KARYA TULIS AKHIR

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK BIJI JINTEN HITAM

(Nigella Sativa) TERHADAP PERBAIKAN TUBULUS PROKSIMAL

PADA TIKUS MODEL KERUSAKAN GINJAL KRONIK

Oleh:

FIFA YUNIARMI

201310330311054

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2017

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HASIL PENELITIAN

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK BIJI JINTEN HITAM

(Nigella Sativa) TERHADAP PERBAIKAN TUBULUS PROKSIMAL

PADA TIKUS MODEL KERUSAKAN GINJAL KRONIK

KARYA TULIS AKHIR

Diajukan kepada

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan

Dalam Menyelesaikan Program Sarjana

Fakultas Kedokteran

Oleh :

FIFA YUNIARMI

201310330311054

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG

2017

iii

iv

v

KATA PENGANTAR

Assalamu’alaikum wr.wb

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT karena atas

rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, penulisan proposal tugas akhir ini dapat diselesaikan

dengan baik. Sholawat serta salam selalu tercurahkan kepada Rasulullah SAW,

keluarga, para sahabat dan pengikut beliau hingga akhir zaman.

Penelitian dalam proposal tugas akhir ini berjudul “Pengaruh Ekstrak Biji

Jinten Hitam (Nigella sativa) Terhadap Perbaikan Tubulus Proksimal Tikus

Model Kerusakan Ginjal Kronik ”. Tugas akhir ini diajukan untuk memenuhi

persyaratan Pendidikan Sarjana Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah

Malang.

Penulis menyadari bahwa penulisan ini masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh

karena itu Penulis membuka diri untuk segala saran dan kritik yang membangun,

serta Penulis mengharapkan agar Karya Tulis Akhir ini dapat berguna serta

bermanfaat.

Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb

Malang, 19 Januari 2017

Penulis

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DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL .......................................................................................... ..i

LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ...............................................................................iii

LEMBAR PENGUJIAN ....................................................................................vi

KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ v

UCAPAN TERIMAKASIH .............................................................................vii

ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................viii

ABSTRAK ..........................................................................................................ix

DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................... x

DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... xiv

DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xv

DAFTAR SINGKATAN ................................................................................ xvi

BAB 1 : PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................... 1

1.1 Latar Belakang ............................................................................................ 1

1.2 Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................................... 3

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................ 3

1.3.1 Tujuan umum ..................................................................................... 3

1.3.2 Tujuan khusus ..................................................................................... 3

1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ...................................................................................... 4

1.4.1 Manfaat akademik ............................................................................. 4

1.4.2 Manfaat klinis .................................................................................... 4

1.4.3 Manfaat masyarakat ........................................................................... 4

BAB 2 : TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...................................................................... 5

vii

2.1 Jejas sel ....................................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 Jejas sel reversibel ............................................................................... 6

2.1.2 Jejas sel irreversibel ........................................................................... 7

2.1.3 Inflamasi ........................................................................................... 10

2.1.3.1 Perjalanan inflamasi ............................................................. 13

2.1.3.2 Inflamasi akut ....................................................................... 13

2.1.3.3 Inflamasi kronis .................................................................... 14

2.2 Ginjal .......................................................................................................... 16

2.2.1 Anatomi dan histologi ........................................................................ 16

2.2.2 Fisiologi ............................................................................................. 23

2.3 Kerusakan ginjal ........................................................................................ 25

2.3.1 Gagal ginjal kronis ............................................................................ 26

2.3.2 Penyebab jejas pada ginjal akibat carbon tetrachloride .................... 32

2.3.3 Mekanisme perbaikan jejas pada ginjal pasca injuri ......................... 33

2.4 Jinten hitam ................................................................................................. 35

2.4.1 Toksonomi dan morfologi jinten hitam ............................................. 35

2.4.2 Kandungan biji jinten hitam ............................................................. 37

2.4.3 Kegunaan biji jinten hitam .............................................................. 39

2.4.3.1 antiinflamasi pada jinten hitam .......................................... 41

2.4.4 Peran jinten hitam dalam perbaikan ginjal pasca injury ................... 42

2.5 Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus).....................................................................42

BAB 3 : KERANGKA KONSEP DAN HIPOTESIS PENELITIAN ............... 46

3.1 Kerangka Konseptual Penelitian .................................................................. 46

3.2 Hipotesis Penelitian ...................................................................................... 49

viii

BAB 4 : METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................... 50

4.1 Rancangan Penelitian ................................................................................... 50

4.2 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian ....................................................................... 50

4.3 Populasi dan Sampel ..................................................................................... 50

4.3.1 Populasi .............................................................................................. 50

4.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................................ 50

4.3.3 Hitung replikasi .................................................................................. 50

4.3.4 Teknik sampel .................................................................................... 52

4.3.5 Karakteristik Sampel Penelitian ......................................................... 52

4.4 Variabel Penelitian ....................................................................................... 52

4.4.1 Variabel bebas .................................................................................... 52

4.4.2 Variabel tergantung ............................................................................ 53

4.5 Definisi Operasional ..................................................................................... 53

4.6 Alat dan Bahan Penelitian ............................................................................ 54

4.6.1 Alat ...................................................................................................... 54

4.6.2 Bahan .................................................................................................. 55

4.7 Prosedur Penelitian ....................................................................................... 56

4.7.1 Tahap persiapan .................................................................................. 56

4.7.2 Tahap pelaksanaan ............................................................................. 56

4.8 Alur penelitian .............................................................................................. 62

4.9 Analisis Data ................................................................................................ 63

4.10 Jadwal Penelitian..........................................................................................64

BAB 5 : HASIL PENELITIAN DAN ANALISIS DATA ..................................65

5.1 Hasil Penelitian ..............................................................................................65

5.2 Analisis Data..................................................................................................68

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BAB 6 : PEMBAHASAN ...................................................................................71

BAB 7 : KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ............................................................75

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................ 77

LAMPIRAN.........................................................................................................81

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DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel Halaman

1.1 Jadwal Penelitian ............................................................................................ 58

5.1 Jumlah rerata hialin cast tubulus proksimal ginjal tikus putih....................... 67

5.2 Uji analisis Statistik Tukey............................................................................. 68

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DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar Halaman

2.1 Jejas pada Sel.................................................................................................. 10

2.2 Komponen Respon Radang............................................................................. 11

2.3 Penyebab dan Dampak Inflamasi Kronis ....................................................... 15

2.4 Mediator Inflamasi.......................................................................................... 16

2.5 Anatomi Ginjal................................................................................................ 17

2.6 Nefron Manusia............................................................................................... 22

2.7 Hialin cast........................................................................................................29

2.8 Jintem Hitam....................................................................................................36

2.9 Flavonoid ........................................................................................................38

2.10 Adrenal dan Ginjal pada Tikus......................................................................45

5.1 Gambaran Hialin cast .................................................................................... 66

5.2 Grafik Hasil Uji Linier ...................................................................................69

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DAFTAR SINGKATAN

AGEs : Advanced Glicosylation End Products

CCL3 : Radical trichlormetil

CCL4 : Carbon tetrachloride

IL-1β : Interleukin- 1 beta

IFN-γ : Interferon gamma

TNF-α : Tumor necrosis factor alpha

ATP : Adenosia trifosfat

ICAM-1 : Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

CYP2E1 : Cytochrome P450 2E1

OOCCl3 : Radical triklorometil perokside

LOOH : Lipid hidroperoksidase

LO : Radical lipid alkoksil

GST : Glutation-S-transferase

GSH : Reduced glutatione

EGF : Epidermal growth factor

PAI-1 : Plasminogen activators inhibitor 1

SOD : Superoxide dismutase

COX-2 : Cyclooxigenase 2

PGE2 : Prostaglandin E2

MSG : Monosodium glutamat

xiii

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