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Transcript of Hamidah suryani
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7/29/2019 Hamidah suryani
1/9
INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
Reformulating the Paradigm of Technical and Vocational Education
960
THE IMPROVEMENT OF STUDENTS COMPUTER DESIGN SKILL
THROUGH COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL
TEAM ASSISTED INDIVIDUALIZATION (TAI) TYPE
(In Textile Design Subject using Software Adobe Photoshop)
Hamidah Suryani
Engineering Faculty Makassar State University
Abstract:
The efforts to improve students skill are related to the quality of human resources.The learning
model TAI (Team Assisted Individualization) is included in cooperative learning that can be
used to improve the computer design skill. One of cooperative learning characteristics is theability of students to cooperative in a small heterogen group. Each member in a group has
equal tasks. As in cooperative learning the success of a group is concerned so that the clever
students will also take responsibility to help their friends who lacks in studying in their group
to improve their skills in designing computer especially designing textiles by using software
Adobe Photoshop. With the implementation of TAI learning model, it can help students tosolve their problems, can increase their motivation in developing their own potential, canencourage the students to interact more with their fellow students in other groups and work
together in solving problems so in the end, they can reach and obtain satisfying skill results.
Keywords: Textile design Software Adobe Photoshop, Cooperative learning model TeamAssited Individualization (TAI) type
Introduction
Basically, learning is a synergy result of three main learning components which are
students, lecturers competency and learning facilities. The computer design learning is a process
or activity which is conducted by lecturers in computer design subject to teach students how todesign objects by using computer, where in this subject the lecturers try to create situation and
service to students ability, potential, talents, and needs about various computer design. These lead
to the optimal interaction between lecturers and students and among themselves. (Suyitno, 2004:2).
By creating the situation or service, the essential things for students and lecturers are how to
understand students ways to gain knowledge through their learning activities. Students should learn
to design objects by using computer through building new knowledge from existing experiences
and knowledge. The computer design learning can be performed by involving the entire students. It
means that learning process can be held as effective and joyful as possible. If the lecturers can
understand the process to obtain the knowledge , then they can decide the approprioate learning
strategy to their students. This becomes the challenge for lecturers in designing computer subject to
always have creative thinking and acting.
With the large number of media and learning resources which can be used in designing
computer learning, the students cannot put much hope from their lecturers. Students can be given
more opportunity to study independently by using these various learning resources. The future
tasks for lecturers is not only teaching but also how to make their students can learn.
The efforts to improve students skill is related to the quality of human resources. Human
Capital Teory emphasizes that human as the main resource has a role either as a subject to improve
their life level or to maintain and make use of their environment in wise ways. By this theory,
Becker (dalam Hijrah, 2009: 2) explains that educational concepts should be based on the
assumption that provision that human must have in themselves consists of manner, knowledge,
skill and inspiration..
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INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
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The improvement of students skill becomes their important provision that can support the
competency process that they faced during studying and also can give them opportunities to
compete and have a role in their society in general and especially in global era. By this skill in
designing textile that supported by technology, students can be expected to help their family
financial and of course themselves and also can face the global challenge in fashion world. This is
similar to what a very famous designer Ghea S Panggabean (in Rosmawaty, 2006: 2 ) said:
1) Makin pesatnya perkembangan sekolah mode tanah air; 2) BanyakDepartemen Store yang
melibatkan para desainer kita; 3) Konsumen atau buyers dari luar negeri banyak yang terus
berdatangan; 4) Sekarang ini banyak Butik atau Galeri yang buka untuk menampung dan menjual
karya para desainer; 5) Adanya kalangan media massa yang sangat proaktif terhadap kegiatan para
desainer kita.
Learning model TAI (Team Assisted Individualization) are included in cooperative learning.
One characteristic of cooperative learning is the ability of students to work together in small
heterogeneous groups (Suyitno, 2004: 9). Each member of the group has equal duties. Due to the
success of cooperative learning groups are concerned, it is a smart student take responsibility for
helping a friend who is weak in the group. Thus, the good one can develop the ability and skills,
while students who are weak will be helped in understanding the problems solved in the group.
Based on the above, in order to make learning can achieve results in line with the planned
objectives, faculty need to consider effective teaching and learning strategies.
Discussion
1. Textile Design Using Adobe PhotoshopProgram
Adobe Photoshop is a graphic design program created for ease of editing and effects creation
in a computerized drawing. According to Indonesian Wikipedia / encyclopedia (16/10/2009) that
"Adobe Photoshop, or commonly called Photoshop, is a image editor software made by AdobeSystems is devoted to editing photos / pictures and making effects".
Besides, it can be used to edit image/Photoshop photo and easy to use. This program is very
popular among many people, from professional until beginner . In line with that Kurniadi (2003: 1)
explains that "Photoshop is an image editor or image editing program that works to create, edit, and
modify digital images contained in the computer". Further Kurniadi (2003:1) adds that:
Photoshop is an image editing program which is the most powerful and most popular to date.
Capabilities as well as complete facilities make it attractive to artists, professionals, and beginners
who need a complete drawing program, but easy to use.
Before operating the Photoshop, you should first know and understand the environment of
Photoshop. The Photoshop environment is every corner of the Photoshop program itself from the
main window, menu bar, toolbox, options bar, dock palette and the image window. Photoshop is
composed of a main window (application window) and some other small general floating in it.
More details see the image below:
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INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
Reformulating the Paradigm of Technical and Vocational Education
962
Figure 1. The Display ofAdobe Photoshop window
There are various ways in select / activate each tool / subtool in the toolbox: select the tool
with the mouse and select the tool with the keyboard. Some of the tools in the toolbox have a
submenu that is characterized by a black triangle on the bottom right corner of the tool. In addition
to knowing the name of every tool and shortcut keys on the keyboard (tool tip), simply by placing
the cursor exactly on the desired tool. Note the picture below:
:
Figure 2. Tooldan Submenu
Figure 3. Tool Tip
From some opinion above, it can be concluded that Adobe Photoshop is a popular imageediting program that used by both the professional and beginners who are still try to explore
interests, talents and creativity to create, edit, and even modify the drawings or photographs that
had existed in the computer, not only that Adobe System software is also able to create an effect.
While the relationship with textile design, Adobe Photoshop can be used to create the desired
surface textile design by the designer.
1) Making Design Dwimatra 2D TextileTo create a textile design in the form of dwimatra (2D) by using Adobe Photoshop, it begins
with a motif first. In this stage , a designer tries to explore his creative ideas for the creation of
a motif with still regard to the design elements. The designed Motif is the flora motif, which isthen repeated through offset process and become allover design (full motif). After that, the
Panel options
Image WindowMenu Line
Toolbox
Palette Dock
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INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
Reformulating the Paradigm of Technical and Vocational Education
963
design is added with color window that represents colors that has been used in textile design.
This design will represent color way as an alternative of different color combination. For
details, it can be seen in the figure below :
Figure 4. Textile Design Dwimatra
a. The Application of Textile Design (trimatra)Trimatra (3D) textile design is the design that applied in the form of three dimensions. It
means that the design can be viewed in 3D so that it will be monoton (rigid). The trimatra (3D)
Design is also explained by Said (2006: 10) that Trimatra Design is usually called as three
dimensional design which is a design in three dimensions form (have three side which is length,
width and height).
The Process to design textile is applied in the form of trimatra by using Adobe Photoshop
through several stages. After going through several stages, textile motif will be then applied into a
cloth picture/image of a model that has been determined in computer. This technique is calleddrappingmodel technique. This technique is also explained by Permana (2009: 8) that drapping
model is a technique to insert a motif to a model cloth.
The stages are choosing image/ phot which will be processed, then inserting motif which has
been made in the previous dwimatra design. This image/photo will be then proceeded and will be
added with some shadow and brightness so that it can create three dimensions feeling in the cloth
model that has been inserted by flora motif. The result in trimatra form can present the textile
design which in the form of a model cloth. For details, it can be seen in the figure below:
Figure 5. Before and After Drapping Model Process
Color way
Color window
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INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
Reformulating the Paradigm of Technical and Vocational Education
964
After the image passing through drapping model technique, then dimatra and trimatra
design will be combined to make a whole unit and supported each other. For details, it can be seen
in the figure below:
Figure. 6 The Outcome of Textile Design by UsingAdobe Photoshop
From some opinions above of the textile design using Adobe Photoshop, it can be
concluded that textile design is the process of designing a motif or pattern on the surface of the
material / fabric through a process of thinking in accordance with science, technology, and art anddesign related to textiles that can be called a design textiles that its form dwimatra / two
dimensions are then applied in the form three-dimensional models drapping techniques. In the
process, while considering the rationale / ideas, concepts, design elements, design principles,
pricing, layout and think the market demands in order to meet consumer needs (sold). The design
motif or pattern is then be embodied in a tangible form as we often find in fabric stores.
2. Cooperative Learning ModelCooperative learning involves a small group of students who working together as a team to
solve a problem, completing a task, or doing something to achieve a common goal. Slavia (inWahidah, 2009:9) suggests that the model of cooperative learning students work together in teams
of four or more to master the material was originally presented by the lecturers. The purpose of
cooperative learning is creating a situation of individual success which is affected or determined by
the success of the group.
Cooperative learning in textile design using Adobe Photoshop program will be able to help
students to increase positive attitudes of students in computer design, especially in designing
textiles. For the student as individual is to build confidence on his ability to solve problems in
designing a computer using Adobe Photoshop program specially designed textiles, so that it will
reduce or even eliminate the anxiety of how to design computer program Adobe Photoshop in
creating textile designs.
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According to Subrata (2008:100), cooperative learning emphasizes the presence of students
who interact among fellow peers as a team to resolve or discuss a problem or task. So cooperative
learning can be defined as a system of teaching where students are given the opportunity to work
separately with other students in a heterogeneous group with members between four to six people.
Heterogeneity of group members is in terms of gender, ethnicity, achievement, and social status.
There are several things that need to be met in order to ensure cooperative learning students work
cooperatively. These things include:
a. The students joined in a group must feel that they are part of a team and have a common goal
to be achieved.
b. The students who joined in a group should realize that the problems they face are their
problems and the success of the group will depend on them and will be the responsibility
shared by all members of the group.
c. To achieve maximum results, students who join the group should talk to one another in
discussing about the faced problems.d. Students who join a group of workers should be aware that each student has a direct effect on
the success of the group.
The characteristic of cooperative learning model are as follows:
a. Students work in groups in cooperative will listen, express opinions and make decisions
together,
b. The group was formed of students of high , medium and low quality,
c. Whenever possible, attempts were made to each group consisted of race, ethnicity, culture,
different sexes,
d. Award more on work-oriented group then on individuals.
According to Lie (in Anita 2002:34), in cooperative learning model there are six main steps,
starting with the steps where the teacher presents the objectives of learning and learning to
motivate the rest to end with a move to reward the efforts of groups and individuals. Then,
cooperative learning steps from beginning to end can be seen in the following table:
Table. 1. Steps in Cooperative Learning
Phase Indicator Teacher Acts
1 Deliver the goals and motivate
students
A teacher delivers all learning goal
that will be achieved in the process
and motivate his students
2 Present Information A teacher will present information
to students by demonstration or
through reading material
3 Organize students in learning groups A teacher explains to students how
to form learning groups and helps
each group so that the transition
will be efficient.
4 Supervise groups in working and
learning
A teacher supervises group when
they are working in their tasks.
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INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
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5 Evaluation A teacher evaluates learning results
about material that has been studied
or each group will present their
work.
6 Give rewards A teacher finds a way to reward
learning efforts or results
3. Cooperative Learning of Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) TypeAccording to Slavin (in Robert E, 2005), students who are in each class will be provided
with knowledge, skill and different motivation, so that when a teacher presents a subject in class
with various knowledge, it is possible that some of students will not have prerequisted skills to
learn the subject. It makes them waste time to learn the subjects quickly.
According to Natsir (2004:74), the cooperative learning type Team Assistad
Individualization is combined in many unique learning material and have its own realizationguidelines. Type of cooperative learning Assistad Team is a form of cooperative learning
Individualization of eight components, namely:
a. Team or group
Group was formed consisting of 4 to 6 students. The group is a heterogeneous group, which
represents the academic results in the classroom, gender and ethnic or sense. Group function is to
ensure that all group members join to learn and more specifically is preparing its members for the
test well. Based on the above according Uthai Natsir (2004:47), measures the type of cooperative
learning Assistad Team Individualization (TAI), namely:
1) Placement testStudents tested at the beginning of the learning program. They are placed in the appropriate
program based on their test results.
2) Curriment materials or learning toolsFor majority of teaching, students work in curriculum material individually that contains
learning concept. In learning, problems and word problems emphasize on the content. Each
unit has their own parts as follows :
(a) One instruction sheet, contains the concept that proposed by a teacher in learning groups(to discuss shortly) and gives methods step by step in solving problems
(b) Some practice skill sheets, each practice skill introduce a sub skill that will bring into themastery of the skills.
(c) Formative Test(d) A unit test is a final unit in each cycle(e) Answer sheer for exercise problem and unit and formative test.
3) Team study or Learning groupAfter following the placement test, the teacher taught the first lesson. Then students will be
given a unit of learning tools individually. That unit will be written in students book. The
students learn according to their unit in a team by following steps below :
Para siswa membentuk pasangan atau kelompok dengan empat anggota dalam
kelompok mereka.
(a) The students form pairs or groups with four members in their group. The students read theirmanual pages and asked for help from their friend or teacher if necessary. Then they start
with the first practice in their unit.
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INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR
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(b) Each student will work on the first problem in their exercise then a friend from their owngroup will check the answer in the aswers sheet and feedback will be written in the back
of their book. If every answer is correct then the students can move to the next exercise. If
the answer is wrong then the students should try again until he can solve the problems. If
the students face a difficulty in this stage, then it is suggested to ask help from teachers.
(c). When a student can solve the problems correctly in the last exercise in formative test,
then students can work individually until it finishes.
(d). Students finish unit test that is a final test which is held after each cycle finishes.
4) Team scoring and team recognition.Scoring is made based on the average of formative test of group members and the accuracy of
formative test. High criteria is made for super group, middle criteria is for great group and
minimum criteria is for good group. The group that meets the criteria of super and great will
receive interesting rewards and certificate.
(5) Teaching group
When a teacher start a new topic, the teacher will teach about main topic for ten or fifteen
minutes in classical way to students which have been grouped in heterogenous team. Teachers
will use a unique learning program concept. In this stage, students will be introduced with
main concepts. The teachers will manipulate and make diagrams and do demonstration. In
general, students will have concepts that have been introduced to them in group individually.
(6) Fact test
Twice a week, student will take test for three minutes according to facts.
(7) Whole-class units
After learning activity finishes, it is necessary to have unit test to know the students ability in
learning by using group methods.
Conclusion
1. Textile design can be done by using Adobe Photoshop program which is one of designgraphics programs that created to make editing and effects creation easy in drawing by using
computer. It consists of: 1) Make textile dwimatra (2D)design and 2) application oftrimatra
(3D) textile design
2. Cooperative learning consists of a small students group that work together as a team to solvea problem, finish the tasks, or work on something to reach the set goals.
3. The steps in cooperative learning type Team Assistad Individualization (TAI) are: 1)Placement test, 2) Curriment materials or learning tools, 3) Team study or group study, 4)
Team Score and Team recognition, 5) Teaching group 6) facts and 7) Whole-class units.
References
Anita, Lee. 2005. Cooperative Learning. Jakarta: Grasindo
Hijrah. 2009.Pemberdayaan Perempuan Melalui Peningkatan Keterampilan Menghias Busana di
Desa Barembeng Kecamatan Bontonompo Kabupaten Gowa. Skripsi. Makassar. FT-UNM.
Kurniadi, Adi. 2003. Cara Mudah Menguasai Photoshop VII. Jakarta: PT. Elex Media
Komputindo.
Permana, Doddie K. 2009.Desain Tekstil Menggunakan Photoshop. Bandung. Informatika
Rosmawaty. 2006.Minat Mahasiswa Terhadap Desain Busana pada Program Studi Tata Busana
Jurusan PKK FT-UNM. Skripsi. Makassar. FT-UNM.
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Said, Azis Abdul. 2006.Dasar Desain Dwimatra. Makassar: Badan Penerbit UNM.
Subrata, Heru. 2008. Cooperative Learning. http://library.um.ac.id/free-
contents/download/pub/pub.php/35865.pdf. Downloaded on 24th May 2011
Slavia, Robert E. 2010. Cooperative Learning. Bandung: NusamediaWahidah. 2005. Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif dalam Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa.
Thesis. Unpublished. Makassar : UNM
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