware firewall

Stops inbound data unless you request itHave setup for Wireless security

Keeps strangers from accessing LAN through the wireless access point

103

Some Wireless Router and

Wireless Adapter BrandsLinksys D-Link US Robotics AirLink BelkinNetgear

107

FirewallsYou should have a fire wall on all your

computers that have access to the internet

Two types of fire walls Hardware fire wall

Used to stop incoming data that is not requested by your computer

Software firewalls Zone Alarm is used to keep your computer from

sending or receiving information without your permission.

108

Wireless security In the Router:Change the default Service Set Identifier

(SSID) Disable the SSID broadcast Change the User Name and Passwords on

the wireless router Set up the wireless encryption Setup the MAC Filter Change the routers local IP address

109

Wireless Security – Encryption Types

Wired Equivalent Privacy ( WEP ) The oldest encryption method Uses a 64-bit or more secure 128 bit key

Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA ) Newer encryption method that uses 256-bit

keyWi-Fi Protected Access 2 ( WPA2 )

Newest encryption method Backward compatible with WPA

110

Setting up your Wireless RouterThings you need to know

Who is your ISP What type of Internet connection are you usingUser name and password if required

Brand of routerDefault local IP addressDefault User NameDefault Password

111

Sample default Local IP Address,

User Name, and Password

Brand Local IP Address

User Name Password

Linksys 192.168.1.1 admin

Belkin 192.168.2.1

D-Link 192.168.0.1 admin

USRobotics 192.168.2.1 Must set up Must set up

Netgear 192.168.0.1 admin password

Air Link 192.168.1.1 admin admin

112

Demonstration on setting up wireless router

Use setup CD that came with routerIf you already have a router installed you

should remove it first. The installation software will try to determine the type of connection

OrBring up browser and access router

Inter routers local IP address in the URLInter the default User Name and PasswordSetup router

113

Setting up the wireless adapter

in the remote PC You must know the SSID and

encryption KEY for the network you wish to connect. We entered these in the router.

Types of wireless networks Infrastructure Ad-Hoc

For this demonstration we will be using an Infrastructure network

114

Description of the networks for your information

Infrastructure network Wireless network centered about an access pointAccess point

Provides communication with the wired networkMediates wireless network traffic in the immediate

neighborhood

Topologi Wireless LAN• Infrastruktur atau Basic Service Set (BSS) a)

b)

116


Ad-Hoc Are point-to-point networks

May consist of two or more mobile computers A collection of computers which propagate the signals. (A to

B to C to A). May be simple point to point

Hey, how’s it hanging?Hello,

hello, is anyone there?

Topologi Wireless LAN Ad-hoc atau Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)

118


Ad-Hoc May be a more complex system with multiple entities

119

The type of wireless adapters Will depend on your wireless PC

For a desktop PCI adapter USB adapter

For the laptop PC card ( PCMCIA card) USB adapter

Use an adapter that matches your router to get maximum throughput

120

Installing the wireless adapter Use the installation instructions that come

with your wireless adapterUsing the correct sequence

Install hardwareUse CD that comes with the hardware

Install the driver Install the software (utility program)

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Connecting the wireless computer to the access pointHave the remote computer scan for

networks Find SSID of your network and select it

enter the encryption key that was used to set up the wireless part of the router

Confirm key if necessaryClick on connect

You should be connected to the network

122

Finalize Wireless Security as neededDisable the SSID broadcast if wantedChange the User Name and Passwords on

the wireless router Setup MAC Filter Change the routers local IP address

123

Additional informationAcronyms

AES Advanced Encryption Standard DSL Digital Subscriber Line. Usually through your

telephone company DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol HTTP "HyperText Transfer Protocol” This is the protocol used to

format and transfer data over the internet. When you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page..

IPSEC IP Security ISP internet service provider LAN local-area network L2TP Layer Two (2) Tunneling Protocol. Used with virtual

private network MANET mobile ad-hoc network MIMO multiple-input multiple-output Mbs million bits per second

124

Additional informationAcronyms

PCMCIA Short for Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. PC card.

PING Packet Internet Groper, A utility to determine whether a specific IP address is accessible

PPPoE Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. Used with virtual

private network SSID Service Set Identifier TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol. Used with virtual

private network USB Universal Serial Bus URL An Internet address (example,

http://www.google.com or 64.233.187.99 are the sane location)

VPN virtual private network WAN wide-area network WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy

Jaringan Nirkabel

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