Ilmu Lingkungan

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Geological Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Engineering

Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science

Doni Prakasa Eka Putra

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• The meaning of the term environment

• The importance of natural resources

• That environmental science is interdisciplinary

• Some pressures facing the global environment – what are the major problems ?

“Earth is a tiny fragile spaceship in a vast universe.”

3.14(12,800km) = 40,200km3.14(8,000mi) = 25,000mi25,000mi/(70mi/hr) = 360hrs = 15days25,000mi/(600mi/hr) = 42hrs ~ 2days

Atmosphere : ~ 1% of the Diameter

IntroductionIntroduction

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• Geoshpere (Lithosphere):

Crust: < 1% (Thin)

Everest: 8.85 km

Mantle, Cores

•Hydrosphere:

(oceans)

Mariana Trench (6.9mi)

~ 0.2 %

• Atmosphere: ~1%:

30 km (99% of air)

extends to 120 km

• Biosphere:

Planet Earth

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Environment: the total of our surroundings

• All the things around us with which we interact:

Biotic vs. Abiotic• Living things

• Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.• Nonliving things

• Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks• Our built environment

• Buildings, human-created living centers• Social relationships and institutions

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Definisi Lingkungan

• Kesatuan ruang dengan semua benda, daya, keadaan, dan makhluk hidup, termasuk manusia dan perilakunya, yang mempengaruhi kelangsungan perikehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia serta makhluk hidup lain.

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Development of Modern Science: 17th C Copernicus(1473-43), F. Bacon(1561-26), R. Decartes(1592-50), Galileo(1564-42), Kepler(1571-60), Boyle(1627-91), Newton (1642-27)

, • Science:

A systematic process for learning about the world/nature and testing our understanding of it based on reasoning (as opposed to authority, belief or feeling), facts, observation (experiments), testing, and logic of induction & deduction

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The scientific method

• A technique for testing ideas with observations

• Assumptions:– The universe works

according to unchanging natural laws

– Events arise from causes, and cause other events

– We use our senses and reason to understand nature’s laws

Cf. Buddhism

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The scientific method

• A scientist makes an observation and asks questions of some phenomenon• The scientist formulates a hypothesis, a statement that attempts to explain the scientific question.• The hypothesis is used to generate predictions, which are specific statements that can be directly and unequivocally tested.• The test results either support or reject the hypothesis

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Science must be Quantitative as well as Qualitative

• Qualitative Information:

Eg., Pollen count in a spring day was high. Table salt is very soluble in water The lake water is heavily polluted with lead.

These are not complete scientific statements.

• Quantitative Information:

Eg., 850 particles/ft3 at 3 PM in April 26th, 1997 . 36g NaCl/100mL H2O (or 5 oz/gal) 27mg Pb/100mL of lake water (or 0.05oz/gal)

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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning Used to discover general principles Seeks a unifying explanation for all the data available Ex:

FACT: Gold is a metal heavier than water FACT: Iron is metal heavier than water FACT: Silver is a metal heavier than water CONCLUSION (based on inductive reasoning): All metals

are heavier than water

Conclusions reached with inductive reasoning may changed with new information

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Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Reasoning Proceeds from generalities to specifics Adds nothing new to knowledge, but makes

relationships among data more apparent Ex:

GENERAL RULE: All birds have wings SPECIFIC EXAMPLE: Robins are birds CONCLUSION (based on deductive reasoning): All Robins

have wings

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Environmental science: How does the natural world work?Environment impacts Humans • It has an applied goal: developing solutions

to environmental problems

• Most interdisciplinary field–Natural sciences: information about the world

• Environmental Science programs–Social sciences: values and human behavior

• Environmental Studies programs“What happen to the physics ?”

Total Science – inclusive, comprehensive, or holistic

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Definisi Ilmu Lingkungan• Ilmu interdisipliner untuk mengukur dan menilai

perubahan dan dampak kegiatan manusia terhadap ekosistem, sedemikian rupa sehingga manusia dapat mengelola ekosistem tersebut demi kehidupannya sendiri (Johnson, 1977)

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Tujuan Ilmu Lingkungan• Meningkatkan kesadaran dan kepedulian terhadap

keterkaitan antara faktor ekonomi, sosial, politik dan ekologi

• Memberikan kesempatan pada setiap orang utnuk mendapatkan pengetahuan, nilai, sikap, komitmen dan ketrampilan yang dibutuhkan utk melindungi dan memperbaiki lingkungan

• Melahirkan pola sikap individu, kelompok dan masyarakat yg lebih baik terhadap lingkungan.

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Humans and the world around us

• Human depend completely on the environment for survival – Increased wealth, health, mobility, leisure time– But, natural systems have been degraded

• i.e., pollution, erosion and species extinction– Environmental changes threaten long-term health and survival

• Environmental science is the study of:– How the natural world works– How the environment affects humans and vice versa

Ekosistem adalah suatu sistem ekologi yang terbentuk oleh hubungan timbal balik tak terpisahkan antara makhluk hidup dengan lingkungannya

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Global human population growth

• > 7 billion humans, 8G(2025)

• Why so many humans ?

Agricultural revolution

Stable food supplies

Industrial revolution

Urbanized society powered by fossil fuel

Sanitation and medicines

5M 20M 35M 200M 500M(14C) 1G (19C)

mkim

Increase in around 10,000 BP due to Agricultural Revolution Linear Increasethe dip around 1350 due th the palgueexponential growth of populatuin started at around 1800 due to Industrial revolutionName the City: "Jakarta", capital of 4th Populus Country. Estimate the population of the country form the bar graph front inside cover6.7 Billion x 3.5% = 234 million.(3 pt to the first answerer)

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The “ecological footprint”The “ecological footprint”• The total area of land & water

needed to produce the resource a person uses, plus the total amount of land and water area needed to dispose of its waste (ha).

~ measure of resource and waste a person needed for its life style.

• Higher in developed societies/nations

We are using 30% more (overshoot) of the planet’s resources than are available on a sustainable basis!

2.23 ha World Ave. (2006)

9.6 USA0.6 Rwanda

(1 ha = 2.47 acre = 108,000 ft2)(cf. Area of this room = 36ft x 30ft ~ 950ft2)

mkim

Average us home: 2,000 sq ftSize of this room: (2x15)(2x15) = 900 sq ft1ha = 120 *(this room)World Ave: 2.23 ha (= 250*(this room))

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• The ecological footprints of countries vary greatly

– The U.S. footprint is almost 5 times greater than the world’s average

– Developing countries have much smaller footprints than developed countries

– High Income Country: 6

– Middle “ : 2

– Low “ < 1

Ecological footprints are not all equal: World Ave: 2.2 haWorld Biocapacity (EF at sustainable label) : 1.7 ha

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We are using renewable resources 30% faster than they are being replenished

Overshoot: humans have surpassed the Earth’s capacity to support us

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• Renewable resources:– Perpetually available: sunlight, wind, wave energy– Renew themselves over short periods: timber, water, soil

• These can be destroyed• Nonrenewable resources: can be depleted - Oil, coal, minerals

Natural resources : matter & energy sources needed for survival

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Environmental science The lesson of Easter Island:

~ 300 AD first inhabited, lush forests & other resources~ 600 AD flourished, (Hundreds of the “Moai” statues, 10m, 100 tons)~ 750 AD start to decline (overused the resources) 1722 AD in desolate condition in a barren landscape

People annihilated their civilization by destroying their environment to deplete resources. Denude forest(over use of hauhau tree) → soil erosion → fast runoff → less fresh water /degrading arable land → lowering crop yield(bananas, sugarcane, sweet potatoes) → starvation/population decline →civilization collapse.

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•Fall of the Mesopotamian Civilization (Wheat- based agrarian): → prolonged irrigation system → degrade soil (salt too high) → not arable → decrease crop yields → food shortage → population decline (2,300 BC).

* Cf. Downfall of the Minoan Civilization on Crete (Natural Disaster, 1627 BC), Triggered by Thera Eruption → Tsunami , then invasion of the mainland Greek.

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What is an “environmental problem”?What is an “environmental problem”?

- The perception of what constitutes a problem varies between individuals and societies (place) and time

– Ex.: DDT, a pesticide • In developing countries: welcome

because it kills malaria-carrying mosquitoes, lice and other insects.

• In developed countries: not welcome, due to health risks

(found to be a carcinogen a half century later)

Germany, 1945Much popular pesticide:Sprayed almost everywhereIn Summer time

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Environmental science is not environmentalism

•Environmental science• The pursuit of knowledge about

the natural world• Scientists try to remain objective

•Environmentalism• A social movement dedicated to

protecting the natural world

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Population & consumption

• Human population growth exacerbates all environmental problems– The growth rate has slowed, but we still add more than

200,000 people to the planet each day

( ~ 70millon/yr )

• Our consumption of resources has risen even faster than our population growth. – Life has become more pleasant for us so far – However, rising consumption amplifies the demands we

make on our environment.

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The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (UN)The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (UN)

• The most comprehensive scientific assessment of the condition of the world’s ecological systems

• Major findings:• Humans have drastically altered ecosystems Humans have drastically altered ecosystems • These changes have contributed to human well-These changes have contributed to human well-

being and economic development, but at a costbeing and economic development, but at a cost• Environmental degradation could get much worseEnvironmental degradation could get much worse• Degradation can be reversed, but it requires workDegradation can be reversed, but it requires work

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We face challenges in agricultureWe face challenges in agriculture

• Expanded food production led to increased population and consumption

• It’s one of humanity’s greatest achievements, but at an enormous environmental cost.

Nearly half of the planet’s land surface is used for agriculture

- Chemical fertilizers - Pesticides - Erosion - Changed natural systems → leading to degradation of soils & water pollution

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We face challenges in pollution: Air and WaterWe face challenges in pollution: Air and Water• Waste products and artificial chemicals used in farms,

industries, and households

- Outdoor & Indoor Pollutions

Each year, millions of people die from pollutionEnd 3rd Mtg(1/21/2010)

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We face challenges in climateWe face challenges in climate

• Scientists have firmly concluded that humans are changing the composition of the atmosphere

• The Earth’s surface is warming- Melting glaciers- Rising sea levels- Impacted wildlife and crops (Biodiversity) - Increasingly destructive weather (Hot weather cause hurricanes to be more powerful)

Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have risen by 37%, to the highest level in 650,000 years

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We face challenges in biodiversityWe face challenges in biodiversity

• Human actions have driven many species extinct, and biodiversity is declining dramatically

- We are at the onset of a mass extinction event (6th)

Biodiversity loss may be our biggest environmental problem; once a species is extinct, it is gone forever.

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We face challenge in Energy ResourcesWe face challenge in Energy Resources

• The lives we live today are due to fossil fuels- Machines - Chemicals - Transportation - Products

• Fossil fuels are a one-time bonanza; supplies will certainly decline

• We have used up ½ of the world’s oil supplies; how will we handle this imminent fossil fuel shortage?

Needs other Energies Sources

Cf. Wind Energy: US ~2.5%, Denmark ~ 25%

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ConclusionConclusion

• Environmental science helps us understand our relationship with the environment and informs our attempts to solve and prevent problems.

• Identifying a problem is the first step in solving it

• Solving environmental problems can move us towards health, longevity, peace and prosperity

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Applications of science

Restoration of forest ecosystems

Policy decisions and management practices

Energy-efficient methanol-powered fuel cell car from DaimlerChrysler

Technology

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