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IAloTUIll! IVol. XIVB Him: 1.1021 J~mllVi 20031 JSs."l; 0353-1fll2J

AI-Turas'lUMBAR SEJARAH. SA.SlHA. HUDAVA. DAN AGAMA

Volume XIV, No. 1,J.muari ZOOS

P""""!:lsung J""'''bAbcl. Chair

S,,,llI.l,UNae.ito.h u,:,is

Azy.,mard; Iur.I;:a1b"rohmllll Ri.uf

fk.drl Y~llmAIlm"" SatoriAh.~ 8llch~od

lJI0 ~.dJa.asmjb

M Dien Majid

p,,"'impin RcdaksiD. S"oj.x..d,n AR

A"!J!tOA RItd.o\<jI

A"""'"Oman Fathum>hrr.anNu,h<><anSum""

PenmllFakultal Mab &.n Hum""io'"

Ulli'Jl'rililM I.s.M1 N>gerlIU:N)~f fli<JaY'llulW! Jakarta

Alarnal Redabll.l. 5 Gcdu;,g Fill<t~tu ,oI,d"b d.,,, H••un""io,,,

U."tiueB;I"" I.",~(:.JIN~ Sy4.iI H!dzyalullah.bl<arl"Jl.. h. H. Joo-da 1\'0. 950pu1at 15412

Tclp (021) 744n29-7493.l601 Fa"'. {O2117493361e·,"~jl . altu",._uinjkj@Y6hoo.~()m

Abu d.'far IIl-Mllnsur Was The Great~st

PolIUclan 01 The Abba5ids

L:djang TIK>lili

Abstract: During the reign 01 Abu .kt'fi!.!r N-Mansur,/he seoo.7d Abbasid ClJIiph, ;,everiJI revolts broke outundermining !he neu.y eslablishad c.:J1iphatz. The fe­volts lwre Idunched by the two broth.-.,- 01 the Ha­iii!.lma Alids: Mllh"mmoo :>1·N:>1s i!.l/-Zdkiyya "nd IbriJ­him b. PlxiulJah. Anc1hcr f(JVQ/t rome from oJ-Mbn­JUl"S uncle. Afxlu1Wl b. Ali who daimed the right ofsuxession kJ the GIlfplwte. w.fth his '"tinning iJfId5!yness aI-Milnsur was aUe 10 crush these uprisings_He "liD !iutXet'C1cd in eliminating his great rivitl. AbuMuslim who ".ad trndered '" great sezvice 10 the Ab­basids. Due to an in!fflSC flnIT.i.~- :'-",Itl4'Cn oJ·Mansur,,"d Abu Musl,iu and the falleT'!i rebelleon. the c.'J/iphmurdp.TM him rulhicss./y.

Anu Ja'ldl lll·Mansur was the successor of the limAh-l:a'iid CZI~ph Abu 3l·Abba. Abdut:ah who wasd.;,,-nned 10 :ule only <!II short tWne (750-754). Theloiter called hilT.self "l-&!ffah (the Blood Pourer) Inhis speech 01 acceptance in 6<:.' mosque 01 al-Kwoh.In ocoordance \\.16 h:s ruckrnlme, he W3S lamo~ faThis bnltillily. He extermhldtoo most oll~e UmaY'!,'adsexcept thow w;,o were able 10 flee to Andahl.slawhere later on fourxlecl too Umayyad dyrusty. Even

.".,.. tRpa_1 of hll:mIC 11b1....y and a:Alul"~n of The Fa·~ully of Adab IIrld Hurnaniti•• of s.,..,r.r Hi<1~",lulLah St"ta l...lami<: Unlvp'iily. .11. J.....nda No 95 Clpu~..t J<>k&ta IIp.7443329

....l,no. Vol. XlV. tIa. I _ ZOO8

2

other 1eC. by hIS brot~d ~him b. Abdul\.m 1lo1.~ r~voltspap:!! will discuss th It ofbeg~nning with Ihe re'\.'O lionAbCuIlan b. Ali, Ihe elleCU

llof

of Abu Muslim, Ihe ~v~akiY_Muhammad al-N;lfs. a - Ab-

I I [lDr.mffi b.yet lind lid U . d'<;Cus-dull<:lh and Onally the. \on.sion will be c:.osed 'MIDdu~ion.

The revolt of Abdul1i1b b.A.li_.

Tht" c;aliph a1_MilJlSLr r.....~Ii <15 c<:ItOOling h;5 prodama nn ber 01

liph had to lace a ~~~ pro­<leCnomic end poh~ rtaJllblems. But Ihe most ,mpo hiehend Immediate slep ~hconfron:ed hi:n was to. ,

• . hIS Ubolh his gr~at en2"lmes. AbUc1e, l\\xI.ullah b, Ali and ~edMuslir:'l. The fOlmer cl3 caJi­himself SUfn.'SSO:- 10 the _ slph<lti! and rebelled agaloh"_

d to 'him. and the li!ltt8I. ue nedina:e<lSing power -.hreare

the dynasty. .d toAbdullah b. AU is S(l.l I

have visited Abu ilI_ADbaS aAnb1U in 135,753 and was ,lOSlrueled to le~d the c<,mra:~i:lQcinst the Byzanlines \AIIhe army bum Syria and :<IIU­lasan.! He was al the place

All",~ Vol lUV.Nol~~

Il-.ough ma main l::1!211 ;. theUrnayyads had been ~. nil,ili!!­ted thl:: Abb<:.sids sull lI:xl so­rr.e' P.T'lO.'mies. in par1i(;U~ theAfJds ar:d other family'ijSo::.niAbb1l5. The Alids did nnt re­concile at once to tht::: rise ofth,dr COUSins. TIley claimedtha~ '.hey """Ie entitled to IneC<lliphate <lnd accused the Ab­basiCs as UiUI"plM of theirTiJht Therefere th~ tried 2\Ie-

ry effort to overthrow t1~ Ab­~id l;Ulipha:e. While thecilblh~ 01 ihe Abbas.d l<:rom:-Iy cane from Abdullah b. Allwho claimed his right for thes~ssion to the ccliDh<:.t...WheJJ Abu .k.far al.Mon~urSllcOleded his brother in June754. he had to dell! \Vlth lhe:e~; whkh lhreatenWthe nev.:ly esmblished dynasty.A1-Munsur first had to cruy,~ !WeIll or his uncle, Abdul­lah b. Ali. "The next threatwhich was no less dnngerousthan tile fim came r-am theman who served much for IlK!cause or lhe Abhasi,d empire,nilmely Abu MlJS1jm. Fi:-oally,al MMsur had 10 put downthe ltvoll:s 01 the Alids tepre_SoCn~d bv the Hasanlds, anl!led by Muh<Un1TUld aI.Nafs ...1_Zekiwa lit M-.:!;na and the

Ldlled DuJuk and getting wadyto move ..gains! Byz..nl:neswhen he receive...1 the nev..'S ofthe CllUph's d""uh and theoath 0: alhgbnce of Aou Jo!I"far. }l.bdullah summoned peo­ple to PT<lY in oongre:t<ltion,he then llnnounccd the dealhof al-Safi..h. He Intormed thepeo~ !hut ~lllt h<>d pr0­

mised him :he "l1cces;ion whm1.11' lo!Itkr sent him to march<lgllinst Marn·an II. Some ufAlxluDah's ollicers such ilS

Abu Ghiln!m, Kl".<lfar a1·J,1'lr­wi21, Abu a1-l\sbagh and aU ofofficers of the m<ln of Khur<l­san 15ttested his claim. Theylook the oath of a1legU1nce tohrlll so dId the majority of pe.ople of Syri15 ond J<2ira. Ab­dullah the" set oul for Hanan..nd c~ptured it from al-Man­sur's deputy afrer the siege forIorty day,; , [1'le ..!\l?g3rion fullrile sicS<' !<i,tiro lor forty daysis dpba!<lble becaus<:! aI Mun­sur as will be seen Iarer, ~l\1

Abu Muslim to fISh! AWulliJhb. Ali liS soon as he heard ofAl;dulah's re.beBioo. ~<r.

cling Abdullah's claim, QmMaryues tMI II: is dificull to Mcalt.::in tI".e validity of Abdu·!ah's claim. The f/lel is lhallheAbbilSlds Jeilled his ambition

3

as it was indicaled dearlyfrom Ab" Ja'far's expre,;slonund E:lnticipalion. Accoming foH.aladhun~s allegation quotedby Omar that a1-SaFfah .seemsto hllve promiSed Abdullah b.Ali the succession. aut one ofthe caliph's frieoos Sa'ad b.Umar el-M15kl=1 o!Idvisedhim not to traodar the CZl!i­phote born Abu Muhammado. Ali 10 their uocles. The ca­Upn. l\)emOtE' cha.nged hismind and appoinled hi~ bro­ther Abu J.:l'ler as h~ immedi­all" 5CCCeS-'"oOl" 300 1sa b. MUSGsec<"ow1 ,~ Dne The pmmisp. oflIl-SilUah 10 render the <.:ali­philte 10 his uncle, if il wastruCl, it m"Y have been givenprivately "'00 had been knownonly by a few people of theAbbasidi.· Unlike Omar, Slu:!­labi is pretty q!R' that Ab­du!l.:lh.s d1irn is true based onIh" confirmalion of those who1e5tifllN hin ;;:""d th"'lr cc"tj­nued siIUggk- on his side lot a10n(J time withnut any sign 01thdr d.:Ji"e in spirit or thE:ir',vithdr...w.J from the claim. InucIdihon, eviJence can a1so hi"found in ~: !aJ1Sl.lr·s reM ofIh" revo~t 01 Abdu&h. How­ever, this promiSP. v'as not cl"-

4 1lbuJa.1atH-Momur•..

fumed wi;h a written d()(U·meni.5

Ac:ordlng to Omar. An..dullM's revolt had some mo­trJeS. Importantly, it indicatedlhe revolt of Syrian J'lP.Oplev:ho exploited Abdallah's gte­vana:s. It was Syri~n revolt.not only irom the point 0:

VieW of Its geograph:e,,1 positi_on and of the extent of its 10·yalty, but also of Its elementsrurm~d the mUIIl:inltml. BOlla·dhuri 3sserts Ih3t most 01 theIp.ooers and distil1!luish~rl per­sonalities who joined Abdul­lah's revolt were Syrians whoh!ld S<.'rved Marwan 11. Theylose in revolt ag<lmst the N:rb~ds in tt-.e begil1l1illY ul 'he­lr~ then tt.ey were "')fOtccted.Arnong those Iean~ \.W­

N BakJur b. MlUJim and Urn­man b. Surllgah a1-AzdI.

1nere was <lppilrcnl htp_rest sh...red by Abdul1 ...h cmdthe $j.'lians, each triad to t.':lkeadvantage of the othar to~hleve it~ goal. Abd II I'nllll V,' th u a I s!he S as ~ suce"--SsiOll, whileI II Ynans Inbelltlon Was toa C It.., revenge ftom 'he

opte or Khur • Pc­Ihll/;t lost Pli ~n and regain"Ieo,., of~ege and i.he po­~ by t which wa.; le-

raq. Abduuah', re-

cord WM fuU of endeavors forthe consdidalion of the ~vregima. 10k led the Khurasaniarmy in tile battle of the lab=:1 pursued Marwan II ....hofled to 5Iyria alld then Effi,-plFurthennOtl', he took conlrnlover Syrn:. dUring :he early ye­an; of the Abba~id ""Ie. Argu­ably, II was natural tor Abdul­lah to have the i:lInuitloll forthe sllccession because he re,alized himself as being themost able man of the house ofAbba~. 6Abu Ja'far sem AbuMuslim 10 fight AbduDah b. Aliall'1ough he both suspcclCdi!n:i haled him. -I h's was be­C<lU5e Ile fez-red th:1.! Abu Mus­lim '.vould !eoo ~n u(:rising inlVl\uasan, whl.e the Abbasidarmy \\.~p fighting in Syria. AIthe sane lime. :he caiph ex­pected to gel rid of the tv.'O(Abdulk...' and Abu Muslim) ashis vizier. Abu Ayvub al Mur­~'.J.ni Sllid We suspect AbuMu.f/im much more than Ab­dullah. tp~ we exped one ofthem to be killed. Abu Mus­1m himself did oot w",nl \0fight Ahdullah. A!-Ya'qubi ill­lege.; thai Abu Muslim wantedto go 10 Khurasan !lind tried10 get rid of Abu Ja 'far andAbdul1ah. However his sccrE'-•

Izl.1y assured him with fu,r;, op­posiIe opinion and expectedto add to Abu Muslim's \lido­ry by defeallng AbduILm.'AbuMuslim's ~oce 10 goahead with a fight was em ex­c:eeeni plan IIJ\th which AbuJa'far was cble to destroy hismernies. WhatlNec the rerultwas, it meanl his victlxy owrone of them. The caliph, reali­zing th::.1 this YRS a goodchance to ellmlnllt£ one of hisomenUe:s. hied with every ef­fort 10 persu.xle Abu Mtdmto obey his order. When tbeeltilf 5h~ hii hesitation tomarch against Abdullah, lho:caliph sent a group 01 his as­sistants to Abu Muslim withouthis knowledge in the attemptto assure him. Abu Muslimfinally responded to their sug­gestion,Hearing Abu M<.lslim'srelldin2&5 to flghl AlxIun"h,Abu Ja'lat was pi.3ased andprovided him with !he alTTliesfrom vllrious regions so as 10build iii big force equipped""ith adequate weapons andJtJPPOried by Arab officers tikeHazm b. Khuzaima, Jumhur b.Marl'3l'. The caliph also askedHasan b, Qahtllbll. who wasthe gowmOf of Amwoni3 10bring his army to Join Abu

5

Muslim lit MosuI. AbdullahWM SUIplised by the lUlivai ofAbu Muslim to c:halIenge hn.where.asheexp«iedthecp­posite, beeause he knew thedeep hatred betwEtm AbuMustim and Abu .1ll'fllr in thepMt. He beame more doubt­ful when he saw tha huge for­ce of the ~asaa army ofAbu Mutlim, who were loyal10 him.8 Feerlng the dislt¥lItYof the KhurManl anny ....iihinhis lorce. AbduDah killed se­venteen tOOusand of them."TN! number of the KhlUa5all.i~y who were killed by Ab­duUaro was conflnned by somehistorians, but it seems to beexaggerated,The difficulty alsolies in thlilt we are not told ofthe number 01 Abdullah's ar­my when he was .sent tomarch Ilgalnsl the Byza.ntines.It is mentio/llld thllt his Armycomprised of !he So;rians and.the Khurll$anis.

The Wllr ~,. AbuMuslim and Abdulah 1asledfor fOUl mJn'n~ in which thefanner showed his skills in warfl'lle.Abu Muslim dilceived the~an$ within Abctulah's ar­my that he hlld 00 intentionof fighting them and had onlyoome to td-.e Up his appoint-

~.T"", \IoI1IY, No. IJo<- 2IX8

rain came]. the house coIIap­!Nd I.lport him., so he died atIhi!; age of 52.16A difI~nt ver­sion of the story mentioned bylli-MlJs'udi thM the ClIIiph or­dered al·MuMIlab to haveAbdul1ah stra~ed llklng wilha COOC\.lbine.Then the two bo­die5 .....ete~ to a position1101 embrnce emd !he house wasdemolished upon them.11

The ExCCUUOD of Abu Mwlim

On Abu Mu51im's depar­ture to fight Abdullah, Abu Ja'far w~ worried thai both ene­mies would ~ee 10 make aplol to dismiss him becauseeach of them had a large for­ce of the Abbasid army. If Ihiswere to heppen It would havebeen II grEal disaster, Accor­dingly, he utilized his cunningto thwart this stenario fromactually happening.He spreadhis spies into Abu MusIirn's;mny 10 watch lind infoRn himof Abu Muslim's don eveTYmoment. Abdu£ah, noo..'i'I1el",was not III lar·sighted man: hecast off evetY possibIlity totake an agreement ....'ith AbuMuslim by killing .a la.--ge num­bel of the Khuras.ani army inhis camp. Abdullah's brutal

7

action, of c:oww, plewed thecaliph and I1'I/lllk him confi­denl Uw war shou!d breakout betlNeen both sides. Ab­du1lah had m.i$51ed Itte oppor_tunity for himself. H he 1I.'eIe

lln experienced potiliQlm hemight have been able to aea.­te an undeuQndlng wtth AbuMusfun. who weru: to the bal­Ik ",ithout having any confi­dence of what he did becauseof the enmity bet\.Ueetl himseIiand Abu Ja'far.UI

When Abdul1llh had be­en defellted the CZllipn sentAbu al·Khasib to Abu Mur.limto count &II the weiilih thaihad been taken,l~ Abu MuslimsJandertd Abu al-Khasib andwas about to klll him unlesssomeone reminded him not todo so. It Is said that the caliphactually did not want 10 takethe spells; he only ~ed forthe filth to the Ireasure hou"se. :lO A1-Jumard 115serls thatAbu Muslim used 10 mainlalnthe spoils and newr sent mefifth of them to !he lredSUTehouse except on rare occasion.For instance, he took the \l,'e­

a1lh whlch Abu Dawud hadcaptured in the district of Kush;mel did not send anything 10

the c~ 6l-Saffllh. But al-

AI-T...s.. Vd.lX\I. Ho. I ....... 2MB

,

Muslim dispatched ~is dosestfriend, Abu Ish",,!_ But the lal­ter was soon to be drawn intol;'e pbt. He was received bytrle hou~ of Hushim with II

so:>d reception and "j·Munsuroffered him the government ofKhulU5<ln if he left Abu Mus­Lin:. Ab:J lshaq came had! 10Abu Muslim and advised himto see a1·Man5ur and thll thewculd forgive hi:n.1<

TIlus Ll!~ trick work~d

with him and gave him noWtrJ than visiting :hc caliph.Abu J"fitr's treacherous ta.:tlcssucc<!cded; Abu Muslim diso·beyed the advice of one of hisclosesl iriend5 not to see a1­M<1nsur, becauw the Izlte"r wouk! slay him. II might be thaiAbu Muslim was umfidenl ofwhat the astrologer told himthat he \,\;ould rO! die exCEP!In the lane of Rum. Z!i WhenAbu Muslim reached the ca·liph's camp, he WilS receivedwi6 h05pilDlil~ lind for II iimethe honor sho-Jr.l to him W<lS

.mnost regal. At the first mee­ting \,\;il~ the cciliph he Win

accept;,:! with fri<!ndliness, bu·at tt:e secor.d occasion, thecaliph raised e num1l!:'r of ac­CU!;,..,lioni agllinsl him. KMo,!

sources mention the list of fh..

9

chivges imposed upon AbuMuslIm, some of which ~eb~ignifb;mt in choracler, andonly Indi(;<lted individual inte­rest of the (;C1liph. But the most".,rious charge of ell W/!IS lllatAbu Muslim had laken mone-oJcnd pro-pomy from Abdullahb. Ali's camp and distributedpart 01 it I!l$ ghailfmah lspnilsl.T~ the end of the mee­ling, the c~ph brought uptwO chl\ftlCS agairst Abu Mus-­lim, Mmely, the llssassinetion01 Sul/l~'man a1-Khuzai, one ofthe Abbasld nilqlbs (agenl~,

leadcr.;\ ;)00 his intentio'l to90 10 KhlJT;lsan wilhout Ihecaliph's permission, Factng al­MansuTs aeatSaiion, Abu MU5lim became apoIogeir But &­Mansw IWS determined to kiDhim and orde~d his men whohid behind the Cllrlain andthen slcw him brutally.:n

The murder of Abu M.us-­lim was not meri'ly hpcau~ ofthe ,h<lr~ which were occu­sed by th.? CilIiph, but it origi­TIilted from the enmity ard ri­~ between both !eader'l,which weill b<Kk to the timeof 11K! A.bbffiid mvollllio:larymovemcr.t. Abu Ja'far wasn'tin 4greement with hi, brothel,Ibrilhim on ihe young man,

Abl Jo.'br :11·Ma.........

overpower him which he thought wry dangeroUiii to hisem')/re. Haviog eliminatedboth m'ds; Abdulklh b. Aliand Ahll MtlsJim, al-MaI1S'..Irhau to face another enemies.They weTe the A1id pretenders..'-tuhammad al·N"f~ /I1_7~,kiy_

yil <II Madna and his bIOther!brah:m at 8GSra. The Alidmovement formed a dange­rous thre z,t to al·Mansur S;lI'~

this movement bCCi:\me a ral­Iving point for !hose peoplewhc were d:ssatisI'1ed wili. UII<'Abbasid policy. HC7.I.IIlver. Mu­hammlllfs revolt which wasconsidered by histori!'lns osprem"hlTe and supported bV a~ry few rolk)',o.'E'l"5 was easl~,I

<nJShed by oI-Milmur's troop$.

Unlike hL~ b"Olhl!!", IhrahimenjO'yed a considerable folJo.wers, according 10 some au­thcritif'.~ hi~ d,'llI!m re3Ch<>o100.000 men. Btu his delay Ininciting the uprising and hishesitation 10 swprise ,,1.Man­sur when he ""'as ;n a crillcalsi~uation due to the lack oi m­IT.y i:TOUnd him, were amongfI1I'I''Y :acto:s whltll led to hisfallur:2. With the defect of b­rah;m. the I-!a;anid Alia trialto ClIlJture the c<'lliphate see­med for some time to stop

21

and gave al-Manwr liO)l.l tocontinue Ills pro;ect to buildIia()hdad, which Wll:!i Io<ft du­ring Mut'.ammlld /l1·Na&; aI-­Zz,kiyyt>'s revolt ill 145. Fromwh3t has been explain~J

al.>ove It is clear how al-Maswcunningly and ruthlessly ellml.nata! ali 01 his enounies. Hehad never I~l his wits 10 fao?a very critical situation an2ulilize any me~ns to achievehis politiall go;"ls. He did nothe$'tate to break his promi­ses oIfe,ed to his enemies Of

denied M1y nccusation~ he ac­tually dio or said. In someOCCi:l~jons he had recourse topersuasions, amployed sotlletimes threats of [lUIlishmentand in othen. III<' committedwry of'.en treach€rous under­taklnqs. It is with th"Sl! me­thods he succe~~fully overca­me various revolts and maint3lned the Abhasid ca1lphate........~1. N-&ladhuri, IlAAlb a/-A$I'.rf.!.

Beirut '''78, Vol.3, P lOS.2. Ibn lOIaldun, AI 'lbor ..,., DiI.,,;;,

aMfu!:Jt1JC6 ....~. a..;..I'lL no..- .M "bb &I-l.ul::.....ni,1~J6,~ 3. p. 38S

3. T4bmi, The £ior6, Abba~ Em­pi!r!. Vol.1, iJI<t RdgfJ of AbuJ~ 'f~r lli·/o1.,nwr AU 754_775, e.

33.S'><:Vb"tya Is " ~l Iol.I­thm lhc .",ny l:hr.Uc .......trIC<>­

.-.It!> d. na:K:ns wtJch I€fuMd:0 reco~ It.. piYi\euI: pn9­tion oIlh~ A-..bs. {I1lons We.. ~

~ of Modm; WdtuI~.p.472.

34.aJ.Jumard. DIuyya1 a/.iWb, p.92

3S.f Ornar. TkA'XHuid. p.ln.36.1'. Cmar. AI- :4bb.i-"WU'!. p. '/9­

SL37,T. tiwlLM,c, $kcdd",.· lrom "n·

.'em HI5Iory, tr, .lol1n SuttOlflandBI~, l.<>ndon: Adam Md Ch,:".

leJ ilia<;\<. 189, 1',118..~ F. Clrn.r, Tn~ A!>tMi<!. 1'.117.

""J9.7ilbari TM£Nf"AbtwedF.26~.S Mu=!<>. lkwl;>/> 8Jnf .3/-

Abt.u. p. 2:6.41.b T",."'l" Af-F-illln, ro \.">9'!2.A1-MMUdi, P--=J, p. 14!>43,5~. l1m~ p.21544.F. 0..-,A.l-~p.:?145 A. Ali. A Shat J-mUy. P. 229.46.1', Or:lu. AJ.-:411i.w,Y..-u'!. p.

171n,!':. MusI<I!...lhwDr, F·:117.48.f. 0",,,,. AI-~~'"1'.174.

175.4':1.5. Muslala. lliovill!. p. 219.5O,f, Om"'. ~ A1Jb.oJsid, p. 223·

224.51 Ibn K5tk;r, Ai K,mJl. p.liS.52 f, 011'1;11, T!IeAb!Msid, p.225,~.T. tiolrJ",kp. 'The SJ<prrh«<. f'

124.~.Ib" JIQIil"", "'-FaJrhrj, p.:59.55 c; Mual.o/., LCI"f.JI &nJ oJ.~p 159.

23

5F>T.~. T1¥~ P­12<1.

57.T~ T1w EM6t AM .( p.

""ensaW. D. BIshaO. biamic History, p.

ZL59.F. Or.vo-, 11w AIJt>iIsIIJ. p. 229.6O.....hkJrTWd. Dh/yjMI -i),l :4,.,b. P.

187.61.T<tWrl. The EJvfy AbWskJ. p.

109·110.62T. NoItkk, 'Tfw Sketd>.1>, p.

",63 F, Om",. AI_ :4bbAsMw>. p,171.6<I.Tohri, Tk DJJty A/J6.rlski p.

1I3.6S.lbr> a1-Alilir, AI .'Wr.iJ, p. 148.&i.T..IwI. 7]..,&4'.... 1'.130.67.1'. CIrt=. AJ,Hhil..f,'l/l. Po 15.68.1'. ,., -'. 71>l! AbbA>Ir.( p. 24Q.-

241.69.T..mri. 1M':";'..., Po 16310.1'. Orr...., -n...A'~p.234,11 1lI--AIhIr. at,Kam:/, p. 432.n.w T1w~its ......

dert::me andat:~: Johr,Grimt, 1915.. p. 4.'i6

13 TllOOri. 7ht: Eary Ab.':wtd: p.

'"74.F. am"" iJ.J(hiJifah. p. 78.75.5. Mustaf.. , Dawaf &ni l!1.Ab­

res, p. 22£>.76.Rm ,,~AtM. lJ1-K6nJiI, p, 432~

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