SEJARAH FILSAFAT

Trias Mahmudiono, S.KM, MPH

Departemen Gizi Kesehatan

FKM UNAIR

Sejarah Ilmu PengetahuanSejarah Ilmu Pengetahuan

• Pemikiran filsafat banyak dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan

• Pd dasarnya filsafat (Barat, India, Cina) muncul → sifat yg religius

• Di Yunani (mitos), India (Weda, Hindu), Cina (confusius)

• Barat: mitos → diganti rasio

• India: tidak pernah lepas induknya → Agama Hindu

• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Barat → zaman (Kuno, Abad Pertengahan, Modern, Kini)

• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat Cina → zaman (Kuno, Pembaruan, Neo-Konfusionisme, Modern)

• Pembagian periodisasi filsafat India → periode (Weda, Wiracarita, Sutra-Sutra, Skolastik)

• Periode Filsafat Yunani → sangat penting → menjadi acuan

Historisitas

• Sejarah filsafat barat dibagi menjadi tiga, yaitu zaman Yunani Kuno dengan ciri pemikirannya bersifat kosmosentris

• Zaman Pertengahan dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak teosentris

• Zaman Modern dengan ciri pemikirannya yang bercorak antroposentris

• Zaman Kontemporer dengan ciri pemikiran logosentris.

YUNANI - KUNO

6SM

MIT

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FILSAFAT

3SM - 6ML

OG

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ABAD TENGAH

14M

THEOLOGI

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CIL

LA

TH

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GIA

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ABAD MODERN

18M 19M

ABAD KONTEMPORER

20M14-15M

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NA

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CE

AU

FK

LA

RU

NG

RA

SIO

NA

LIS

ME

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PIR

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EK

RIT

ISIS

ME

IDE

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ISM

EP

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ITIV

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NO

ME

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RU

KT

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FAKTOR HEURISTIKILMU CABANG

AGAMAFILSAFAT FILSAFAT

BIOLOGIASTRONOMIMATEMATIKAFISIKAKIMIASOSIOLOGI

KOMPUTER

PARIWISATA

DLL.

YUNANI KUNO

MITOS ..... - 6SM

LOGOS 3SM - 6M

FILSAFATFILSAFATPhylo = menyenangiSophia = bijaksana

MITOLOGIDongeng, Takhayul

Pertanyaan timbul(ingin tahu)

DE-MITOLOGIDipikirkan

(secara kritis)

LOGOS(ilmu)

Apakah ARCHE dari segala sesuatu yang ada ?

Thales (624 - 548 SM)

Anaximander (610 - 518 SM)

Anaximanes (590 - 518 SM)

Phytagoras (580 - 500 SM)

Demokritos (460 - 370 SM)

AIR

APEIRON

UDARA

BILANGAN

ATOM

SOCRATES (469 - 399SM)

PLATO (427 - 347 SM)

ARISTOTELES (384 - 322 SM)

Dialektika

Rasionalisme

MetafisikaLogikaBiologi

Empirisme

• Abad 6 SM – 0 M– Periode Filsafat Yunani

– Ahli filsafatnya Thales

– Menggunakan pola deduktif

– Kemunculan ilmu sangat berkembang

• Abad 0 – 6 M– Periode Kelahiran Nabi

Isa

– Pertentangan Gereja

– Filsafat mengalami kemunduran

– Raja membatasi kebebasan berfikir

ABAD PERTENGAHAN

ANCILLA THEOLOGIAE

ABAD KEGELAPANBAGI ILMU PENGETAHUAN

DOGMA

DOGMA

DOGMADOGMA

DOGMA

DOGMA

DOGMADOGMA

DOGMA

RENAISSANCE

AUFKLARUNG(PENCERAHAN)

14 - 15 MASEHI

18 MASEHI

PERMULAAN ABAD MODERN

LEONARDO DA VINCICOPERNICUSKEPLERGALILEO GALILEIFRANCIS BACON

VOLTAIREJJ. ROUSSEAUMONTESQUIEUIMMANUEL KANT

AGAMA DAN FILSAFAT MULAI DI PISAHKAN

AGAMA DI DASARI KEYAKINAN (KEIMANAN)

FILSAFAT DI DASARI OLEH OLAH PIKIR (SEKULARISASI)RASIONALISMEEMPIRISMEKRITISISMEIDEALISMEPOSITIVISME

TUMBUH ILMU-ILMU CABANG (“MENINGGALKAN FILSAFAT”)BIOLOGIASTRONOMIMATEMATIKAFISIKAKIMIASOSIOLOGI

SKEMA HUBUNGAN FILSAFAT DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN

perkembangan

• Abad 6 M ditandai dengan runtuhnya mitologi dan dongeng-dongeng.

• Abad 6-16 M ditandai dengan kuatnya doktrin teologis atau anciella theologia. Filsafat digunakan untuk memperkuat keyakinan agama.

• Abad 16 zaman modern yang ditandai dengan renaissans merebaknya ilmu pengetahuan.

• Abad 20 atau zaman pasca renaissans ditandai dengan menguatnya pemikiran pasca modernis

Mythology

Aim of early Greek philosophers is to find natural rather than supernatural explanations for natural practices

Natural Philosophers

Nature of the physical worldScienceThales – 625BC – 545BC – Greek colony in Asia

Minor – first know philosopher – everything from water – single basic substance

Anaximander – 610-546 BC – all created things are limited – that which comes before and after must be “boundless” - basic stuff could not be as ordinary as water

Anaximenes – 570-526 BC – source of all things must be air of vapour

Democritus

460-370 BC“everything was built up of tiny invisible blocks” (p.

43)Each block was eternal and immutable firm and solid not all the same – different shapes and sizesunlimited numberCalled atoms, “un-cuttable” (p. 43)

How accurate is Democritus theory to what we know today?

Atoms theory still existsP. 84 – the lego horse – Plato’s idea of the

model plan – “World of ideas”

Athens – circa 450 BC

“Cultural center of the Greek world.” (p. 61)Focus changed from natural philosophy to

“the individual and the individual’s place in society.” (p. 62)

Democracy evolvedArt of rhetoric – “saying things in a

convincing manner.” (p. 62)

Prominent Philosophers

• Sophist – “a wise and informed person” (p. 62) – “ man and his place in society” (p. 62)”

• “No absolute norms for what was right or wrong.” (p. 63)

• Protogoras (485-410 BC) “Man is the measure of all things” (p. 62)

Socrates

470-399 BC there are norms wrote nothing down greatest influence on western thinking taught in the city squares known to us through Plato’s writings we must use our reason to grasp

“philosophical truths” p. 65 feigned ignorance – “Socratic irony”

Socratesdied because of his convictions

Plato

428-347 BCPupil of Socratestheory of ideasMyth of the cave –

denies the reality of the natural world

We must become enlightened

Myth of the Cave

From The RepublicWhat we take in with our senses is not real,

but rather a poor copy of it – we see only shadows – imprisoned by our senses – the shadows are less real than the actual

Should take in the world intellectuallyIgnorance is likened to imprisonment

Plato and Aristotle

Aristotle

384-322 BC student of PlatoElemental theory – fire, water, wind, earthRejected Plato's “world of ideas”Senses are importantWomen as inferior

Medieval/Baroque

Machiavelli – 1469-1527 – control populace – politics, government - two books, The Prince is still used today in politics (Stalin really liked The Prince)

Spinoza – 1632-1677 - in God (one substance) tolerance and free thought – “Rationalist Mystic”

Hobbes – 1588-1679 – materialist – natural world – political thinking - The Leviathan – “The value or worth of a man is, as of all things, his price.”

Hume

THOMAS HOBBES1588-1679

• “Alam semesta, segala yang ada, bersifat korporeal, atau badani, yang memiliki dimensi besaran panjang, lebar, dan kedalaman”

• Yang ada hanyalah materi, • Setiap benda bergerak, termasuk manusia,

adalah mesin• Proses mental merupakan gerakan materi yang

ada dalam kepala manusia.• Hobbes terpesona oleh gerak, khususnya

setelah mengunjungi Galileo.

Locke – 1632-1704 – father of empiricism and liberalism, education. “All mankind is good and ought not to harm one another.” “No man’s knowledge here can go beyond his experiences.”

Hume – 1711-1776 – nothing is certain (complexity), empiricist, take actions because of morals

Leibniz – 1646 – 1716 – rationalist –borrowed reality – “There is a reason why every fact is as it is and not otherwise.” – calculus (Leibniz or Newton)

Existentialism/Modernism Kierkegaard – 1813-1855 – father of existentialism -

individual finds own identity a problem – mystery of own existence

deBeauvoir - 1908-1986 – French existentialist – Sartre - feminism

Sartre – 1905-1980 – fate doesn't exist – man is what he conceives himself to be “Hell is other people.”

Descartes – 1596-1650 – father of modern philosophy – method of doubt - “Cogito ergo sum - I think therefore I am.”

Camus– 1913-1960 – French writer – absurd that humans demand significance in an indifferent universe - “Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.”

Senses or Reason

Empiricists – believe that we learn through our senses; we learn based on observation, experience ; we are born with a clean slate (tabula rasa)

Rationalists – believe one has to have an understanding of one’s self to learn “Know thyself”; senses offer a limited world; rely on “truths,” logic and intuition

Kant synthesized the two – need reason and the senses to learn