GUIA PARA ELABORAR UN PROYECTO DE INTERVENCIÓN

8/12/2019 GUIA PARA ELABORAR UN PROYECTO DE INTERVENCIN

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J]I UIWI FI MFIGCWILDH

KMF UFIH KM DH[MWRMHLDH KM UWCTML[CKM KM\IWWCFFC CWJIHD_ILDCHIF C LC@]HD[IWDC

T KCL]@MH[C KMBDHD[DRC

Urcjri`i km Bcrtifmld`dmhtc Ilik`dlc

Ijcstc km 7597


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hkdlm km fi Jui

Lchsdkmrildchms dhdldifms dUrcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif dUrcymltc km kmsirrcffc lcùhdtirdc dd

Buhldchms kmf ismscr dddCrdmhtildchms piri mf mstukdihtm dvKclu`mhtc dhdldif vKclu`mhtc bdhif v

Ispmltcs bcrìfms vdHcti scgrm mf pfijdc vdd\mfmlldh kmf tmì kmf prcymltc vdd[tufc vdddUirtm D. Ufih km dhtmrvmhldhMstrulturi kmf kclu`mhtc dhdldif 9Lirtufi c pcrtiki 7Mom`pfc km lirtufi =hkdlm 2Mom`pfc km hkdlm :Dhtrckulldh 1

9. @irlc rmbmrmhldif7. Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfmì

499


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Ihmxcs =;Wmbmrmhldis gdgfdcjrbdlis ==


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d

Lchsdkmrildchms dhdldifms

Fi ]hdvmrsdkik piri mf Kmsirrcffc kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi (]hdkms), i trivs kmf

Urcjriì km Bcrtifmld`dmhtc Ilik`dlc (UBI), ai kdsmikc uh kclu`mhtc mh mfqum sm mxpchm mh bcrì smlumhldif fi mstrulturi, crkmh y lchtmhdkc tihtc kmf Ufih

km dhtmrvmhldh kmf prcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lcùhdtirdc, lc`c kmf

Dhbcr`m km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lcùhdtirdc, lch mf cgomtdvc km uhdbcrìr

lrdtmrdcs lchlmrhdmhtms i msti `ckifdkik km tdtufildh. Ucr lumstdchms prltdlis

am`cs kmldkdkc dhtmjrir mh uhi scfi jui kcs prclmscs kdstdhtcs y

lc`pfm`mhtirdcs? fi Uirtm D lchldmrhm i fi pfihmildh kmf prcymltc, c kclu`mhtc

dhdldif, `dmhtris qum fi Uirtm DD lcrrmspchkm if dhbcr`m lchlfudkc, c kclu`mhtc

bdhif.

Fi prmsmhtildh km fcs lchtmhdkcs dhlfuym lchsmocs y mom`pfcs piri dhdldir fi

rmkilldh km ifjuhcs prribcs. Lchbdi`cs mh qum dfustrir lch uh lisc adpcttdlc

l`c sm crdjdhih y lchstruymh fcs kcs kclu`mhtcs irrdgi smifikcs iyukir if

mstukdihtm i lchlmgdr y kmsirrcffir su prcpdc trigioc.

Ihtms km lchtdhuir lch msti mxpfdlildh dhtrckultcrdi ms hmlmsirdc kdstdhjudr mhtrmkmsirrcffc crjihdzildchify kmsirrcffc lcùhdtirdc, piri fc luif prcpcrldchi`cs fis

sdjudmhtms kmbdhdldchms.

Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif

Mhtmhkm`cs lc`c Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif uhi prcpumsti km

dhtmrvmhldh mstritjdli mh uh `gdtc mspmlbdlc km uhi crjihdzildh, yi smi

pgfdli, prdviki c uhi CHJ, piri mf fcjrc km sus `mtis. Kdlai dhtmrvmhldh pumkm

ailmrsm mh fcs prclmscs, mh fcs prckultcs c mh fcs smrvdldcs. 9

9 Uiri ìycr ilmrli`dmhtc i msti hcldh, sm rmlc dmhki mf tmxtc km Uitdc Crtdz, @djumf mt if. (s/b).

Kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif. Lc`pfmodkik y kdh`dli km sdstmìs . @xdlc? M_D@M/DUH. Lchsuftikc mf 9: kmijcstc km 7597 km fi pjdhi attps?/kclsjccjfm.lc`/vdmwr3i0v&9


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Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc lcùhdtirdc

Ucr Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc lcùhdtirdc lc`prmhkm`cs uhi prcpumsti km

illdchms piri dhtmrvmhdr km bcrì kdrmlti mh uh prcymltc km dhvmrsdh mh uhi

rmjdh, km bcrtifmld`dmhtc kmf kmsirrcffc turstdlc km uhi lcùhdkik c fi `mocri km

fcs `mkdcs km trihspcrtm c ìhmoc km fi ik`dhdstrildh kmf su`dhdstrc km ijui

(Wdvmri, 7597? 91). Ikm`s, sigm`cs qum liki rmjdh c lcùhdkik tdmhm uhi

vclildh prcpdi qum i vmlms hc mst gdmh mhliuziki, is, i fc smifikc

ihtmrdcr`mhtm pckrih ijrmjirsm ctris prcpumstis, lc`c fi km dhtmrvmhdr mh uhi

lcùhdkik rurif c dhkjmhi piri prcpchmr mstritmjdis qum rmkuhkmh mh uhi `mocr

lchsmrvildh km sus rmlurscs hiturifms, prc`cvmr fi pirtdldpildh km fis ùomrmsy fcs jrupcs vufhmrigfms piri pirtdldpir mh fi scfuldh km sus prcpdcs prcgfmìs,

lcikyuvir i fi prmsmrvildh km fis fmhjuis dhkjmhis, c gdmh, scldifdzir mf

lchcld`dmhtc ldmhtbdlc y tmlhcfjdlc, is lc`c kdhi`dzir ctrcs rugrcs lc`c mf

smltcr turstdlc, pcr mom`pfc smjh fis hmlmsdkikms kmtmltikis mh fi lcùhdkik

mh fi qum sm kmsmi dhtmrvmhdr.

Lc`c ibdrì Lrmspc (7595? 9) fcs prcymltcs lcùhdtirdcs tdmhmh lc`c prcpsdtcrmscfvmr uh prcgfmì c sitdsbilmr uhi hmlmsdkik d`pcrtihtm km uh kmtmr`dhikc

smltcr km fi pcgfildh.7

Ucr fc tihtc, smjh mf tdpc km prcymltc sm lchsdkmrirh fcs cgomtdvcs y mf lchtmhdkc

km liki mtipi, pcr fc qum fi lcrrmlti bcrùfildh km liki uhi km mffis rmkuhkir

mh mf rmsuftikc bdhif, km tif `ckc qum fi rmkilldh kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldhms fi

cpcrtuhdkik qum tdmhm mf mstukdihtm km `cstrir fcs lchcld`dmhtcs ikqudrdkcs if

lursir su lirrmri, kmskm fi smfmlldh kmf tmì, mf ìrlc rmbmrmhldif, fi

oustdbdlildh, fcs cgomtdvcs jmhmrif y mspmlbdlcs, fi kmslrdpldh km fi prcpumsti, fcs

iflihlms y fd`dtildchms, mf msqumì km ilcpdc km dhbcrìldh, mf pfih km illdh, mf

7 Uiri uhi `mocr lc`prmhsdh kmf mhbcqum km ìrlc fjdlc piri mf kdsmc km prcymltcs lcùhdtirdcs,

lchsftmsm Lrmspc, I. (7595).


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lrchcjriì km kmsirrcffc kmf prcymltc y, mh jmhmrif, fcs ispmltcs km crjihdzildh

y lchtmhdkc km mstm kclu`mhtc.

Buhldchms kmf ismscr

Mf ismscr oumji uh pipmf ùy d`pcrtihtm mh mf prclmsc irrdgi smifikc, yi qum su

buhldh lchsdstm mh crdmhtir if mstukdihtm mh su gsqumki km rmspumstis piri

mstigfmlmr `mocris mh fi crjihdzildh c piri kmtchir prcymltcs lcùhdtirdcs qum

lcikyuvmh if fcjrc kmf gdmh lc`h> pcr fc tihtc, iquf kmgmr ludkir qum mf

prcymltc smfmlldchikc pcr stm y fcs cgomtdvcs qum sm pfihtmm smih biltdgfms km

rmifdzildh> scgrm tckc, kmgmr lmhtrirsm mh qum fi prcpumsti tmhji rmfmvihldi

ilik`dli, dhstdtuldchif c scldif, qum smi pmrtdhmhtm lch fis `mtis km ficrjihdzildh, y qum sm ipmjum i fcs pfihms km kmsirrcffc yi smi mstitifms c

ùhdldpifms. [i`gdh kdslutdr lch mf mstukdihtm fcs pfihtmi`dmhtcs qum stm

prmsmhtm, lch fi bdhifdkik km qum mf pfih qumkm mstrulturikc km ìhmri lcrrmlti.

Fi tirmi kmf ismscr sm rmkulm i kdsmir uhi mstritmjdi km trigioc piri qum mf

mstukdihtm dhdldm y bdhifdlm mh tdm`pc y bcrì tihtc mf pfih km dhtmrvmhldhlc`c mf

kclu`mhtc bdhif qum kmgmr mxpchmr ihtm uhi `msi km mxpmrtcs. \dh m`girjc, fi

buhldh kmf ismscr hc lchsdstm mh rmkiltir brij`mhtcs kmf prcymltc, lcrrmjdr fi

crtcjribi c guslir dhbcrìldh piri mf mstukdihtm, sdhc mh kir dhkdlildchms piri

qum mf trigioc lu`pfi lch fc mstdpufikc mh liki mtipi y smifir mrrcrms

lchlmptuifms y mstrulturifms lch mf cgomtc km qum mf mstukdihtm dhtrckuzli fis

ikmluildchms smifikis.

Mh shtmsds, fi rmspchsigdfdkik km qum mf trigioc ffmjum i gumh tr`dhc rmlim

prdhldpif`mhtm mh mf mstukdihtm. Ucr su pirtm, mf mstukdihtm kmgm mstir lchsldmhtm

km qum mf trigioc ms suyc y hc kmf ismscr> jmhmrir ivihlms km su kclu`mhtc y

smjudr fcs lchsmocs kmf ismscr. Hc cgstihtm, iikd`cs qum km uh pfih qum

sitdsbilm fcs rmqudsdtcs `mtckcfjdlcs sm kmrdvir uh prcymltc kmbmhkdgfm y kdjhc

km qudmh fc mslrdgm, pmrc ti`gdh kdjhc km qudmh fc ismscr.


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dv

Fm sujmrd`cs fc sdjudmhtm?

9. Aiji qum mf iutcr kmf kclu`mhtc pdmhsm mh su mhtcrhc figcrif c mh fi

lcùhdkik kchkm vdvm y qum rmbfmxdchm ilmrli km lufms smrih sus ipcrtms

piri prcpchmr scfuldchms biltdgfms km rmifdzildh i uh prcgfmì cgsmrvikc.

7. Ihd`m if mstukdihtm i qum fmi fdgrcs, rmvdstis, pmrdkdlcs, tritikcs,

ìhuifms y ctrcs pfihms km dhtmrvmhldh rmfildchikcs lch mf suyc y, scgrm

tckc, pkifm qum hc li`gdm mf hc`grm km su pfih, pums mstc d`pfdliri

prkdki km tdm`pc y rmlurscs.

ti`gdh tdmhms fi cgfdjildh km jmhmrir ivihlms kmf prcymltc km

dhtmrvmhldh y kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif, fmmr, kclu`mhtirtm, rmvdsir tu trigioc, ailmr fis

`ckdbdlildchms pmrtdhmhtms y smjudr fis rmlc`mhkildchms qum sm tm dhkdqumh. Ucr

supumstc, ti`gdh tdmhms qum lchsuftir y lmdrtm i fi jui. Hc cgstihtm, iikd`csqum km uh prcymltc qum sitdsbilm fcs rmqudsdtcs `mtckcfjdlcs sm kmrdvir uh

trigioc bdhif kmbmhkdgfm y kdjhc km qudmh fc mslrdgd, pmrc ti`gdh kdjhc km qudmh fc

ismscr.


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v

9. Yum lcrrmspchki i tus dhtmrmsms lc`c dhtmjrihtm km uhi crjihdzildh c

lcùhdkik, tu mxpmrdmhldi prcbmsdchif y fis ìtmrdis qum `s aih

lchtrdgudkc i tu bcrìldh lc`c mstukdihtm km fi ]HDKM\.

7. Yum tmhjis subdldmhtm rmspifkc tmrdlc y `mtckcfjdlc piri bcrùfir tu pfih.

Kclu`mhtc dhdldif

Mf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldhms uh kclu`mhtc prmvdc i fi rmifdzildh kmf Urcymltc km

kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lcùhdtirdc,yi qum pmr`dtm kmbdhdr fcs lc`pchmhtms km

stm y pfihmirfc km dhdldc i bdh, pums msti mtipi, lc`c smifi Airc (7595? ;), ms

uh crkmhi`dmhtc fjdlc y sdstm`tdlc qum jui mf prclmsc.

Kclu`mhtc bdhif

]h Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lcùhdtirdckmgm smr lfirc, rmifdzigfm,

prcpcrldchir fi dhbcrìldh subdldmhtm, smr lchjrumhtm mhtrm sus pirtms y tmhmr uhi

rmbmrmhldi m`prdli. Djuif`mhtm, kmgm lc`prmhkmr fi bcrùfildh km uh prcgfmì

lfiri`mhtm kmbdhdkc y uh ìrlc km rmbmrmhldi lch kmslrdptcrms ikmluikcs,

oustdbdlirsm pfmhi`mhtm, pfihtmirsm cgomtdvcs y tmhmr lfiri fi prcpumsti, y

mspmldbdlir mf pfih km illdh, mhtrm ctrcs mfm`mhtcs. Ms kmldr, mf prcymltc kmgm

pcsmmr uhi rmfildh fjdli y kdrmlti mhtrm liki uhc km sus lc`pchmhtms y rmvmfir

qum su iutcr ai lchsuftikc fdgrcs (gdgfdcjribi), rmvdstis (am`mrcjribi) y

kclu`mhtcs mfmltrhdlcs mspmldifdzikcs mh mf `gdtc km iltuildh mh mf qum

prmtmhkm dhtmrvmhdr. \cgrm tckc, su trigioc kmgm `cstrir qum lchclm i bchkc fi

crjihdzildh c fi lcùhdkik y qum mst rmif`mhtm lc`prc`mtdkc lc`c piri

kdsmir mstritmjdis y li`gdcs pcsdtdvcs mh uh `gdtc pirtdlufir.

\mjh Oilnsch (ldt. pcr Jiyhcr, 755


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lchkdldchms sdùfthmis? sm kmsmi li`gdir y ikm`s hmlmsdti iyuki piri

ailmrfc.

Isd`ds`c, mf rmpcrtm bdhif kmf Urcymltc km kmsirrcffc crjihdzildchif c lcùhdtirdc

kmgm lchtmhmr fcs luitrc liptufcs qum `s ikmfihtm smrh rmbmrdkcs, ouhtc lch fi

dhbcrìldh qum rmspifkm fi cgomtdvdkik km fc ibdrìkc mh liki smlldh.

Ispmltcs bcrìfms

Fi ìhmri mh qum prmsmhtms tus kclu`mhtcs kdr ùlac ilmrli km tu kmkdlildh

y prcbmsdchifds`c, pcr msc tm dhsti`cs i qum fc mslrdgis lch puflrdtuk, sdh biftis km

crtcjribi y lch rdjcr tmrdlc y `mtckcfjdlc. Wmlumrki qum fis ìyslufis s smilmhtih y qum hc gisti usir mf lcrrmltcr crtcjrbdlc, pums hc sdm`prm fi

lc`putikcri smifi fcs mrrcrms. Wmvdsi uhi y ctri vmz tu trigioc> hc tm lchbcr`ms

lch fc prd`mrc qum mslrdgis, sdm`prm rmjrmsi i tu tmxtc piri `mocrirfc.

Mh luihtc i fi mxtmhsdh, mf trigioc dhdldif pumkm igirlir km mhtrm 95 i 9= pjdhis,

`dmhtris mf kclu`mhtc bdhif tmhkr uhi mxtmhsdh km mhtrm 25 i 15 pjdhis. Mf tdpc

km fmtri smr Irdif c [d`ms Hmw Wcìh km 97 puhtcs, lch dhtmrfdhmikc km 9.= l`.

Urcluri hc usir kmìsdikis hmjrdtis, lc`dffis y rmsiftikcs dhhmlmsirdcs mh mf

tmxtc. Lcfcli fi hu`mrildh km fis pjdhis mh mf ìrjmh dhbmrdcr kmrmlac piri qum

mf tmxtc pumki fmmrsm sdh dhtmrrupldchms.

Ucr ctri pirtm, kmgms ldtir smjh mf mstdfc IUI c @FI. Hc mxijmrms mh fi lihtdkik

km d`jmhms qum prmsmhtms> ti`pclc pchjis ikcrhcs hd clupms dhbcrìldh

supmrbfui piri ffmhir fis pjdhis. Bdhif`mhtm, ludki qum liki ipirtikc c liptufc

lc`dmhlm mh uhi humvi pjdhi.

Aiy ctri kd`mhsdh qum ti`gdh kmgms ludkir ùlac mh tu trigioc, pums km hc

ilitirfi tm airis `mrmlmkcr km uh rmpcrtm km kmsachmstdkik ilik`dli. Hcs

rmbmrd`cs if pfijdc.


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Hcti scgrm mf pfijdc

Liki vmz ms `s brmlumhtm dhlurrdr mh uhi prltdli qum sm ai jmhmrifdzikc.

Gsdli`mhtm, sdjhdbdli lfiukdlir mh mf dhtmhtc km mslrdgdr uh tmxtc prcpdc, is qum

sm rmlurrm i uhi scfuldh bldf? rcgirsm fcs tmxtcs km ctrcs y prmsmhtirfcs lc`c

prcpdcs, sdh sdqudmri pchmrfcs mhtrm lc`dffis c mxpfdlir if fmltcr luf bum fi bumhtm

kclu`mhtif km kchkm sm mxtrioc.

Mf pfijdc, smjh fc kmbdhm Jdf ms fi iprcpdildh, dhtmhldchiki c hc, km fi bcrì km

lc`pcsdldh, pifigris, dkmis c brisms km ctris pmrschis y qum sm utdfdzi sdh kirfm

lrkdtc i su lrmikcr crdjdhif (attp?//www.sdh.dtms`.`x/gdgfdc/tutcr/tdtc/pfijdc9.at ).

\mfmlldh kmf tmì kmf prcymltc

Ihtms km pchmrfm ttufc i tu prcymltc kmgms pmhsir ludkikcsi`mhtm mh uh

prcgfmì qum tm dhtmrmsm mstukdir y ihifdzir piri prcpchmr li`gdcs biltdgfms km

rmifdzildh, iuhqum sfc tm qumkms mh fi prcpumsti c kdsmc y hc ffmjums i fi

mtipi km d`pfm`mhtildh c mvifuildh. If `ds`c tdm`pc, mstm prcgfmì kmgm

mstir rmfildchikc lch fi lirrmri qum mstukdistm. Ucr mom`pfc, sd mstukdistm

Dhjmhdmri mh Ijrchcì y tm dhtmrms fi ìtmrdi [lhdlis km prckulldh

ijrlcfi, qum tdmhm fi lfivm DI aigrs pmhsikc ti`gdh mh fis rmpmrlusdchms y lchsmlumhldis km tubuturc prcymltc, km ffmvirsm i ligc, y qudhms smrih fcs kdrmlti`mhtm gmhmbdldikcs

pcr f.
http://www.sin.itesm.mx/biblio/tutor/tito/plagio1.htmhttp://www.sin.itesm.mx/biblio/tutor/tito/plagio1.htmhttp://www.sin.itesm.mx/biblio/tutor/tito/plagio1.htmhttp://www.sin.itesm.mx/biblio/tutor/tito/plagio1.htm


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Luifqudmr fmltcr, iuhqum hc smpi hiki scgrm Dhjmhdmri mh Ijrchc`i, sm kiri

lumhti km qum t msts prcpchdmhkc kdbuhkdr uh tdpc km ijrdlufturi qum prctmoi fcs

rmlurscs hiturifms km uhi zchi mspmlbdli.

Mh fi bism km pfihmildh hc tdmhms qum km`cstrir rmsuftikcs hd lc`prcgir sd fi

mstritmjdi km kdbusdh bum ikmluiki c hc, yi qum hc tmhkrs qum lc`prcgir

adptmsds. Fc qum s sm tc`ir mh lumhti piri iprcgir mf trigioc smr fi lipildkik

km `cstrir tus lchcld`dmhtcs km fi lirrmri, ludkihkc sdm`prm fi tdli prcbmsdchif

y, scgrm tckc, fi sustmhtigdfdkik kmf prcymltc.

Km ilumrkc lch mf ttufc km tu prcymltc sm prmv qum tmhkrs qum mxpfdlir y kmbdhdrldmrtcs vcligfcs, tifms lc`c ijrdlufturi sustmhtigfm, lchsmrvildh km rmlurscs

y lchcld`dmhtc y prltdlis fclifms.

If `ds`c tdm`pc, mstirs prmvdmhkc qu mstritmjdis smrh `s prcvmlacsis piri

km`cstrir fi utdfdkik km tu pfih y mf prcymltc mh qum kmrdvir.


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UIW[M D

UFIH KM DH[MWRMHLDH KM UWCTML[C

KM KM\IWWCFFC CWJIHD_ILDCHIF C LC@]HD[IWDC


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Mstrulturi kmf kclu`mhtc dhdldif pcr fc tihtc, pmr`dtm kmbdhdr fcs lc`pchmhtms km stm y pfihmirfckm dhdldc i tr`dhc. Lc`c tckc pfih c prcymltc, kmgm smr iflihzigfm, subdldmhtm,

lchjrumhtm mhtrm sus pirtms y tmhmr uh lchtmxtc lchlrmtc.

Mf crkmh y lchtmhdkc ms mf qum sm ùmstri i lchtdhuildh?

Mstrulturi Lchtmhdkc

Lirtufi Lch fcs mfm`mhtcs mstigfmldkcs pcr fi

]HDKM\.hkdlm Lc`c sm ùmstri mh mf mom`pfc.

Dhtrckulldh Mxpfdlildh jmhmrif kmf Ufih kmdhtmrvmhldh.

@irlc rmbmrmhldif

Kmslrdpldh km fi uhdkik kmcgsmrvildh, yi smi uhi dhstdtuldh,fclifdkik, lcùhdkik c rmjdh. Hcailmr uh lc`pmhkdc jmcjrbdlc.

Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfmì Mxpfdli mf mstikc iltuif kmf prcgfmì ypcsdgfms scfuldchms

Oustdbdlildh Mxpfdli qu lchcld`dmhtcs sm ipfdlirhpiri mfigcrir mf prcymltc, utdfdkik md`piltc scldif qum fi prcpumsti tmhkrimh lisc km d`pfm`mhtirsm.

Cgomtdvcs Mhuhldikc km fis `mtis mh rizh kmfprcgfmì kmtmltikc.

Kmslrdpldh km fi prcpumsti Dkmis piri ipcyir i fi crjihdzildh clcùhdkik.

Iflihlms y fd`dtildchms Grmvm kmslrdpldh km fis `mtismspmrikis.

Msqumì km ilcpdc km dhbcrìldhDhbcrìldh qum sm dhtmjrir mh mf

ipirtikc km \ustmhtc [mrdlc kmfkclu`mhtc bdhif.

Ufih km illdh Msqumì km fis mtipis prmvdstis pirifi lchsmluldh km cgomtdvcs.

hkdlm tmhtitdvc kmf buturc Urcymltc km Dhkdli mf lchtmhdkc tmhtitdvc kmf

pcr supumstc, aiy qum lmrldcrirsm km lchtir lch fcs pmr`dscs pirikdvufjir msi dhbcrìldh. Uiri mf lisc km uh pfih km dhtmrvmhldh mh uhi

lcùhdkik, ti`gdh sm pumkm prcvmmr dhbcrìldh jrbdli, qum sm pisir i fi

smlldh km Ihmxcs, mh tihtc mh mf @irlc rmbmrmhldif sm airh fis dhkdlildchms

pmrtdhmhtms.

\d fi uhdkik km cgsmrvildh ms uhi crjihdzildh, kirs kmtiffms scgrm l`c surjd

sti, lufms sch sus cgomtdvcs y `mtis, l`c mst crjihdziki, i luhtis pmrschis

ki trigioc y, scgrm tckc, lufms sch fcs prcgfmìs `s iprm`dihtms km rmscfvmr.

Uiri mffc pumkms ailmr uh ihfdsds BCKI y cgtmhmr uh kdijhstdlc, pcr fc `mhcs

pirldif, km fi sdtuildh, prclmsc c prckultc qum prmtmhkms `mocrir lch tu Ufih km

dhtmrvmhldh.

Uiri mf lisc km uh pfih km dhtmrvmhldh mh uh `gdtc lcùhdtirdc ms hmlmsirdc

qum mxpfdqums grmvm`mhtm lufms sch fis lchkdldchms scldcmlch`dlis km fi

lcùhdkik c rmjdh kchkm mbmltuirs tu prcpumsti> pumkms `mhldchir fcs hkdlms

km Kmsirrcffc Auìhc, su tisi km ihifbigmtds`c, km `djrildh, c gdmh, km ifjh

dhkdlikcr rmfildchikc lch mf ttufc km tu trigioc. ]si sfc fi dhbcrìldh pmrtdhmhtm.

Uiri mf lisc qum msti`cs prmsmhtihkc, pckris dhkdlir luf ms fi vclildh

ijrlcfi km fi rmjdh y ailmr uhi grmvm sm`gfihzi km sti.


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Mh luihtc i fi mxtmhsdh km mstm ipirtikc sfc sm prmvdmhm qum juirkm prcpcrldh

lch mf rmstc kmf Ufih km dhtmrvmhldhy, mh lisc km smr hmlmsirdc, ifjuhcs kitcs

pckrh pisirsm i Ihmxcs kmf kclu`mhtc bdhif. Fc d`pcrtihtm hc ms ffmhir fis

pjdhis km `ipis c fdstikcs, sdhc mxpfdlir fi rmfildh qum momrlm mf lchtmxtc mh mf

prcgfm`i kmtmltikc.


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7. UFIH[MI@DMH[C KMF UWCGFM@I

Mh msti smlldh kmgms kmslrdgdr mf prcgfmì kmtmltikc mh fi crjihdzildh c

lcùhdkik, is lc`c mxpfdlir luf ms fi sdtuildh prmsmhtm y luf smri fi sdtuildh

dkmif.

Fi kmbdhdldh kmf prcgfmì ms uh prclmsc km lchlmptuifdzildh mh mf qum

mhsiyirs ifjuhis mxpfdlildchms ilmrli kmf mstikc iltuif qum juirki mf prcgfmì

qum prmtmhkms i`dhcrir c trihsbcrìr, y sus pcsdgfms scfuldchms. Ms d`pcrtihtm

qum mf fmltcr lc`h c mf rmvdscr kmf kclu`mhtc, i pirtdr km fi mxpfdlildh qum

prcpcrldchms, mhtdmhki qum tu dhtmrs ms jmhudhc. Km msti ìhmri, qumkir

pitmhtm qum mf pfih y mf prcymltc vifmh fi pmhi km rmifdzirsm y qum smrh tdfms.

Mh mstm ipirtikc ti`gdh kmgms prcvmmr kitcs ilmrli km ctrcs trigiocs

sd`dfirms if tuyc y ifjuhcs km fcs rmsuftikcs cgtmhdkcs mh tu gsqumki dhdldif. \d mf

prcgfmì yi sm ai tritikc km scfuldchir pcr ctris pmrschis ms hmlmsirdc kmldrfc, y

ti`gdh ms ikmluikc qum mhuhldms fcs vilcs km dhbcrìldh u ctris c`dsdchms

qum fcs mspmldifdstis y pmrschis dhtmrmsikis mh scfuldchir mf prcgfmì aih

lc`mtdkc. Fc dkmif iqu ms km`cstrir qum mf triti`dmhtc qum dhtmhtis kir if

prcgfmì pfihtmi scfuldchms pcsdgfms km mbmltuirsm.

Msti mtipi pumkm rmsu`drsm mh trms `c`mhtcs? fi mhtriki i fi crjihdzildh

c lcùhdkik y fi lrmildh km uh mslmhirdc piri mstigfmlmr fi lchbdihzi mhtrm fcs

kdrmltdvcs km fi crjihdzildh, c fcs fkmrms lcùhdtirdcs (smjh smi mf lisc) y t.=

Kmspus vmhkri mf prclmsc km mxpfcrildh piri ailmr uh kdijhstdlc lch mf bdh km

lchclmr fi pmrtdhmhldi km tu kdsmc km dhtmrvmhldh y mxpfdlir mxilti`mhtm mh qu

lchsdstdr. Mh ikmfihtm, tckc mf trigioc sm rmkuldr i bcrùfir tu pfih km tif `ckcqum sm prmsmhtm lc`c pcsdgfm km d`pfm`mhtir, kirfm smjud`dmhtc y mvifuir

(iuhqum tif vmz tm qumkms sfc mh fi prd`mri mtipi).

=Ms d`prmsldhkdgfm qum fi rmfildh km lchbdihzi yi sm aiyi lchstrudkc ihtms km dhdldir mf kclu`mhtc, pcrqumsd msc hc sm rmsumfvm, tu trigioc pckri itrisirsm ùlac.


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L`c sigmr sd mf prcgfmì mst gdmh pfihtmikc3

Ms lchlrmtc y fc pumkc mhuhldir mh hc `s km kcs rmhjfchms.[dmhm uh lchtmxtc mspmlbdlc.

Ucsmm liriltmrstdlis pirtdlufirms (uhi sdtuildh ikvmrsi qum sm qudmrm

`mocrir y km fi luif sm pumkm irju`mhtir fi lchvmhdmhldi km rmscfvmrfi).

Ufihtmi mf kmsibc km cbrmlmr uhi scfuldh prltdli y vmrdbdligfm.

Dkmis piri rmkiltir mf pfihtmi`dmhtc kmf prcgfmì?

Kmstili fi hmlmsdkik km dhtmrvmhdr mh fi sdtuildh ikvmrsi piri `mocrirfi.

Mxpfdli qum dhtmhtis grdhkir uhi iyuki qum tmhkr gmhmbdldcs d`pcrtihtms

piri fi crjihdzildh c lcùhdkik.

Ipcyi uh mhbcqum lchlmptuif (mf luftdvc sustmhtigfm) c ùstritm mh

kmsilumrkc lch ctrcs (tmlhcfcjis km prckulldh dhtmhsdvi, `mlihdziki y

lch jrihkms vcf`mhms km dhsu`cs, piri mf mom`pfc smfmlldchikc).

Urcph humvis rutis piri rmscfvmr mf prcgfmì kmtmltikc.


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9 ikm`s, kmgms kmtmr`dhir luf smr fi

smlumhldi fjdli km fi momluldh km fis illdchms, prmvmr luhtc tdm`pc tm tirkirsmh liki uhi km mffis y mh qu `c`mhtc lchvdmhm rmifdzirfis. Juitm pcr mf

cgomtdvc jmhmrif y hc fc pdmrkis km vdsti> kmspus vm pfihmihkc liki uhc km fcs

prclmscs qum kmgms mbmltuir piri kir lu`pfd`dmhtc i fcs cgomtdvcs mspmlbdlcs.


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4. HKDLM [MH[I[DRC KMF UWCTML[C

Mh mstm ipirtikc rmsmirs km uhi ìhmri ùy sdhttdli fc qum mxpchkrs mhliki ipirtikc kmf kclu`mhtc kmbdhdtdvc. Hc sm triti sfc km lcfclir uh ttufc y

rmfildchirfc lch su pjdhi rmspmltdvi.

Ucr mom`pfc?

Mh mf liptufc DD kmf Urcymltc km Kmsirrcffc Crjihdzildchif c Lcùhdtirdc,

lcrrmspchkdmhtm if \ustmhtc [mrdlc, sm air rmbmrmhldi i ctrcs prcymltcs km

kmsirrcffc mh lchtmxtcs pirmldkcs if km fi lcùhdkik Fi @ijkifmhi, Uumgfi, y

mh fcs luifms mf iutcr kmf kclu`mhtc sm gisir piri kdsmir sus mstritmjdis km

kdbusdh km fis prltdlis ijrlcfis sustmhtigfms. [i`gdh sm tritir mh mstm

ipirtikc, scgrm mf mstikc iltuif km fcs mstukdcs lchlmrhdmhtms i fi mlcfcji

sustmhtigfm, is lc`c fcs dhkdlikcrms hildchifms, rmjdchifms y mstitifms.

Kmspus sm kmsirrcffiri i jrihkms risjcs, mh mf mom`pfc adpcttdlc qum

msti`cs sdjudmhkc, fc qum lchtmhkrih fcs sdjudmhtms ipirtikcs lcrrmspchkdmhtmsif kclu`mhtc bdhif? Ihtmlmkmhtms, Umrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc, \ustmhtc tmrdlc,

Kdijhstdlc, Ufih km trigioc y Ipfdlildh kmf prcymltc.

I lchtdhuildh `mhldchirm`cs fcs prdhldpifms mfm`mhtcs i fcs qum kmgm

ailmrsm rmbmrmhldi?

Ihtmlmkmhtms kmgmrs dhlfudr mf @irlc Wmbmrmhldif, mf Ufihtmi`dmhtc kmf

Urcymltc, mf Cgomtdvc Jmhmrif kmf [rigioc y fcs Cgomtdvcs Mspmlbdlcs. Mstcs

yi fcs mfigcristm, pmrc ms d`pcrtihtm ipcyirtm mh bumhtms km dhbcrìldh

qum pumkis lchsuftir mh dhvmstdjildchms, dhstdtuldchms (DHMJD), fdgrcs,

pjdhis wmg, iqu sm kmgm `mhldchirsm qu dhbcrìldh mxtri sm lcfclir

piri lc`pfm`mhtir mf buhki`mhtc y khkm sm prmtmhkm mhlchtrir.


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7 i hdvmf

prcbmsdchif l`c sm rmfildchi lch fc qum iprmhkdstm km fi fdlmhldituri, y i

hdvmf scldif mf gmhmbdldc i fi lcùhdkik qum sm ctcrjir lchsdkmrihkc y

ismjurihkc pcr fc ihifdzikc mh mf prcymltc qum hc pmroukdlir mh ctris

rmis i fi `dsì.

Iacri rmfildchi mfprcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km pcftdli mstitif, piri mffi yi

kmgdstm fmmr mf Ufih Mstitif kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi c fcs pfihms ùhdldpifms c

hildchif, piri rmfildchir mscs prcymltcs pfihtmikcs lch fc qum kmsmiailmr, y mstc qum sm fmy y ihifdz smrvdr piri ipcyir fi pmrtdhmhldi kmf

prcymltc.

[i`gdh pckrs ailmr fi vdhlufildh kmf prcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km

]HDKM\> iqu rmfildchi fi msmhldi km fi `dsdh, vdsdh y cgomtdvcs qum fi

]HDKM\ tdmhm if ffmvir mkulildh i fcs li`pus lc`c mf qum sm kmom km

trigioir y ailmr prcymltcs kmskm mf smhtdkc lc`h y if prcbmsdchifdzir i fi

jmhtm km fis lcùhdkikms pumkih tmhmr fis amrri`dmhtis hmlmsirdis

tmrdlc-prltdlis piri pfihmir, d`pfm`mhtir y mvifuir dkmis c prcymltcs lch

lifdkik y lch sustmhtigdfdkik mlcfjdli, mlch`dli y scldif.

\ustmhtc [mrdlc? ms fi Kmslrdpldh km fis gisms tmrdlc-`mtckcfjdlis y

tlhdlis kmf prcymltc, irju`mhtihkc fi pmrtdhmhldi prcbmsdchif.

Kdijhst dlc, iqu ms d`pcrtihtm qum lcfcqums fcs mfm`mhtcs lch fcs qum

tdmhms pmhsikc lchtir lc`c dhbrimstrulturi, rmlurscs auìhcs y rmlurscs

tmlhcfjdlcs> is lc`c? [lhdlis km kdijhstdlc (sm lchtm`pfi luifqudmr

tlhdli smhldffi lc`c mhlumsti, cgsmrvildh pirtdldpihtm c jrupc bclif). Fi

dkmi ms dkmhtdbdlir luf tlhdli m dhstru`mhtc iyukir i cgtmhmr fi


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7;

dhbcrìldh hmlmsirdi piri lchclmr i prcbuhkdkik fc qum sm cgsmrv c sm

lrmm qum sm mhlumhtri mf fujir i d`pfm`mhtir uh prcymltc y sd mh vmrkik fc

hmlmsdti.

Lchtm`pfi ti`gdh [lhdlis km dhvmstdjildh, lc`c mhtrmvdsti lch su

dhstru`mhtc? bcrìtc km mhtrmvdsti c lumstdchirdc lch prmjuhtis igdmrtis> fi

tlhdli mhlumsti qum su dhstru`mhtc? lumstdchirdc (lch prmjuhtis lmrrikis

y lc`c tif rmspumstis prmvdi`mhtm lcfclikis lc`c cpldh)> cgsmrvildh

sdstm`tdli lch su dhstru`mhtc? fdsti km vmrdbdlildh c lamln fdst>

cgsmrvildh ihmlktdli lch sus dhstru`mhtcs? gdtlcri c kdirdc km li`pc>

rmvdsdh km kclu`mhtcs lch sus dhstru`mhtcs? bctcjribi, vdkmcs, iukdcs,

mtl. qum pumkmh lchsuftir mh ifjuhi bumhtm lchbdigfm km @mtckcfcji km fidhvmstdjildh lc`c mf fdgrc km Wcgmrtc Amrhhkmz \i`pdmrd. Ms sfc piri

pfihmir fis tlhdlis m dhstru`mhtcs qum i fc firjc kmf kmsirrcffc kmf

prcymltc smrh hmlmsirdis piri dr tmhdmhkc mvdkmhldis c pckmr tcìr

kmldsdchms.

Ctris sch fis [lhdlis km mvifuildh, qum djuif ms prcymltir km fis

ihtmrdcrms kmslrdtis lufms tm vih i smrvdr piri mvifuir mf xdtc km tu

prcymltc, yi smi qum mfdjdmris mvifuir i fc firjc kmf prclmsc c aisti mf bdhif

km fi d`pfm`mhtildh kmf `ds`c.

Ucgfildh? qum ms mf lchouhtc km dhkdvdkucs c mfm`mhtcs i mstukdir, qum

pumkmh smr pmrschis, ihdìfms, cgomtcs c irtlufcs, kclu`mhtcs, mtl. km

iqumffcs qum cgtmhkrs dhbcrìldh y/c qum ipfdlirs fcs dhstru`mhtcs.

Hc sm kmgm km lchbuhkdr lch fi pcgfildh gmhmbdldiki, pcr mom`pfc? mh uh

prcymltc km kmsirrcffc lcùhdtirdc mh mf qum sm gmhmbdldir i tckc uh ùhdldpdc

c uhi lcùhdkik mh mspmldif, pcrqum mf prcymltc sm rmbdmri i lchstrudr uh

lmhtrc turstdlc lch liriltmrstdlis mspmlbdlis km uh pis, piri pmrschis kmf

`ds`c qum hmlmsdtmh y kmsmmh ilukdr i vdsdtirfc, sdh qum d`pcrtm fcs justcs km


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7=

fcs pcgfikcrms kmf fujir i kchkm sm lcfclir y qum pcr fc tihtc hc sm

mhtrmvdstir c mhlumstir i hdhjuhi km msis pmrschis piri mf kdijhstdlc, mh

mf prclmsc kmf kmsirrcffc kmf prcymltc c piri fi mvifuildh kmf `ds`c> pmrc qum

mlch`dli`mhtm sd fms iyukm i su kmsirrcffc, mhtchlms hc smr fi pcgfildh km

mstukdc sdhc fi pcgfildh gmhmbdldiki fcs pcgfikcrms km msm ùhdldpdc c

lcùhdkik kchkm sm ugdlir mf lmhtrc turstdlc.

T fi pcgfildh km mstukdc smrh fcs kclu`mhtcs mh fcs qum sm ipcyir piri

lchclmr l`c sch fcs lmhtrcs turstdlcs km mscs pisms y sd tdmhm fi

cpcrtuhdkik km mhtrmvdstir c mhlumstir i jmhtm km msm pis djuif sm lchtm`pfi

kmhtrc km mstm tdpc km pcgfildh. T ti`gdh mhtrih fcs mxpmrtcs lc`c

pcgfildh km mstukdc, mh lisc km qum sm rmqudmri mhtrmvdstirfms.

@umstri? ms uh h`mrc rmprmsmhtitdvc km fipcgfildh km mstukdci qudmh sm

vi i ipfdlir fcs dhstru`mhtcs.

Kdijhstdlc km fi sdtuildh i dhtmrvmhdr? iqu yi prmsmhtis fcs rmsuftikcs km

fis tlhdlis km kdijhstdlc ipfdlikis. Umrc hc fc rmkiltis piri mstm

kclu`mhtc? pfih km dhtmrvmhldh> sdhc luihkc yi sm aiyi iprcgikc y yi sm

tmhjih fcs kitcs km mscs rmsuftikcs.

Urcpumsti mlch`dliqum ms mf kitc kmf prmsupumstc qum sm mspmri

lchtm`pfir piri mf xdtc kmf prcymltc mh tckis sus bisms y qum luihkc yi

sm tmhjih mf kdijhstdlc sm pumkm `mocrir mf prmsupumstc.

Ufih km [rigioc,ms fi crjihdzildh mh uh msqumì c luikrc, km fi smrdm

km illdchms i rmifdzir mh mf prcymltc. Hc fc lchbuhkis lch mf lrchcjriì

km mfigcrildh kmf prcymltc, pcrqum msm sfc lchtm`pfi ; `msms i pirtdr

kmf dhdldc km mfmlldh kmf tmì y aisti qum mhtrmji mf kclu`mhtc bdhif.


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Mf pfih km [rigioc kmgm lchsdkmrir tckis fis bisms c piscs kmskm mf

kdijhstdlc, pisihkc pcr fi pfihmildh km iltdvdkikms, d`pfm`mhtildh kmf

prcymltc y fi mvifuildh> tckc mstc mh prcspmltdvi. Wmlumrki qum uh prcymltc

hc ms hmlmsirdc qum sm d`pfm`mhtmh tckis sus bisms, pmrc sd kmgms km pfihmir

lufms smrih, l`c smrih, luhkc sm ffmvirih i ligc, qum hmlmsdtiris km

rmlurscs mh liki uhi, fcs prckultcs qum vis i dr cgtmhdmhkc, mtl. Uumkms

mfigcrir uh luikrc km kcgfm mhtriki lch fcs mfm`mhtcs qum lchsdkmrms

d`pcrtihtms lchtm`pfir piri qum sm ffmvm i ligc km bcrì sitdsbiltcrdi tu

prcymltc, c mf msqumì qum kmsmms y qum cgsmrvms qum mh f sm lc`prmhkm

tckcs fcs `c`mhtcs kmf prcymltc.

T pcr ftd`c, Ipf dlildh kmf Urcymltc, lcfcli fis jmstdchms qum tmhkrsqum rmifdzir piri qum sm pumki ffmvir i ligc km bcrì sitdsbiltcrdi mf

prcymltc, is lc`c fis rmlc`mhkildchms qum fis pmrschis rmfildchikis i

fi ipfdlildh kmgmh lchsdkmrir prmvdc if `ds`c> ms kmldr, rmifdzi uhi

prcspmltdvi km tckc mf mslmhirdc hmlmsirdc piri qum fi ipfdlildh kmf

prcymltc sm ffmvm mh tdm`pc y bcrì, smjh fc lcfclikc mh Ufih km [rigioc.

Luihkc mst iprcgikc mf prctclcfc c pfih km dhtmrvmhldh, y sd iflihzis i

ipfdlir uhi pirtm kmf prcymltc, mhtchlms fc qum sulmkd fc lcfclirs mh tu

kclu`mhtc bdhif, pcr iacri sfc smr fc qum vdsuifdlms tmhkrs qum tmhmr c ailmr

piri qum hc mxdstih cgstlufcs c mxdstih fcs `hd`cs pcsdgfms.

B]MH[M\ KM DHBCW@ILDH

Fi gdgfdcjribi c fdsti km rmbmrmhldis ms uh dhvmhtirdc km fcs tmxtcs lchsuftikcs y

ldtikcs, crkmhikcs ifbigtdli`mhtm i pirtdr kmf ipmffdkc kmf iutcr. Lc`c mh mf Ufih

km dhtmrvmhldh ipmhis msts pfihmihkc tu prcymltc ms prcgigfm qum fi

gdgfdcjribi mst dhlc`pfmti y qum if kmsirrcffir mf trigioc viyis dhlfuymhkc `s

iutcrms. Wmvdsi qum fcs tmxtcs smfmlldchikcs msth iltuifdzikcs y smih fcs

d`prmsldhkdgfms.


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Mh msti smlldh airs uh fdstikc km fcs fdgrcs, rmvdstis y kclu`mhtcs qum

lchsuftistm. Wmlurrm prmbmrmhtm`mhtm if mstdfc km ldtildh kmf sdstmì IUI,

iuhqum ti`gdh pumkms ailmrfc smjh mf sdstmì km hctis i pdm km pjdhi. Mf

crkmh ms mstrdlti`mhtm ifbigtdlc y hc kmgms pchmrfm h`mrcs c vdmtis. :

Uiri ldtir smjh mf sdstmì IUI tm rmlc`mhki`cs lchsuftir msti pjdhi?

attp?//smrvdldcsvi.dtms`.`x/lvr/bcrìtcSipi/judiSipi2ti.pkb

Uiri lchclmr l`c sm ldti smjh kdvmrscs sdstmìs, dhlfudkc mf km hctis i pdm km

pjdhi, lchsufti msti fdji?

attp?//www.rmsmirlajitm.hmt/pugfdlitdch/;9;;=;95SMstritmjdisSpiriSmfigcrirSfdgrcsSS`[email protected]@mhhkmzS@irldh

Uiri mf sdstmì IUI utdfdzi fcs sdjudmhtms bcrìtcs km rmbmrmhldi

Iutcr km uh fdgrc d`prmsc?

Iutcr, I. I. (942:). [tufc kmf trigioc. Fujir? Mkdtcrdif.Iutcr, I. I. (944:). [tufc kmf trigioc. Wmlupmrikc kmattp?//www.xxxxxx

\d hc ipirmlm mf iutcr sdhc uh mkdtcr, fi rmbmrmhldi smr is?

Mkdtcr, I. I. (Mk.). (9412). [tufc kmf trigioc. Fujir? Mkdtcrdif.

Uiri mf liptufc km uh fdgrc, usi fcs sdjudmhtms bcrìtcs?

Iutcr, I. I. (944=). [tufc kmf liptufc c mhtriki. Mh I. Mkdtcr (Mks.), [tufc kmf

fdgrc (pp. xxx-xxx). Fujir? Mkdtcrdif.\d mf fdgrc bum rmlupmrikc mh fhmi, fi rmbmrmhldi smri is?

: Fcs mom`pfcs aih sdkc tcìkcs km fi I`mrdlih Uyslacfcjdlif Issclditdch. (7. mk.). (7557). @ihuif km

Uugfdlildchms km fi I`mrdlih Usylacfcjdlif Issclditdch. Rmrsdh igrmvdiki ^[rik. km @drcsfivi JumrriBrisP. @xdlc? Mkdtcrdif mf @ihuif @ckmrhc.
http://www.xxxxxx/http://www.xxxxxx/http://www.xxxxxx/http://www.xxxxxx/


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Iutcr, I. I. (944=). [tufc kmf liptufc c mhtriki. Mh I. Mkdtcr (Mks.), [tufc kmffdgrc (pp. xxx-xxx). Wmlupmrikc km attp.//www.xxxxxx

Irtlufc km rmvdsti d`prmsi?

Iutcr, I. I. (`iyc, 7551). [tufc kmf irtlufc. Hc`grm km fi rmvdsti, vcfu`mh,(h`mrc), pjdhis.

Irtlufc km rmvdsti mh fhmi?

Iutcr, I.I. (`iyc, 7551). [tufc kmf irtlufc. Hc`grm km fi rmvdsti, (vcfu`mh),

pjdhi. Wmlupmrikc km attp?//www.xxxxx

Wmvdsti hc mspmldifdziki, sdh iutcr?

(755


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Irtlufc km uhi rmvdsti?

@hkmz Ilcsti, @irdc, Fi ldmhldi y sus rdvifms. Mf trdstm lisc km Mfdsigmta [ihj,mh Ldmhldi y Kmsirrcffc, vcf. 74, h`. 924, `irzc-igrdf, 755


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UIW[M DD

DHBCW@M KM UWCTML[C KM KM\IWWCFFC

LC@]HD[IWDC ] CWJIHD_ILDCHIF


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pcr supumstc, aiy qum lmrldcrirsm km lchtir lch fcs pmr`dscs piri

kdvufjir msi dhbcrìldh.

*

Mom`pfc?

Fi @ijkifmhi, Uum. ms uhi lcùhdkik ugdlikc mh fi pirtm lmhtrc crdmhtm

kmf mstikc km Uumgfi. \u hkdlm km Kmsirrcffc Auìhc (DKA), smjh mf LCHMRIF

(7595) ms gioc y mf ìz lchstdtuym uhi d`pcrtihtm iltdvdkik mlch`dli mh fi


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Kdbuhkdr mhtrm fcs prckultcrms km Fi @ijkifmhi, Uumgfi, fcs gmhmbdldcs

km fi ijrdlufturi lmhtriki mh fi lchsmrvildh km rmlurscs y utdfdzildh km

msliscs dhsu`cs.

*

Dhlfuym ti`gdh fcs cgomtdvcs mspmlbdlcs lch fcs qum kmskm mf dhdldc pfihtmistm

trigioir.

Fi mxtmhsdh iprcxd`iki smr km 95 luirtdffis. Fi pijdhildh i pirtdr km mstm

ipirtikc, smr mh h`mrc irgdjcs, mh fi pirtm dhbmrdcr kmrmlai.


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LIU[]FC DD

UMW[DHMHLDI KMF UWCTML[C

Aiy trms mfm`mhtcs qum sm kmgmh kmsirrcffir mh mstm liptufc?

Irju`mhtildh km fi pmrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc, Urcymltc y cgomtdvcs km pcftdli

mstitif y Rdhlufildh kmf prcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km ]HDKM\.

Irju`mhtildh km fi pmrtdhmhldi kmf prcymltc. Mh msti pirtm airs `mhldh

i l`c mf prcymltc prcpumstc ms pmrtdhmhtm kmskm fcs `gdtcs? pmrschif,

prcbmsdchif y scldif.

Kmskm mf `gdtc pmrschif airs uhi rmbfmxdh km l`c mstm prcymltc ipcrti

i tu pfih km vdki, c fis `mtis qum tm ais pfihtmikc lc`c buturc prcbmsdchdsti.Uumkms rmbfmxdchir mh mf smhtdkc km l`c mf prcymltc ti`gdh tm ipcrtir i td

lc`c pmrschi.

Kmskm mf puhtc km vdsti prcbmsdchif, pckrs rmfildchir fis lc`pmtmhldis,

aigdfdkikms c lchcld`dmhtcs qum ikqudrdstm i fc firjc km tu mstihldi mh fi ]HDKM\,

piri pckmr mhbrmhtir fcs rmtcs qum mf prcymltc mxdjm piri su pfihmildh, kmsirrcffc

m d`pfm`mhtildh. [m sujdmrc ipcyirtm km fis ìtmrdis qum tm lipildtirch piri

pckmr rmifdzir mf prcymltc prcpumstc.

T bdhif`mhtm, kmskm mf `gdtc scldif, `mhldchi qum gmhmbdldcs ipcrtir fi

rmifdzildh km tu prcymltc yi smi piri fi lcùhdkik u crjihdzildh dhvcfulriki.

*

Mf kmsirrcffc km mstm prcymltc pmr`dtd qum kmsirrcffir aigdfdkikms km fdkmrizjc

qum `m bumrch km ùlai utdfdkik piri crjihdzir i fcs prckultcrms km fi

lcùhdkik. [i`gdh `m pmr`dtd dkmhtdbdlir qum `ds aigdfdkikms km pfihmildh

bumrch lipilms km fcjrir qum mf prcymltc pukdmsm lchlfudr mxdtcsi`mhtm.

Fcs lchcld`dmhtcs ikqudrdkcs mh fis kdbmrmhtms ìtmrdis kmf pfih km

mstukdcs km fi Fdlmhldituri mh Ijrchcì, pukm pchmrfcs mh prltdli mh kdstdhtcs

`c`mhtcs kmf kmsirrcffc kmf prcymltc. Ucr mom`pfc km fi ìtmrdi km Fdkmrizjc y

ìhmoc km jrupcs dkmhtdbdqu `d lipildkik y mstdfc km fdkmrizjc qum `m pmr`dtd

pckmr dhtmjrir y fcjrir qum mf jrupc iflihzism fcs cgomtdvcs qum sm pfihmirch piri


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fi lipildtildh mh tmìs km Figrihzi km lchsmrvildh. [i`gdh pukm mhliuzir y

scfuldchir fcs lchbfdltcs qum sm kdmrch mh mf jrupc if dhdldc km su lchbcrìldh.

\cldif`mhtm fi d`pfm`mhtildh kmf prcymltc prcpumstc gmhmbdld if jrupc km

prckultcrms dhvcfulrikcs. Mf 15% km mffcs ai dhdldikc fi dhtmjrildh km fis

prltdlis km figrihzi km lchsmrvildh. Mstc fms pmr`dtdr rmkuldr sus lcstcs y

mfmvir fi prckulldh mh mf `mkdihc pfizc.

*

Urcymltc y cgomtdvcs km pcftdli mstitif. Msti pirtm tcì uhi mspmldif d`pcrtihldi

mh fcs prcymltcs km kmsirrcffc lcùhdtirdc, yi qum pmr`dtdrh oustdbdlir fi scfdldtuk

km rmlurscs piri su d`pfm`mhtildh. Ucr mffc ms ùy d`pcrtihtm qum vmrdbdqums

qum moms, `mtis u cgomtdvcs kmf Ufih km Kmsirrcffc hildchif, mstitif c ùhdldpif,

kmpmhkdmhkc kmf d`piltc i jmhmrir, msth rmfildchikcs lch tu prcpumsti.\djudmhkc humstrc mom`pfc adpcttdlc, mf prcymltc prcpumstc mst rmfildchikc lch

fcs Moms 9 y 7 kmf Ufih Mstitif km Kmsirrcffc kmf Mstikc km Uumgfi.

Uiri tu prcymltc mh mspmlbdlc tm sujdmrc rmvdsir fcs sdtdcs wmg km fcs kdstdhtcs

rkmhms km jcgdmrhc. Mh lisc km mstir kdspchdgfm mh fhmi ilukm kdrmlti`mhtm if

rmi lcrrmspchkdmhtm y rmvsifc.

Rdhlufildh kmf prcymltc lch fcs cgomtdvcs km ]HDKM\. Mh mstm `c`mhtc yi tdmhms

mfm`mhtcs subdldmhtms piri pckmr rmfildchir fi `dsdh, vdsdh y pmrbdfms km mjrmsc

km tu fdlmhldituri. Hc lidjis mh fi tmhtildh km trihslrdgdr fi `dsdh, vdsdh c pfih

km mstukdcs km tu fdlmhldituri. Fc d`pcrtihtm iqu ms iscldir l`c fi uhdvmrsdkik,

i trivs tuyc, fcjri lu`pfdr su smhtdkc km mxdstdr.

Lchtdhuihkc lch humstrc mom`pfc, pumkms lc`mhtir lc`c fcs rmsuftikcs km mstm

prcymltc ipcyirih i `mocrir fi lifdkik km vdki km fi lcùhdkik y l`c mstc tdmhm

rmfildh lch fi `dsdh km fi uhdvmrsdkik mh mf ipcyc if kmsirrcffc km fis

lcùhdkikms.

Fi mxtmhsdh sujmrdki kmf liptufc ms km = pjdhis.


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;;

LIU[]FC DRKDIJH\[DLC

Fi d`pcrtihldi km lchclmr fi sdtuildh dhdldif km luifqudmr prcymltc, pirtm km fi

dkmi km pckmr mhbclir fcs rmlurscs hmlmsirdcs piri mf fcjrc mxdtcsc kmf `ds`c. Ucr

mffc mf tmhmr uh lchcld`dmhtc prmvdc km fi lcùhdkik u crjihdzildh, dhtmjrikc km

uhi ìhmri bcrìf y `mtckcfjdli, ms pcsdgfm ismjurir mf iflihzir fis `mtis y

cgomtdvcs prcpumstcs. Km iqu fi d`pcrtihldi km lchclmr dhkdlikcrms km

dhbrimstrulturi, rmlurscs auìhcs, tmlhcfjdlcs, scldifms y mlch`dlcs i pirtdr km

fcs luifms sm lchstrudr tu prcpumsti.

Dhtmjri fcs mfm`mhtcs qum kmsirrcffistm mh mf Ufih km illdh y i`pfifcs

lchbcr`m smih hmlmsirdcs.

Msti pirtm hc bum kmsirrcffiki mh mf Ufih km Dhtmrvmhldh, is qum mh msti

pirtm tm kirm`cs mfm`mhtcs piri su lchstrulldh. Ucr supumstc if kmsirrcffir mf

dhbcr`m bdhif, lchsdkmri rmfitirfc lc`c ifjc yi amlac.

I lchtdhuildh rmvdsirm`cs tlhdlis km kdijhstdlc y mvifuildh qum tm

pumkmh smr tdfms. [m kirm`cs lchsmocs piri fi kmtmr`dhildh km dhstru`mhtcs i

ipfdlir y fi kmtmr`dhildh km fi pcgfildh y ùmstri i dhlfudr.

Mstm ipirtikc kmgm mspmldbdlir luf ms fi tlhdli km kdijhstdlc `s ikmluiki

piri mf tdpc km prcymltc qum prcpchms. Wmvdsi fi pmrtdhmhldi km usir uhimhtrmvdsti, uh lumstdchirdc, cgsmrvildh pirtdldpihtm, jrupcs bclifms, mhtrm ctrcs.

Mh tckc lisc vmrdbdli luf ms mf cgomtdvc kmf dhstru`mhtc c tlhdli qum ipfdlirs y

sd fcs kitcs jmhmrikcs lcrrmspchkm i fi dhbcrìldh qum kmsmis cgtmhmr. Ms

d`pcrtihtm qum fcs rmsuftikcs irrcomh dhbcrìldh lchbdigfm, cpcrtuhi y cgomtdvi,

piri qum fi prcpumsti lchstrudki tmhji gisms sfdkis.

I lchtdhuildh tm kmslrdgc ifjuhis tlhdlis km dhvmstdjildh qum Wdvmri (7597)

`mhldchi y qum pckrih smrvdrtm.

Ihfdsds km lchtmhdkc. Lchsdstm mh uh ihfdsds km fi dhbcrìldh vmrtdki mh uh

kclu`mhtc piri dkmhtdbdlir dkmis rmpmtdkis c dkmis mxprmsikis, kmhctitdvi c

lchhctitdvi`mhtm, ms kmldr, mxpfldti`mhtm c mhtrm fhmis. ]h igcjikc rmifdzi

lisd sdm`prm ihfdsds km lchtmhdkc, iuhqum mh mstm lisc mf ihfdsds mst


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ifdhmikc lch mf cgomtdvc jmhmrif km trigioc, ms rmlc`mhkigfm tmhmr dhkdlikcrms

km ihfdsds lc`c crdmhtildh.

Cgsmrvildh. Jmhmrif`mhtm tdmhm lc`c ipcyc uh dhstru`mhtc kmhc`dhikc

jui km cgsmrvildh, piri crdmhtir fi `driki y rmjdstrc km fcs

lc`pcrti`dmhtcs c iltdtukms qum tm sch hmlmsirdcs dkmhtdbdlir piri mf fcjrc km

tu prcymltc.

Mhlumsti. ]h lumstdchirdc kdsmikc piri rmlcfmltir dhbcrìldh i uh jrih

h`mrc km pmrschis y mh pclc tdm`pc. \u kdsmc kmgm smr ludkikcsc m

dhtmjrir sfc iqumffis prmjuhtis qum tmhjih rmfildh lch fcs cgomtdvcs

pfihtmikcs. [m rmlc`dmhkc ailmr uh momrldldc km ihfdsds km tu lumstdchirdc y

prmjuhtirtm i qum cgomtdvc rmspchkm liki uhi km fis prmjuhtis, sd hc

lcrrmspchkm i ifjuhc km fcs cgomtdvcs, mhtchlms hc vifm fi pmhi dhtmjrirfis, yiqum sfc tm prcpcrldchir kitcs y trigioc km `s piri lckdbdlir y ihifdzir mf

lumstdchirdc.

\dm`prm ms rmlc`mhkigfm ailmr fi vifdkildh km tu dhstru`mhtc piri sigmr sd

mf mhlumstikc mhtdmhkm y rmspchkm fis prmjuhtis lc`c fc aigis pfihmikc.

Mhtrmvdsti. Ms uh lumstdchirdc qum pmr`dtm rmlcfmltir dhbcrìldh km uhi

pmrschi mxpmrti c qudmh vdvm mh mf li`pc km lchcld`dmhtc c prcbmsdchif qum

sm mst dhvmstdjihkc. Hcrìf`mhtm ms ilchsmoigfm ipfdlirfc i pmrschis lfivms

kmf prcymltc? fkmrms, iutcrdkikms, rmprmsmhtihtms km dhstdtuldchms, mtl.

Mstukdc kmf mhtcrhc. Kmpmhkdmhkc km fi fdlmhldituri gdmh pumkm smr, mf ihfdsds

km fcs kitcs cbrmldkcs pcr mf Dhstdtutc Hildchif km Mstikstdli y Jmcjribi is

lc`c ctris crjihdzildchms mspmldifdzikis qum ipcrtmh dhbcrìldh hmlmsirdi

piri lu`pfdr lch uh cgomtdvc mspmlbdlc.

[lhdli mxpmrd`mhtif. Grdhki fi pcsdgdfdkik km lchtristir kcs mslmhirdcs, uhc

lch fi ipfdlildh km uhi iltdvdkik c prumgi y ctrc, sdh dhtrckuldr biltcr km

dhtmrvmhldh ifjuhc> pcr supumstc, sm rmqudmrm uh pclc km tdm`pc piri ihifdzir

rmsuftikcs kmf prclmsc. Ucr mffc ms d`pcrtihtm vmrdbdlir fi hmlmsdkik km

ipfdlirfi.

Ctrc dhstru`mhtc ùy usikc, ms uh ihfdsds BCKI (Bcrtifmzis, Cpcrtuhdkikms,

Kmgdfdkikms y I`mhizis) qum pmr`dtm ailmr uh kdijhstdlc kmf mhtcrhc dhtmrhc


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y mxtmrhc y pmr`dtm mstigfmlmr pfihms mstritjdlcs, mstritmjdis y cgomtdvcs i

iflihzir mh mf prcymltc.

Rcfvdmhkc i humstrc mom`pfc km fi jui, piri pckmr dkmhtdbdlir fis

hmlmsdkikms mspmlbdlis km fi lcùhdkik km Fi @ijkifmhi sm ailm

hmlmsirdc mhtrmvdstir if fkmr kmf jrupc piri dkmhtdbdlir luf ms mf dkmi qum mf

jrupc km trigioc km fi lcùhdkik pmrsdjum lch mf prcymltc, lc`c mst

lchbcrìkc mf jrupc, qum liriltmrstdlis scldifms, mlch`dlis y lufturifms

tdmhm liki dhtmjrihtm, qum pipmf pumkmh oujir mh mf jrupc, luf ms fi

kdspchdgdfdkik km tdm`pc y mspildc, mtl.

Ctris mhtrmvdstis qum ti`gdh rmqumrdrs ailmr, ms i ijrhc`cs m

dhvmstdjikcrms kmf ìz qum tm iyukmh i dkmhtdbdlir fcs piqumtms tmlhcfjdlcs yfis rmlc`mhkildchms tlhdlis `s iprcpdikis piri fi zchi.

Ikdldchif`mhtm pckrs kmsirrcffir uh ihfdsds km mhtcrhc piri lchclmr fis

liriltmrstdlis mkbdlis, hdvmfms km prckulldh, liriltmrstdlis jmcfjdlis km fi

zchi, kdspchdgdfdkik km prmldpdtildh, mtl.

\mjuri`mhtm rmqumrdrs ipfdlir virdis km mffis mh kdstdhtcs `c`mhtcs, piri

ismjurirtm lchtir lch fi dhbcrìldh hmlmsirdi.

Ctrcs mfm`mhtcs d`pcrtihtms i kmsirrcffir lc`c pirtm kmf kdijhstdlc, y qum vih

iscldikcs i fi rmlcfmlldh km kitcs, sch fi pcgfildh y fi ùmstri.

Ucgfildh. Mh mf lisc km uhi rmvdsdh kclu`mhtif, fi pcgfildh lcrrmspchkm i fis

bumhtms km dhbcrìldh kchkm smrh rmlcfmltikcs fcs kitcs> c gdmh, fi pcgfildh

ti`gdh pumkmh smr bumhtms vdvis (mspmldifdstis, fi lcùhdkik, prcbmsdchifms kmf

rmi, mtl.) kmpmhkdmhkc kmf cgomtdvc kmf prcymltc y rmlurscs lch fcs qum sm lumhtm.

Mf lrdtmrdc km smfmlldh km fi pcgfildh kmgm smr ùy lfirc, kmskm mf dhdldc, y kmgm

oustdbdlir pcr qu msi pcgfildh y su rmfildh lch mf cgomtdvc kmf prcymltc.@umstri. Kmpmhkdmhkc km fi lihtdkik km rmlurscs qum sm tdmhmh piri rmifdzir mf

Urcymltc Crjihdzildchif c Lcùhdtirdc ms rmlc`mhkigfm smfmlldchir uhi ùmstri

rmprmsmhtitdvi iprcvmlaihkc fis amrri`dmhtis mstikstdlis is lc`c mf lrdtmrdc km

mxpmrtcs> y mvdtir fcs smsjcs qum sm prmsmhtih mh fi rmlcfmlldh km kitcs.


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[lhdlis km mvifuildh. Uiri pckmr vifcrir fcs rmsuftikcs cgtmhdkcs mh tu

prcymltc kmgms kmtmr`dhir luf ms fi tlhdli `s ikmluiki i fi sdtuildh

igcrkiki. Uckris rmlurrdr i dhstdtuldchms ilrmkdtikcris, d`pfm`mhtir uhi tlhdli

km mvifuildh km pirms c km


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LIUD[]FC R

UFIH KM [WIGIOC

Mstm liptufc ms fi pirtm `mkufir kmf prcymltc. Rirdcs km fcs mfm`mhtcs yi bumrchkmsirrcffikcs pirldif`mhtm mh tu Ufih km Dhtmrvmhldh, iacri lcrrmspchkm

kmtiffirfcs.

Kmgms dhlfudr fi kmslrdpldh km iltdvdkikms i rmifdzir lc`c pirtm kmf

prcymltc? mf lrchcjriì km trigioc i`pfdc y fcs prckultcs pirldifms y tctifms qum

mstiris mspmrihkc iflihzir kurihtm mf kmsirrcffc kmf `ds`c.

Kmslrdgm fcs trms `c`mhtcs km pfihmildh kmf prcymltc?

Ihtms? Fis iltdvdkikms prmvdis i fi ipfdlildh kmf prcymltc.

Kurihtm. Iltdvdkikms i kmsirrcffir mh fi d`pfm`mhtildh y mh smjud`dmhtc

km fi cpmrildh kmf prcymltc.

Kmspus. Mvifuildh kmf d`piltc kmf prcymltc mh mf rmi crjihdzildchif c

lcùhdtirdi qum aiyis smfmlldchikc.

Juitm pcr mf cgomtdvc jmhmrif y hc fc pdmrkis km vdsti> kmspus vm pfihmihkc

liki uhc km fcs prclmscs qum kmgms mbmltuir piri kir lu`pfd`dmhtc i fcs

cgomtdvcs mspmlbdlcs. Fcs ipirtikcs ihtmrdcrms sch buhki`mhtifms, pmrc scgrm

tckc lchsdkmri qum fcs msth kmsirrcffihkc kmskm mf puhtc km vdsti km uh

prcbmsdchif, pcr mffc ms d`pcrtihtm qum sm hctm qum hc ms uh lchouhtc km dkmis c

sujmrmhldis lirmhtms km uh scpcrtm prcbmsdchif y mvdkmhldis.

Uiri su kmsirrcffc pumkms ipcyirtm km ifjh scbtwirm jritudtc kdspchdgfm mh

fi rmk, tif lc`c Cpmh Urco> c pumkms ailmr usir pfihtdffis piri mfigcrir jrbdlis

km Jihtt, tigfmrcs km lcìhkc, mtl.> c sd`pfm`mhtm lchstruym uhi tigfi km Mxlmf.]hi vmz qum prcpusdstm tu msqumì jui, iacri lcrrmspchkm mspmldbdlir fis

iltdvdkikms, liriltmrstdlis km fcs prckultcs c prclmscs i kmsirrcffir, pmrbdf km fis

pmrschis i dhtmjrir if prcymltc, dhkdlildchms km scbtwirm, sdstmìs cpmritdvcs c

ìqudhirdi rmqumrdki piri mf fcjrc kmf cgomtdvc kmf prcymltc.


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Lc`c tckc prclmsc, ms hmlmsirdc dhvcfulrir mfm`mhtcs, illdchms, `mkdcs,

`c`mhtcs m dhkdlikcrms km mvifuildh km fc prcpumstc.

Iuhqum sdm`prm sm prmsmhtirh sdtuildchms hc prmvdstis, qum kmgmh tritir

km prmvmrsm kmhtrc kmf pfih i kmsirrcffir.

Fi mxtmhsdh sujmrdki ms km 95 pjdhis.


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LIUD[]FC RD IUFDLILDH KMF UWCTML[C

Ti tmhdmhkc kmtmr`dhikcs fcs mfm`mhtcs qum kmgmh kmsirrcffirsm mh mf pfih km

trigioc ihtmrdcr, mhtchlms ms pcsdgfm vmrdbdlir fcs piscs piri fi d`pfm`mhtildh km

fi prcpumsti. Rmrdbdlir sd sm rmqudrdmrmh pmr`dscs, fdlmhldis, tr`dtms qum kmgmhkmsirrcffirsm.

Mh mf mom`pfc qum am`cs vmhdkc kmsirrcffihkc, kikc qum uhi pirtm

kmf prcymltc ms fi scfdldtuk km ipcycs mh mf Urcjri`i km Kmsirrcffc km

Lipildkikms, Dhhcvildh [mlhcfcji y Mxtmhsdchds`c Wurif km fi \IJIWUI,

kmgmrs lchclmr bmlais km ipmrturi km vmhtihdffi, rmqudsdtcs qum kmgm lu`pfdr mf

jrupc km trigioc, h`mrc km lctdzildchms rmqumrdkis y fis liriltmrstdlis km fis

`ds`is.

Fi mxtmhsdh sujmrdki ms km 95 pjdhis.


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LCHLF]\DCHM\

Mh mf lisc km qum mf prcymltc sm aiyi pckdkc d`pfm`mhtir, mhtchlms mh msti

smlldh kmgms kmslrdgdr fcs gmhmbdldcs c ipcrtildchms jmhmrikis pcr mf prcymltc

piri fi lcùhdkik u crjihdzildh.

[if vmz aiyis kmtmltikc qum tu prcpumsti hc lchsdkmr tckcs fcs mfm`mhtcs

hmlmsirdcs piri fcjrir fcs prckultcs mspmrikcs, mhtchlms ms vfdkc ailmr fi

rmbmrmhldi i iqumffis `mtis, prckultcs c prclmscs qum hc sm lchsdjudmrch.

Uckris `mhldchir qum fd`dtildchms pcr pirtm km fi crjihdzildh c

lcùhdkik sm kmtmltirch> iltdtukms qum hc lchtm`pfistm mh fi prcpumsti y qum

tuvdmrch dhbfumhldi scgrm mf xdtc c brilisc kmf prcymltc.

Mh lisc km qum sfc aiyis amlac fi prcpumsti, mhtchlms ms d`pcrtihtm qumrmbfmxdchms scgrm fi hmlmsdkik km tmhmr ludkikc lch ifjuhcs mfm`mhtcs lfivms km

fi prcpumsti, rmlc`mhkildchms scgrm fi hmlmsdkik km ikqudrdr ldmrti ìqudhirdi.

\cbtwirm, mqudpc c pmrschif piri iflihzir mf xdtc kmf prcymltc.

Lchtdhuihkc lch mf mom`pfc, sd mf prcymltc sfc lchsdkmri fi prcpumsti,

mhtchlms ms hmlmsirdc ailmr adhlipd mh qum mf jrupc km trigioc qum vi i scfdldtir

mf ipcyc kmf prcjriì km fi \IJIWUI, sm lchstdtuyi lch subdldmhtm tdm`pc piri

pckmr dhtmjrir mf mxpmkdmhtm ihtms km qum igri fi vmhtihdffi.

\d mf prcymltc yi sm pusc mh ìrlai y sm lchlfuy ms d`pcrtihtm lc`mhtir

mhtrm ifjuhcs ctrcs ispmltcs rmfmvihtms, mf jrupc prmsmht prcgfmìs piri

lchbcrìrsm, yi qum hc tckcs rmuhih fis liriltmrstdlis hmlmsirdis? smr

modkitirdc, tmhmr if `mhcs fi pcsmsdh fmjif km 7 amltrmis, uh ipcrtm mlch`dlc

km 75% kmf vifcr kmf prcymltc, mtl.

Ikm`s pckrs `mhldchir, qum fi lipildtildh rmprmsmht uh biltcr lfivm

piri qum mf prcymltc rmsuftiri mxdtcsc, yi qum bildfdt qum mf ipcyc bumri ctcrjikc

if jrupc km prckultcrms km fi lcùhdkik, qum pmr`dtd dhtmjrir km ìhmri bldf, fi

tlhdli km figrihzi km lchsmrvildh.

Is qum mh msti pirtm pckrs `mhldchir fcs puhtcs lfivm km tu prcymltc.

Fi mxtmhsdh sujmrdki ms < pjdhis lc`c `xd`c.


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GUIA PARA ELABORAR UN PROYECTO DE INTERVENCIÓN

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