INTERAKSI EKOLOGIS AGROEKOSISTEM

INTERAKSI EKOLOGIS

AGROEKOSISTEM

Diabstraksikan oleh: soemarno jurs tanah fpub - Nop. 2013

Bahan Kajian dalam MK. Manajemen Agroekosistem

AGROEKOLOGI.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology….. 8/12/2012

Agroecologi adalah kajian tentang proses-proses ekologis yang

berlangsung dalam sistem produksi pertanian.

The prefix agro- refers to agriculture. Bringing ecological principles to bear in

agroecosystems can suggest novel management approaches that would not

otherwise be considered.

Pakar Agroecologi mengkaji berbagai macam agroecosystems, dan bidang agroekologi

berkaitan dnegan semua metode pertanian, yaitu pertanian organik, terpadu,

konvensional, intensif dan ekstensif.

AGROEKOLOGI.

Diunduh dari: http://www.plant-and-flower-guide.com/how-do-plants-grow.html ….. 10/12/2012

How do Plants Grow?

Several factors influence (enhance,

reduce or limit) plant growth.

These factors are either

environmental factors

(external factors) or

plant factors (internal factors).

Diunduh dari: http://basecologica.blogspot.com/2007/08/texto-4-agroecology-part-1.html ….. 10/12/2012

Agroecology diartikan sebagai “kajian tentang

interaksi antara tanaman, ternak,

manusia dan lingkungannya di dalam

sistem pertanian".

Agroecology as a discipline therefore covers integrative studies within

agronomy, ecology, sociology and economics .

The classical, scientific disciplines, where some are within the window of agroecology, are lined up

in the right column, ordered in a hierarchy with

the ‘hard agroecology’ disciplines at the bottom

and the 'soft agroecology' disciplines at the top .

AGROEKOLOGI.

Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomy-journal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/2009/04/a8122/

F1.html ….. 10/12/2012

. AGROECOLOGY AS A SCIENCE, A MOVEMENT AND A PRACTICE. A REVIEW

A. Wezel, S. Bellon, T. Doré, C. Francis, D. Vallod and C. David.Agron. Sustain. Dev. Vol. 29, No. 4, Oct-Dec 2009

Agroecology sebagai praktek pertanian

muncul-berkembang pada 1980-an, dan

seringkali dikaitkan dengan gerakan

“pertanian ekologis”.

The scales and dimensions of agroecological

investigations changed over the past 80 years from the plot and field scales to the farm and

agroecosystem scales. Ada tiga pendekatan,

yaitu: 1. Investigasi pada

petakan lahan dan sekala lapangan,

2. Investigasi pada tingkat agroecosystem dan sekala usahatani,

3. Investigasi yang mencakup keseluruhan sistem pangan.

AGROEKOLOGI

Disiplin Ilmu

Gerakan

Praktikal

Pendekatan

Petakan/Hampara

n

Agro-ekosiste

m

Ekologi Pangan

Environmentalisme

Pertanian berkelanju

tan

Pengembangan Wilayah

Pedesaan

Teknologi

Pertanian

AGROEKOSISTEM

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem….. 8/12/2012

Agroecosystem didefinisikan sebagai “unit aktivitas pertanian” secara spatial dan fungsional, dan meliputi komponen biotik (hidup) dan benda mati (abiotik)

yang saling berinteraksi.. The core of an agroecosystem lies the human activity of

agriculture. However, an agroecosystem is not restricted to the immediate site of agricultural activity (e.g. the farm), but rather includes the region that is impacted by this activity,

usually by changes to the complexity of species assemblages and energy flows, as well as to the net

nutrient balance.

Traditionally an agroecosystem, particularly one managed intensively, is characterized as having a simpler species composition and simpler energy and nutrient flows than

"natural" ecosystem. Agroecosystems are often associated with elevated

nutrient input, much of which exits the farm leading to eutrophication of connected ecosystems not directly

engaged in agriculture.

AGRO-EKOSISTEM

Diunduh dari: https://www.soils.org/publications/sssaj/articles/70/2/311 ….. 10/12/2012

Complex nature of an agriculture system, illustrated by the C-N cycle.

Penyerapan air (H2O)

Pupuk

Pencucian

BOT : Bahan

Organik Tanah

Mikroba

Diunduh dari: http://prosperouswaydown.com/subsystems/agroecology/ ….. 10/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM - USAHA PERTANIANOrtega & Miller-Soybean Comparison

http://www.unicamp.br/fea/ortega/italia/soybean-comparison.htm

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS

Diunduh dari: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:4XthpHfLdV8J:www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new-

3%29.pdf+&hl=id&gl=id&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgGEX13igkePBqKWi8qBLtUYN3wIrPL_DtLH3XCHk1f3bRSNHk8fCtHpxy8K902WBiSFz-UzwyHJnA-

pWpXuzvWuCCTLnDADxcpnBVbYwEynXv0ouVRcVqXLdMRq8aStJIjBwGR&sig=AHIEtbQ8cp54TgiEKCu7raXHICbZb-Plcw ….. 10/12/2012

Interaksi-interaksi pada tingkat usahatani:

Output dari suatu aktivitas digunakan sebagai input untuk aktivitas lainnya.

1. The use of crop straw or “residues” for animal feed. A typical consequence is the rejection by farmers of short-straw varieties of cereals such as rice and sorghum, due to the reduced biomass and the lower palatability to livestock of dwarf rice varieties (which have high levels of silica in the stem).

2. The use of livestock manure as fertilizer in crop fields (when alternative sources of fertility maintenance might be needed as grazing land decreases and/or mechanization is introduced).

INTERAKSI DI ANTARA KOMPONEN AGRO-ECOSYSTEM




At the farm level, the relevant

resource flows include labour and cash, and how these are

deployed between different possible

activities within and off the farm; how the outputs of one activity

(e.g. a cropping system) might

act as inputs for another;

and the inputs and outputs of

the farm system.





At the farm level, for example, such interactions include:

The planting of two crops on the same plot within the same year or planting season.1. Intercropping or mixed cropping – where two or

more crops are planted at the same or similar times (e.g. maize accompanied with beans, cowpeas, sweet potatoes, rice, squash, etc. in many small holdings);

2. Relay cropping – where one crop is planted on the same plot towards the end of the life cycle of another (e.g. beans are often planted after the maize flowers and is doubled over in many parts of Latin America);

3. Sequential crops – where one crop is planted after the harvest of another.





Interaksi pada tingkat komunitas atau regional:

1. The use of an input by one type of farmer of the output of another type of farmer (e.g. specialised livestock farmers who buy the maize residue from specialised crop farmers);

2. Different and competing uses of the same resource by different stakeholders; e.g.:

a. Land - the conversion of communal land, used by pastoralists as specialized grazing reserves in dry years, to state-owned wheat farms in some parts of Africa.

b. Water - the abstraction (or contamination) of stream water for irrigation by upstream crop farmers leading to lack (or pollution) of water used by downstream livestock owners).

c. Labour – small farmers supplying wage labour for sugar or coffee harvest on plantations, leading to late planting or non-weeding on small holders own fields; farmers without livestock hiring their manual labour to ox-owners in exchange for ploughing services (which may then arrive later than the optimum planting time).

Diunduh dari: http://www.greenhousecanada.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1402&Itemid=153 ….. 10/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM

LINGKUNGAN HIDUP TUMBUHAN.

The movement of solution through the plant is dictated by a complex combination of internal and external forces.

Bagaimana unsur hara dan air dalam tanah bergerak mendekati dan memasuki

akar tumbuhan ?

As we briefly examine the root environment, we will quickly review the actual

movement of nutrients in and around the media as it

approaches the root surface.

What are the driving forces that allow elements in remote areas of the soil to find their

way to the roots?

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X06001516….. 10/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM: Neraca Air Tanaman

Plant–environment interactions.

Source: Licht and Isebrands (2005).

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X06001516

Diunduh dari: http://www.earthlyissues.com/plantrecycle.htm ….. 10/12/2012

SIKLUS KARBON

Plant life 'recycles'

carbon dioxide

faster than previously estimated.

Interaksi tumbuhan

dengan lingkungannya dalam

proses fotosintesi

s dan siklus

karbon.

Diunduh dari: http://wikiecologyproject.wikispaces.com/Autotrophs ….. 10/12/2012

FOTOSINTESISPhotosynthesis takes in carbon dioxide and

water from the environment. It then

uses sunlight to convert this into

glucose and oxygen.

CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER ===

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---->

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Autotrophs relate to plants which plants are living organisms and how they interact with the sun (nonliving) and uses photosynthesis that requires energy

from the sun.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration….. 10/12/2012

NERACA AIR DI LAHAN PERTANIAN

Evapotranspiration (ET) ada;ah jumlah

evaporation dan transpiration dari

permukaan lahan ke atmosfir.

Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the

soil, canopy interception, and

waterbodies.

Transpiration accounts for the

movement of water within a plant and the

subsequent loss of water as vapor

through stomata in its leaves.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Surface_water_cycle.svg

Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18529/an-ecological-understanding-of-weeds….. 10/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEMInteraksi Tanaman-

Gulma

Tumbuhan menghasilkan beragam senyawa alamiah yang mampu menghambat

atau menstimulir pertumbuhan tumbuhan

lainnya (allelopathy) dan /atau

mempengaruhi mikroba tanah yang ada di

sekitarnya.

As a result, crops, weeds, and soil life are linked through a web of

chemical and microbiological

communications that can be quite species-

specific.

Utilizing these chemical and microbiological

interactions to design weed-suppressive crop

rotations is a fascinating and

potentially fruitful frontier in organic farming research.

Figure: Mark Schonbeck, Virginia Association for Biological Farming.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138510001007 ….. 10/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEMInteraksi Multitrophic antara tumbuhan dg

mikroba di bawah tanah dan serangga di atas

tanah.

Different soil-borne microbes induce changes in

the plant that affect herbivorous insects, their

natural enemies and pollinators.

The beneficial microbes enhance plant growth and induce resistance in aerial plant tissues, which both

affect herbivore performance.

The emission of plant volatile organic compounds

(VOCs) is the main cue triggering the attraction of beneficial insects, and this

emission changes in response to microbe-plant

interactions. Aboveground herbivory

affects microbial communities belowground,

possibly via changes in nutrient allocation, broad-

spectrum induced defences and root exudates.

Diunduh dari: http://www.agronomy-journal.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/agro/full_html/2010/02/a8185/

F5.html ….. 10/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM

Tanaman Brassica ditanam untuk

menghasilkan minyak, panganm dan pakan, dan sangat penting

secara ekonomis karena nilai gizinya, bahan

obat, bahan bioindustri , biocontrol dan lainnya.

Insect pests cause enormous yield and economic losses in

Brassica crop production every year, and are a threat

to global agriculture.

In order to overcome these insect pests, Brassica

species themselves use multiple defence

mechanisms , which can be constitutive , inducible ,

induced, direct or indirect depending upon the insect

or the degree of insect attack.


INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEMInteraksi allelopathy dan perilaku serangga:

(A) herbivory influences production of allelopathic substances. (B) Chemical inducers enhance production of

allelopathic substances. (C) Chemical compounds have both allelopathic and insect behavioural activity. (D) Plants

exposed to allelopathy become less attractive to herbivores. (E) Plants exposed to allelopathy become

more attractive to herbivore natural enemies.

ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM (AEA).

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012

.ANALISIS agroecosystem merupakan analisis tentang lingkungan pertanian yang meliputi aspek-aspek ecology, sociology, economics, dan politik.

An agroecosystem analysis approach might be used to determine the sustainability of an

agricultural system.

It has become apparent, however, that the "sustainability" of the system depends

heavily on the definition of sustainability chosen by the observer.

The Agroecosystem analysis is used to bring the richness of the true complexity of agricultural systems

to an analysis to identify reconfigurations of the system (or holon) that will best suit individual

situations.

ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.

.Agro-ecosystem

analysis (AEA) is a methodology for

zoning and analysing agricultural systems in order to plan and prioritise research and development

activities in the fields of agriculture and natural resource

management. It uses a holistic or

systems approach to gather bio-physical and socio-economic

information and, within the ecosystem, to identify key issues or problems that will

be useful for rural development, extension and

research programmes.

The main reasons for conducting AEA are to:

1. Describe upland land-use systems of selected study areas.

2. Identify, demarcate and map agro-ecological zones of selected study areas.

3. Describe the physical and socio-economic characteristics and conditions of agroecological or forestry zones identified.

4. Identify agricultural, forestry and socio-economic issues and problems existing in the zones so that they can be addressed by extension or research programmes.

5. Provide district authorities with information that can be used to plan development activities to address poverty.

6. Strengthen district skills and capacities in agro-ecological zoning and rural development planning.

7. Match available agricultural and forestry technology options with identified agricultural sub-systems or recommendation domains.

8. Promote co-operation and linkages between research and development.

Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012

PROSEDUR AEA

AEA is based on the concepts of systems, hierarchies, agro-ecosystem zones, and the system properties of

productivity, stability, sustainability and equitability.

THE AEA follows a step-by-step procedure to decide on the purpose of the analysis, to define precisely the

system(s) of study, identify its boundaries, its position in the hierarchy of other systems and its major components

and their key interactions.

As an understanding of the system is developed, a limited number of key issues begin to emerge which are

then used to guide later analysis and to plan further follow-up studies in the field.

As these issues are clarified and understood, key questions and hypotheses are proposed, elaborated and

used to identify research and extension priorities.


.OUTPUT AEA

The most important and useful outputs that AEA provides are:

1. The delineation and description (biophysical and socio-economic) of distinct agro-ecological zones at the agro-ecosystem level chosen, i.e. District or Development Area.

2. An improved, holistic understanding of the major farming and livelihood systems of each zone.

3. A prioritised list of important problems and opportunities for each zone.

4. A prioritised set of research, extension and development proposals to solve the problems.

5. Enhanced interdisciplinary cooperation and improved research and extension linkages.


ALAT BANTU ANALISIS DALAM AEA

AEA uses a variety of tools to assist with the analysis of space, time, flow and decision- making. Many are similar to PRA tools and all emphasise simplicity, participation and

objectivity.

Transect diagrams (space analysis

tool)

Transect diagrams are used to describe and compare each agro-

ecological zone according to a number of key agro-ecological and

socio-economic parameters. Transects help to ensure that all relevant information is collected and clearly

organised for each agro-ecological zone;

they also assist in the analysis by facilitating

comparisons and identifying important

relationships among the zones.

Historical profiles (time analysis tool):

Historical profiles or 'timelines' are used to

identify key events and analyse changes and trends over the

longer term. They review major occurrences over a number of

decades and usually rely heavily on local knowledge.

Their purpose is twofold: firstly, to try to identify longer-term

trends, for example changes in forest cover, trends in rice

yields, changes in livelihood systems, etc. Secondly, they are used to assess the robustness of the agro-ecosystem to major

perturbations such as flood/drought, pest outbreaks, market-price fluctuations, etc.


TRANSEK AGROEKOSISTEM.

Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off-0fnl2.2--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-

00&a=d&cl=CL3.33&d=HASH012b7a70e5e4e0a26a903e7e.6.6 ….. 8/12/2012


Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012

Landscape position of riparian wetlanda in the piedmont and

coastal plain of North Carolina.

The landscape position of a riparian-type wetland is shown

schematically in figure .

Drainage water leaving either rural or urban uplands must pass through the riparian

area before reaching the stream.

During that journey, chemical, physical,

and biological processes in the

riparian area have the opportunity to alter the

quality of the water reaching the stream.


Diunduh dari: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag473-7.html …….. 10/12/2012

Trapping Sediment and Phosphorus

It is found that riparian wetlands remove large

amounts of sediment and phosphorus from surface

runoff.

The figure shows the dense vegetative growth usually present at the field-forest edge of riparian areas.

This growth slows the flow of the surface water, depositing

much of the coarser sediment, as shown

schematically in figure.

As the water moves further through the wetland into the

higher-order streams and finally into the floodplain swamp, the texture of the

deposited sediments becomes finer and finer. By

the time it reaches the floodplain swamp, the

sediment layer is extremely thin and consists mostly of

clay-sized particles.

TIME-ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.

The figure shows a timeline for a 12-week FFS that is

synchronized with a planting season to start a week after

transplanting.Diunduh dari:

http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac834e/ac834e05.ht

m ….. 8/12/2012

A simplified diagram of the population dynamics of the species studied.

Sumber: http://www.diasfilho.c

om/abstra1.htm


Venn diagrams (decision analysis

tool):

Venn diagrams are used to analyse

relationships among agro-ecosystem

communities, and projects and agencies providing support to

them.

They are useful in identifying potential

development partners or detecting where

inter-agency cooperation could be

improved.In Venn diagrams, overlapping circles

represent good cooperation, touching circles represent some cooperation and non-

touching circles represent poor or no

cooperation.Diunduh dari: www.nafri.org.la/...eng/.../34_aea_lsuafrp.pdf ….. 8/12/2012

Venn diagram showing the proportion of men who disclosed perpetration of different

types of rape.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953606003832


ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.

Diagram Venn yang menun

jukkan jumlah dan persentase

sampel rumahtangga

petani (n = 177) yang

menggunakan benih jagung lokal, modern-

hibrida dan daur-ulang.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919212000528….. 10/12/2012



Kalender Musiman(time analysis tool):

Seasonal calendars are also used

to analyse time related changes

for each agro-ecosystem, butover the shorter term (within-

year). Climate, cropping patterns,

major agricultural operations,

labour use, price movements,

social activities, etc. are pre-sented by month so that

com-parisons can be made and

keyperiods identified.

Diagram Alir(flow analysis tool):

Flow diagrams are used to analyse the flow of materials , money ,

information , labour , etc. both from outside and within

the system. Flows occur both up and

down the hierarchy, i.e. from village to district to province,

and from one agro-ecosystem zone to another , e.g. grazing cattle migration

from zone to zone in different seasons. Various

schematic means of representing these flows exist and can be selected according to participants'

needs and capacities.


KALENDER MUSIMAN - AGROEKOSISTEM.

The seasonal

calendar is a tool and not

simply a product. Once it is

completed it should be

used as the basis for

discussion about the variables included within it. Seasonal calendars

are easy to record.

Notes on the discussions

of the calendars

should also be made.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8016E/w8016e01.htm ….. 8/12/2012

BAGAN ALIR ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.

Diunduh dari: http://vro.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/soil_health_mis7898_3 ….. 8/12/2012

The relationships

between agronomic and environmental

factors affecting soil,

plant, crop and animal health. (WUE = water use efficiency)


Problem-cause diagrams (decision analysis tool):

Problem-cause diagrams or 'problem-solution trees' are used to analyse the causes of problems,

identify the linkages between them, understand the way farmers cope with the problem, and

identify appropriate solutions.

Problem diagrams begin with a broad statement of the overall problem, which is then broken down into component problems, and eventually the root

causes; these are then examined to identify farmer responses to the problem, and finally,

alternative solutions are proposed.


The Cause and Effect Diagram

The Cause and Effect Diagram is also referred as

Fishbone Diagram is a graphical

technique that can be employed in

teams to distinguish and arrange the

reasons of an event or outcome or

problem.

It graphically illustrate

s the stratified relationship among the causes as per

their level of significance or item

and a given outcome.

It is also known as Ishikawa Diagram.

Diunduh dari: http://www.expertsmind.com/learning/cause-and-effect-diagram-assignment-help-7342872284.aspx….. 10/12/2012

.

KOMPONEN ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.

Perkebunan pisang sebagai suatu

Agroekosistem.

(Source: C. E.

Hernandez and S. G.

Witter, 'Evaluating

and managing

the environmental impact of

banana production in Costa Rica', Ambio, 25

(1996), p173.

Diunduh dari: http://www.myspace.com/banana_salvery ….. 8/12/2012


Tabel Ciri-ciri Sistem(system properties analysis tool):

Empat ciri-ciri agroekosistem adalah: productivity, stability, sustainability dan

equitability, dianalisis dengan menggunakan alat bantu Tabel - Ciri-ciri - Sistem.

Analysis proceeds by listing those attributes of the agro-ecosystem, which have positive and

negative effects on the four system properties, and explaining the way this occurs.

This identification of the important elements in each system encourages a more balanced

analysis than the traditional focus on productivity would provide.



Ranking Berpasangan(Alat untuk menyusun prioritas):

Ranking berpasangan ini dapat digunakan untuk menyusun ranking secara obyektif

isu-isu, problematik dan solusi-solusi.

Objectivity is improved if multidisciplinary groups conduct the ranking, as it then incorporates a variety of different per-

spectives and points of view. Pairwise ranking proceeds by listing the

problems to be compared, and then comparing each problem with every other

problem, in turn. When all comparisons have been completed, the scores are totalled to

provide a ranking of the relative importance of each.



Pendugaan Dampak

Once proposed solutions to the key problems have been generated by AEA, a simple assessment technique can be

used to assess the impact of each proposed solution on important cross-cutting issues such as gender, poverty

and the environment.

Hasil pendugaan dampak ini digunakan untuk memodifikasi setiap alternatif

solusi (proyek) guna memaksimumkan dampak positif dan meminimumkan

dampak negatifnya.


KOMPONEN ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.

Pada tingkat ekosistem dapat

digunakan Metode

Pemodelan dan GIS untuk

menganalisis struktur damn

manajemen sistem.

Population models must be built up from the

individual physiological and behavioural level and be driven by soil factors and

weather. Policy issues must include

social science components

impinging on the agroecosystem structure and

function.Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/TAC/Y4847E/y4847e07.htm….. 8/12/2012

ASPEK-ASPEK PENTING DALAM ANALISIS AGROEKOSISTEM.

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecosystem_analysis….. 8/12/2012

1. Faktor-faktor apa saja yang menentukan konfigurasi agroecosystem ?

2. How does one quantify the sustainability of the farm holon (economic, social, political, ecological and/or other)?

3. How does the farmer or farm family perceive an agroecosystem?

4. What is the farmer doing now, and how do those practices or actions affect the viability of the agroecosystem?

5. Can the farmer maintain his livelihood continuing with current practices?

6. What does the farmer value and where do those values come from?

7. Apakah petani mempertimbangkan konfigurasi usahatani alternatif?

. NERACA HARA PADA AGRO-ECOSYSTEM

Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110722054313&type_id=4….. 8/12/2012

Plant Nutrient

Balances in the

Asian and Pacific

Region - the

Consequences for

Agricultural

Production.

Ernst W. Mutert.

FOOD AND FERTILIZE

R TECHNOL

OGY CENTER

Kehilangan N:

PencucianGas N2Erosi tanah

Seresah panen

Hasil Tanaman

KAJIAN KESEHATAN AGROEKOSISTEM

Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998

Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/assump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012

Mencari solusi:

Negosiasi & Pengambilan-keputusan

Rekonstruksi Sistem:

Sintesis Sistem

Dekonstruksi Sistem:

Analisis sistemModel

subsistem

Analisis stakeholder dan kelembagaan:

Kekuasaan, Pengambilan keputusan, Perspektif

THE AMOEBA READINGThe basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic

representation of system performance as assessed over a certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed

as a function of the others.

Amoeba reading applied to a subsistence

farming household.Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998

Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/as

sump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012

THE AMOEBA READINGThe basic idea of the amoeba reading is to provide a graphic

representation of system performance as assessed over a certain number of aspects/qualities that cannot be expressed

as a function of the others.

Amoeba reading applied to a

farming household in a developed

country.Proceedings of an IDRC -ILRI international workshop held at ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11-15 May 1998

Diunduh dari: http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/Aesh/as

sump.htm#TopOfPage….. 8/12/2012

Model AGRO-ECOSYSTEM



Output agro-

ekosistem

.MODEL AGROEKOSISTEM

Output agroekosistem berupa jasa-jasa amenitas, produk dan limbah.

Lingkungan eksternal dan aktyivitas manusia mempengaruhi tipe, kualitas dan kuantitas output

melalui “subsidi” kepada sistem.

The external environment and the human activity system influence the type, quality and quantity of output through

subsidy to the system.

The more detailed models can be used to study system behaviour in terms of various ecosystem health attributes

(and hence indicators).

Karakteristik sistem, seperti integritas, adaptabilitas, effisiensi, effectivitas, resiliensi, produktivitas,

stabilitas dan equitas pada berbagai kondisi biasanya beragam sesuai dengan perilaku sistem.

Values taken by attributes under these conditions will be taken as reflecting system thresholds, targets and ranges.



. HIERARKHI AGRO-EKOSISTEM

Diunduh dari: http://www.icra-edu.org/objects/anglolearn/Agroecosystems-Key_Concepts%28new-3%29.pdf ….. 10/12/2012

.KONVERSI HUTAN

Diunduh dari: assets.panda.org/.../wwf_position_paper_on_f...…..9/12/2012

Konversi hutan berupa perubahan hutan alam menjadi bentuk-bentuk penggunaan lahan yang lebioh intensif

pengelolaannya. Often it is a process of gradual forest degradation,

which may begin with removal of valuable timber and eventually lead to clearing of the land for plantations,

crops, pasture, industry or urban settlement. During the last twenty years of the twentieth century,

nearly one fifth, or 300 million hectares, of tropical forests were converted to non-forest landuses

worldwide. Konversi hutan dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya biaya

sosial dan dampak lingkungan yang parah, a.l.:1. Loss of biodiversity due to destruction and

fragmentation of natural habitats, 2. Water shortages, 3. Loss of natural vegetation where fires used to

clear land burn uncontrollably into surrounding areas,

4. Disregard for the rights and interests of local or indigenous communities.

Pemanfaatan dan Konversi Hutan Tropika

Diunduh dari: http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/human-use-and-conversion-of-tropical-forests_a927#….. 9/12/2012

Tropical forests hold the largest terrestrial carbon store and are active carbon sinks. Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation is a vital component of tackling dangerous climate

change. In addition, tackling illegal and ill-managed logging will be an important part of reducing emissions from forestry.

Total emisi C oleh respirasi

24.5

Total emisi C 25.1Total absorpsi C

oleh fotosintesis 30.4

Total absorpsi C oleh fotosintesis

12.3

64

226

12

150

Photo: Kurniatun Hairiah

Sumber: smno.ngawi.sawah2012

Kelompok tani sawah membahas masalah usahatani

padi sawah

PERGILIRAN TANAMAN.

Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/T0582E/T0582E15.htm ….. 9/12/2012

Pola tanaman pangan dan Pakan

The concept of food-feed intercropping in

both lowland and upland small farm

systems is relatively new. The two

principal advantages are:

a) that the system aims to provide sustainability

through involving the complimentary role of crops and

animals; b) the use of

appropriate forage crops provides

fodders and crop residues which

are valuable both ruminants and non-ruminants.

Cropping patterns involving rice and food crop - forage intercropping

Diunduh dari: http://www.designing-edible-gardens.com/CropRotation.html ….. 9/12/2012

.ROTASI TANAMANThe Living Jigsaw:

Planning for Crop Rotation in Your Vegetable Garden

Leaves, Fruits, Roots, Rebuild.

That's your new mantra. Leaves, fruits, roots, rebuild.

Think of a salad: lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, peas.

What you are eating are the leaves of the lettuce, the

fruits of the tomato vine, and the root of the carrot.

The pea... you are eating the fruit (seed) of the pea vine, but more important to your

garden is that fact that peas and beans are soil rebuilders because of their marvelous

nitrogen fixing capacity.

Diunduh dari: http://www.grow-your-own-vegetable-garden.com/vegetable-garden-crop-rotation.html ….. 9/12/2012

Vegetable garden crop rotation is a process

where different types of plant groups are grown in different spaces, rotating

each season.

The purpose is to ensure healthy vigorous

vegetable growth and minimise pests and

disease.Different vegetable plant

groups have different nutritional needs and are

affected by different pests and diseases.

Continually growing the same vegetable plants in the same place, year after

year drains the soil of particular groups of

nutrients and increases the risk of the build up of pests and diseases in the soil, eventually leading to

poor health in the crop and reduced productivity.

ROTASI JENIS-JENIS SAYURAN

The logic behind this crop rotation is that Legumes are known as nitrogen

fixing plants, that is, as they grow, the put nitrogen into the soil naturally.

Diunduh dari: http://nalitagarden.blogspot.com/p/crop-rotation.html….. 9/12/2012

. Crop rotation is a method of growing a

series of different types of crops in the same

area in sequential seasons for various benefits such as to

avoid the build up of problems and pests that normally occur

when one kind of crop is grown year after in

the same place.

I have in my vegetable garden four sections and I choose plants

from the same group to go in each section.

The next year I move all them on into the next

section as shown in the diagram.

Thus each group will only go back to its

original section every fourth year.

Pergiliran = ROTASI TANAMAN

INTERAKSI AGROEKOSISTEM.

Diunduh dari: http://www.epa.gov/emap/html/data/agroland/ ….. 8/12/2012

Agroecosystem merupakan asosiasi dinamik antara tanaman,

hijauan-pakan, ternak, flora & fauna, tanah, air, dan atmosfir.

Agroecosystems are contained within larger landscapes, which

include uncultivated land, drainage networks, rural communities, and

wildlife.

.PETA TRANSEK SUMBERDAYA DESA


.KOMPOSISI AGROEKOSISTEM

Diunduh dari: www.eseap.cipotato.org/MF.../FFS.../III-3.pdf ….. 8/12/2012

Agroekosistem dicirikan oleh komposisi spesies dan aliran-energi yang lebih

sederhana dibandingkan dengan ekosistem-alamiah yang stabil..

The agroecosystem needs energy input to maintain its balance.

The wet paddy ecosystem, although an artificial system, has a rather complex composition of biotic and non-biotic

elements, providing it with relative stability.

Injudicious use of pesticides, however, disturbs this balance due to the killing of

natural enemies and other organisms in the rice field.

AGROECOLOGY

•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB

Komponen Lanskap Pertanian

1. Area produksi tanaman

Dikelola secara intensif, “gangguan” lahan terjadi secara rutin, domestikasi spesies alami

2. Area pertanian dengan tingkat gangguan sedang

Area campuran jenis native dan non-native, yang dapat menjadi habitat bagi beberapa jenis hewan. Contohnya padang penggembalaan, hutan tanaman untuk produksi timber, dan sistem agroforestri.

3. Area alami

Area yang masih terdapat flora/fauna alami (asli) daerah tersebut, tetapi luasannya lebih kecil, terdapat pula spesies non-native, sering terjadi gangguan manusia

(Source: Gliessman, 2000, p 286)•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB

Natural EcosystemAreas of moderate or reduced human influence

Areas of agricultural production

A B C

Common Patterns in the arrangement of the components of

the agricultural landscape

A. Natural ecosystem and an agroecosystem can be separated by an area of intermediate human influence

B. A natural ecosystem can form a corridor, strip, or patch within an agroecosystem

C. An areas of less-intense human management can be dispersed within a larger area of agricultural production

(Source: Gliessman, 2000, p 287)•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB

Pertanian Intensif

Terpadu, multifungsi: pohon, tan

pangan, padang

rumput & hutan tersisa

100 % Segregasi

100 % Integr

asiMosaik

produksi

lindung

konservasiHutan

Alami Deforestasi

Perke-bunan

ekstensi

ve

intensive

Keh

utan

anPe

rtan

ian ‘Fungsi

hutan hilang’

Agr

ofor

estr

i

Keterpaduan tutupan lahan di tingkat lanskap

•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB

Hutan Alami

AFmulti-strata

AF seder hana

Pinus/Mahoni monokultur

AFmulti-strata Tan

semusim Padi

sawah

Contoh: Mosaik agroforestri

di desa Tulung Rejo, Kec. Ngantang

Milik PERHUTANI

Milik MASYARAKAT•Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB

.TRANSEK TOPOSEKUENS


A transect is a diagram that is

produced during a walking discussion with villagers and

shows the key features of different land use zones in a

community. Transects are particularly useful when there is a range of land use systems in one community.

This is often the case when communities are located on the

coast, in hilly areas, on rivers or lakes, or in areas where soils

vary over short distances.

ANALISIS LANSeKAP

1. Pergerakan organisma, air dan hara antar habitat yang ‘patchy’ PROSES EKOLOGI

2. Interaksi antara organisma dengan beberapa proses yang secara fisik ada di habitat yang berbeda

Ekologi Lanskap

• Foto udara

• GIS

Alat bantu

Dinamik

Dari berbagai waktu

• Sumber: Kurniatun Hairiah. 2010. Bahan Kuliah Ekologi Pertanian, Jurs Tanah FPUB

Perubahan Tutupan Lahan di DAS Kalikonto,

Malang (1990-2005)

1990 2005

Pujon

Ngantang

Pujon

Ngantang

Contoh


Aspek penting pengelolaan agroekosistem ekosistem

alami

1. Patch dan mozaic2. Batas (Border) dan tepi

(edge)3. Corridors

Gallery Forest


Uncut forest

Forest Patch

Forest Patch

Forest Patch

Tebang bakar untuk pertanian

Forest fragments (hutan terpecah/tidak utuh)

Vegetasi hutan alami, ukuran kecil


Apa yang dimaksud dengan Patch dan mosaik?

• Patch ~ daerah yang relatif homogen yang berbeda kondisinya dengan lingkungan di sekitarnya.

• Connectivity ~ level suatu lanskap dalam mendukung/menghambat perpindahan organisma dari satu patch ke patch lainnya koridor Misalnya agroforestri yang menghubungkan hutan alami dengan lahan pertanian


Apa yang dimaksud dengan Batas dan tepi?

• Lanskap yang ‘patchy’ (terpecah-pecah)

• Zona di bagian tepi yang membatasi 2 ekosistem disebut ‘batas’ yang lingkungannya (mis. cahaya yang masuk) berbeda dengan patch di bagian dalam dan bagian tepinya

Agroforestri

Tan .semusim


Edges (batas tepian hutan)

Komposisi dan struktur

biodiversitas serta kondisi iklim mikro

berbeda dengan zona di bagian dalam

• Sumber: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html……. Diunduh 10/12/2012

The Edge EffectThe edge effect is a term used to describe the

various consequences on vegetative communities. These edges can be natural (woodland into heath and creek passing through arid zones) or human induced ( pasture next to forest and road through rainforest). Species (flora & fauna) diversity and

numbers are affected by the human induced edges. Managing edge effects can improve the

long term viability of a reserve.

. Forest Edge effects include:

Diunduh dari: http://www.pbsregen.com.au/edge_effect.html ….. 10/12/2012

1. Micro-climatic changes; solar radiation, humidity, air temperature, wind speed and soil temperature. Increase in sunlight & air temperature raises soil temperature and decreases soil moisture which can prevent seeds from shade tolerant species from germinating. Existing vegetation will be put under stress leading to dieback through wind damage, insect attack etc.

2. Edge species; Rainforest plants will be replaces with species of a wider tolerance range. Aggressive edge- dwelling species such as the Noisy Miner will displace most to all other resident species. Parrots & cockatoos use edges for perching and nesting. Kangaroos and wallabies feed and move along edges. Natural edges (ecotones) are often rich in species.

3. Increase in exotic fauna; Foxes, cats and dogs tend to move and harbour along roads, tracks and cleared areas adjacent to or in bushland. Edges improve access causing decline in native fauna populations through predation and competition. Both platypus and quoll have suffered from predation by foxes moving along bush tracks.

4. Weed invasion; edges provide ideal locations for weed establishment and invasion. Weeds seeds spread by wind, water, animals, dumpings, vehicles, soil, RTA, councils, SRA, and livestock are spread to and then from edges.

5. Adjacent land use (miss-use); chemical & fertiliser drift from farmland, trampling & grazing by stock, altered fire regimes, recreational use (big blokes in big machine etc), new tracks creating changed hydrology with erosion and compaction.

6. Noise & movement; extra human activity has direct impacts on native species. Wedge tailed Eagles will abandon nests because of disturbance. Eastern Grey Kangaroos like the edge habitat so the more edge the more kangaroos.

EDGE EFFECTS OF CORRIDORS

Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/bufferguidelines/guidelines/2_biodiversity/10.html ….. 10/12/2012

Corridors established in woodlands or grasslands can create negative edge effects that extend into the

woodland or grassland. Examples include open corridors cleared for roads in

woodlands and hedgerows established in grasslands.

Key Considerations for Reducing Negative Edge Effects


Negative edge effects include increased risk of parasitism or disease, increased risk of

predation, adverse microclimate conditions, and

competition from invasive species.

1. Locate corridors along existing edges and avoid fragmenting habitat patches.

2. Consolidate corridor uses to minimize fragmentation (e.g., combine road and utility corridors).

3. In woodlands, create a dense, feathered edge with vegetation to reduce penetration of edge effects.

4. Narrower corridors will generally have less edge effects into adjacent habitat.

5. If the landscape already consists of patches dominated by edge, a corridor will probably not contribute additional negative impacts.

Key Considerations for Reducing Negative Edge Effects


These graphs provide a summary of documented edge effects. These distances can be used for estimating the zone of impact and for designing ways to reduce these

impacts.


Transek lereng dan alur sungai

FUNGSI AGROEKOSISTEM

• Fungsi Lahan pertanian dalam konservasi biodiversitas:o Complementary /

supplementary habitato Tempat bernaungo Tempat mencari makan

Lahan pertanian dengan diversitas tanaman yang tinggi struktur lebih kompleks (mis.

Agroforestri ) berpeluang lebih besar untuk konservasi biodiversitas dari ekosistem alami


Maksimalisasi Tutupan Hijau Lahan dengan Agroforestry

Diunduh dari: http://tulisan-novan.blogspot.com/2011/09/maksimalisasi-tutupan-hijau-lahan.html….. 9/12/2012

“Agroforestry” mencerminkan

nama kolektif untuk sistem dan

penggunaan lahan, dimana tanaman

keras berkayu (pepohonan, perdu, palem, bambu, dsb)

ditanam secara bersamaan dalam

unit lahan yang sama dengan

tanaman pertanian dan/atau ternak, dengan tujuan tertentu, dalam

bentuk pengaturan ruang atau urutan

waktu, dan

didalamnya terdapat interaksi

ekologi dan ekonomi di antara

berbagai komponen yang bersangkutan.

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uXFzqjxNgb4/TEg_vozwxbI/AAAAAAAAAE8/_cjAEDndAKw/s1600/Agroforest.PNG

WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in

Agroforestry Systems

Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012

The WaNuLCAS model was

developed to represent tree-soil-

crop interactions in a wide range of

agroforestry systems where trees and crops overlap in

space and/or time (simultaneous and

sequential agroforestry).

The model is based on above and below ground architecture

of tree and crop, elementary tree and crop physiology and

soil science (daily water, N, P and SOM

balance for 4 soil layers and 4

horizontal zones).

WaNuLCAS a model of Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in

Agroforestry Systems

Diunduh dari: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af2/Wanulcas….. 9/12/2012

The model is conceived as four layers of soil exploited by

roots of two components: a crop and a tree.

A simple vertical water balance is maintained on the

basis of precipitation entering the top layer and drainage leaving the bottom layer.

Water leaching downwards carries nutrients, based on the current average concentration

in soil solution.

Each layer of soil has its own potential uptake of water and

nutrient; actual uptake is based on a comparison of the summed potential uptake from

all layers and the current 'demand' as determined by the

plant biomass.

Plant growth is limited by light supply as well as the minimum of relative nutrient and relative water uptake. The two plants

interact primarily via the belowground resources and

also by shading.

SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION

Nguyen Van So National University of Ho Chi Minh City, College of Agriculture

and ForestryVietnam, 1998-09-01

Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110729150143&type_id=2 ….. 9/12/2012

Within the farming system are the

household, crop, animal, soil, weed, insect, and other subsystems. The

household, crop, and animal subsystems are

integrated and interdependent. The household

provides labor and management, crops

provide feed, and the animals generate

power, manure, meat, milk, and capital.

The farming system is part of a larger agroecosystem

composed of non-agricultural systems,

market and credit systems, and other farming systems.

The Interaction of the Three Sub-Systems under an Agroforestry System

. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION


The Interdepend

ent Elements of a Farming System

and

Their Connection with Other Elements within the

Agrosystem

Komposisi Struktur Managemen

Konteks regional

Land use saat ini

Patchy dari segi ukuran dan bentuk

Managemen tanaman: pengolahan tanah, cara pemanenan, rotasi tanaman,

Native ecosystem, biofical characteristics

Floristic dan komposisi structural

Pengaturan secara spasial lahan pertanian – non pertanian

Ladang penggembalaan dan pengelolaan ternak

Lokasi relatif terhadp kawasan konservasi

Land use membentuk matriks pertanian

Letak patch antar native habitat (jarak, pengaturan)

Pengendalian tanaman atau hewan penggangu

Temporal Land Use change

Proporsi lanscape dengan native vegetation

Tingkat konektivitas habitat native dalam lanskap pertanian

Degradasi dari patch native vegetation yang tersisa

Sejarah pertanian di lanskap

Heterogenitas Lanskap, tepi/border

Temporal dynamics of land use change

Karakteristik utama Lanskap yang mempengaruhi pola dan diversitas hewan dan tanaman (Harvey, 2007: Farming with Nature hal 148)


Macam lanskap berdasar ketersediaan habitat alami

Macam lanskap

% Hutan alami tersisa

1 Intact > 90% habitat original (hutan alami)

2 Variegated

60-90% habitat original

3 Fragmented

10-60% habitat original

4 Relictual

< 10% hutan alami tersisa

Lahan-lahan pertanian umumnya termasuk kategori ‘Fragmented’ atau ‘Relictual’ lanskap


MANAJEMEN LANDSEKAP

• Merawat habitat “non-crop” patch: melalui peningkatan diversitas , kerapatan dan ukuran habitat non-crop patch

• Merawat dan mengembangkan tumbuhan native (asli)

• Meningkatkan kerapatan dan variasi tutupan lahan

• Mengupayakan lanskap selalu tertutup tanaman

• Meminimalkan penggunaan bahan-bahan kimia

.AGROEKOSISTEM PADI SAWAH

Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/rp/eng/rp08.html ….. 9/12/2012

Faktor-faktor yang

mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan hasil padi

dalam ekosistem

sawah.

The paddy ecosystem response

models can be developed to

predict changes in rice

growth and crop yields in response to

climate change,

incorporating factors

including water, soil, rice

variety and cultivation conditions.

JARING-JARING MAKANAN DALAM EKOSISTEM SAWAH.

Diunduh dari: http://ricehoppers.net/2012/05/three-planks-for-ecological-engineering-for-rice-pest-management/ ….. 9/12/2012

The rice ecosystem, especially in the

tropics, is a usually richly endowed with a great diversity of

generalist predators and parasitoids, which tend to be

more species specific.

As the rice habitat is an ephemeral

habitat, most pest species that can cause significant

damages and yield losses are generally

immigrants.

Many of these pest species are also

specific rice feeders,

monophagous or oligophagous

(limited host range). Such specialization may be constrained

by local host availability.

Trophic relationships in a rice ecosystem showing the importance of detritivores and non crop

vegetation components.

PROSES MIKROBIA TANAH YANG MENGENDALIKAN EMISI GAS METHAN DARI

LAHAN SAWAH

Diunduh dari: http://www.ibp.ethz.ch/research/environmentalmicrobiology/research/Wetlands ….. 9/12/2012

Lahan sawah merupakan sumber gas methan yang sangat penting.

Methane is produced anaerobically after the flooding of rice fields, either from acetate or

hydrogen/carbon dioxide as substrate.

In contrast, methanotrophic microorganisms

oxidize methane to carbon dioxide in the

presence of molecular oxygen in the root

zone or at the air/water interface, thus reducing the overall methane emissions to the

atmosphere. Microbial turnover of methane and

transport pathways of gases in wetlands

CO2

CH4

Dekomposisi BOT

O2

.AGROEKOSISTEM LAHAN SAWAH

Diunduh dari: http://www.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~soil/Soil_Biology_and_Chemistry-e/Researches.html ….. 9/12/2012

Paddy field ecosystem is composed of surface water,

plowed soil layer and subsoil, and the plowed soil layer is

divided into two layers; thin oxidized

soil layer and reduced soil layer. These soil layers are connected by percolating water. The rice roots are

developed and plant residues such as

rice straw and stubble after rice

harvest are incorporated into the plowed soil

layer. These microsites

are different habitats for

microorganisms, and unique microbial

communities inhabit depending on the

microsites.

Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012

1. Better understand the paddy ecosystem response to climate change

2. Quantify the impacts of climate change on methane emission (feedback effect)

3. Explore/test options to enhance adaptation/mitigation under future climate conditions


Diunduh dari: http://www.niaes.affrc.go.jp/outline/face/english/target_e.html….. 9/12/2012

FACE-N: 1. Free-Air CO2

Enrichment study for paddy rice with a focus on its effect on nitrogen cycle

2. Further understand the paddy ecosystem response to climate change through the interdependency of the carbon and nitrogen cycles

3. Quantify the N flow and the impacts of climate change on N2O and NH3 emissions

4. Develop a combined numerical models to describe the N cycle in the paddy ecosystem.


FACE: Free Air CO2 Enrichment

ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PADDY SOIL-RICE SYSTEM IN ASIA

Kazutake KyumaDepartment of Environmental Science, The

University of Shiga Prefecture2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone City, Japan 522, 1995-

09-01 .


The paddy soil-rice system has efficient nutrient replenishing

mechanisms. Basic cations and silica

are supplied by irrigation water, while biological fixation works as an

inexhaustible source of N in the system, and

phosphorus availability is enhanced under

anaerobic conditions. This, along with almost

perfect resistance to soil erosion, gives the paddy

rice system high productivity as well as

high sustainability.

To cope with an increasing world

population, the paddy rice system has to be

intensified by developing the infrastructure for

irrigation and drainage, and adopting high-input

technologies.

Schematic Diagram of Nitrogen Cycle in Paddy Soil Ecosystem

.TUMPANGSARI

Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off ….. 9/12/2012

Practice crop rotation for

the intercrops.

Plant leguminous

nitrogen-fixing crops after grain crops to replenish

losses from grain

harvest.

Some legume crops

improve nitrogen

gains through

symbiotic fixation.

Example of a crop

sequence: mungbeanco

rn/rice-cowpea.

Practice crop rotation for the intercrops

Integrating local tree species into family farms

Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012

The local farmers' organization, have

been gradually planting trees to

create "forests,, on sections of their

own farms.

These "family forests are planted with exotic trees and a variety of

local forest species that traditionally

provided the farm families with food, timber, fuelwood, herbal medicines and other useful

products.

The Hutan keluarga have evolved into

highly varied systems in terms of

species composition and

planting distances resulting from

individual preferences and selection of each

household.

FAMILY FOREST = HUTAN KELUARGA

.LAHAN PEKARANGAN

Diunduh dari: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00---off….. 9/12/2012

The pekarangan (homegarden) is a mixture of annual crops, perennial

crops and animals (including livestock)

in the area surrounding a house.

It is an integrated system with definite

boundaries that serves a variety of

economic, biophysical and

sociocultural functions.

The homegarden system originated in

Central Java and spread to East and

West Java in the middle of the

eighteenth century.

Kebun-talun and homegardens in West

Java generate relatively good

income and are good sources of calcium,

vitamin A and vitamin C.

A typical homegarden in West Java A typical homegarden has a similar structure from year to year, though there may be some seasonal

variations. The lowest two layers (up to 2 m in height) are dominated by starchy food plants, vegetables and spices. Cassava and ganyong

(Canna edulis) are the most common plants found in the homegarden. The next layer (two to five

meters) is dominated by bananas, papayas and other fruit trees. The five to ten meters layer is also dominated by fruit trees or other cash crops, such as cloves. The top layer, higher than 10 meters, is

dominated by coconut and other trees, e.g., Albizia, for building materials and firewood.

.KEBUN CAMPURAN


Development from garden to mixed garden to mixed tree

garden

After two years, tree seedlings start to grow,

leaving increasingly less space for the annual crops.

The kehun gradually evolves into the kebun campuran, in which the annuals are mixed

among half-grown perennials. The economic

value of the mixed garden is less than that of the garden,

but the biophysical value becomes higher. The

diversified nature of the kebun campuran also

enhances soil and water conservation. Erosion in the

talun system is minimal, because undergrowth and litter are abundant. When the undergrowth and litter are removed, erosion may

increase substantially. In the kebun campuran,

shade-tolerant plants such as taro occupy the space below one meter. Cassava

forms the second layer from one to two meters height

and the third layer is occupied by bananas and

trees.

.STS = SISTEM TIGA STRATA


The three-strata system

The three-strata system is a method

of planting and harvesting grasses,

legumes, shrubs and trees in such a way that animal fodder will be available

throughout the year. The practice was

developed by households in the

island of Bali. The first layer,

consisting of grasses and legumes is

intended to supply fodder at the

beginning of the wet season.

The second layer, consisting of shrubs, is to supply fodder in

the middle and the end of the wet

season. The third layer, comprised of trees, is to supply

fodder during the dry season.

The three-strata system divides a piece of land into three parts: nucleus; blanket; boundary.

The nucleus is maintained for food production. The blanket is divided into a number of compartments, with each compartment

cultivated with various grasses and legumes.

.Rice terraces-forest agroforestry system


A series of bench terraces is constructed

along steep mountainsides and rice is planted throughout

the year.

Irrigation is provided through a network of canals along dikes

which originate from natural springs

emanating from small forest stands celled pinugo. These are

managed and protected by Ifugaos based on a

set of tribal laws.

Advantages : Sustainable; Steep slopes are put to productive use.

Limitations : Laborious to establish and

maintain; Limited to areas where there are

natural springs.

.THE COFFEE ECOSYSTEM

Diunduh dari: http://www.ineedcoffee.com/05/ecodynamic/….. 9/12/2012

The coffee ecosphere consists of all living things, all inorganic

materials and physical forces interacting with

one another.

Understanding the coffee ecosphere aids

in unraveling the energy flows,

deciphering the interactions between living things and the

environment, the transfer of food, the

flow of energy and the exchange of inorganic nutrients and organic

compounds. The coffee grid in turn depends upon the delicate balance of

ecological processes for the fulfillment of its

needs. The coffee ecosystem closely interacts with the BIOTIC (LIVING) &

the ABIOTIC (NON-LIVING) environment.

PRODUCERS OR AUTOTROPHS: These are the green plants with the help of chlorophyll

prepare their own food. Since, green plants or producers convert solar energy into chemical

energy, they are sometimes referred to as transducers of energy.

SHADE EFFECT ON COFFEE PRODUCTION AT THE NORTHERN TZELTAL ZONE OF THE STATE OF CHIAPAS, MEXICO

Lorena Soto-Pinto, Ivette Perfecto, Juan Castillo-Hernandez, Javier Caballero-Nieto

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol. 80, Issues 1–2, August 2000, Pages 61–69


A typical coffee stand profile from Chilón Mexico.

The shade cover percentage and coffee shrub density had significant effects on yields.

Coffee density had a significant effect on yields but shade tree density had

no effect. Coffee cultivar, age of coffee stand, species

richness, shade tree density, basal area, slope and aspect

did not have significant effects on coffee yields. Shade tree cover had a

positive effect between 23 and 38% shade cover and

yield was then maintained up to 48%. Production may

decrease under shade cover >50%.

A total of 61 shade species were found, with an average

density of 260 trees per hectare, the majority of them

being indigenous species, used as food, construction materials and as firewood.


Exploring farmer knowledge of soil processes in organic coffee systems of Chiapas, Mexico

J.M. Grossman.Geoderma. Volume 111, Issues 3–4, February 2003, Pages 267–287


Farmers had an excellent understanding of the transformation from leaf material to soil and a good

understanding of mineralization; however, the role of moisture

influence, nutrient uptake, and soil organisms was not well understood.

Lengas tanah

Kompos

A coffee agroecosystem model: I. Growth and development of the coffee plant

Daniel Rodríguez, José Ricardo Cure, José Miguel Cotes, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Fernando Cantor.

Ecological Modelling Volume 222, Issue 19, 10 October 2011, Pages 3626–3639


The main elements of

the metabolic pool model

Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWITSIKLUS HIDROLOGI DI KEBUN SAWIT

Diunduh dari: http://www.aarsb.com.my/AgroMgmt/OilPalm/Nutrition/Result.html ….. 9/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWIT

DISTRIBUSI

BORON

DI KEBUN SAWIT

Diunduh dari: http://www.journaltocs.hw.ac.uk/ ….. 9/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN SAWITNeraca Kalium di Kebun

Sawit

Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/90850?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET

Diunduh dari: https://surumer.uni-hohenheim.de/91083?L=1 ….. 9/12/2012

AGROEKOSISTEM KEBUN KARET

Sustainable Rubber

Cultivation in the Mekong

Region: Development

of an integrative land-use

concept in Yunnan

Province, China.

Interactions within the

socio-ecological

system related to

ecosystem functions and

services of land use.

Rubber monocultures reduce agro-biodiversity of traditional land use systems and affect pollinator services for relevant

food crops. In addition, expansion of rubber cultivation results in losses of natural biodiversity at landscape and

species level due to the reduction of tropical forest areas, which represent a biodiversity hotspot of global importance

in the target region.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S006521131007001X ….. 10/12/2012

Rhizosphere Processes and Management for Improving Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop

Productivity: Implications for ChinaFusuo Zhang, Jianbo Shen, Junling Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo, Long Li, Xinping

Chen.Advances in Agronomy. Volume 107, 2010, Pages 1–32

The interactions in the rhizosphere exert an efficient

utilization of nutrient and water through trade-off of

facilitation and competition between plant species.

(A) Plant growth affected by rhizosphere interactions in wheat/maize/faba-bean intercropping systems,

showing an evident interspecific facilitation of nutrient uptake and crop

growth between faba-bean and maize, but

interspecific competition between wheat and maize;

(B) Rhizosphere acidification in the rhizosphere of faba-bean which is imbedded

in an agar medium containing bromocresol-purple as a pH indicator.

Light or yellow color indicates acidification (pH

4.0); (C) Rhizosphere alkalinization

in the rhizosphere of maize (pH 7.5).





Strategies for rhizosphere

management based on manipulation of main

components and processes in the

rhizosphere ecosystem including plant

species/genotype, root system growth,

rhizosphere environment,

rhizosphere microbes, and rhizosphere interactions via

intercropping and rotation.

The above photos show performance of a P-

efficient maize genotype with great root system (left) and a P-inefficient

genotype with small root system (right).





Pathway of rhizosphere management in

cropping systems throughout the entire crop growth period.

(A)Synchronizing rhizosphere nutrient

supply with crop demands spatially and temporally at a

critical level of nutrient supply in

the rhizosphere, and thus maximizing the

efficiency of root/rhizosphere in

nutrient mobilization and acquisition;

(B) Enhancing root growth at early

stages and promoting

mobilization of soil nutrients at later

stages.





Rhizosphere management based on mechanisms of nutrient mobilization and uptake from soil by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi


Comparative proteomic analysis for assessment of the ecological significance of maize and peanut

intercroppingHongchun Xiong, Hongyun Shen, Lixia Zhang, Yanxiang Zhang, Xiaotong Guo,

Pengfei Wang, Penggen Duan, Chunqiao Ji, Lina Zhong, Fusuo Zhang, Yuanmei Zuo.

Journal of Proteomics. Available online 24 October 2012

1. Intercropping significantly improves iron nutrition of peanut in calcareous soils.

2. The ecological significance of intercropping was uncovered by proteomics.

3. The photosynthesis-related proteins were higher accumulated in intercropped peanut.

4. Lower abundance of stress responsive proteins was observed in intercropping.

5. Intercropping improves the ecological adaptation of plants to environmental stress.


Diunduh dari: http://nac.unl.edu/afnotes/gen-1/index.html….. 9/12/2012

ALLEY CROPPING = PERTANAMAN SISTEM-LORONG

Alley cropping systems are created by planting single or multiple tree rows at a wide

spacing.

This creates alleys where agricultural or horticultural crops are planted. High-

value hardwoods such as oak, walnut, and ash are typically grown in alley

cropping systems. Short rotation biomass

species can also be incorporated into the design.

The cost of waiting for financial return on the long-term investment in trees is

offset by annual income provided from the row crops in the alleys and fruits (nuts)

from the trees.

This system has been widely researched and is most applicable to agricultural systems in sub-humid

regions.

PENUTUP

Mengelola diversitas pada lanskap pertanian

menguntungkan semua organisma termasuk manusia baik jangka pendek maupun

jangka panjang!

Kerjasama antara konservasionist (biologi) dengan ahli pertanian topik pertanian berkelanjutan

INTERAKSI EKOLOGIS AGROEKOSISTEM

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