H A R B O R

-Harbor kapal dapat masuk dan berlindung dari angin & gelombang

-Port harbor dengan fasilitas untuk docking, cargo handling &

storage, dan transfer of passenger

-Marina shallow draft harbor terutama untuk kapal-kapal kecil untuk

rekreasi

HARBOR ENGINEERING

waterways Protective structures

docks

loading

discharging

repair

}cargo

HARBOR

HARBOR

natural seminatural artificial

dredging breakwater

refuge military commercial

municipalPrivately owned

Karakter Penting untuk Harbor (commercial)

Good anchorage

safe Easy access}

During any condition of weather and state of tide

Size of a harbor:• Penggunaan tugs

• Jumlah dan ukuran kapal

• Existing site conditions

Small Artificial Harbor

piers

channel

400 ft

1000 ft750 ft 500 ft

1500 ft

600 ft

Usual minimum

harbor area

Space for

docks

Turning basin

Free turning

Limited turning

Radius ≥ 2 length of the largest ship

Minimum diameter > 20% length of

the largest ship

Medium-sized artificial harbor with full-sized turning basin

1000 ft

200 ft 200 ft

400 ft

800 ft

1800 ft2250 ft

Turning circle

Small boat basin

Breakwaters

Location & extent

Size & Direction of maximum

waves

Configuration of the

shoreline

Size of harbor to be

protected

Tujuan : membuat harbor menjadi tenang

Untuk comfortable breathing: wave height < 2 ft

sebaiknya wind speed < 10 – 15 mi / h

Note : angin & arus sering lebih mengganggu daripada waves

Two entrance harbor

Ship enters

Ship leaves

Offshore mooring

or Offshore

anchorage area

Not feasible or economical to construct a dock

-Ships carrying explosives or dangerous cargo

-Quarantine inspection

-To await docking space

-To await favorable weather conditions

Harbor entrance

width

function

location

Effects on vertical surface

Small harbors 300 ft

Medium harbors 400 – 500 ft

Large harbors 500 – 1000 ft

To reduce wave height

Be careful with ebb & flood

tide (current)!!!

On the lee side

reflection scourIncreased

wave heights

NOTE:>> arus dari ebb & flood harus dicegah dari melebihi 4 ft/s, karena akan mengakibatkan gangguan navigasi dan scour

>> untuk mencegah scour pada dinding vertikal:

- Wave-deflecting walls

- Buat “beach” (wave-absorbing beach)

- Buat “hollow structure”

- Wave traps

CHANNEL DEPTHMain criteria : sufficient depth to permit navigation at lowest low water when ships are fullt-loaded

Faktor lain:

# surge of the ship (about one half the wave height)

# squat when in motion

# 1 m (2 – 4 ft) clearance under the keel

# type of the bottom (soft mud / sand / hard rock)

# draft of the largest ship (eg: supertankers deadweight tonnage = 300.000 tons; draft > 80 ft)

# tides : - artificial tidal working of ports

- natural tidal working of ports