GRAMMAR II.docx

7/30/2019 GRAMMAR II.docx

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program

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Conditiional Sentence

Adalah kalimat yang berisi planning (I), khayalan (II), dan penyesalan (III), dalam arti lain adalah

kalimat yang bersyarat.

1. If clause (syarat) 2. Main clause (hasil)Example: If she comes back, I will love her

If Clause Main Clause

Simple Form of Conditional Sentence

Type I

(Future Possible)

Type II

(Present Unreal)

Type III

(Past Unreal)

If S. Pr + S. Fut I f S. Pst + S. Pst. Fut I f Pst. P + Pst. F .P

Mengandaikan sesuatudimasa yang akan

datang(Plannig)

Mengandaikan sesuatudimasa sekarang

(berlawanan dengankenyataan)

Mengandandaikansesuatu dimasa lampau

(berlawanan dengankenyataanya)

If I win your love, I willlove you so much(No fact :

If I were not smart, Iwouldnt understandconditional sentence

(The fact : Im smart)

She wouldnt be crazy ifI hadnt left her(The fact : She was

crazy)Note. Pengganti IF :

Unless (jika ... tidak)Otherwise (jika ... tidak)

Provided that (asalkan)Supposing (seandainya)But for (jika tidak

karena)

Note. Pengganti IF :



karena)

Note. Pengganti IF :



karena)

Note: Untuk type II : Jika if clause menggunakan to be maka selalu to be Were yang digunakan untuk

semua Subyek.

Example : If She were a mouse, I would be a cat. (the fact : She is not a mouse)He would go abroad if He were a pilot (The fact Ge is not a pilot)She would give you surprise if you were her boyfriend (You are not her boyfriend)

Bentukinversion and ellipsis (kebalikan atau penggantian kata)dari type II dan III :Example (II): Ifhe were an apple now, she would be a knife.(were he an apple, she would be a knife).IfI were you, I would kill myself.(Were I you, I would kill myself).Example (III): IfShe had driven car carefuly yesterday, she wouldnt have got an accident.

(Had she driven car carefuly yesterday, she wouldnt have got an accident).ifI had phoned her She wouldnt have got angry with me. (Had Iphoned her She wouldnt have got angry with me).

If you hadnt gone home, you wouldt have had good dinner.(Hadnt yougone home, you wouldnt have had good dinner)

Di ingat meskipun Were atau Had ada didepan Subyek tapi itu bukan kalimat tanya. (were I, Had you,were she, were he, had they, were you, had we, had they dan seterusnya).

Conditional Sentence Type I

A.Type I (Future Possible)


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Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa yang akan datang atau membuat sebuah perancanaan.Jika ... (yang akan datang), maka ... (kemungkinan terjadi dimasa yang akan datang jika syaratnya

terpenuhi).Main Formula : if Simple Present + Simple Future

Example : If You study hard, you will get success.: We will go if you are here.: I wil kill your cat If it eats my salt fish.

Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya:1. Making a plan : If S. Present + S.Future2. Habitual result : If S. Pr + S. Pr3. Possibility : If S. Pr + may / might / can ....4. Asking for permission : If S. Pr + may / might / can / could / would ... ?5. Giving permission : If S. Pr + may / can / could ...6. Ability : If S. Pr + can ...7. Command : If S. Pr + must8. Request : If S. Pr + will / would / can / could ... ?9. Prohibition : If S. Pr + may not / must not / do not ... !!10.Advice : If S. Pr + have to / had better / should / ought to / be

sopposed to ...

11.Predication : If S. Pr + must / can / cant / could / should ... 12. If S. Pr bisa diganti : If Pr. C or Pr. Per

a. If you invite me, I will comeb. If you are looking for John, you will find him upstairc. If you have written a letter, I will post it

B. Pengganti if : Unless OtherwiseProvided that Suppossing

C. Examples :1. Making a plan : If we get holiday,we will go to the beach.2. Habitual result : If it rains, we get wet.3.

Possibility : If the teacher is in the class, the students may be there4. Asking for permission : if you dont mind, may I close the door?

5. Giving permission : If your duties finish, you may go home6. Ability : If you come late, the teacher can give you punishment7. Command : If your value is bad, you must study hard8. Request : if these songs finish, could you repeat?9. Prohibitionn : If you came late again, you may not sleep over night!10.Advice : If she gets sick, she has to go to the doctor11.Predication : if we are discipline, we can be success


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Conditional Sentence Type II

A.Type II (Present unr eal)Mengandaikan sesuatu dimasa sekarang yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan sekarang

Jika ... (sekarang), maka ... (hampir tidak mungkin / kemungkinanya sangat kecil terjadi karenaberlawanan dengan kenyataan)

Main Formula : I f S. Past + S. Past. Fut

Example (Verbal) : If she loved him this morning, he would give her his lifeThe fact : She doesnt love him this morning, so he doesnt give her his life.

(Nominal): If he were a cat today, She would be a mouseThe fact : He isnt a cat today, so she isnt a mouse(mix) : If she were an apple, he would kill her

The fact : She isnt an apple, he doent kill herNote : Pada bentuk ke kua (II) ini, semua subyek menggunakan were untuk yang nominal

sentence (she were, you were, I were etc ... )Rumus-rumus yang lain beserta fungsinya:

1. Making a plan : if S. Ps + S. Ps. FutExample : If I had much money now, I would buy a new car.(the supposition is contrary to tke known facts)

2.

Habitual result : if S. Ps + S. Ps. FutExample :If a thief came to my home, I would catch him.

(I dont expect a thief to come to my home) I f you went out, your son cried

3. Possibility : If S. Ps + Might / Could Example : If you tried again, you might be successful

4. Giving permission : If S. Ps + Could Example : If you had a driving license, you could drive my new car

5. Ability : If S. Ps + Could Example : If I understood, I could answer his question

6. If S. Ps bias diganti Ps. Cont or Ps. PerfExample : (we were going by a plane) I hate flying. If we were going by a car, I would feel

happier.If you had taken my advice, you would be a rich man now.B.Pengganti If : Unless otherwise

But for supposingExample : If you didnt study hard, you wouldnt pass an exam

Unless you didnt study hard, you wouldnt pass an examC.Jika setelah If adalah nominal, to be-nya werefaktanya disesuaikan dengan SubyekExample : Is she were a cat, I would be a fishFact : She isnt a cat, so I am not a fishExample : If I were a bird, I would fly everyday

Fact : Im not a bird, so I dont fly everyday

D.Bentuk inversion: Is she were a cat, I would be a fishWere she a cat, I would be a fish: If I were a bird, I would fly everyday

Were I a bird I would fly everyday


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Conditional Sentence Type III

A.Type III (Past unreal)Mengandaikan sesuatu yang terjadi diwaktu lampau (penyesalan)

Jika (Kemarin), maka (tidak mungkin dan biasanya berupa penyesalan).

Main formu la : I f Past perf ect + Past Fut Perf

Example (Verbal) : If I had left her last week, I wouldnt have rained

The fact : I didnt leave her last week, so I got crazy (Nominal): If he had been there, she wouldnt have been angry

The fact : He wasnt there, so she was angry(Mix) : if you hadnt called her, she wouldnt have been hereThe fact : you called her, so she was here

Rumus-rumus yang lain serta fungsinya:1. Making a plan : If Past Perf + Past Ferf2. Habitual result : If Past Perf + Past Perf3. Possibility : If Past Perf + may / might + have4. Giving permission : If Past Perf + could / may / might + have 5. Ability : If Past P + Could haveB.Pengganti If unless otherwise

but for supposingC.Bentuk inversion:: If she had driven carefully, she wouldnt have gotten accidentHad she driven carefully, she wouldnt have gotten accident

D. Catatan tentang SUBJUNCTI VE (wish):1. Regretting about a past condition

I wish (that) I had known her address

(I was sorry, I didnt know her address)2. Regretting about a present condition

I wish (that) I knew her address

(Im sorry, I dont know her address)3. Regretting about a future condition

I wish (that) She would tell me(Im sorry because she will not tell me)4. Wish bias diganti wished dalam bentuk lampau

Yesterday I wished (that) I had known her address(I was sorry because I didnt know her address)


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Exercises

Conditional sentence type Ia. If she . . . . . (go) home, He . . . . . . (go) to the market.

b. If they . . . . (come) here, I . . . . . (ask) them to go back.c. I . . . . . (write) a letter If she . . . . . (read) a book.d. Jika aku menikahimu nanti, aku akan setia

e. Jika kamu pergi kesekolah, kamu akan bertemu guru dan teman-temanmu

f. Akankah kamu bahagia jika aku meneleponmu nanti malam

Conditional sentence type IIa. If she . . . . . (have) a new car, I . . . . . . (borrow) it

b. I . . . . . . (give) her my book If she . . . . . . (doesnt) have a bookc.

I . . . . . . a cat if she . . . . . a moused. Malam ini malam rabu, seandainya mala ini malam minggu, aku akan mengajakmu pergi kekota.

e. jika aku jadi president aku tidak akan berada disini sekarang.

..f. kalau dia (pr) mencintaiku, aku akan menikahinya hari ini.

.

Conditional sentence type IIIa. If your father . . . . . (have) a car, you . . . . . . . (drive) it.

b. Her mother . . . . . . . (not angry) if she (go home) on timec. I . . . . . . . (study) at oxford, if I . . . . . . (study) hardd. Kemarin aku sakit, seandainya kemarin aku tidak sakit, aku akan pergi ke pantai.

..

e. Kalau kemarin tidak hujan, saya akan dating ke pestamu..

f. Jika aku tidak meningalkanya, dia tidak akan marah padaku.

.


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Additional:

English Conditionals

There are several structures in English that are called conditionals.

"Condition" means "situation or circumstance". Ifa particular condition is true, then a particular resulthappens.

Ify = 10 then 2y = 20 Ify = 3 then 2y = 6

There are three basic conditionals that we use very often. There are some more conditionals that we donot use so often.

In this lesson, we will look at the three basic conditionals as well as the so-called zero conditional. We'llfinish with a quiz to check your understanding.

People sometimes call conditionals "IF" structures or sentences, because there is usually (but not always)the word "if" in a conditional sentence.

Structure of Conditional Sentences

The structure of most conditionals is very simple. There are two basic possibilities. Of course, we addmany words and can use various tenses, but the basic structure is usually like this:

IF condition result

IF y = 10 2y = 20

or like this:

result IF condition

2y = 20 IF y = 10

First Conditional: real possibility

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, andthe result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it ismorning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky.

Imagine that it rains. What will you do?

IF condition Result

present simple WILL + base verb

If it rains I will stay at home.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But the sky is cloudy and youthink that it could rain. We use the present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. Weuse WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the first


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conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some moreexamples (do you remember the two basic structures: [IF condition result] and [result IF condition]?):

IF condition Result

present simple WILL + base verb

If I see Mary I will tell her.

If Tara is free tomorrow he will invite her.

If they do not pass their exam their teacher will be sad.

If it rains tomorrow will you stay at home?

If it rains tomorrow what will you do?

result IF condition

WILL + base verb present simple

I will tell Mary If I see her.

He will invite Tara If she is free tomorrow.

Their teacher will be sad If they do not pass their exam.

Will you stay at home If it rains tomorrow?

What will you do If it rains tomorrow?

Sometimes, we use shall, can, or may instead ofwill, for example: If you are good today, you can

watch TV tonight.

Second Conditional: unreal possibility or dream

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We arethinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real

possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible towin? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can thinkabout winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

IF condition result

past simple WOULD + base verb

If I won the lottery I would buy a car.


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Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk about the futurecondition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The important thing about the

second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen.

Here are some more examples:

IF condition Result

past simple WOULD + base verb

If I married Mary I would be happy.

If Ram became rich she would marry him.

If it snowed next July would you be surprised?

If it snowed next July what would you do?

result IF condition

WOULD + base verb past simple

I would be happy if I married Mary.

She would marry Ram if he became rich.

Would you be surprised if it snowed next July?

What would you do if it snowed next July?

Sometimes, we use should, could or might instead ofwould, for example: If I won a million dollars, Icould stop working.

Third Conditional: no possibility

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talkabout the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no

possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of thedream coming true.

Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-(

condition result

Past Perfect WOULD HAVE + Past Participle

If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So thecondition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the


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past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle totalk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the

condition and result are impossible now.Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead ofwould have, for example: If you

had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

IF Condition result

past perfect WOULD HAVE + past participle

If I had seen Mary I would have told her.

If Tara had been free yesterday I would have invited her.

If they had not passed their exam their teacher would have been sad.

If it had rained yesterday would you have stayed at home?

If it had rained yesterday what would you have done?

result IF condition

WOULD HAVE + past participle past perfect

I would have told Mary if I had seen her.

I would have invited Tara if she had been free yesterday.

Their teacher would have been sad if they had not passed their exam.

Would you have stayed at home if it had rained yesterday?

What would you have done if it had rained yesterday?

Zero Conditional: certainty

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientificfact.

Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water).You would be surprised if it did not.

IF condition result

present simple present simple

If you heat ice it melts.


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Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the conditionis an absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are

thinking about a simple fact. We use the present simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use thepresent simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about the zero conditional is that the

condition always has the same result.We can also use when instead ofif, for example: When I get up late I miss my bus.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

IF Condition result


If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.

If I am late for work my boss gets angry.

If people don't eat they get hungry.

If you heat ice does it melt?

result IF condition


I am late for work if I miss the 8 o'clock bus.

My boss gets angry if I am late for work.

People get hungry if they don't eat.

Does ice melt if you heat it?

Conditionals: Summary

Here is a chart to help you to visualize the Basic English conditionals. Do not take the 50% and 10%figures too literally. They are just to help you.

probability conditional example time

100% zero conditional If you heat ice, it melts.any

time

50% first conditional If it rains, I will stay at home. future

10%secondconditional

If I won the lottery, I would buy a car. future

0% third conditional If I had won the lottery, I would have bought past


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a car.

Modal auxiliaries

Modal auxiliary adalah kata kerja bantu yang memiliki arti, juga memiliki cirri-ciri khusus:

1. kata kerja yang digunakan setelah modal adalah verb 1 (bare in fi ni tive)V1 murni tanpa tambahan apapun (Go, do, have, write, read visit, etc)Example : He will go home He will goes homeShe can do it She can to do it

2.Modal ti dak bisa ditambah dengan s/es/ed/ing.Example : she cans speak English She can speak EnglishHe caned do it many times He can do it many times

MODAL

Will (akan) Shall (akan)Would (akan/seharusnya) Should(akan/sehausnya)

Can (dapat) Could (dapat)May (boleh) Might (boleh)Must (harus) Need (perlu)Dare (berani) Ought to(seharusnya)

Used to (terbiasa) had better (lebih baik)

Rumus Verbal Modal:

(+) S + Modal + V1 + O

(-) S + Modal + not V1 + O(?) Modal + S + V1 + O?

Example:

(+) She can write a letter

(-) He cannot read the book(?) Can they forgive us?

Rumus Nominal Modal:

(+) S + Modal + BE + O

(-) S + Modal + not + BE + O(?) Modal + S + BE + O?

Example:

(+) She can be a teacher

(-) He cannot be a doctor(?) Can she be a mother?

Notes: Bentuk negative dari must(harus)adalah neednt (tidak perlu), bukan Mustnt (dilarang) Bentuk negative dari Ought to (seharusnya) adalah Ought not to(Oughtnt to) Bentuk negative dari used to(terbiasa) ada 2 : Usednt to dan didnt use to Bentuk negative dari had better(lebih baik)Had better notatauHadnt better Fungsi can ada 3 : (1) Sebagai Modal yang berarti (dapat)(2) sebagai kata kerja yang berarti (mengalengi/(kan)(3) sebagai kata benda yang berarti (kaleng)

We can can a can into another can

Fungsi must ada 2 (1) Sebagai modal (harus)(2) sebagai Kata Benda (keharusan)We must wear shoes, because it a must Arti may : boleh, semoga, bulan mei. Maybe : mungkin Fungsi need ada 3: (1) Sebagai modal (perlu)(2) sebagai verb (memerlukan)

(3) sebagai noun (keperluan)


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MODAL DAN SIMILAR MODAL

MODAL SIMILAR MODAL

Will (akan)Shall (akan)Would (akan)Should (akan)

Can (dapat)Could (dapat)May (boleh)Might (boleh)Must (harus)

Need (perlu)

Dare (berani)Ought to (seharusnya)Used to (terbiasa)

Had better (lebih baik)

Be going toBe going toBe going toBe going to

Be able toBe able toBe allowed tooBe allowed toHave to/ Has to/ Had to-

-be supposed to-

-

MIXED MODALS

Apabila ada lebih dari satu modal dalam sebuah kalimat, maka modal yang pertamatetap sedangkan modal yang selanjutnya dirubah menjadi silimar modal.

Contoh:I wil l canspeak English (salah)I wil l be able tospeak English (benar)

They must canspeak English (salah)They must be able tospeak English (benar)

He wil l may canspeak English (salah)He will be all owed to be able tospeak English (benar)

He is going to be all owed to be able tospeak English (banar)

CAN (Dapat)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + Can + V1 + OS + Can + Not + V1 + OCan + S V1 + O?

S + can + be + CS + can + not + be + CCan + S + be + C?

+-?

We can understand what EnglishisThey cannot speak EnglishCan we understand it?

He can be a teacherHe cannot be a doctorCan he be a doctor?

CANmemiliki beberapa arti:

(1) Dapat ..(modal)(2) Mengalengi/kan..(verb) (3) Kaleng..(Noun)Example: He can can a can into anothercan

Fungsi-f ungsi dari CAN:


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1. Present ability They can lend us their books She can sing a rock song

2. Asking permission Can I take your dictionary? Can you lend me your new book?

3. Giving permission

You can drive my car whenever you want He can take her bag this afternoon

4. Offering Can I help you to bring your big bag? Can we do something to make you happy?

5. Request Can you pain my room tomorrow morning

6. Possibility The stupid students can be clever if they study hard You can speak English fluently if you practice it

7. Impossible / certainly / negative deducation She is my neighbor. She can speak English fluently. She graduated from university. She cantbe a stupid girl8. Suggestion You can postpone going to Bandung if want to accompany your uncle We can spend our spare time for sharing


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COULD (Dapat)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + could + V1 + OS + could + not + V1 + OCould + S + V1 + O?

S + could + be + CS + could + not + be + CCoould + S + be + C?

+

-?

He could fight his disease

She couldnt forgive himCould you tell me?

He could be the miner

She couldnt be thereCould you be here?

Fungsi-fungsi dari COULD (dapat:

1. Past ability Last year my father could work hard She could read well 10 years ago I could swim for an hour without stopping when I was 17 atau I was be able to swim for an hour without stopping when I was 17

(jadi could di ats dapat diganti dengan was be able to jika sifatnya incidentalatau pencapaian yangluar biasa dimasa lampau, biasanya memakai was / were able to atau managed to atausuccesses in

).2. Asking permission Could I use your mobile? Could I get your number?

3. Giving permission You could borrow my dictionary You could ride your own motorcycle on the street

4. Offering Could I fix your broken lamp? Could I make your room clean?

5. Request Could you give money to the beggar in front of you?

Could you lend your magazine?6. Possibility My mother could be angry if she came home from the office and didnt find us in the living room

7. Impossible / certainly / negative deducation I had already bought an English dictionary. My friend offered me to buy it again. I couldnt do it.

8. Sugession You like this car very much. It is very expensive. You could bargain the price.


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MUST (harus)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + Must + V1 + OS + Need + not + V1 + OMust + S + V1 + O?

S + Must + be + CS + Need + not + be + CMust + S + be + C?

+

-?

We must struggle hard

She neednt come hereMust we go to the party?

We must be honest

He neednt be in her roomMust we be honest?

MUSTmemiliki beberapa arti:

1.Harus (modal)Example : we must wear shoes to go to school.

2.Keharusan (Noun)Examle : it is a must for us to struggle hard.

Needntberarti tidak harusMustntberarti dilarang

Fungsi-fungsi dari MUST:1.Keharusan (neccessity) atau obligation (kewajiban) We must struggle and pray hard to rich our aims. I must get up early every morning.

2.Larangan (prohibition) You mustntsmoke in this area The students of Al-hidayah mustntwear slippers when they join the class

3.Deducation / conclusion / inference (present meaning) The man stays at Al-hidayah. He has three children. He must be Mr. Ramdhan.

4.Deducation / conclusion / inference (past meaning) Jack visited me last week. He told me that he was sad because he didnt get any job. Last nightI met him again but he looked so happy. He must havegotten a job.


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MAY (boleh)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + May + V1 + OS + May + not + V1 + OMay + S + V1 + O?

S + may + be + CS + may + not + be + CMay + S + be + C?

+

-?

She may call me

They maynt drive my carMay I borrow yourdictionary?

He may be at the garden

She maynt be a doctorMay she be a teacher?

MAYmemilki beberapa arti:

1. Boleh (modal)Example : she may go now

2. Semoga (adverb)Example : may you get success in your future

3. Mei (noun)Example : I will visit you in May

MAY+BE maybe (mungkin) memiliki sinonim : perhapsProbablyPossible

Fungsi-fungsi dariMAY:1. Asking permissionMay I use your pen?May she go with me tonight?

2. Giving permissionYou may come to my home although without bringing any parcelHe may take his hat In the living room

3. Prohibition

You maynt go to Borobudur temple next monthHe may not call her any more

4. Polite requestYesterday I was sick. I didnt go to school. May you explain me about the lesson?May you switch on the lamp in the living room?

5. PossibilityJack is absent today. He may be sickShe looks so sad after seeing the announcement. She may fall in her exam.

6. Wishes (harapan)May God be with you! May the new year bring you happiness


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MIGHT (boleh)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + Might + V1 + OS + Might+ not + V1 + OMight + S + V1 + O?

S + might + be + CS + might + not + be + CMight + S + be + C?

+

-?

She might go home

They might not borrow mycarMight I visit your uncle?

He might be at home

She might not be sadMight she be angry?

Fungsi-fungsi dari MIGHT:

1. Bantuk lampau dari may dan biasanya digunakan dalam indirect speechExample : She asked, May I borrow the dictionary?She asked if she mightborrow the dictionary

Last night I mightgo with her to the harbor2. Possibility

Perhatikan percakapan berikut:A : I need some money, Mom.

B : Go to your uncle. He mightbe able to lend some

(mightmengungkapkan kemungkinan yang lebih kecil dibanding may)


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NEED (perlu)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + need + V1 + OS + need + not + V1 + O

Need + S + V1 + O?

S + Need + be + CS + Need + not + be + C

Need + S + be + C?

+

-?

She need my help

They neednt sleep for 8hoursneed she my book?

He need be here

She neednt be a doctorneed she be a teacher?

NEEDmemiliki bebepara arti:

1.Perlu (modal)Example : we need speak English in the class room

2.Memerlukan (verb)Example : we neenn a dictionary to help our studying

3.Keperluan (noun)Example : that is our need

Fungsi-fungsi dari NEED:1.NEED sebagai modal hamper tidak pernah dipakai dalam bentukaffirmative, kecuali untuk

mengungkapkan keragu-raguan. I wonder if we need buy another bike. The old one is still good. We dont think she need continue her study. He father has jus retired.

2. Dalam kalimat affirmative NEED difungsikan sebagai kata kerja (verb) She needs to buy a new dictionary We need to understand our lesson

3.NEED sebagai modal umumnya dalam bentuk negative dan interrogative. You neednt buy a new motorcycle Need I go to the hospital now? Need I go with you , Mom? (berharap jawaban NO)


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DARE (berani)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + dare + V1 + OS + dare + not + V1 + ODare + S + V1 + O?

S + dare + be + CS + dare + not + be + CDare + S + be + C?

+

-?

She dare call him

They darent drive my carDare you borrow herdictionary?

He dare be in the garden alone

She darent be a doctorDare she be a teacher?

DAREmemilki beberapa arti:

1. Berani (modal)Example : we dare speak English with the senior

2. Berani (verb)Example : I dare to go home alone now.

3. Menantang (verb)Example : I dare you to get her love

Fungsi-fungsi dari DARE:1. Untuk mengungkapkan keberanian (courage) Jacky dare deliver his speech loudly in front of the audiences I dare meet our president if I am given a chance

2. Perhatikan kata daresay (dare say) Look at those clouds! I daresay its raining before long. I daresay you will get valuable parcel of diamond from France.

3. How dare you (berani-beraninya kamu . . . . . ) How dare you talk to your teacher rudely! How dare you? Take your hands off me or Ill shout!

4. Jika berupa verb bentuk negative / introgativenya menggunakan auxiliary. I dont dare to visit her Saturday tonight.

Do you dare meet her again?


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OUGHT TO (seharusnya)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + ought to + V1 + OS + ought + not + to + V1 +OOught + S + to + V1 + O?

S + ought to + be + CS + ought + not+ to + be + COught + S + to + be + C?

+-?

She ought to call meWe oughtnt to drive his carOught she to take my money?

He ought to be in the libraryShe oughtnt be greedyOught she to be angry?

Fungs-fungsi dari OUGHT TO:1.Untuk mengungkapkan nasehat (sebaiknya / seharusnya) You ought to come to her party if she invites you. You ought to drive slowly

2.Dalam banyak hal ought to sama denganshould.Namun demikian ada sedikit perbedaan. Shouldmengungkapkan saran / nasehat yang datangnya dari si pembicara, sedangkan ought tomengungkapkan nasehat / saran yang sebaiknya di ikuti karena merupakan pendapat umum,

norma, atau peraturan. You should drive slowly. The street is busy. Look at that sign! You ought to drive slowly.

3.Ought to umumnya tidak digunakan dalam bentuk negative. Jika digunakan dalam bentuk negativeto bisa dihilangkan.

You oughtnt (to) leave the keys in the car.Ho oughtnt (to) visit on Saturday night.


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USED TO (terbiasa)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + eused to + V1 + OS + used + not + to + V1 + OUsed + S + to + V1 + O?

S + used to + be + CS + used + not + to + be + CUsed + S + to + be + C?

+

-?

She used to call me

They used not to drive my carUsed I to borrow yourdictionary?

He used to be in his room

She used not to be a angryUsed she to be a angry?

Fungsi-fungsi dariUSED TO:1... used to + V1 ..(untuk mengungkapkan kebiasaan dimasa lampau) When I was in Senior High School. I used to ride my motorcycle. My father used to smoke last year.

2... be + used to + V-ing .. (menjadi terbiasa dimasa sekarang)Now I am used to speaking English at my school Are you used to driving your car?

3... get used to + V-ing .. (mulai terbiasa dimasa sekarang) After reading, I get used to memorizing it. She gets used to cooking because she has just gotten married.

4... will get used to +V-ing . (akan mulai terbiasa) I will get used to visiting the zoo during my vacation in Bandung. He will used to operating this new computer.


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HAD BETTER (lebih baik)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + had better + V1 + OS + had better + not + V1 + OHad + S + better + V1 + O?

S + had better + be + CS + had better + not + be + CHad better + S + be + C?

+

-?

She may call me

They maynt drive my carMay I borrow yourdictionary?

He may be at the garden

She maynt be a doctorMay she be a teacher?

Fungsi-fungsi dari HAD BETTER:

1. Untuk mengungkapkan nasehat. You had better join me in her wedding party tonight You had better go to the doctor for checking your condition2. Bentuk negativnya: had better not / hadnt better You had better not sit on the table! You hadnt better go to the hospital now3. Bentuk introgativnya : Had + S + better. Had he better study English at Al-hidayah? Had she better get married in this month?


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HAVE TO / HAS TO / HAD TO (Harus)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + Have to / Has to / Had to +V1 + OS + do/does/did + not + have to +V1 + O

Do/Does/Did + S + have to + V1+ O?

S + Have to / Has to / Had to + be+ CS + do/does/did + not + have to +

be + C

Do/Does/Did + S + have to + be+ C?

+

-?

She has to call me

They dont have to drive my carDo I have to borrow yourdictionary?

He has to be at the garden

She doesnt have to be a doctorDoes she have to be a teacher?

Fungsi-f ungsi dari H AVE TO/HAS TO:

1.Untuk mengungkapkan keharusan yang biasa, sedangkan MUST lebih kuat.Bandingkan dua kalimat dibawah ini:a. Im looking for Sally. I have to talk to her about our lunch date tomorrow. I cant meet

her for lunch because I have to go to a business meeting at 01:00.b. Where is Sally? I must talk to her right away. I have an urgent message for her.

Catatan:In every day statement of necessity, have to is used more commonly than must. Must isusually stronger than have to and can indicate urgency or stress importance.

2.Bentuk negative dan interrogative menggunakan do/does I dont have to visit her tonight Why does she have to like him?

Fungsi dari HAD TO:1. Bentuk lampau dari suatu keharusan. I had to visit her last night She had to go home on time yesterday2.

Bentuk negative dan interrogative menggunakan did.

I didnt have to call her last night When did you have to go with her?


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WILL (akan)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + will + V1 + OS + will + not + V1 + OWill + S + V1 + O?

S + will + be + CS + will + not + be + CWill + S + be + C?

+

-?

She will call me

They wont drive my carWill I borrow yourdictionary?

He will be at the garden

She wont be a doctorWill she be a teacher?

Willmemiliki beberapa arti:1. Akan (modal)

Example : I will invite you (aku akan mengundangmu)

2. Kehendak (Noun)Example : This is our Gods will (ini kehendak Tuhan)

Fungsi-fungsi dari WILL:

1.Expressing a plan / willingness. I will visit you She will go to the market

2.Expression a request Will you help me to do my homework? Will you take your dictionary for me?

3.Invitation Will you go together with me? Will you play table tennis with me?

4.Offering Will you have some more? Will you stay at home or go to the movie?

5.Prediction

I get the best value in my college. I will get a good job easily He is ready now. He will do his job well.


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WOULD (akan)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + would + V1 + OS + would + not + V1 + OWould + S + V1 + O?

S + would + be + CS + would + not + be + CWould + S + be + C?

+

-?

She would call him

They wouldnt drive my carWould You come here?

He would be at the garden

She wouldnt be a doctorWould she be a teacher?

Fungsi-fungsi dari WOULD:

1. Bentuk lampau dari will Yesterday I would visit her She would go with him to the movie2. Expressing a polite request Would you help me to do my homework? Would you take my dictionary?3. Menyatakan kebiasaan dimasa lampau I would visit my grandfather every month when I was 9 years old I would swim in the river when I was in my grandfathers village4. Jika ditambah dengan kata lain akan berarti berkehendak / berkeinginan. I would like to introduce myself to you all I would like to explain about MODALS


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SHALL (akan)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + shall + V1 + OS + shall + not + V1 + OShall + S + V1 + O?

S + shall + be + CS + shall + not + be + CShall + S + be + C?

+

-?

We shall call him

We shant drive my carShall we drive a car?

We shall be at the home soon

We shant be in the officeShall we be there?

Fungsi-fungsi dari SHALL:1.Expressing a plan/willingness (hanya untuk subyek I dan We)

We shall meet him at the harbor early in the morning We shall see his boat there

2.Offering Shall I take a chair for you? Shall I make a drink for you?

3.Bentuk singkatan dari shall not adalah shant We shant meet her I shant go now

SHOULD (akan/seharusnya)

F Verbal Nominal

+-?

S + should + V1 + OS + should + not + V1 + OShould + S + V1 + O?

S + should + be + CS + should + not + be + CShould + S + be + C?

+-

?

We should call himWe shouldnt drive my car

Should we drive a car?

We should be at the home soonWe shouldnt be in the office

Should we be there?

Fungsi-fungsi dari SHOULD:1. Bentuk lampau dari Shall (biasanya di reported speech) She asked where shall I work? She asked where she should work.2. Suggestion/advice You should go home soon because your mother is getting sick right now You should rise your hand when you dont understand


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WILL vsBE GOING TO

M/SM Function Present / Future Past

Will

100%Certainty

He will be here at 06:00(future only)

willingness The phone is ringing, Iwill get it.

Politerequest

Will you please pass thesalt?

Be

going

to

100%Certainty

He is going to be here at06:00 (future only)

Definite

plan

Im going to pain my

bedroom

I was going to pain

my bedroom, but Ididnt have time

Keterangan:

1.When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something s/he thinks will be trueor will occur in the future), eitherwillorbe going tois possible.

He will be here tomorrow He is going to be here tomorrow

2.When the speaker is expressing a pri or plan(something the speaker intends to do in the futurebecause in the past s/he has made a plan or decision to do it), only be going to is used.A: Why did you buy this paint?

B: Im going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. (Willis not appropriate in this sentence)C: I talked to Jack yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. Hes going to buy a car.Thats what he told me.

3.Untuk menyatakan hal yang sudah dekat terjadi: BE GOING TO (Im going tobuild a house) BE ABOUT TO (Im about to go home) BO ON THE POINT OF (Im on the point of having dinner) BE ON THE VERGE OF (Im on the verge of watching TV)


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RINGKASAN TENTANG MODAL / SIMILAR MODAL

M/SM USES Present / Future Past

Will

100% Certainty He will be here at 06:00(future only)

willingness The phone is ringing, Iwill get it.

Polite request Will you please pass thesalt?

Be going

to

100% Certainty He is going to be here at06:00 (future only)

Definite plan Im going to pain my

bedroom

I was going to pain

my bedroom, but Ididnt have time

Can

Ability/possibility I can run faster than him

Informal

permission

You can use my car

tomorrow

Informal polite

request

Can I borrow your

book?Impossibility

(negative only)

That cant be true! That cant have

been true!

Could

Past ability I could run fastwhen I was 15years

Polite request Could you borrow hisbook?

Suggestion I need help In math.You could talk to yourteacher.

You could haveasked to yourteacher

Less than 50%

certainty

Wheres John? He

could be at home.

He could have been

at homeImpossibility(negative only)

That couldnt be true! That could nothave been true!

Be able

to

Ability I am able to help you. Iwill be able to help you.

I was able to helphim.


Would

Polite Request Would you please passthe salt? Would you

mind if I left early?

preference I would rather go to the

park than go to thebeach.

I would rather have

gone to the park.

Would/Used to

Repeated actionin the past

When I was achild, I would visithim every weekend

Shall

Polite question tomake suggestion

Shall I open thewindow?

Future with I orwe as subject

I shall arrive at nine.(will in common)

Polite question May I borrow your


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May

book?

Formalpermission

You may leave thisroom

Less than 50%certainty

Where is John? He maybe at the library

He may have beenat the library

Might

Polite question(rare)

Might I borrow yourbook?

Less than 50%certainty

Where is John? He maybe at the library

He might havebeen at the library

Should

Advisability I should study tonight I should have

studied last night

90% certainty She should do well on

the test. (future only,not present)

She should have

done well on thetest


Ought to

Advisability I ought to study tonight I ought to havestudied last night

90% certainty She ought to do well onthe test (future only, not

present)

She ought to havedone well on thetest

Had

better

Advisability with

threat of badresult

You had better be on

time, or we will leavewithout you

Past form is

uncommon

Be

supposed

to

expectation Class is supposed tobegin at 10 oclock

Class wassupposed to beginat 10 oclock

Be toStrongexpectation

You are to be here at 09oclock

You were to behere at 09 oclock

Must

Strong necessity I must go to class today I had to go to classyesterday

Prohibition(negative)

You must not open thatdoor

95% certainty Tia isnt in the class.

She must be sick.(present only)

Tia must have been

sick yesterday

Have to

Necessity I have to go to class

today

I had to go to class

yesterdayLack of necessity(negative)

I dont have to go toclass today

I didnt have to goto class yesterday

Have got

to

necessity I have got to go to class

today

I had got to go to

class yesterday


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MODAL PERFECT

Dalam bahasa Inggris ada lodal yang sering muncul bersama dengan have + V3 (modal perfect) sehingga

menimbulkan makna yang berbeda, yaitu antara lain:

1. Must + have + V3 pasti telah (kesimpulan past dimasa lampau) Jack got the best mark in the exam. He must have studiedhard for it She was thin and her face looked pale. She must have beensick again2.

Might + have + V3 Mungkin telah (kemungkinan dimasa lampau)

My mother come home late. Well, She might have been caughtin the traffic jam3. Should / ought to + have + V3 seharusnya telah(harapan yang tidak terpenuhi) The boy was not permitted have the lesson because of being late. He shouldhave leftfor the

school earlier

4. Could + have + V3 pada dasarnya dapat (kemampuan yang tidak dilaksanakan) She could have driven the unused car, but she went by a motorcycle.


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MODAL EXCERCISES

1. (+) we can answer our teachers questions correctly(-)

...(?+)

(?-)

2. (-) She may not go to the market alone(+)

.(?-)

..(?+)

.

3. (+) They must look for a good job(-)

..(?+)

..

(?-)

4. (+) He is going to build a new house(-)(?+)

..(?-)

5. Our teacher had better teach us slowly and patientlyA b c d f

(-)

..


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(?)

.(a)

(b)..................................................................................................................... (c)

(d)

6. (+ )His father need buy a new car(-)

..(?)

.

7.Apakah kami boleh megunjungimu nanti malam?

.8. Ibumu harus menasehati ayahmu dengan hati-hati

.9. Kamu lebih baik tinggal dirumah bari pada pergi ke pantai

.

10.Perlukah kita belajar dengan keras?.


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THE DEGREE OF COMPARISONS (Tingkat Perbandingan)

Dalam bahasa Inggris ada tiga macam tingkat perbandingnan yang dapat dibuat dengan adjectivesyaitu:

1. The positive degree (tingkat biasa)2. The comparative degree (tingkat lebih)3. The superlative degree (tingkat paling/ter)

Aturan membuat tingkat perbandingan :A.Penambahan ER untuk tingkat comparative (lebih) dan EST untuk tingkat superlative (paling)digunakan bila kata:1.Kata sifat yang memiliki satu suku kata (one syllable)

Cheap cheaper cheapest murah

Short shorter shortest pendekRich richer richest kaya

Great greater greatest besar2.Kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang tekanan suara jatuh pada suku kata kedua.

Polite politer politest sopanImpolite impoliter impolitest tidak sopanSincere sincerer sincerest tulus

3.Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf mati dan didahului dengan huruf hidup, maka hurufmati (konsonan) terakhir ditulis double (ganda)

Big bigger biggest besarFat fatter fattest gemukSad sadder saddest sedih

Glad gladder gladdest gembiraThin thinner thinnest kurus

Wet wetter wettest basahSlim slimmer slimmest langsing

4.Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf Y dan sebelum Y ada huruf mati, maka Yberubah menjadi I sebelum ditambah ER dan atau EST

Pretty prettier prettiest cantikDry drier driest keringHoly holier holiest suci

Heavy heavier heaviest beratDizzy dizzier dizziest pusing

Lazy lazier laziest malas5.Sebelum huruf Y berupa huruf hidup cukup ditambah ER dan atau EST

Gay gayer gayest gembiraGray grayer grayest kelabuLarge larger largest luas

Able abler ablest dapatStrangle strangler strangest asing

Pengecualian :Pleased more pleased most pleased senangTired more tired most tired lelah

Fond more fond most fond gemarB.Pemakaian more dan most di depan kata sifat sebagai berikut :1. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari 3 suku kata atau lebih

Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful cantikDifficult more difficult most difficult sulit

Careful more careful most careful hati-hati


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Diligent more diligent most diligent rajinExpensive more expensive most expensive mahal

2. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata dengan tekanan suara jatuh pada suku kata pertamaModern more modern most modern modern

Famous more famous most famous terkenalModest more modest most modest rendah hatiPerfect more perfect most perfect sempurna


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3. Tingkat perbandingan yang tidak beraturanGood better best bagus

Bad (ill) worse worst jelekFore (depan) former foremost,first depan

Hind (belakang) hinder handmost belakangLate later/latter latest,last terlambatLittle smailer least sedikit

Much more most banyakMany more most banyak

Nigh nigher neigher, next (hamper/dekat)Old older/eldest oldest,eldest tua

Near nearer nearest, next dekat

Pemakaian degree of comparisons:

1.Bentuk positive degree (Tingkat Biasa)Pola:

Contoh:a. Nano is as diligen as Rina

b.

Tukimin studies as hard as his sisterc. She is as pretty as her sisterd. This book is as good as that onee. My mother is as patient as my fatherf. She is as clever as Ig. She is not so clever as heh. Is she so clever as he?i. I am as tall as you

j. You are not so tall as she

2.Bentuk Comparative Degree ( Tingkat Lebih)Pola :

Contoh :a. He is clever than she

b. He is more diligent than shec. Im more diligent than youd. He runs faster than hee. She work harder than hef. My book is more expensive than hersg. Is his book cheaper than yours?3. Bentuk Comparative tanpa menggunakan thanPola :

Contoh :

Subj. Verb + as + adjective + as +noun/pronoun

Subj + Adjective + er + than + noun/pronounMore + adjective

Less + adjective

1.Subj. Verb + the + Comparative + of the two +Nouns

2.Of the two + Nouns + Subj. Verb + the +comparative


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a. Hasan is the smarter of the two boysb. Cahaya is the more beautiful of the two ladiesc. Tukimin is handsomer/more handsome of the two boysd. This dress is the more expensive of the two dressese. Of the two books, this book is the betterf. Of the cars, mine is the fasterg. Of the two big houses, hers is the cleanerh.

Of the two boys, he is the worsei. This car is the expensive of the two your cars

j. Tukimins book is the better of the two his new booksBentuk Superlative Degree (tingkat paling/ter)Contoh :

1. Tukimin is the most handsome/the handsomest student in his class2. My book is the best book in my class3. These shoes are the cheapest shoes of all4. Is her book the most expensive book?5. This is the most interesting car that I have driven before6. Today is the happiest day of my live7. Jono is the tallest boy in his family

Contoh :1. One of the most diligent students in my class is Tukimin2. One of the biggest island in Indonesia is Kalimantan island3. Of the three dresses, I like the red one best4. One of the five students, Tukimin is the cleverest one5. One of the biggest oil producers in the world is Kuwait.

One of the + superlative + Pluralnouns


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Question Tag

Question tag adalah suatu kata atau ungkapan yang digunakan oleh seseorang untuk memberikanpernyataan dan meminta orang lain yang diajak bicara, setuju atau menyetujui dengan

pendapatnaya,dalam bahasa Indonesia mirip dengan kata bukan dalam suatu kalimat, misalnya:Bandung itu bukan ibukota,bukan/kan? Bandung isnt the capital city, is it?Bahasa Inggris itu penting, bukan/kan? English is important, isnt it?Atau question tag bisa disebut juga pertanyaan pendek menggunakan auxiliary yangditambahkan di akhir kalimat atau sebuah penyataan, contoh:Buku ini bagus,kan? This book is good, isnt it?Dia itu tidak malas,kan? He isnt lazy, is he?The Formulas of Question tags1.The formula:

Example :

A. Statement positive, Qtnegative?1. We will be fate, wont we? (Kita akan gemuk, kan?)2.

It is a nice day, isnt it? (Ini hari yang indah, kan?)3. Ali can swim, cant he? (Ali tidak bisa berenang, kan?)

4. She is reading a book, isnt she? (Dia sedang membaca buku, kan?)5. Tukimin comes late, doesnt he?(Tukimin telat datang, kan?)

B. Statement negative, Qt positive?1. Ali cant speak English, can he? (Ali tidak bisa bicara bahasa inggris, kan?)2. It cant be right, can it? (ini tidak benar, kan?)3. Mary didnt like swimming, did she? (Mary tidak suka berenang, kan?)4. She isnt happy, is she? (Dia tidak senang, kan?)

5. He hasnt read the book yet, has he? (Dia belum selesai membaca buku,kan?)2. Kata yang digunakan dalam Question tag hanyalah I, You, We, They, She, He, It, One dan There.

1. Yang menjadi ItEverything This Nothing His .That .. your .. Etc.

2. Yang menjadi TheyThese Those Everyone No one

Nobody Someone Somebody EverybodyExample :

Ali doesnt like milk, does he? This movie is not good, is it? These books are cheap, arent they? His name is Tukimin, isnt it? Your sister always gets up early, doesnt she? Everything is ready, isnt it? There are two men in the class, arent they? Nobody called her, did they? This/that cat is on the yard, isnt it? These/those pens are blue, arent they? Nobody was watching him, were they?3. Dalam kaimat verbal (predikatnya berupa kata kerja) yang bentuk simple present dan past tense.

Tambahkan do, does, atau did untuk membuat Question tagnya.

Statement Question tag

A.Positive NegativeB.Negative Positive


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Example : We want to go to the movie tonight, dont we? She calls him every day, doesnt she? Ali forgot the day when he met her, didnt he? He likes fishing, doesnt he? We dont bring what you want, do we? She went to the place when she knew you, didnt she?

4.Bila dalam satu kalimat ada dua auxiliaries (aux dan modal) maka question tagnya dibuatdengan modal atau auxiliary yang terletak paling depan (yang terdekat dengan subject)

Example : Your house is being painted, isnt it? He has been studying English for three months, hasnt he? He will have gone to Bandung before Friday of this week, wont he? They will be there tonight, wont they? Everything will be clear, wont it?

5.Dalam pernyataan I am ..,question tagnya adalah arent I atau am I not? (bukan am notI)

Example :

I am like my brother, arent I? / am I not? Bukan : am not I?

I am handsome, arent I? / am I not? I am working harder than you, arent I? / am I not?

Bandingkan dengan kalimat berikut: I am not a person whom you are looking for, am I? I am not ready, am I?

6.Kata-kata berikut bermakna negative, jadi question tagnya selalu positive.Never (tidak pernah) seldom (jarang) berely (hampir tidak)

Scarcely (langka/jarang) no/none (tidak sama sekali) few (beberapa)Not any (tidak sama sekali) absent (tidak hadir) dislike (tidak suka)

Disagree (tidak setuju) impolite (tidak sopan) little (sedikit)Rarely (jarang) impossible (tidak mungkin) nothing (tidak ada)In moral (tidak bermoral) in correct (tidak benar) hardly ever (hampir tidak)

By no mean (sama sekali tidak) etc..

Example : She never goes to the movie, does she? He has never been in Bali, has he? You seldom get up early, do you? She hardly ever goes to town, does she? He hasnt any money, has he? Few students spoke English well, did they? Kalau a fewstudents spoke English well, didnt they?7. Untuk menyatakan perintah Question tagnya adalah will you? Example : Stop making noise, will you? Give me a hand, will you? Dont forget, will you? Take my bag please, will you?


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Be smart, will you? Let she tries, wiil you?

8. Untuk menyatakan ajakan maka question tagnya adalah shall we?Example :

Lets speak English, shall we? Lets go for a walk, shall we?

Lets sing together, shall we? Lets go to the movie, shall we? Lets visit Tukimin tonight, shall we?

9. Untuk kalimat majemuk, maka question tagnya dibuat berdasarkan kalimat utamanya.Example :

I believe he wil l comesoon, wont he? She knewthat I meant, didnt she? He madea statement that it was a mistake, didnt he? (bukan wasnt it?) Youd ratherI didnt say anything, wouldnt you? I supposed he shoul dhave known that, shouldnt he?

10.Untuk membuat guestion tagnya dari suatu kalimat, harus diperhatikan benar bentukkalimatnya.

Example :1. Youd better go home now, hadnt you?

Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalmatnya:

Subject + Had better + Verb1

2. Youd rather stay here, wouldnt you?Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalimatnya:

Subject + Would rather + Verb1

3.

Shed gone toJakarta before you arrived here, hadnt she?Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalimatnya:

Subject + Had + past participle

4. He should study hard, shouldnt he?Dalam kalimat ini berarti bentuk kalimatnya:

Subject + Should + Verb 1

5. She cut my belt, didnt she?Kata kerja (verb) cut, menyatakan bentuk:Cutcuttingcutcut.Dalam bentuk present tense untuk subyek : she, he dan it kata kerjanya selalu

ditambah dengan S atau ESJadi, she cut my belt. Karena tidak ada tambahan s pada cut maka kalimat tersebut tentu dalam bentuk

past tense. Sehingga question tagnya, didnt she? bukan doesnt she?She had John wash the car, didnt she?Dalam kalimat ini, bentuk kalimatnya menggunaka pola Causative:

11.Jika ada only maka question tagnya bisa positive atau negativeExample : She only loves you, doesnt she? / does she?


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He only has litte money, does he? / doesnt he? She only had a little money, did she? Didnt?

12.Kalimat yang menggunakan none of.., mengikuti setelah of None of youwill go, will you? None of themwill go, will they? None of uswill go, will we?

13.Gabungan dari beberapa subyek mengikuti rumus sebagai berikut:I + All of subject = WeWe + All of subjects = We

You + All of subjects, except I/We = YouSubyek III (S/P) + Subyek III (S/P) = TheyExample :

I and she can do it, cant we? You and he went to the beach, didnt you? She and he dont have money, do they?

14.Jawaban question tag:Membenarkan :

You are studying, arent you? Yes I am. You arent studying, are you? No I am not.

Menyangkal : You are studying, arent you? No I am not.You arent studying, are you? Yes I am.


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Perhatikan singkatan-singkatan berikut sibawah ini: Youd go abroad, wouldnt you?

(You would ) Youd gone abroad, hadnt you?

(You had ) Youd better go abroad, hadnt you?

(You had ..)

Youd rather go abroad, wouldnt you?(You would )

She cut this string, didnt she?(cut adalah V2, sehingga menggunakan did)

She cuts this string, doesnt she?(Cut adalah V1 + s, sehingga menggunakan does)

Macam-macam singkatan

Dont, doesnt, didnt, havent, hasnt, hadnt, isnt, arent wasnt, werent, wont, shant, wouldnt,shouldnt, maynt, mightnt, cant, couldnt, mustnt, neednt, darent, oughtnt to, usednt to, hasnt

better.Aint : is not, am not, are not, have not, has notIm : I am

Youre : You areYoull : You will

Youd : You had, You would, You shouldYouve : You haveShes : She is

Hes : He is


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Exercises of Tag Question:

Put a tag question!

1. Everyone is dizzy,..?2. Everything is ready,.?3. No one is sleepy,?4. Nothing is ours,?5. Someone does something in somewhere,.?6.

Her uncle will have been working,.?7. You and she can do it,...............?

8. I will go if you go,.?9. Lets speak English,..?10.Few men came here last night,?11.The rich will help the poor,..?12. I am tidy,?13.She put her book on the table,..?14.Let me sit beside yourfriend,?15.Shes been tired,?16.Hed forget it,..?17.Everyone does it,..?18.

His niece is stingy,?19.Her nephew was upset,..?

20.She and your brother are jogging,.?21.Your father and your mother were glad,?22.Speak English,?23.You speak English,?24.Dont speak Javanese,.?25.Do what he cant do,.?26.What you say is nonsense,.?27.They are fine,.?28.You took my book,..?29. I always make you happy,?30.

His niece will go abroad,.?31.No one cut the cheese,?

32.Everyone is waiting for this information,?33.Everything is needed,.?34.He hardly ever visited his parents last year,?35.Take it,?36.Dont let her temp your honey,.?37.Mine is yours,.?38.She and your father will come here soon,..?39.You and he can do this duty well,? 40.Our father and their mother wont stay in the jail,?41.A few children get much attention from a career woman,.?42. I need little sugar now,..?43.A widow is sitting alone under your tired,..?44.His aunt will be sad if he is failed,..?45.Writing many articles will make you tired,..?46.The man who insulted you last night has regretted,.?47.Everybody know him,.?48.His name Jacky,.?49.This is a private conversation,..?50.The play was very interesting,.?


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51.The young man said rudely,..?52. I never get up early on Sunday,.?53.Last Sunday, I got up very late,.?54.Shes been studying English,?55.Shes studying English,?56.Shes studied English,.?57.Shes visited by her friend every Sunday,?58.

Hed forget her,..?59.Hed forgiven her before she apologized to him,..?

60.Hed better study English beforegoing abroad,..?61.Hed rather stay at home than go to the theater,.?62.Hed had what you had,?63.Hed have had a car if he had won the competition,..? 64.Youve been working for years,?65.A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian,..?66.He ptu piece od cheese in his pocket,.?67. In 1994, Mr Akhlis guided me in studying English,? 68.Someone was crying,.??69.Something was flying,?70.

My name is Ramdhan,?71.Mr. Ramdhan is my brother,?

72.His son will help me tonight,?73. Ive just received a letter from him,?74.He could understand my explanation,?75.What they do every day is always useful,?76.She and you dare speak English,?77.We may ask a question to our teacher,..?78.She might go last night,.?79.She needs a dictionary,?80.She need buy a dictionary,?81.He need buying a new car,..?82.

They were expecting a valiable parcel,.?83. I used to saw the trees,..?

84. I use the saw to cut the wood,..?85.He saws the trees every day,.?86.She is used to studying early in the morning,.?87.you ought to obey the rules,..?88.We have to struggle hard to rich our aims,.?89.Meeting them will make us relief,?90.The man speaking in front of us will U.S.A,?91.The children were flying football,?92.A widower is trying to marry again,.?93.He has his car repaired,?94.They are going to give us someperformance,..?95.She is able to swim across the river,..?96.My mother has never been abroad before,.?97.The students whom Mr. Ramdhan taught last year will plan to astablish an Islamic boarding

school,..?

98.None of them will deny theirteachers decision,.?99.Neither of us spoke during the journey,?100. We hope to get many experiences after answering all the questions in this

book,?


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PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice atau kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subyeknya dikenai pekerjaan atau kalimat

berawalan di/terRumus dasarnya adalah : to be + V3

Cara-cara membuat kalimat passive voice:1. The sentence must have a transit ive verb

Transitive verb adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan objek Jika tidak ada objek, maka harus ada kata Tanya yang menanyakan objek.2. Objek (A)becomes subjek (P) Objek dalam kalimat aktif menjadi subjek dalam kalimat pasif Perhatikan pamakaian auxiliary / to be nya

3. Subjek (A) becomes by Objek (P) Subjek manjadi objek yang didahului oleh by Perhatikan perubahan subjek ke objek

4. It uses to be + V3 Kalimat pasif selalu menggunakan V3 Sebelum V3 menggunakan aux / to be Apabila benbentuk pertanyaan maka subjek diletakan setelah aux / tobe yang pertama


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GRAMMAR II.docx

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