ELEMENTARY BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY

FOR LEANERS AND BEGINERS A Self-Study…

Preface

Basic and Elememtary English Grammar & Vocabulary, started with the first purpose for expanding knowledge of learners and beginers. This book has been elaborated also with the purpose to have an easy way to learn English, essential vocabulary tells us why English is so important and it is big a

nessecity to improve English language every single day. A learner or beginer learn English throught easy and understandable list of words having the responsability to look for the meaning for each word in a good dictionary even in the Internet where it is required to use on the new world. A comunicative English is easy no if it does not have many vocabulary in mind so it is a big responsability to increase vocabulary too. On the other hands, English Grammar has the important acquisition of rules and structures that help learners to imporve by themselves if it has the will to look for vocabulary and meanings. To be shown an easy way to learn English and keep skills in many areas for learning a language, speacially, English is considered a world language and it were just for speaking because it would not be academic. As academic purpose include many skills like learn a lot of vocabulary, definitions and rules and structure of a language.

Acknowledgment

It is a neseecary to have an easy book for learners or beginers students who ask for studying first vocabulary then change that knowledge into a communicative way of English language. That is why Douglas Barquero Elías as an editor kept in mind what a learner has in common for learning. Experiences have shown us that it is required an easy way to have everything in one book.

Co-editors reference

Betty Azar Raymond Murphy David Bolton Patricia K. Wernner MacMillan, English Dictionary https://www.english grammar. Com Google; WordReference

How to use this book, you have the resposibility to look for the meaning of each word or to find out the correct translation into your native language for each word. On google you can type “WordReference” and this is free, and it is like a dictionary of vocabulary and it is better than google translator which should not be allowed for tranlating just for looking the correct meaning. Basically it is necessary to have an excelent dictionary which show you the whole posibility definition.

Dedication

I want to thank God first for giving me this opportunity, to my parerents and my whole family cause they were the ones whos just gave me real advices base on experiences, to all my students who just teach me there is a big neccesaty that exist in our real lives. edgargustavorodriguez@gmail.com

First Edition

San Salvador, El Salvador 2014-2015

1. Common Words

The Aphabeth:

A – B – C – D – E – F – G – H – I – J – K – L- M – N –O –P – Q – R – S – T – U – V – W – X – Y – Z

Probably Mistake in Pronuncing:

A – I B – V C – Z E – I G – J J – Y

K – Q M – N P – T S - X

One Alphabeth + Word:

A: Apple N: Note

B: Book O: Open

C: Cat P: Pencil

D: Day Q: Quiz

E: Elephant R: Rose

F: Fig S: Store

G: Grapes T: Tomatoes

H: House U: Umbrella

I: Ivory V: Vacation

J: Jump W: Window

K: Key X: Xerox

L: Learn Y: Yard

M: Movie Z: Zest

The days of the week:

Monday – Tuesday – Wednesday – Thursday – Friday – Saturday – Sunday

The Months of the Year:

January – February – March – April – May – June – July – August – September – October – November – December

The four Season:

Spring – Fall (Autumn) – Winter – Summer

2. Numbers

Cardinal Numbers

1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

16 sixteen

17 seventeen

18 eighteen

19 nineteen

20 twenty

21 twenty-one

22 twenty-two

30 thirty

40 forty

50 fifty

60 sixty

70 seventy

80 eighty

90 ninety

100 a/one hundred

101 a/one hundred and one

200 two hundred

1.000 a/one thousand

10.000 ten thousand

100.000 a/one hundred thousand

1.000.000 a/one million

Ordinal Numbers

1st first

2nd second

3rd third

4th fourth

5th fifth

6th sixth

7th seventh

8th eighth

9th ninth

10th tenth

11th eleventh

12th twelfth

13th thirteenth

14th fourteenth

15th fifteenth

16th sixteenth

17th seventeenth

18th eighteenth

19th nineteenth

20th twentieth

21st twenty-first

22nd twenty-second

30th thirtieth

40th fortieth

50th fiftieth

60th sixtieth

70th seventieth

80th eightieth

90th ninetieth

100th hundredth

101st hundred and first

200th two hundredth

1.000th thousandth

10.000th ten thousandth

100.000th one hundred thousandth

1.000.000th one millionth

There are two common ways of telling the time

1) Say the hour first and then the minutes. (Hour + Minutes)

6:25 - six twenty-five

8:05 - eight O-five

9:11 - nine eleven

2:34 - two thirty-four

2) Say the minutes first and then the hour.  (Minutes + PAST / TO + Hour)

For minutes 1-30 we use PAST after the minutes.

For minutes 31-59 we use TO after the minutes.

2:35 - twenty-five to three

11:20 - twenty past eleven

4:18 - eighteen past four

8:51 - nine to nine

2:59 - one to three

When it is 15 minutes past the hour we normally say: a quarter past

7:15 - a quarter past seven

When it is 15 minutes before the hour we normally say: a quarter to

12:45 - a quarter to one

When it is 30 minutes past the hour we normally say: half past

3:30 - half past three (but we can also say three-thirty)

O'clock

We use o'clock when there are NO minutes.

10:00 - ten o'clock

5:00 - five o'clock

1:00 - one o'clock

Sometimes it is written as o'clock (the number + o'clock)

12:00

For 12:00 there are four expressions in English.

Twelve o'clock midday = noon midnight

Asking for the Time

The common question forms we use to ask for the time right now are:

What time is it? or What is the time?

The common question forms we use to ask at what time a specific event will happen are:

What time...?

When...?

What time does the flight to New York leave?

When does the bus arrive from London?

When does the concert begin?

Giving the Time

We use It is or It's to respond to the questions that ask for the time right now.

It is half past five (5:30).

It's ten to twelve (11:50)

We use the structure AT + time when giving the time of a specific event.

The bus arrives at midday (12:00).

The flight leaves at a quarter to two (1:45).

The concert begins at ten o'clock. (10:00)

We can also use subject pronouns in these responses.

It arrives at midday (12:00).

It leaves at a quarter to two (1:45).

It begins at ten o'clock. (10:00)

AM vs. PM

We don't normally use the 24-hour clock in English.

We use a.m. (am) for the morning and p.m. (pm) for the afternoon and night.

3am = Three o'clock in the morning.

3pm = Three o'clock in the afternoon.

Parts of a House:

kitchen

bedroom

bathroom

dining Room

living Room

garden

rooms

balcony

sitting room

basement

cellar

attic

study

toilet

door

doorbell

doormat

letter box

window

roof

chimney

stairs

apartment

table

chair

armchair

sofa

floor

ceiling

rug

carpet

fireplace

radiator

lamp

light

curtain

wall

wallpaper

television

refridgirator

oven

microwave oven

dishwasher

washing machine

ironing board

toaster

blender

mixer

broom

sink

tap

waste bin

worktop

tea towel

frying pan

saucepan

pressure cooker

kettle

bowl

tin opener

corkscrew

fork

knife

spoon

teaspoon

cutlery drawer

cup

mug

glass

saucer

jug

coffeepot

coffee maker

teapot

tablecloth

napkin

bath

shower

toilet

bidet

washbasin

tap

mirror

soap

soap dish

towel

towel rail

bath mat

toilet paper

sponge

comb

hairbrush

shampoo

conditioner

safety razor

electric razor

shaving foam

toothbrush

hair drier

toothpaste

nailbrush

bedside table

bedside lamp

wardrobe

drawers

mattress

pillow

blanket

sheet

duvet

bedspread

alarm clock

bed

bathmat

Parts of Human Body

leg

ankle

buttock

foot

heel

knee

shin

bone

toe

arm

elbow

finger

hand

nail

palm

shoulder

wrist

head

ear

beard

brain

cheek

eye

eyebrow

eyelash

eyelid

forehead

hair

lips

moustache

mouth

neck

nose

pupil

tongue

tooth

throat

abdomen

armpit

back

breasts

chest

groin

heart

hip

liver

lung

navel

stomach

thorax

waist

rib

Parts of a School

classrooms

laboratries

library

academic office

courts

gardens

white boards

sharpener

pencil

pen

ruler

desk

chair

computers

televitions

phones

teacher

professor

Dean

pencil case

students

stapler

clips

earaser

masking tape

transparent tape

mechanical pencil

marker

glue

scissors

backpack

school bag

auditorium

cafeteria

lockers

rest rooms

gym

field

Principal's office

The Principal

the coach

librarian

classmates

secretary

cook

teacher room

dictionary

encyclopedia

book

test book

note book

print

scaner

File cabinet

shelves

sheets of paper

Bond paper

bulletin board

data show

record tape

Fruits and Vegestables:

almond

apple

apricot

avocado

banana

blackberry

blueberry

cherry

chestnut

coconut

cranberry

date

fig

kiwi

grape

grapefruit

hazelnut

lemon

lime

lychee

mandarine

mango

melon

morello cherry

nectarine

orange

papaya

passion fruit

peach

peanut

pear

plum

raspberry

starfruit

strawberry

watermelon

artichoke

aubergine

asparagus

beans

beetroot

broccoli

brussels

cabbage

carrot

cauliflower

celery

corn

courgette

cucumber

eggplant

garlic

leek

lentils

lettuce

mushroom

onion

peas

pepper

pickle

potato

pumpkin

radish

rice

rye

spinach

squash

sweet potato

tomato

turnip

watercress

wheat

The Clothes

shirt

t-shirt

sport shirt

blouse

sweatshirt

sweater

cardigan

dress

evening gown

vest

suit

coat

raincoat

overcoat

mackintosh

jacket

duffel coat

pants

trousers

slacks

jeans

shorts

pinafore

sneakers

boots

Wellingtons

slippers

shoes

sandals

high-heeled shoes

bathrobe

nightdress

pajamas

socks

ties

underwear

bra

knickers

underpants

bathing-suit

bikini

swimming shorts

belt

hood

suspenders

handkerchief

gloves

scarf

shawl

cloak

cap

beret

hat

bonnet

helmet

3. Countries & Nationality

This list is about many of the countries or nations in the world with the nationality:

Name of country

Adjective used for that country (also describes nationality)

Look at this example sentences:

He comes from France. He is French. His nationality is French. He is a Frenchman. He drives a French car. She speaks French.

Country Nationality

Afghanistan Afghan

Algeria Algerian

Australia Australian

Bahamas Bahamian

Bangladesh Bangladeshi

Barbados Barbadian

Belgium Belgian

Belize Belizean

Bhutan Bhutanese

Botswana Botswanan

Brazil Brazilian

Britain British

Canada Canadian

China Chinese

Costa Rica Costa Rican

Croatia Croatian

Czech Republic Czech

Denmark Danish

Dominican Republic Dominican

Egypt Egyptian

El Salvador Salvadorean

England English

Finland Finnish

France French

Germany German

Greece Greek

Netherlands Dutch

Hungary Hungarian

Iceland Icelandic

India Indian

Indonesia Indonesian

Ireland Irish

Italy Italian

Jamaica Jamaican

Japan Japanese

Kenya Kenyan

Lebanon Lebanese

Luxembourg Luxembourger

Madagascar Madagascan

Malaysia Malaysian

Mexico Mexican

Morocco Moroccan

Mozambique Mozambican

New Zealand New Zealander

Nigeria Nigerian

Korea Korean

Norway Norwegian

Panama Panamanian

Philippines Philippine

Poland Polish

Portugal Portuguese

Romania Romanian

Russia Russian

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabian

Scotland Scottish

Seychelles Seychellois

Singapore Singaporean

Slovakia Slovak

Slovenia Slovene

Somalia Somali

South Africa South African

Spain Spanish

Swaziland Swazi

Sweden Swedish

Switzerland Swiss

Taiwan Taiwanese

Tanzania Tanzanian

Thailand Thai

Trinidad and Tobago Trinidadian

Turkey Turkish

Ukraine Ukrainian

United Arab Emirates Emirati

United Kingdom British

United States American

Vietnam Vietnamese

Wales Welsh

Zambia Zambian

Zimbabwe Zimbabwean

4. Verbs

A verb, it is a word (part of speech) that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an

occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand). In the usual description of English, the

basic form, with or without the particle to, is the infinitive. In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified

in form) to encode tense, aspect, mood, and voice. A verb may also agree with the person, gender, and/or

number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. Verbs have tenses: present, to indicate that an

action is being carried out; past, to indicate that an action has been done; a verb is considered the main part of

a sentence.

Example of a sentence:

Noun (common or proper noun) Verb (regular or irregular) Predicate

Subject of a sentence and Sustantive + Auxilary or main verb + Object of a sentence

Subject pronoun Form and Tenses change Complement

Students of this university enjoy studying very hard every semester.

Sub + verb + object

Types of verbs:

Regular: study – work – talk – walk – change – move – ask – listen – write – love – sit – live – call -

Irregular: do – hear – tell – keep – come – become – feel – have – take – speak – be – can – think -

Transitive: bring – buy – cost – get – give – leave – lend – make – offer – owe – pass – pay - play

Intrasitive: arrive – go – lie – sneeze – sit – die – eat – run – grow – watch – give – sing – rain - add

Linking: feel – taste – look – smell – appear – grow – remain – stay – turn – seem – sound - prove

Auxilary: be – do – can – may – might – must – should – could – would – will - ought to

Verbs Followed by Infinitive:

Examples:

Verbs Sentences

agree Tom agreed to help me.

appear His health appeared to be better.

arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.

ask She asked to leave.

begin He began to talk.

can't stand Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.

care He doesn't care to participate in the activity.

cease The government ceased to provide free healthcare.

choose I chose to help.

claim She claimed to be a princess.

continue She continued to talk.

decide We decided to go to Hawaii.

demand He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.

deserve He deserves to go to jail.

dread I dread to think what might happen.

expect They expect to arrive early.

fail He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.

forget I forgot to lock the door when I left.

get Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?

happen She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.

hate He hates to clean dishes.

hesitate She hesitated to tell me the problem.

hope I hope to begin college this year.

intend We intend to visit you next spring.

learn I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.

like Samantha likes to read.

love We love to scuba dive.

manage He managed to open the door without the key.

need I need to study.

offer Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.

Plan We plan to go to Europe this summer.

prefer He prefers to eat at 7 PM.

prepare They prepared to take the test.

pretend The child pretended to be a monster.

promise She promised to stop smoking.

propose Drew proposed to pay for the trip.

refuse The guard refused to let them enter the building.

regret I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.

remember You remember to lock the door when you left

seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed.

start Marge started to talk really fast.

swear She swore to tell the truth.

tend He tends to be a little shy.

threaten He threatened to leave forever.

try Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.

wait She waited to buy a movie ticket.

want I want to study Spanish.

wish I wish to stay.

Verbs Followed by Gerunds:

Examples:

admit He admitted cheating on the test.

advise The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.

allow Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.

anticipate I anticipated arriving late.

appreciate I appreciated her helping me.

avoid He avoided talking to her.

begin I began learning Chinese.

cease The government ceased providing free healthcare.

complete He completed renovating the house.

consider She considered moving to New York.

continue He continued talking.

defend The lawyer defended her making such statements.

delay He delayed doing his taxes.

deny He denied committing the crime.

despise She despises waking up early.

discuss We discussed working at the company.

dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM.

don't mind I don't mind helping you.

dread She dreads getting up at 5 AM.

encourage He encourages eating healthy foods.

enjoy We enjoy hiking.

finish He finished doing his homework.

forget I forgot giving you my book.

hate I hate cleaning the bathroom.

imagine He imagines working there one day.

involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.

keep She kept interrupting me.

like She likes listening to music.

love I love swimming.

mention He mentioned going to that college.

mind You mind waiting here for a few minutes.

miss She misses living near the beach.

need The aquarium needs cleaning.

neglect Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.

permit California does not permit smoking in restaurants.

Postpone He postponed returning to Paris.

practice She practiced singing the song.

prefer He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.

propose I proposed having lunch at the beach.

quit She quit worrying about the problem.

recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.

recollect She recollected living in Kenya.

recommend Tony recommended taking the train.

regret She regretted saying that.

remember I remember telling her the address yesterday.

report He reported her stealing the money.

require The certificate requires completing two courses.

resent Nick resented Debbie's being there.

resist He resisted asking for help.

risk He risked being caught.

start He started studying harder.

stop She stopped working at 5 o'clock.

suggest They suggested staying at the hotel.

tolerate I tolerated her talking.

try Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.

understand I understand his quitting.

urge They urge recycling bottles and paper.

5. Simple Present Tense Rules

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal. Also simple present an action that someone or sonthing do every single day.

Example:

1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.

I take the train to the office.

The train to Berlin leaves every hour.

John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

2. For facts.

The President of The USA lives in The White House.

A dog has four legs.

We come from Switzerland.

3. For habits.

I get up early every day.

Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.

They travel to their country house every weekend.

4. For things that are always / generally true.

It rains a lot in winter.

The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.

They speak English at work.

In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person.

Subject Verb The Rest of the sentence

I / you / we / they speak / learn English at home

he / she / it speaks / learns English at home

The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:

1. For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third person.

go – goes

catch – catches

wash – washes

kiss – kisses

fix – fixes

buzz – buzzes

2. For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.

marry – marries

study – studies

carry – carries

worry – worries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

play – plays

enjoy – enjoys

say – says

Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense

To make a negative sentence in English we normally use Don't or Doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (can, might, should etc.).

Affirmative: You speak French. Negative: You don't speak French.

You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We use Don't when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks German. Negative: He doesn't speak German.

When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject and the verb to make a negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the negative sentence. We will see the reason why below.

Negative Contractions

Don't = Do not

Doesn't = Does not

I don't like meat = I do not like meat.

There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoken English.

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part.

Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Negative Sentences with Don't and Doesn't:

You don't speak Arabic. John doesn't speak Italian. We don't have time for a rest. It doesn't move. They don't want to go to the party. She doesn't like fish.

Questions in the Simple Present Tense

To make a question in English we normally use Do or Does. It has no translation in Spanish though it is essential to show we are making a question. It is normally put at the beginning of the question.

Affirmative: You speak English. Question: Do you speak English?

You will see that we add DO at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to make it a question. We use Do when the subject is I, you, we or they.

Affirmative: He speaks French. Question: Does he speak French?

When the subject is he, she or it, we add DOES at the beginning to make the affirmative sentence a question. Notice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person) disappears in the question. We will see the reason why below. We DON'T use Do or Does in questions that have the verb To Be or Modal Verbs (can, must, might, should etc.)

*Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive = The infinitive without TO before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is just the have part. Remember that the infinitive is the verb before it is conjugated (changed) and it begins with TO. For example: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to speak etc.

Examples of Questions with Do and Does:

Do you need a dictionary? Does Mary need a dictionary? Do we have a meeting now? Does it rain a lot in winter? Do they want to go to the party? Does he like pizza?

6. Short Answers with Do and Does

In questions that use do/does it is possible to give short answers to direct questions as follows:

Sample Questions Short Answer

(Affirmative) (Affirmative) Answer (Negative)

Do you like chocolate? Yes, I do. No, I don't.

Do I need a pencil? Yes, you do. No, you don't.

Do you both like chocolate? Yes, we do. No, we don't.

Do they like chocolate? Yes, they do. No, they don't.

Does he like chocolate? Yes, he does. No, he doesn't.

Does she like chocolate? Yes, she does. No, she doesn't.

Does it have four wheels? Yes, it does. No, it doesn't.

7. Simple Past Tense Rules

The simple past refers to things that have already happened, and are finished doing their thing.

World War II reminded us bad memories from 1939-1945. Mom cooked a delicious supper last Saturday. I watched the dishes in the morning. Margaret aced her math exam.

Regular Verbs

Regular verbs are changed to the simple past by adding -ed to the end of the root form. If the verb already ends in -e, we just add -d.

Play – played Type – typed Listen – listened Push – pushed Love – loved

Spelling Rules for Regular Past Tense Verbs

You will learn the spelling of the simple past form (-ed form.) But before you continue the lesson study the following examples and try to see how the verbs are spelled.

Verbs ending in a...

1. silent e 2. vowel + y 3. consonant + y 4. other forms

close = closed play – played marry – merried miss - missed

die = died destroy – destroyed carry – carried watch - watched

phone = phoned study – studied fix - fixed

Regular verbs ending in a silent e take /-d/ in the simple past and past participle:

Example:

Close = closed

Regular verbs ending in a vowel + y take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle:

Example:

Play = played

Regular verbs ending in a consonant + y take /-ied/ in the simple past and past participle (the y becomes an i followed by /-ed/)

Example:

Marry = married

All the other regular vebs take /-ed/ in the simple past and past participle.

Example:

Visit = visited

Special cases of the -ed forms:

Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)

If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word, double the consonant but also if the word has one syllabel only and if there is a vowel in midle of two consonants.

stop – stopped

ban - banned

swap - swapped

If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it:

open - opened (Here the stress is on'o', not the 'e'.)

offer - offered ( Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)

In British English we double the last l even though the last vowel is not stressed. Here are some examples:

travel - travelled

cancel - cancelled

level - levelled

marvel – marvelled

Affirmative sentences:

Use the same form of the auxilary verb every time regardless the subject in the simple past tense.

Example; look the chart bellow for regular and irregular verbs.

regular verbs irregular verbs

I played football. I went to the supermarket.

Negative sentences:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.

regular verbs irregular verbs

I did not play football. I did not go to the supermarket.

NOTE: Short forms in negative sentences in the Simple Past are used quite often.

regular verbs irregular verbs

I didn't play football. I didn't go to the supermarket.

Questions:

Use the auxiliary did (Simple Past of do) every time regardless the subject.

regular verbs irregular verbs

Did you play football? Did I go to the supermarket?

Spellinh-final Rule verbs -Ing

For many verbs we make the ING form by simply adding -ING to end of the verb.

• eat - eating

• speak - speaking

• cook - cooking

• start - starting

• do - doing

• stay - staying

• fix - fixing

• try - trying

Verbs ending with -e (with the exception of verbs ending in -ee and -ie). Drop the -e and add ING

• hope - hoping

• ride - riding

• make - making

• write - writing

Verbs ending with –ee Just add -ING

• agree - agreeing

• flee - fleeing

• see - seeing

Verbs ending with –ie. Change the -ie to -y and add -ING

• die - dying

• tie - tying

• lie - lying

Verbs ending with one vowel and one consonant (with the exception of w, x, and y). For one syllable verbs double the consonant and add -ING

• jog - jogging

• sit - sitting

• run - running

• stop - stopping

For two syllable verbs; If the 1st syllable is stressed, just add ING

• answer - answering

• offer - offering

• listen - listening

• visit - visiting

If the 2nd syllable is stressed, double the consonant and add ING

• admit - admitting

• prefer - preferring

• begin - begining

8. Present Continuous: Negatives and Questions

Introduction

In the present continuous tense, negative and question forms is needed The Verb To Be as an auxiliary, and question forms are made by changing the word order of the sentence.

1. Forming a negative

Negatives in the present continuous are formed by adding not or n't after the verb BE:

Positive sentence Negative sentence Contracted negative

I am eating. I am not eating. I'm not eating.

You are working. You are not working. You aren't working.

He is driving. He is not driving. He isn't driving.

She is teaching. She is not teaching. She isn't teaching.

It is raining. It is not raining. It isn't raining.

We are reading. We are not reading. We aren't reading.

They are writing. They are not writing. They aren't writing.

2. Forming a question

Yes/no questions are created by moving the verb BE to the beginning of the sentence. WH-questions are formed by moving the verb BE, and then adding the WH- word. Here are the rules:

Statement Yes/no question WH- question

I am eating. Am I eating? What am I eating?

You are crying. Are you crying? Why are you crying?

He is going. Is he going? Where is he going?

She is arriving. Is she arriving? When is she arriving?

Statement Yes/no question WH- question

It is sleeping. Is it sleeping? Why is it sleeping?

We are leaving. Are we leaving? When are we leaving?

They are fighting. Are they fighting? Why are they fighting?

9. Parts of Speech:

Article - nouns – pronouns – adjectives - verbs – adverbs – prepositión – connectors - interjection

Article: Definite and Indefinite

Definite: a – an

Indefinite: the

Nouns:

A noun, it is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. Linguistically, a noun is a member of a large, open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Lexical categories are defined in terms of the ways in which their members combine with other kinds of expressions. The syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language. In English, nouns are those words which can occur with articles and attributive adjectives and can function as the head of a noun phrase.

Types of nouns:

Proper: Michael – Gerardo Barrios university – John F. Kenedy airport – Saint Catarina church – El Salvador

Common: table – chair – book – computer – cell pone – pencil – soda – school – cake – sandwhich – plane - cup

Concrete: white board – car – wall – floor – picture – chair – table – book – wood – plant - pencil – glass - cap

Abstract: love – air – wind – feeling – dream – ghost – honesty – power – evil – hate – faith – belief - happiness

Collective nouns: team – furniture – zoo – group – crowd - family – staff – gang – choir – band – forest - army

Uncountable noun: sand – salt – sugar – stars – money – electricity – air – dust – water – calm – confidence - fear

Countable noun: people – cars – students – friends – pencils – books – cell phones – chairs – tables – computers -

Pronouns:

Personal /

Subject Object Pronouns Possessive Adjetives Possessive Reflexive Pronouns

Pronouns PronounsI me my mine myselfYou you your yours yourselfhe him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itselfwe us our ours ourselvesyou you your yours yourselvesthey them their theirs themselves

Demontrative Pronouns:

This singular These plural near

That singular Those plural far

Indefinite Pronouns:

everybody nobody somebody anybody

everyone no one someone anyone

everything nothing something anything

Relative Pronouns:

who which that whom whose

Reciprocal Pronouns:

each other / one another

Adjectives:

In linguistics, an adjective is a "describing word", the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified. Adjectives are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech, although linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that formerly were considered to be adjectives. In the immediately previous sentence, "traditional" is an adjective and "eight", while known traditionally as an adjective, is now classified as a determiner; and in the preceding paragraph, both "main" and "syntactic" are traditional adjectives.

Note: Colors are also adjectives

Example:

adorable

adventurous

aggressive

agreeable

alert

alive

amused

angry

annoyed

anxious

arrogant

ashamed

attractive

average

awful

bad

beautiful

better

bloody

bored

brainy

brave

breakable

bright

busy

calm

careful

cautious

charming

cheerful

clean

clear

clever

cloudy

clumsy

colorful

combative

comfortable

concerned

condemned

confused

cooperative

courageous

crazy

creepy

crowded

cruel

curious

cute

dangerous

dark

dead

defeated

defiant

delightful

depressed

determined

different

difficult

disgusted

distinct

dizzy

doubtful

dull

eager

easy

elated

elegant

embarrassed

enchanting

encouraging

energetic

enthusiastic

envious

evil

excited

expensive

exuberant

fair

faithful

famous

fancy

fantastic

fierce

filthy

fine

foolish

fragile

frail

frantic

friendly

frightened

funny

gentle

gifted

glamorous

gleaming

glorious

good

gorgeous

graceful

grotesque

grumpy

handsome

happy

healthy

helpful

helpless

hilarious

homeless

homely

horrible

hungry

hurt

ill

important

impossible

inexpensive

innocent

inquisitive

itchy

jealous

jolly

joyous

kind

lazy

light

lively

lonely

long

lovely

lucky

magnificent

misty

modern

motionless

muddy

mushy

mysterious

nasty

nervous

nice

nutty

obedient

obnoxious

odd

old-fashioned

open

outrageous

outstanding

panicky

perfect

plain

pleasant

poised

poor

powerful

precious

prickly

proud

puzzled

real

relieved

repulsive

rich

scary

selfish

shiny

shy

silly

sleepy

smiling

smoggy

sore

sparkling

splendid

spotless

stormy

strange

stupid

successful

super

talented

tame

tender

tense

terrible

testy

thankful

thoughtful

thoughtless

tired

troubled

ugly

uninterested

unsightly

unusual

upset

uptight

vast

victorious

wandering

weary

wicked

wide-eyed

wild

witty

worried

wrong

zany

zealous

Color in English:

Amaranth

Amber

Apricot

Aquamarine

Azure

Baby blue

Beige

Black

Blue

Blue-green

Blue-violet

Bronze

Brown

Carmine

Champagne

Chartreuse green

Chocolate

Cobalt blue

Coffee

Coral

Crimson

Dark blue

Dark brown

Dark green

Dark orange

Dark red

Dark yellow

Desert sand

Electric blue

Electric green

Electric pink

Electric yellow

Emerald

Gold

Gray

Green

Ivory

Jade

Jungle green

Lavender

Lemon

Lilac

Lime

Magenta

Magenta rose

Maroon

Navy blue

Ocher

Olive

Orange

Orange-red

Orchid

Peach

Pear

Persian blue

Pink

Plum

Prusian blue

Puce

Purple

Raspberry

Red

Red-violet

Rose

Ruby

Salmon

Sangria

Sapphire

Scarlet

Silver

Slate gray

Spring

Spring bud

Spring green

Tan

Teal

Turquoise

Violet

Viridian

White

Yankees Blue

Yellow

Adjectives; Comparatives and Superlative

One-syllable adjectives.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative.

One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

tall taller tallest

old older oldest

long longer longest

Mary is taller than Max.

Mary is the tallest of all the students.

Max is older than John.

Of the three students, Max is the oldest.

My hair is longer than your hair.

Max's story is the longest story I've ever heard.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e Comparative Form Superlative Form

large larger largest

wise wiser wisest

Mary's car is larger than Max's car.

Mary's house is the largest of all the houses on the block.

Max is wiser than his brother.

Max is the wisest person I know.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form.

One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with a Single Vowel before It

Comparative Form

Superlative Form

big bigger biggest

thin thinner thinnest

fat fatter fattest

My dog is bigger than your dog.

My dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.

Max is thinner than John.

Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.

My mother is fatter than your mother.

Mary is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

peaceful more peaceful most peaceful

pleasant more pleasant most pleasant

careful more careful most careful

thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.

Max's house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.

Max is more careful than Mike.

Of all the taxi drivers, Jack is the most careful.

Jill is more thoughtful than your sister.

Mary is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Form Superlative Form

happy happier happiest

angry angrier angriest

busy busier busiest

John is happier today than he was yesterday.

John is the happiest boy in the world.

Max is angrier than Mary.

Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.

Mary is busier than Max.

Mary is the busiest person I've ever met.

Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms.

Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or -ow Comparative Form Superlative Form

narrow narrower narrowest

gentle gentler gentlest

The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.

This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.

Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.

Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most.

Adjective with Three or More Syllables Comparative Form Superlative Form

generous more generous most generous

important more important most important

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

John is more generous than Jack.

John is the most generous of all the people I know.

Health is more important than money.

Of all the people I know, Max is the most important.

Women are more intelligent than men.

Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.

Irregular adjectives.

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

good better best

bad worse worst

far farther farthest

Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

little less least

many more most

Italian food is better than American food.

My dog is the best dog in the world.

My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.

Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most.

Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form

clever cleverer cleverest

clever more clever most clever

gentle gentler gentlest

gentle more gentle most gentle

friendly friendlier friendliest

friendly more friendly most friendly

quiet quieter quietest

quiet more quiet most quiet

simple simpler simplest

simple more simple most simple

Adverbs:

An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb,

clause, or sentence expressing manner, place, time, or degree. Adverbs typically answer questions

such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent? This function is called the

adverbial function, and is realised not just by single words but by adverbial phrases and adverbial

clauses.

Types of Adverbs:

Adverbs of place:

About – above – abroad – anywhere – away – back – backwards – behind – below – down –

downstairs - east – elsewhere – far – here – in – indoors – inside - near – nearby – off – on – out

outside – over there – towards – under – up – upstairs - where

Adverbs of time:

now – then – today – tomorrow – tonight – yesterday – annually – daily – fortnightly – hourly -

monthly – nightly – quarterly – weekly - yearly

Adverbs of manner:

accidentally – angrily – anxiously – awkwardly – badly – beautifully – blindly – boldly – bravely -

brightly – busily – calmly – carefully – carelessly – cautiously – cheerfully – clearly – closely –

correctly – courageously - cruelly – daringly – deliberately – doubtfully – eagerly – easily –

elegantly enormously – enthusiastically – equally – eventually – exactly – faithfully – fast – fatally

– fiercely fondly – foolishly – fortunately – frankly – frantically – generously – gently – gladly –

gracefully – greedily – happily – hard – hastily – healthily – honestly – hungrily – hurriedly –

inadequately – ingeniously – innocently – inquisitively – irritably – joyously – justly – kindly –

lazily – loosely – loudly – madly – mortally – mysteriously – neatly – nervously – noisily –

obediently – openly – painfully – patiently – perfectly – politely – poorly – powerfully – promptly –

punctually – quickly – quietly – rapidly – rarely – really – recklessly – regularly – reluctantly –

repeatedly – rightfully roughly – rudely – sadly – safely – selfishly – sensibly – seriously – sharply

– shyly – silently – sleepily – slowly – smoothly – softly – solemnly – speedily – stealthily – sternly

– straight – stupidly successfully – suddenly – suspiciously – swiftly – tenderly – tensely –

thoughtfully – tightly –truthfully – unexpectedly – victoriously – violently – vivaciously – warmly –

weakly – wearily – well wildly – wisely

Adverbs of degree:

Almost – absolutely – awfully – badly – barely – completely – decidedly – deeply – enough –

enormously – entirely – extremely – fairly – far – fully – greatly – hardly – highly – how –

incredibly indeed – intensely – just – least – less – Little – lots – most – much – nearly – perfectly –

positively practically – pretty – purely – quite – rather – really – scarcely – simply – so – somewhat

– strongly terribly – thoroughly – too – totally – utterly – very – virtually - well

Adverbs of certainty:

actually – admittedly – altogether – certainly – clearly – definitely – evidently – honestly –

literally – maybe - of course – obviously – naturally – presumably – probably – reportedly

– simply – surely – undoubtedly – virtually

Prepositions:

Prepositions are words which link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a

sentence. Prepositions usually describe the position of something, the time when something

happens and the way in which something is done, although the prepositions "of," "to," and

"for" have some separate functions. Prepositions can also be used to end sentences.

In general, we use as preposition of place and time:

at POINT in ENCLOSED SPACE on SURFACE

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in London on the ceiling

at the door in France on the door

at the top of the page in a box on the cover

at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor

at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet

at the crossroads in a building on the menu

at the front desk in a car on a page

also… in these standard expressions:

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at university in a boat on a ship

at college in a elevator on a bicycle

at the top in the newspaper on a horse

at the bottom in the sky on the radio

at the side in a row on the reception

Preposition of place:

above – across – against – along – among - around – behind – below – beside – between -

close to – down – from - in front of – inside – into – near - next to – onto – opposite – out –

outside – over – round - through – under – up

Preposition of time:

after – ago – before – between - by – during – for - from – past – since – till – until - to – up

to – within

Connectors:

1. Examples: (making contrasts)

Although - In spite – However – Nevertheless - Even though

2. Examples: (adding)

Also – Besides - In addition – That – Moreover - On the one hand - Furthermore

3. Examples: (expressing the result or consequence of something)

Therefore - For this reason - As a result – Properly – why – Because - What

4. Revision exercise.

Much as – Consequently - On account of – So - Even if – Since – Through – But – For -

All the same

5. Examples: (ways of expressing an opinion)

In my opinión - As far as

6. Examples: (reaching conclusions)

Into account – Briefly - After all - All in all - In short

7. Esamples: (organising the sequence of events, facts and so forth)

First of all - In the first place – Firstly - In the second place – Then – Next - After that –

Finally - To begin with - To end with - To conclude with –

8. Examples: (giving examples)

For instance - As a case in point - Such as

Others:

by comparison - on the contrary - in any case - all the same – likewise – similarly - in the

same way - above all - most significantly – particularization - in fact – actually - talking of

– rather – meanwhile – anyway

Interjection:

In grammar, an interjection or exclamation may be a word used to express an emotion or

sentiment on the part of the speaker although most interjections have clear definitions. Filled

pauses such as uh, er, um are also considered interjections. Interjections are often placed at

the beginning of a sentence. An interjection is sometimes expressed as a single word or

non-sentence phrase, followed by a punctuation mark. The isolated usage of an interjection

does not represent a complete sentence in conventional English writing. Thus, in formal

writing, the interjection will be incorporated into a larger sentence clause. Several English

interjections contain sounds, or are sounds as opposed to words, that do not or very rarely

exist in regular English phonological inventory. For example:

Ahem [əʔəm] - Gah [ɡæh] – Oops - Psst [psː] - Shh [ʃːː] - Tut-tut [tʌt tʌt] - Ugh [ʌx] - phew [ɸɪu]

Yeah [jɛ]

10. WH - Question Words

We use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH-.

Question Word Function Example

what

asking for information about something What is your name?

asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.You did what?

what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?

when asking about time When did he leave?

where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?

which asking about choice Which colour do you want?

who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door?

whom asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see?

whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?Whose turn is it?

why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?

how

asking about manner How does this work?

asking about condition or quality How was your exam?

how far distance How far is Pattaya from Bangkok?

how long length (time or space) How long will it take?

how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?

how much quantity (uncountable) How much money do you have?

how old age How old are you?

How come (informal) asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?

11. Words with almost similar pronounciation, different in meaning and written form, one phoneme only change:

Amuse – abuse –

Fear – bear – wear – tear – near – dear -

Site – cite – lite -

Pow – bow – tow - cow – row – sow – now -

Bill – pill – gill – hill -

Set – met – pet – net – bet – let -

Hat – bat – mat – sat – fat – cat

Gold – sold – cold – fold -

Cool – pool – wool -

Right – might – night – sight – tight – light –

Take – make – cake – pake – lake – sake -

May – say – lay – day – way – bay –

Tan – pan – pan – man – van –

Watch – match – catch –

Seat – beat – neat – heat – feat – meat -

Some – come –

Lit – sit – pit – hit -

Lame – same – name –

Jar – car – far -

Mea – seal – deal – peal -

Look - cook – took – book - hook

Dust – just –

Nick - sick – pick – tick – dick – lick - chick

Shame – share – shake – shave – shape –

Call - mall – ball – wall – hall – tall – fall -

Sell – cell – gell – bell – well – dell – tell -

Back – pack – sack – lack –

Feet – meet – sheet – heet – beet –

Hut – cut – but – nut – gut – put –

Fun – run – nun – gun – sun -

Wine – mine – shine – line – nine – fine -

Need – seed – speed –

Five – live – give – dive -

Send – lend – spend – mend –

Land – sand –

Sink – pink –

Sound – pound –

Mike - like – dike – pike -

Try – fry – cry – dry –

12. Tag Ending or Tag Questions Tag questions are something like negative questions. They are used when someone thinks he or she knows an answer and wants confirmation. There are two very commonly used types of tag questions--one made from affirmative ( + ) sentences, the other made from negative ( - ) sentences:

*Three basic rules that you should keep in mind:

1. Tag questions it is used auxiliaries verbs.2. Affirmative Sentences use one tag question in NEGATIVE.3. Negative sentences use one tag question in AFFIRMATIVE.

Examples:

With verb to Be in affirmative sentences:

It's a beautiful day, isn't it? Martha is angry, isn't she? You are really tired, aren't you? They're very nice people, aren't they? You are coming tomorrow, aren't you? Pedro's flying now, isn't he?

Exception cases:

I'm late, aren't I? I'm arriving late at night, aren't I?

Verb to Be in negative sentences:

I'm not late, am I? It isn't a beautiful day, is it? Martha isn't angry, is she? You aren't really tired, are you? They aren't very nice people, are they? You aren't coming tomorrow, are you? Pedro isn't flying now, is he?

Verb to Be in Past Tense; affirmative and negative sentences:

It was a beautiful day, wasn't it? Martha was angry, wasn't she? You were really tired, weren't you? You were studying at 6, weren't you? He was flying when I phoned, wasn't he? It wasn't a beautiful day, was it? Martha wasn't angry, was she? You weren't really tired, were you? You weren't studying at 6, were you? He wasn't flying when I phoned, was he?

Another auxiliary verbs:

You went to Costa Rica in 1990, didn't you? Elena has traveled a lot, hasn't she? Ann will be here soon, won't she? Tom should pass his exam, shouldn't he? You can play the violin, can't you? He could find a job, couldn't he?

Imperative, suggestions or invitations:

Let's go out for a walk, shall we? Let's study tomorrow morning, shall we? Open the door, will you? Don't smoke in this room, will you?

Summary:

He's from Italy, isn't he? He isn't from Italy, is he? She's living in London, isn't she? She isn't living in London, is she? There were at the party, weren't they? They weren't at the party, were they? She speaks Estonian, doesn't she? She doesn't speak Estonian, does she? He had a good time, didn't he? He didn't have a good time, did he? She's lived here a long time, hasn't she? She hasn't lived here a long time, has she? They'd left when you arrived, hadn't they? They hadn't left when you arrived, had they? He can help us, can't he? He can't help us, can he?

13. Use of Passive Voice Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it. Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple PresentActive: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple PastActive: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present PerfectActive: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Modal aux.Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present ProgressiveActive: Rita is writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past ProgressiveActive: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past PerfectActive: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future IIActive: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional IActive: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional IIActive: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.

  Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

Active / Passive Overview

  Active Passive

Simple Present Once a week, Tom cleans the house. Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.

Present Continuous Right now, Sarah is writing the letter. Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.

Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam.

Past Continuous

The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.

The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.

Present Perfect Many tourists have visited that castle. That castle has been visited by many tourists.

Present Perfect Continuous Recently, John has been doing the work. Recently, the work has been being done by John.

Past Perfect George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.

Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.

Past Perfect Continuous

Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris.

The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.

Simple Futurewill Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM. The work will be finished by 5:00 PM.

Simple Futurebe going to

Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight.

Future Continuouswill

At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John.

Future Continuousbe going to

At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes.

At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John.

Future Perfectwill

They will have completed the project before the deadline. The project will have been completed before the deadline.

Future Perfectbe going to

They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.

The project is going to have been completed before the deadline.

Future Perfect Continuouswill

The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Future Perfect Continuousbe going to

The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished.

The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished.

Used to Jerry used to pay the bills. The bills used to be paid by Jerry.

Would Always My mother would always make the pies. The pies would always be made by my mother.

Future in the PastWould

I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM.

Future in the PastWas Going to

I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner tonight.

I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

14. Used to:

We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago. Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now, since his promotion, he doesn't. I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

We also use it for something that was true but no longer is.

There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't. She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off. I didn't use to like him but now I do.

We use 'to be used to doing' to say that something is normal, not unusual.

I'm used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time. Hans has lived in England for over a year so he is used to driving on the left now. They've always lived in hot countries so they aren't used to the cold weather here.

We use 'to get used to doing' to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us.

I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it. She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day. I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to get used to living in the city.

15. Conjugation of Important Verbs: In these conjugations you better pay attention these verbs, they have different role as principal verbs or an auxiliary verbs, others do not have third pronoun conjugations and proggressives and perfect tenses. An asterisk tells you that is not common in English.

Be

Personal Pronoun

Present Past Future + (will)

PresentProgressive + am, is /are

Past Progressive + was/were

Present Perfect + (have)

Past Perfect + (had)

I Am Was Will be Am being* Was being* Have been Had been You Are Were Will be Are being Were being Have been Had beenHe Is Was Will be Is being Was being Has been Had beenShe Is Was Will be Is being Was being Has been Had beenIt Is Was Will be Is being Was being Has been Had been We Are Were Will be are being Were being Have been Had beenYou Are Were Will be Are being Were being Have been Had beenThey Are Were Will be Are being Were being Have been Had been

Do

Personal Pronoun

Present Past Future + (will)

PresentProgressive + am, is /are

Past Progressive + was/were

Present Perfect + (have)

Past Perfect + (had)

I Do Did Will do Am doing Was doing Have done Had doneYou Do Did Will do Are doing Were doing Have done Had doneHe Does Did Will do Is doing Was doing Has done Had doneShe Does Did Will do Is doing Was doing Has done Had doneIt Does Did Will do Is doing Was doing Has done Had doneWe Do Did Will do Are doing Were doing Have done Had doneYou Do Did Will do are doing Were doing Have done Had doneThey Do Did Will do Are doing Were doing Have done Had done

Can

Personal Pronoun

Present Past Future + (will)

PresentProgressive + am, is /are

Past Progressive + was/were

Present Perfect + (have)

Past Perfect + (had)

I Can Could * * * Been able *You Can Could Been ableHe Can * Could Been ableShe Can Could Been ableIt Can Could Been able

We Can Could Been ableYou Can Could Been ableThey Can Could Been able

Have

Personal Pronoun

Present Past Future + (will)

PresentProgressive + am, is /are

Past Progressive + was/were

Present Perfect + (have)

Past Perfect + (had)

I Have Had Will have Am having * Was having * Have had Had had You Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had He Has Had Will have Is having Was having Has had Had had She Has Had Will have Is having Was having Has had Had had It Has Had Will have Is having Was having Has had Had had We Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had You Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had They Have Had Will have Are having Were having Have had Had had

Study

Personal Pronoun

Present Past Future + (will)

PresentProgressive + am, is /are

Past Progressive + was/were

Present Perfect + (have)

Past Perfect + (had)

I Study Studied Will study Am studying Was studying Have studied Had studiedYou Study Studied Will study Are studying Were studying Have studied Had studiedHe Studies Studied Will study Is studying Was studying Has studied Had studiedShe Studies Studied Will study Is studying Was studying Has studied Had studied It Studies Studied Will study Is studying Was studying Has studied Had studiedWe Study Studied Will study are studying Were studying Has studied Had studiedYou Study Studied Will study Are studying Were studying Has studied Had studiedThey Study Studied Will study Are studying Were studying Has studied Had studied

Write

Personal Pronoun

Present Past Future + (will)

PresentProgressive + am, is /are

Past Progressive + was/were

Present Perfect + (have)

Past Perfect + (had)

I Write Wrote Will write Am witing Was writing Have written Had writtenYou Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had written He Writes Wrote Will write Is writing Was writing Has written Had writtenShe Writes Wrote Will write Is writing Was writing Has written Had writtenIt Writes Wrote Will write Is writing Was writing Has written Had written We Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had written You Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had writtenThey Write Wrote Will write Are writing Were writing Have written Had written

16. Places, Buildings and Monuments

Places: Building: Monument:

School Empire State Capitol

University ONU Building Brige Tower

Hospital House Eifiel Tower

Bank Apartment Pissa Tower

Book store Condonminium

Pharmacy Bungalow

Church Castle

City Hall Masion

Restaurant Chack

Cafeteria Hut

Store Cathedral

Justice Hall

Park

Discotec

Mall

Supermark

Car Wash

Convention Center

Gas Station

Stadium

Police Station

Library

Theater

Museum

Gymnasium

Art Gallery

Court House

Bakery

Emabassy

Fire Station

Factory

Post Office

Bus Station

Taxi Station

Air Port

Floristry

Vowels

IPA Examples

ʌ cup, luck

ɑ: arm, father

æ cat, black

e met, bed

ə away, cinema

ɜ:ʳ turn, learn

ɪ hit, sitting

i: see, heat

ɒ hot, rock

ɔ: call, four

ʊ put, could

u: blue, food

aɪ five, eye

aʊ now, out

eɪ say, eight

oʊ go, home

ɔɪ boy, join

eəʳ where, air

ɪəʳ near, here

ʊəʳ pure, tourist

Consonants

IPA Examples

b bad, lab

d did, lady

f find, if

g give, flag

h how, hello

j yes, yellow

k cat, back

l leg, little

m man, lemon

n no, ten

ŋ sing, finger

p pet, map

r red, try

s sun, miss

ʃ she, crash

t tea, getting

tʃ check, church

θ think, both

ð this, mother

v voice, five

w wet, window

z zoo, lazy

ʒ pleasure, vision

dʒ just, large

17. The Verb To Be

Probably the best known verb: "To be"

Forms of To Be

  Present Past PerfectForm

ContinuousForm

I am was have / had been am / was being

he / she / it is was has / had been is / was being

you / we / they are were have / had been are / were being

Normally we use the verb to be to show the status or characteristics of something or someone. It says what I am, what you are or what something is.

Present Simple

I am a teacher.

You are a student.

He /She is a student. It is a car. We are all teachers. They are students.

Past Simple

I was a student.

You were a student.

He /She was a student.

It was a nice day yesterday. We were all students once. They were students.

Future Simple

I will be a student.

You will be a teacher.

He / She will be a teacher.

It will be nice later. We will be teachers. They will be students.

When used with the present participle of other verbs it describes actions that are or were still continuing - auxiliary verb be [+ ing form of the main verb].

Present Continuous

I am being silly.

You are being silly.

He /She is being silly. It is being silly. We are being silly. They are being silly.

Past Continuous

I was being silly.

You were being silly.

He /She was being silly. It was being silly. We were being silly. They were being silly.

18. Do and Does as an Auxiliary and and as a Main Verb

The verb do can be an auxiliary verb and a main verb in English.

Simple Present (do, does, don't, doesn't)

Pronouns Affirmative sentences Negative senteces Questions

I I do my homework. I do not do my homework.* Do I do my homework?*

you You do your homework. You do not do your homework.* Do you do your homework?*

he, she, it He does his homework. He does not do his homework.* Does he do his homework?

Pronouns Affirmative sentences Negative senteces Questions

we, you, they They do their homework. They do not do their homework.* Do they do their homework?

Simple Past (did, didn't)

Pronoun Affirmative Sentence Negative Sentence Question

I

did a special activity. did not a special activity. Did _____ a special activity?

YouHeSheIt

WeYou

They

*Past participle (done)

Pronouns Affirmative sentences Negative senteces Questions

I, you, we, you, they We have done the shopping. We have not done the shopping. Have we done the shopping?

he, she, it He has done the shopping. He has not done the shopping. Has he done the shopping?

Present Progressive, Gerund, present participle) – (doing)

affirmative negative

I am doing my homework. I am not doing my homework.

Doing my homework is not always fun. Not doing my homework is not clever.

I saw Jane doing her homework. I didn't see Jane doing her homework

19. Wh – Question For asking information

Question Answer ExampleWhat Thing What is that?When Time When is the game?Who Person Who do you live with?Where Place Where do you live?

Why Reason Why are you happy?How Directions/Feelings How are you?

Example:

20. The Direct / Indirect Object

Direct Object

A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. It answers the question "What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb. An action verb with a direct object is called a transitive verb. The direct objects on this page are italicized.

Notice each question being answered: "Receives what?" "The action"; "Shows what?" "The question"; etc.

Recognize a direct object when you see one.

Direct objects are nouns, pronouns, phrases, and clauses that follow transitive verbs [a type of action verb]. If you can identify the subject and verb in a sentence, then finding the direct object--if one exists--is easy. Just remember this simple formula:

Subject + verb + what? [sometimes who?] = the direct object

Examples:

Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin. Zippy = subject | kicked = verb | Zippy kicked who? Maurice = direct object

Sometimes direct objects are single words like soccer and Maurice; other times they are phrases or clauses. The formula nevertheless works the same.

Even worse, Sylina hates when Mom lectures her about hand care.Sylina = subject | hates = verb | Sylina hates what? When Mom lectures her about hand care [subordinate clause] = direct object

Direct objects can also follow verbals--infinitives, gerunds, and participles. Use this abbreviated version of the formula:

Verbal + what? (sometimes who?) = direct object

Examples:

To see magnified blood cells, Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table.To see = infinitive | To see what? Blood cells = direct object

Dragging her seventy-five pound German shepherd through the door is Roseanne's least favorite part of going to the vet.

Dragging = gerund | Dragging what? Her seventy-five pound German shepherd = direct object

Don't confuse direct objects and subject complements.

Only action verbs can have direct objects. If the verb is linking, then the word that answers the what? or who? Question is a subject complement.

The space alien from the planet Zortek accidentally locked his keys in his space ship.

Alien = subject | locked = action verb | The space alien locked what? His keys = direct object.

The space alien was happy to find a spare key taped under the wing.

Alien = subject | was = linking verb | The space alien was what? Happy = subject complement.

Example:

After giving my dog Oreo a scoop of peanut butter, she always kisses me with her sticky tongue.She = subject | kisses = verb | She kisses who? Me = direct object

Because Jo had cut Mr. Duncan's class five times in a row, she ducked out of sight whenever she spotted him on campus.

She = subject | spotted = verb | She spotted who? Him = direct object

Inside the Predicate

Now we will look inside the Predicate, and assign functions to its constituents. Recall that the Predicate is everything apart from the Subject. So in David plays the piano, the Predicate is plays the piano. This Predicate consists of a verb phrase, and we can divide this into two further elements:

[plays] [the piano]

In formal terms, we refer to the verb as the PREDICATOR, because its function is to predicate or state something about the subject. Notice that Predicator is a functional term, while verb is a formal term:

FORM FUNCTION

Verb Predicator

Indirect Object

An indirect object precedes the direct object and tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done and who is receiving the direct object. There must be a direct object to have an indirect object. Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of giving or communicating like give, bring, tell, show, take, or offer. An indirect object is always a noun or pronoun which is not part of a prepositional phrase.

Example:

She gave me the report. The indirect object is often used right before a direct object and does not follow a preposition, as illustrated in the phrases above. If a preposition is used, then the word becomes the object of that preposition, as in the following, where to and for are prepositions and man and yourself are their objects:

We will make an offer to the man. Get a job for yourself.

Example:

Suellen gave Thomas the answers to the test. You will recall, that in our discussion of direct objects, the way to find them is to state the action verb in a question ending with "What".

In the sentence above we have an action verb, "gave", and an answer to the question "Gave what?", "answers".

Therefore we have the direct object, "answers".

Is there anything in the sentence that received the direct object?

You bet, Thomas!

"Thomas" is the Indirect Object.

Examples:

An indirect object is really a prepositional phrase in which the preposition to or for is not stated but understood. It tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: She gave me a gift. The indirect object always modifies the verb. It may have modifiers and be compound. It is used with verbs such as give, tell, send, get, buy, show, build, do, make, save, and read. Example: She sent the man and me a gift.

Find the verb, direct object, and indirect object in the following sentences.1. Has your boss sent you a notice about the next convention?

2. John read his tiny nephew an exciting story.

3. Our father built the family a redwood picnic table.

4. The doctor sent me a bill for his services.

5. We gave my mother a book for her birthday.

21. The Punctuation Marks in English

The Comma (,)

The comma is useful in a sentence when the writer wishes to: pause before proceeding add a phrase that does not contain any new subject separate items on a list use more than one adjective (a describing word, like beautiful)

For example, in the following sentence the phrase or clause between the commas gives us more information behind the actions of the boy, the subject of the sentence:

The boy, who knew that his mother was about to arrive, ran quickly towards the opening door.

Note that if the phrase or clause were to be removed, the sentence would still make sense although there would be a loss of information. Alternatively, two sentences could be used:

The boy ran quickly towards the opening door. He knew that his mother was about to arrive.

Commas are also used to separate items in a list. For example:

The shopping trolley was loaded high with bottles of beer, fruit, vegetables, toilet rolls, cereals and cartons of milk.

Note that in a list, the final two items are linked by the word ‘and’ rather than by a comma. Commas are used to separate adjectives. For example:

The boy was happy, eager and full of anticipation at the start of his summer holiday.

As commas represent a pause, it is good practice to read your writing out loud and listen to where you make natural pauses as you read it. More often than not, you will indicate where a comma should be placed by a natural pause. Although, the ‘rules’ of where a comma needs to be placed should also be followed. For example:

However, it has been suggested that some bees prefer tree pollen.

The Period (.)

A full stop should always be used to end a sentence. The full stop indicates that a point has been made and that you are about to move on to further explanations or a related point. Less frequently, a series of three full stops (an ellipsis) can be used to indicate where a section of a quotation has been omitted when it is not relevant to the text, for example:

“The boy was happy… at the start of his summer holiday.”

A single full stop may also be used to indicate the abbreviation of commonly used words as in the following examples:

Telephone Number = Tel. No. September = Sept. Pages = pp.

Exclamation Mark (!)

An exclamation mark indicates strong feeling within a sentence, such as fear, anger or love. It is also used to accentuate feeling within the written spoken word. For example:

“Help! I love you!” In this way, it can also be used to indicate a sharp instruction “Stop! Police!” or to indicate humour “Ha! Ha! Ha!”

The exclamation mark at the end of a sentence means that you do not need a full stop or period. Exclamation marks are a poor way of emphasising what you think are important points in your written assignments; the importance of the point will emphasise itself without a sequence of !!! in the text. An exclamation mark should only be used when absolutely essential, or when taken from a direct quote. The exclamation mark should be used sparingly in formal and semi-formal writing.

Question Mark (?)

The question mark simply indicates that a sentence is asking a question. It always comes at the end of a sentence: For example:

Are we at the end?

Note that the question mark also serves as a full stop.

Semi-colon (;)

The semi-colon is perhaps the most difficult sign of punctuation to use accurately. If in doubt, avoid using it and convert the added material into a new sentence. As a general rule, the semi-colon is used in the following ways: When joining two connected sentences. For example:

We set out at dawn; the weather looked promising. or

Assertive behaviour concerns being able to express feelings, wants and desires appropriately; passive behaviour means complying with the wishes of others. The semi-colon can also be used to assemble detailed lists. For example:

The conference was attended by delegates from Paris, France; Paris, Texas; London, UK; Stockholm, Sweden; Colombo, Sri Lanka; and Mumbai, India.

Colon (:)

The colon within a sentence makes a very pointed pause between two phrases. There are two main uses of the colon:

It is most commonly used when listing. For example:

She placed the following items into the trolley: beer, fruit, vegetables, toilet rolls, cereals and cartons of milk.

Or it can be used within a heading, or descriptive title. For example:

Human Resource Management: Guidelines for Telephone Advisers

Apostrophe (’)

The apostrophe, sometimes called an inverted comma has two main uses. The apostrophe indicates possession or ownership. For example:

The girl's hat was green, (girl is in the singular).

This shows the reader that the hat belongs to the girl. The girls' hats were green, (girls in this instance are plural, i.e. more than one girl, more than one hat). This indicates that the

hats belong to the girls. Another use of the apostrophe is to indicate where a letter is omitted: For example:

We're going to do this course. (We are going to do this course.)

Isn’t this a fine example of punctuation? (Is not this a fine example of punctuation?) The time is now 7 o’ clock. (The time is now 7 of the clock)

Note that a common mistake is to confuse its with it’s. It’s indicates to the reader that a letter has been omitted. For example:

It’s a lovely day is an abbreviated way of saying: It is a lovely day.

Note that in most formal writing, the practice of using abbreviated words is inappropriate.

Quotation or Speech Marks (“….”)

Quotation or speech marks are used to: to mark out speech when quoting someone else's speech. For example:

My grandpa said, "Share your chocolates with your friends."

"George, don't do that!"

"Will you get your books out please?” said Mrs Jones, the teacher, “and quieten down!"

It is worth noting that to report an event back does not require speech or quotation marks. For example:

Mrs Jones told the pupils to take out their books and to quieten down.

Hyphen (-)

The hyphen is used to link words together. For example:

sub-part eighteenth-century people week-end second-class post gender-neutral non-verbal

The hyphen is also used when a word is split between two lines. The hyphen should be placed between syllables at the end of the upper line and indicates to the reader that the word will be completed on the next line. Computer applications such as Word Processors can be set to automatically hyphenate words for you, although it is more common to use extra spacing to avoid hyphenation.

Brackets ( )

Brackets always come in pairs ( ) and are used to make an aside, or a point which is not part of the main flow of a sentence. If you remove the words between the brackets, the sentence should still make sense. For example:

“The strategy (or strategies) chosen to meet the objectives may need to change as the intervention continues.”

Another example is as follows:

“We can define class as a large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the types of lifestyle they are able to lead. Ownership of wealth, together with occupation, are the chief basis of class differences. The major classes that exist in Western societies are an upper class (the wealthy, employers and industrialists, plus tops executives – those who own or directly control productive resources); a middle class (which includes most white-collar workers and professionals); and a working class (those in blue-collar or manual jobs).”

Square Brackets […]

A different set of square brackets [ ] can be used: to abbreviate lengthy quotations, to correct the tense of a quotation to suit the tense of your own sentence, to add your own words to sections of an abbreviated quotation, to abbreviate lengthy quotations in an essay or report

“We can define class as a large-scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the types of lifestyle they are able to lead. Ownership of wealth, together with occupation, are the chief basis of class differences. The major classes that exist in Western societies are an upper class […]; a middle class […] and a working class […].”

To adjust a quotation to suit your own sentence. For example, if you were writing about class structure, you might use the following:

According to Giddens, (1997, p.243) the “[o]wnership of wealth, together with occupation, are the chief basis of class differences”.

Note, that when using square brackets, only the occasional letter as in the above example or the occasional word (for example when changing the tense of the sentence) would be placed in square brackets in this way.

Slash (/)

Many people use the slash instead of or, and etc., but this is not always helpful to the reader. There is, however, a modern convention in gender-neutral writing to use ‘s/he’. Slashes are important symbols in web-addresses.

22. Transition Words

Transitions are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the next, transitions are used by the author to help the reader progress from one significant idea to the next, transitions also show the relationship within a paragraph (or within a sentence) between the main idea and the support the author gives for those ideas, different transitions do different things.

Transitions may be "Additive," "Adversative," "Causal," or "Sequential."

Additive Transitions

Addition

Introduction

Reference

Similarity

Identification

Clarification

Adversative Transitions

Conflict

Emphasis

Concession

Dismissal

Replacement

Causal Transitions

Cause/Reason

Effect/Result

Purpose

Consequence

Causual Transitions

Numerical

Continuation

Conclusion

Digression

Resumption

Summation

Additive Transitions:

These show addition, introduction, similarity to other ideas, &c.

Addition:

indeed, further, as well (as this), either (neither), not only (this) but

also (that) as well,

also, moreover, what is more, as a matter of fact, in all honesty,

and, furthermore, in addition (to this), besides (this), to tell the truth,

or, in fact, actually, to say nothing of,

too, let alone, much less additionally,

nor, alternatively, on the other hand, not to mention (this),

Introduction:

such as, as, particularly, including, as an illustration,

for example, like, in particular, for one thing, to illustrate

for instance, especially, notably, by way of example,

Reference:

speaking about (this), considering (this), regarding (this), with regards to (this),

as for (this), concerning (this), the fact that on the subject of (this)

Similarity:

similarly, in the same way, by the same token, in a like manner,

equally likewise,

Identification:

that is (to say), namely, specifically, thus,

Clarification:

that is (to say), I mean, (to) put (it) another way in other words,

Adversative Transitions:

These transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction concession, dismissal, &c.

Conflict:

but, by way of contrast, while, on the other hand,

however, (and) yet, whereas, though (final position),

in contrast, when in fact, conversely, still

Emphasis:

even more, above all, indeed, more importantly, besides

Concession:

but even so, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, admittedly,

however, nonetheless, despite (this), notwithstanding (this), albeit

(and) still, although, in spite of (this), regardless (of this),

(and) yet, though, granted (this), be that as it may,

Dismissal:

either way, whichever happens, in either event, in any case, at any rate,

in either case, whatever happens, all the same, in any event,

Replacement:

(or) at least, (or) rather, instead

Causal Transitions:

These transitions signal cause/effect and reason/result, etc. . .

Cause/Reason:

for the (simple) reason that, being that, for, in view of (the fact), inasmuch as,

because (of the fact), seeing that, as, owing to (the fact),

due to (the fact that), in that since, forasmuch as,

Condition:

on (the) condition (that), granted (that), if, provided that, in case,

in the event that, as/so long as, unless given that,

granting (that), providing that, even if, only if,

Effect/Result:

as a result (of this), consequently, hence, for this reason, thus,

because (of this), in consequence, so that, accordingly

as a consequence, so much (so) that, so, therefore,

Purpose:

for the purpose of, in the hope that, for fear that, so that,

with this intention, to the end that, in order to, lest

with this in mind, in order that, so as to, so,

Consequence:

under those circumstances, then, in that case, if not,

that being the case, if so, otherwise

Sequential Transitions:

These transitions are used to signal a chronological or logical sequence.

Numerical:

in the (first, second, etc.) place, initially, to start with, first of all thirdly, &c.)

to begin with, at first, for a start, secondly,

Continuation:

subsequently, previously, eventually, next,

before (this), afterwards, after (this), then

Conclusion:

to conclude (with) as a final point, eventually, at last,

last but not least, in the end, finally, lastly,

Digression:

to change the topic incidentally, by the way,

Resumption:

to get back to the point, to resume anyhow, anyway, at any rate,

to return to the subject,

Summation:

as was previously stated, so, consequently, in summary, all in all,

to make a long story short, thus, as I have said, to sum up, overall,

as has been mentioned, then, to summarize, to be brief, briefly,

given these points, in all, on the whole, therefore,

as has been noted, hence, in conclusion, in a word,

to put it briefly, in sum, altogether, in short,

23. Tips of Listening Skills

The Technique. Active listening is really an extension of the rules or tips. To know how to listen to someone else or a speaker, think about how you would want to be listened to.

While the ideas are largely intuitive, it might take some practice to develop some skills like listening. Here’s what good listeners know.

1. Face the speaker; Sit up straight or lean forward slightly to show your attentiveness through body language.

2. Maintain eye contact; to the degree that you all remain comfortable.

3. Minimize external distractions; Turn off the TV. Put down your book or magazine, and ask the speaker and other listeners to do the same.

4. Respond appropriately to show that you understand; Murmur or raise your eyebrows. Say words such as “Really,” “Interesting,” as well as more direct prompts: “What did you do then?” and “What did they say?”

5. Focus solely on what the speaker is saying; Try not to think about what you are going to say next. The conversation will follow a logical flow after the speaker makes her point.

6. Minimize internal distractions; If your own thoughts keep horning in, simply let them go and continuously re-focus your attention on the speaker, much as you would during meditation.

7. Keep an open mind; Wait until the speaker is finished before deciding that you disagree. Try not to make assumptions about what the speaker is thinking.

8. Avoid letting the speaker know how you handled a similar situation; Unless they specifically ask for advice, assume they just need to talk it out.

9. Even if the speaker is launching a complaint against you; wait until they finish to defend yourself. The speaker will feel as though their point had been made. They won’t feel the need to repeat it, and you’ll know the whole argument before you respond. Research shows that, on average, we can hear four times faster than we can talk, so we have the ability to sort ideas as they come in…and be ready for more.

10. Engage yourself; Ask questions for clarification, but, once again, wait until the speaker has finished. That way, you won’t interrupt their train of thought. After you ask questions, paraphrase their point to make sure you didn’t misunderstand. Start with: “So you’re saying…”

Tips of Speaking Skills

There are so many exciting ways to learn English and make the learning process fun. Tips of things you can do to improve your speaking skills:

1. Speak and practice every single time; Be confident and speak as often as possible to as many people as you possibly can! Do not be shy to make mistakes! The more you practice the better and more confident you will become in your pronunciation and vocabulary.

2. Read many book you have on your hands; When you are unsure of a word or a pronunciation of a word, ask google! It's easy to use! Enter the word in Google Translate and listen to the correct pronunciation by clicking on the audio button.

3. Listen yourself when you speak; Listen to news bulletins and songs in English to listen to the pronunciation of words. You can also learn new words and expressions this way. The more you listen, the more you learn!

4. Read Out Loud; Read the newspaper or a magazine out to yourself. Hearing yourself read will help you spot your mistakes better.

5. Learn a new word everyday; Choose a word you would like to work on and use practice it in different sentences. Use the word until you have learnt it and keep using it regularly.

6. Watch Films with or without written interprertation; Watch movies in English and pay attention to new vocabulary and pronunciation. Imitate the actors and have fun with it.

7. Attend to conversation clubs; Make friends with English speakers or others learning to speak English and compare notes. Talk about things that you have learnt and exchange ideas.

8. Do Interesting activities in English; Take a cooking course in English or join a book club! Anything you enjoy doing, make sure you do it and communicate it in English.

9. Have a fórum and debates; Debate all the topics that interest you with friends in English. Try to use as much vocabulary as you can to get your point across.

10. Use any simple technique to talk; The dictionary has millions of words to choose from! Look up different words and their synonyms and alternate how and when you use them in sentences.

Tips to Improve Your Reading Skills

In the modern age of information, reading truly is a fundamental survival skill. Here are ten tips you better use to improve their reading skills:

1. You don't have to be a great reader to get the point; Some people read fast and remember everything. Others read slowly and take a couple of times to get all the information. It doesn't matter, really, so long as when you read, you get the information you're seeking.

2. Know What and Why you are Reading; Are you reading for entertainment or to learn something? Decide why you're reading before you start and you'll greatly improve your comprehension and your enjoyment.

3. You don't need to read everything; Not every magazine, letter, and email you receive contains information you need. In fact, most of it is simply junk. Throw it away, hit the delete key! Just doing this will double the amount of time you have available to read.

4. You don't need to read all of what you DO read; Do you read every article of every magazine, every chapter of every book? If so, you're probably spending a lot of time reading stuff you don't need. Be choosy: select the chapters and articles that are important. Ignore the rest.

5. Scan before you read; Look at the table of contents, index, topic headers, photo captions, etc. These will help you determine if, a) you have a real interest in this reading, and b) what information you're likely to get from it.

6. Prioritize your Reading; You can't read everything all at once (and wouldn't want to). If it's important, read it now. If it's not, let it wait.

7. Optimize your reading environment; You'll read faster and comprehend more if you read in an environment that's comfortable for you.

8. Once you start, don't stop; Read each item straight through. If you finish and have questions, go back and re-read the pertinent sections. If you don't have questions, you got what you needed and are ready to move on.

9. Focus; Remember, you're reading with a purpose, so focus on that purpose and the material. If you lose interest or keep losing your place, take a break or read something else. You can keep track of where you are by following along with your hand. This simple technique helps you focus and increase your concentration.

10. Practice; The more you read, the better reader you'll become (and smarter, too)! So, feed your mind: read!

Tips of Writing Skills

Whether we're composing a blog or a business letter, an email or an essay, our goal should be to respond clearly and directly to the needs and interests of our readers. These 10 tips should help us sharpen our writing whenever we set out to inform or persuade.

1. Lead with your main idea. As a general rule, state the main idea of a paragraph in the first sentence--the topic sentence. Don't keep your readers guessing.

2. Vary the length of your sentences. In general, use short sentences to emphasize ideas. Use longer sentences to explain, define, or illustrate ideas.

3. Put key words and ideas at the beginning or end of a sentence. Don't bury a main point in the middle of a long sentence. To emphasize key words, place them at the beginning or (better yet) at the end.

4. Vary sentence types and structures. Vary sentence types by including occasional questions and

commands. Vary sentence structures by blending simple, compound, and complex sentences.

5. Use active verbs. Don't overwork the passive voice or forms of the verb "to be." Instead, use dynamic verbs in the active voice.

6. Use specific nouns and verbs. To convey your message clearly and keep your readers engaged, use concrete and specific words that show what you mean.

7. Cut the clutter. When revising your work, eliminate unnecessary words.

8. Read aloud when you revise. When revising, you may hear problems (of tone, emphasis, word choice, and syntax) that you can't see. So listen up!

9. Actively edit and proofread. It's easy to overlook errors when merely looking over your work. So be on the lookout for common trouble spots when studying your final draft.

10. Use a dictionary. When proofreading, don't trust your spellchecker: it can tell you only if a word is a word, not if it's the right word.

24. Words with Prefixes

Dis im in mis pre

disagree impatient inactive misbehave prearrange

disappear imperfect incomplete mislay precook

disarm impolite incorrect mislead prepaid

disconnect impossible indefinite misplace preschool

dishonest impure mispronounce pretest

dislike misread preview

disloyal misspell

dismount mistreat

disobey misuse

disorder

disown

distrust

re un

reappear remove unable unheated

rearm rename unafraid unkind

rearrange renumber unbroken unknown

recount repack uncertain unlike

redo repaint uncommon unlock

reenter repay uncooked unlucky

refill replace uncover unpainted

refresh replay undecided unreal

refried reread undress unselfish

regrew rerun unequal untangle

regroup resale uneven untied

reheat reshape unexpected unusual

rehire retell unfair unwrapped

reload rethink unfamiliar

remade retrace unfasten

remake reword unhappy

remarry rewrite unhealthy

Words with Suffix

able

admirable

agreeable

approachable

avoidable

believable

breakable

comfortable

curable

desirable

enjoyable

excitable

excusable

exchangeable

imaginable

laughable

likable

manageable

moveable

noticeable

observable

pleasurable

readable

respectable

salable

teachable

trainable

understandable

usable

washable

wearable

workable

en

blacken

brighten

cheapen

dampen

darken

fatten

flatten

freshen

gladden

golden

harden

lengthen

lighten

loosen

moisten

quicken

ripen

sadden

sharpen

shorten

strengthen

sweeten

thicken

toughen

whiten

widen

wooden

er

bomber

catcher

commander

dancer

defender

designer

dodger

driver

dryer

explorer

follower

gambler

golfer

invader

juggler

leader

manager

painter

performer

pitcher

pointer

rancher

robber

ruler

scraper

settler

sharpener

shopper

speaker

stinger

teacher

trapper

washer

ful

armful

careful

cheerful

colorful

delightful

fearful

forgetful

helpful

hopeful

joyful

painful

peaceful

playful

respectful

restful

successful

thankful

useful

wasteful

wonderful

youthful

ible

collapsible

collectible

convertible

defensible

digestible

expressible

forcible

reversible

25. Words with Different Roles

Adjective Adverb Noun Verb

Accurate accurately accurateness _____

agreeable agreeably agreement agree

amazing, amazed amazingly amazement amaze

annoying, annoyed annoyingly annoyance annoy

artistic artistically art ______

associate _______ association associate

attractive attractively attractiveness attract

behaved _______ behaviour behave

believable believably belief believe

beneficial beneficially beneficiary benefit

bold boldly boldness ______

casual casually casualness ______

clear clearly clear ______

comfortable comfortably comfort comfort

convenient conveniently convenience _______

commercial commercially commerce _______

creative creatively creation create

critical critically criticism criticize

dated dateless datedness date

decided decidedly decision decide

decisive decisively decisiveness ______

deliberate deliberately _______ ______

different differently _______ ______

discussion discuss ______

disputable disputably dispute dispute

distracted distractedly distraction distract

ethical ethically ethic ______

exact exactly exactness exact

extraordinary extraordinarily _______ ______

fashionable fashionably fashion fashion

fascinated, fascinating ________ fascination fascinate

forgivable ________ forgiveness forgive

fortunate fortunately fortune ______

friendly friendlily friendliness ______

happy happily happiness ______

harmonious harmoniously harmony harmonize

hidden ________ _______ hide

heightened height heighten ______

honest honestly honesty ______

honourable honourably honour honour

imaginable, imaginary imaginably imagination imagine

important importantly importance _______

improvable ________ improvement improve

inspirational inspirationally inspiration inspire

intrigued / intriguing intriguingly intrigue intrigue

intelligent intelligently intelligence ______

inventive inventively invention invent

irritable irritably irritant / irritation irritate

justified justifiable justification justify

legal legally legality legalize

legible legibly legibility _______

legitimate legitimately legitimacy legitimize

liberal liberally liberal liberalize

likely likely likelihood like

logical logically logic _______

lucky luckily luck _______

mature maturely maturity mature

moral morally morality moralize

mortal mortally mortality _______

noticeable noticeably notice notice

offensive offensively offensiveness offend

ordinary ordinarily _______ _______

patient patiently patience _______

perfect perfect perfection perfect

________ _________ performance perform

polite politely politeness _______

possible possibly possibility _______

powerful powerfully power power

preventable _________ prevention prevent

probable probably probability _______

professional professionally professionalism _______

protective protectively protection protect

rational rationally rationale /rationality rationalize

recommended / recommending recommendation recommend

regular regularly regularity _______

relevant relevantly relevance _______

reliable reliability reliability _______

religious religiously religiousness _______

replaceable ________ replacement replace

representative ________ representative represent

respectful respectable respectability respect

responsable responsibly responsibility _______

reversible reversibility reverse reverse

romantic romantically romantic romanticize

satisfactory satisfactorily satisfaction satisfy

significant significantly significance signify

soluble ________ solubility solution

speedy speedily speed speed

successful successfully success succeed

symbolic symbolically symbol symbolize

talkative ________ talk / talkativeness talk

tasteful tastefully tastefulness taste

taught / teaching ________ teacher teach

thrilled / thrilling ________ thrill thrill

valid ________ validity validate

26. A Little / A Few

The expressions a little and a few mean some. If a noun is in singular, we use a little

Example:

a little money

If a noun is in plural, we use a few

Example: a few friends

27. Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take a few.

Example: 4 friends – a few friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take a little.

Example: 3 money – a little money

Note: Of course you can count money – but then you would name the currency and say that you have got 3 euro (but not „3 money“). A Little / A few or Little / Few

It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the words have a limiting or negative meaning. a little = some little = hardly any

Example: I need a little money. - I need some money.

I need little money. - I need hardly any money.

a few = some few = hardly any

Example: A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.

Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.

Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them very often in everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more common here.

Example: I need little money. = I do not need much money.

Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.

28. Much / many

The words much and many mean a lot of. If a noun is in singular, we use much

Example: much money

If a noun is in plural, we use many

Example: many friends

Use of much / many

In everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative clauses.

Example: How much money have you got?

Carla does not have many friends.

In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many.

Example: Carla has so many friends.

She has as many friends as Sue.

Kevin has too much money.

In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.

Example: Carla has a lot of / lots of friends.

Kevin has a lot of / lots of money.

In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This you will notice for example when you read English news.

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with much / many people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns. Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take many.

Example: 100 friends – many friends

Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take much.

Example: 100 money – much money

29. Some & Any

The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.

Positive Clauses

In positive clauses, we usually use some.

Example: I have bought some bread.

I have bought some apples.

Negative Clauses

In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ... any

Example: I have not bought any bread.

I have not bought any apples.

Questions

In questions, we usually use any.

Example: Have you bought any bread?

Have you bought any apples?

30. Compound Words with some & any

Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:

Something / anything

Someone / anyone

Somewhere / anywhere

Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can stand on their own.

Example: I have bought some bread.

I have bought something.

However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some.

Example: I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].

Exceptions

Positive Clauses with Any

We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.

Example: We never go anywhere.

She did her homework without any help.

There’s hardly anyone here.

Also in if clauses, we usually use any.

Example: If there is anything to do, just call me.

Questions with Some

We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer ‚yes‘, we use some.

Example: Have you got any brothers and sisters?

Some people have brothers or sisters, others don't –

We cannot expect the answer to be ‚yes‘- Would you like some biscuits?

We offer something and want to encourage the other to say “yes”

One Verb for each letter of the Alphabet

A ---- Apply

B --- Begin

C --- Clean

D --- Drink

E --- Enjoy

F --- Feel

G --- Gain

H --- Happen

I --- Iron

J --- Jump

K --- Kneel

L --- Learn

M --- Mean

N --- Need

O --- Observe

P --- Perform

Q --- Qualify

R --- Read

S --- Save

T --- Treat

U --- Unite

V --- Visit

W --- Write

X --- Xerox

Y --- Yearn

Z --- Zoom

31. Quoted Speech and Reported Speech

1. Quoted speech has quotation marks; reported speech does not use quotation marks.

2. In reported speech, the pronoun often changes.  For example, in the above sentence with quoted speech the pronoun I is used, whereas the sentence with reported speech uses the pronoun he.

3. In reported speech, the word that is often used after said, but that is optional.

4. Quoted speech is exactly what the person said. 

5. The verb in reported speech is changed to the past; some modal verbs do not change.  There are rules to follow when changing the verb.  Please see the chart below.

Quoted Speech (EXACT) Reported Speech (NOT EXACT)  

Jordan said, "I cook rice every day." Jordan said that she cooked rice every day.

Jordan said, "I am cooking rice." Jordan said that she was cooking rice.

Jordan said, "I cooked rice." Jordan said that she had cooked rice. Note: The past tenses all use had + past participle.To see a list of irregular past participles.

Jordan said, "I have cooked rice." Jordan said that she had cooked rice.

Jordan said, "I had cooked rice." Jordan said that she had cooked rice.

Jordan said, "I will cook rice." Jordan said that she would cook rice.

 

Jordan said, "I am going to cook rice." Jordan said that she was going to cook rice.

Jordan said, "I can cook rice." Jordan said that she could cook rice.

Jordan said, "I may cook rice." Jordan said that she might cook rice.

Jordan said, "I must cook rice." Jordan said that she had to cook rice.

Jordan said, "I have to cook rice." Jordan said that she had to cook rice.

Jordan said, "I should cook rice." Jordan said that she should cook rice.Note: These modals do not change when used in reported speech.

Jordan said, "I ought to cook rice." Jordan said that she ought to cook rice.

Jordan said, "I might cook rice." Jordan said that she might cook rice.

Jordan says, "I cook rice every day." Jordan says that she cooks rice every day." Note: When you use the words say, has said, or will say (not said), the verb tense remains the same for both the quoted speech and reported speech.

Jordan has said, "I cook rice every day." Jordan has said that she cooks rice every day."

Jordan will say, "I cook rice every day." Jordan will say that she cooks rice every day."

Jordan said, "Cook rice." Jordan told me to cook rice. Note: For commands, use the word told instead of said, and use an infinitive for the main verb.

32. Clauses – noun clause, adverbial clause,

A clause is a part of a sentence. There are two main types: independent (main clauses), dependent (subordinate clauses).

Independent Clauses

An independent clause is a complete sentence; it contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought in both context and meaning.

For example: The door opened.

Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form complex or compound sentences.

Co-ordinating Conjunctions

And – but – for – or – nor – so - yet

For example: Take two independent clauses and join them together with the conjunction and: "The door opened." "The man walked in." = the door opened and the man walked in.

Dependent Clauses

A dependent (subordinate) clause is part of a sentence; it contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. They can make sense on their own, but, they are dependent on the rest of the sentence for context and meaning. They are usually joined to an independent clause to form a complex sentence.

Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

Subordinating Conjunctions

after although as because

before even if even though if

in order that once provided that rather than

since so that than that

though unless until when

whenever where whereas wherever

whether while why

Relative Pronouns

that which whichever who whoever

whom whose whosever whomever

For example: The door opened because the man pushed it.

Dependent clauses can be nominal, adverbial or adjectival.

A nominal clause (noun clause) functions like a noun or noun phrase. It is a group of words containing a subject and a finite verb of its own and contains one of the following: that | if | whether

For example: I wondered whether the homework was necessary.

Noun clauses answer questions like "who (m)?" or "what?"

An adverbial clause (adverb clause) is a word or expression in the sentence that functions as an adverb; that is, it tells you something about how the action in the verb was done. An adverbial clause is separated from the other clauses by any of the following subordinating conjunctions: after | although | as | because | before | if | since | that | though | till | unless | until | when | where | while

For example: They will visit you before they go to the airport.

Adverbial clauses can also be placed before the main clause without changing the meaning.

For example: Before they go to the airport, they will visit you.

Note - When an adverb clause introduces the sentence (as this one does), it is set off with a comma.

Adverb clauses answer questions like "when?", "where?", "why?"

An adjectival clause (adjective clause or relative clause) does the work of an adjective and describes a noun, it's usually introduced by a relative pronoun: who | whom | whose | that | which

For example: I went to the show that was very popular.

This kind of clause is used to provide extra information about the noun it follows. This can be to define something (a defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added information (a non-defining clause).

For example: The car that is parked in front of the gates will be towed away. (Defining relative clause.)

Information contained in the defining relative clause is absolutely essential in order for us to be able to identify the car in question.

My dog, who is grey and white, chased the postman. (Non-defining relative clause)

A non-defining relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. If you take away the non-defining clause the basic meaning of the sentence remains intact.

For example: My dog chased the postman.

Adjective clauses answer questions like "which?" or "what kind of?"

Summary

An adjective clause functions as an adjective (modifies a noun or pronoun); an adverb clause functions as an adverb (describes a verb, adjective or other adverb); a noun clause is used as a noun (subject of a verb, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative or object of the preposition).

Note - The difference between a clause and a phrase is that a phrase does not contain a finite verb.

Relative Clauses

A relative clause follows the noun it modifies. It is generally indicated by a relative pronoun at the start of the clause, although sometimes you can tell simply by word order. The choice of relative pronoun, or choice to omit one, can be affected by the following:

Human or Non-human

We make a distinction between an antecedent that is a human — who (m) — and an antecedent which is a non-human — which.

Who (m) is used when the antecedent is a person. That is used to refer to either a person or thing. Which is used to refer to anything exept a person.

I met a man and a woman yesterday. The woman, who had long blonde hair, was very pretty. The man she was with, was the man that / who won the race. The race was the one that I lost. The man, to whom the winnings were given, was with the woman who was very pretty.

Note - Whom is not used much in spoken English.

Restrictive or Non-restrictive

Restrictive relative clauses are sometimes called defining relative clauses, or identifying relative clauses. Similarly, non-restrictive relative clauses are called non-defining or non-identifying relative clauses. In English a non-restrictive relative clause is preceded by a pause in speech or a comma in writing, unlike a restrictive clause.

For example: The builder, who erects very fine houses, will make a large profit.

This example, with commas, contains a non-restrictive relative clause. It refers to a specific builder, and assumes we know which builder is intended. It tells us firstly about his houses, then about his profits.

The builder who erects very fine houses will make a large profit. This second example uses a restrictive relative clause. Without the commas, the sentence

states that any builder who builds such houses will make a profit.

Restrictive and Non-restrictive

Human Nonhuman

Subject who, that, which, that who which

Object who, whom, that, which, that, who, whom which

After preposition whom which whom which

Possessive whose, of whom, whose, of whom, whose, of which

Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses

A clause is a group of related words which has both a subject and a predicate. A clause is different from a phrase because a phrase is a group of related words which lacks either a subject or a predicate or both.

Adjective Clauses

Adjective clauses modify nouns or pronouns. An adjective clause nearly always appears immediately following the noun or pronoun.

To test for adjective clauses there are a couple of questions that you can ask. Which one? What kind? Most adjective clauses begin with "who," "whom," "which," or "that." Sometimes the word may be understood. The words "that" or "who," for example, might not specifically be in the sentence, but they could be implied. To determine the subject of a clause ask "who?" or "what?" and then insert the verb.

Example: The book that is on the floor should be returned to the library.

Occasionally, an adjective clause is introduced by a relative adverb, usually "when," "where," or "why."

Example: Home is the place where you relax.

Adverb Clauses

Adverb clauses usually modify verbs, in which case they may appear anywhere in a sentence. They tell why, where, under what conditions, or to what degree the action occurred or situation existed. Unlike adjective clauses, they are frequently movable within the sentence.

Example: When the timer rings, we know the cake is done. OR

We know the cake is done when the timer rings.

Adverb clauses always begin with a subordinating conjunction. Subordinating conjunctions introduce clauses and express their relation to the rest of the sentence.

Noun Clauses

Noun clauses are not modifiers, so they are not subordinators like adjectives and adverbs, and they cannot stand alone. They must function within another sentence pattern, always as nouns. A noun clause functions as a subject, subject complement, direct object, or object of a preposition.

A noun clause usually begins with a relative pronoun like "that," "which," "who," "whoever," "whomever," "whose," "what," and "whatsoever." It can also begin with the subordinating conjunctions "how," "when," "where," "whether," and "why."

Example: Whoever wins the game will play in the tournament.

33. Verb with Similar Meaning and Different Spelling and Usage and Sentences

Subject + main verb + object

Noun (Subject pronoun) + (auxiliary) + verb + complement

Substantive + (auxiliary) + verb (-s – ed – ing) + predicate

List of Verbs by group Sentence for each verb

Rise The sun rises from the east every morning.

Arise Every nation arises its flag in the morning.

Get up Mr. Smith gets up from bed early at 6:00 a.m.

Stand up I stand up when my teacher ask me to do.

Lift A strong man lifts 300 pounds at the gym.

Raise Tom raises his hand in class.

Pick up My cousin picks up a coin with his finger.

________________________________________________________________________________

Begin Classes begin at 7:00 a.m.

Start The concert starts early at 9:00 p.m.

________________________________________________________________________________

Set The librarian sets some books in order on the shelf.

Lay My maid lays the pillow on the bed.

Place I place a flowerpot on the floor.

Put Someone puts his notebooks under the desk.

________________________________________________________________________________

Win Barcelona wins the golden cup every season.

Earn A big company earns a lot of money every year.

Gain Today professionals gain some experiences at work.

________________________________________________________________________________

Be Rose and Mark are at home every Sunday.

Stay The housekeeper stays at home doing her duties.

________________________________________________________________________________

Love A chef loves cooking apple pie every party.

Want Children want to watch TV after school.

Wish People wish to have wonderful life opportunities.

________________________________________________________________________________

Write The secretary writes a letter to her boss.

Type Young people type their document in the computer.

________________________________________________________________________________

Ask The teacher asks a question every single class.

Question The police question about your ID. Cards.

Claim Religious people claim about their rights.

________________________________________________________________________________

Speak Mr. Van Dame speaks English and French languages.

Talk My friend talks every single day about vacations.

________________________________________________________________________________

Laugh People laugh because the clown is funny.

Smile Young girls smile with their funny thing.

________________________________________________________________________________

Steal Someone steals some apples from the supermarket.

Rob A thief robs a necklace from the jewelry.

________________________________________________________________________________

Make The cook makes a delicious pineapple pie.

Do Students do their homework on time.

________________________________________________________________________________

Can A sport man can play some different sports.

May The client may deserve to be assisted by the waitress.

________________________________________________________________________________ Take Guys take some subjects at the university.

Carry A worker carries a pizza by motorcycle.

________________________________________________________________________________

Touch My friends touch a stone during a camping.

Play Nice singers play the guitar and the piano in a concert.

________________________________________________________________________________ Hit Somebody hits a person on his head.

Beat Human heart beats every emotion they feel.

Knock A stranger knocks my door very hard.

Strike The baseball player strikes the ball strength away.

Bang She bangs with her feet when she moves.

________________________________________________________________________________

Wed Miss Royer weds with her husband at the church.

Marry Sandy and Danny marry together in a lovely season.

________________________________________________________________________________

Collect My aunt collects some stamps for collection.

Pick up Children pick up everything they find on floor.

________________________________________________________________________________

Get Mr. Smith gets nice results about their students.

Obtain A healthy person obtains vitamins from fruits.

________________________________________________________________________________ Throw Someone throws a stone from the Street.

Drop A correct person drops garbage inside of the trash.

Pitch The baseball player pitches the ball out of the ground.

________________________________________________________________________________ Hold A boy holds the hands of his girlfriend.

Support A lonely mother supports their kids by herself.

________________________________________________________________________________

Live Mr. Boyles lives in California.

Dwell The moppets dwell under the water.

________________________________________________________________________________

Owe Mrs. O’Conner owes lots of money to the bank.

Must Students must do their homework every day.

________________________________________________________________________________

Guide A leader of boy scouts guides his group to the wood.

Drive The chofer drives a bus to down town very well.

Conduct That road conducts to the big city.

Lead The boss leads his employees successfully.

Manage A mayor manages his institution with humble.

________________________________________________________________________________ Go She goes to the supermarket.

Leave My neighbor leaves from El Salvador to Los Angeles.

Head The president of United States heads a whole nation.

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Finish Students finish their homework on time.

End The film end at the same moment than other one.

________________________________________________________________________________ Call My classmates call to their friends every single day.

Name Shusmita named as a Godess’ name from India.

________________________________________________________________________________ Listen Young people listen carefully to the radio.

Hear Adult people hear with a lot of patience.

________________________________________________________________________________ Keep Rose keeps her luxury inside of her bag.

Save Mr. Amstrong saves his money in the bank.

Store A computer technician stores information in a USB.

________________________________________________________________________________ Observe The meteorologist observes changes in the weather.

Look at You look at her face very well.

Watch Kids watch TV everyday in the afternoon.

See People see a nice landscape from the mountain.

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Find A butler finds a watch on the floor.

Meet Two friends meet each other at the airport.

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Take Students take some books from the table.

Catch A basketball player catches the ball far away.

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Cut The tailor cuts a shirt with some scissors.

Slice The cook slices a cake in four pieces.

Peel Mrs. Grut peels a cucumber for eating.

Break A mechanic breaks a cane from the car.

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Split A seller splits a banana in two pieces on the ice cream.

Divide My grandmother divides a pizza for seven people.

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Believe Religious people believe in God every year.

Think I think that an idea is strong when it comes from heart.

Guess People always guess about weather reporter.

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Wait A boy waits for his girlfriend at the bus stop.

Hope People hope peace one day in our country.

Expect The whole world expects new signs form the nature.

________________________________________________________________________________ Lend My friend lends me money every end of month.

Borrow A student borrows a pen to another one in class.

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Investigate A scientific investigates about the cure of migraine.

Research Students research about a topic project in many books.

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Reach Children reach everything they find on their road.

Achieve New professional achieve their efforts at the university.

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Occur A traffic accident occurs every single day in our country.

Happen The same story happens to me when I was a child.

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Cry The baby cries for milk every morning.

Weep A housekeeper weeps every single time.

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Move The Flynn’s move to a new house in Los Angeles.

Quake A main church in the United States quakes to society.

Shake The earth shakes every ten years in summer season.

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Shout Someone shouts for asking help in the beach.

Yell A baby yells because he is afraid around strange people.

________________________________________________________________________________ Return He returns from his origins.

Come back He usually comes back when she goes to the market.

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Spin The planets spin around the sun.

Turn She just turns away when she smiled.

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Spend Lovers spend beautiful times when they are in love.

Waste Young people waste their money in shoppings.

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Allow English allows you to be in touch with the world.

Permit Parents permit their sons to have relationship.

Let Teacher lets his students to do their homework.

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Jump Martin jumps highest as a gymnastic person.

Hop Beyoncé hops with her waist when she is dancing.

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Teach Mr. Peterson teaches English as second language.

Show John shows a gift to his girlfriend.

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Taste A chef tastes a delicious fig pie at the restaurant.

Like People like different fruits for eating.

_______________________________________________________________________________ Remember Students remember everything when they really study.

Remind My friend reminds me to buy a new cellphone.

________________________________________________________________________________ Know She knows the correct answer for that question

Realice You realize that the weather changes every day.

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Search A student searches a specific word in the dictionary.

Seek One kid seeks other kids behind the tree.

Look for An old lady looks for her glasses on the ground.

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Mail An adult person mails his letters by a post office.

Send Today, young people send their letters by Internet.

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Enjoy Salvadorean family enjoy together their free time.

Delight On Sunday, people delight a nice piece of cheese cake.

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Animate Group dancers animate every musical festival.

Encorauge Teacher encourages students to participate.

________________________________________________________________________________ Try Children try to do the best in the kindergarten.

Treat The clerk treats very well to the customers.

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Buy My cousin buys a new computer for doing his task.

Purchase Girls purchase different clothes at the mall center.

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Enter I enter to the theater before the movie.

Get in You better get in cause it is raining.

Come in Mr. Royer come in early to the class.

Access Tom accesses in the new software.

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Seem They seem to be interested on technical words.

Appear Mr. Konrad Zuse appears to be the first inventor of Pcs.

________________________________________________________________________________ Annoy Kids always annoy when they want something.

Bother My younger nephew bothers me for my TV programs.

Disturb Patients disturb at silent place of the hospital.

Mind People mind when I open the windows in the bus.

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Say The president says to the people all of his expectations.

Tell I tell you the true of my wishes.

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Go They go to the beach every vacation.

Address The cup address a group of tourist people.

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Inhale A man inhales smoke from the fire.

Pull An old lady pulls the door of the restaurant.

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Give My mom gives me a delicious meal every Saturday.

Provide Students provide excellent answer to the teacher.

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Hurry Guys always hurry when they ask for a cake.

Speed up Men speeds up with their cars on the Street.

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Respond Tom responds Jerry about his noisy movement.

Answer Excelent student answers evry question correctly.

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Comprehend Adult people comprehend the real exsistences of life.

Understand You understand the reading if you read it three times.

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Resquest She requestes more time to finish the report.

Demand He demands to to be paid more for his work.

Ask They ask to change the time of the exam.

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Evaluate The teacher evaluates students with a simple exam.

Assess The arquitec assesses the demages of the house.

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Provide The workers provide their afforts evey day.

Give A nice mother gives to her chirdren the best food.

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