Essays Nilam

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Immigration Procedures

4. Employment of Foreign Worker

In Malaysia, foreign workers can be employed in the manufacturing, construction, plantation,

agricultural, services and domestic help sector.

Services sector consists of eleven sub sectors: (restaurant, cleaning services, cargo handling,

launderette, caddy in golf club, barber, wholesale/retail, textile, metal/scraps/recycle activities,

welfare homes and hotel/resort island.

Only nationals from the specified countries below are allowed to work in the selected sectors:

Approved Sectors Nationals of:

Manufacturing

Plantation

Agriculture

Construction

Services sector

Indonesia

Cambodia

Nepal

Myanmar

Laos

Vietnam

Philippines (male only)

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

ThailandTurkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan

Services (cooks, wholesale/retail, barber, metal/scraps/

recycle, textile)

Construction (fixing of high voltage cable only)

Agriculture

Plantation

India

Approval is based on the merits of each case and subject to conditions that will be determined from

time to time. Applications to employ foreign workers will only be considered when efforts to findqualified local citizens and permanent residents have failed.

An annual levy on foreign workers is imposed as follows:

Approved SectorsAnnual Levy

Manufacturing RM1,250


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Construction RM1,250

Plantation RM 590

Agricultural RM 410

Domestic Help RM 410

Services

- Welfare Home

- Island Resort

- Others

RM 600

RM 1,200

RM 1,850

All applications for foreign workers should be submitted to the One Stop Centre, Ministry of Home

Affairs except for applications for foreign domestic helpers which should be submitted to MalaysiasImmigration Department.


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wikipedia

A foreign worker is a person who works in a country other than the one of which he or she isa citizen. Migrant workersmay follow work within their own country or between countries,

depending on which definition is used.

Although there have been disagreements over immigration in the broader sense (the current

system facilitated with green cards). Most controversy in the United States since 1990 has been in

regard to "guest workers" both legal and illegal.

In recent years in the United States, there has been much controversy over whetherH-1B visas (a

particular instance ofguest worker), intended to bring highly skilled workers to fill gaps in the

domestic labor pool, are instead being used to bring in skilled, but otherwise unexceptional,economic migrants as cheap labor to fill jobs that could readily be filled domestically. There is

much controversy over pending legislation that would allow unskilled labor to enter the country

for this same reason. On the other hand there are some skilled workers who are paid meagerly

compared to their American counterparts who usually absorb the work done by these foreign

workers. Once, they have the work absorbed, they are usually laid-off or isolated. A lot of these

skilled laborers are abused by restrictions imposed by the immigration process.

Foreign students coming into the US may also be guest workers. They may face large salary

differences until obtaining their green card, since their visa is only company-specific. Moreover,

they are barred from many high-profile jobs where citizenship is a prerequisite.

Again, specific to the H-1B visas,countries such as India,Pakistan, and the Philippines have long

experienced a brain drain of highly skilled workers to more economically stable and competitive

countries like the United States, Britain, Canada, France, Portugal,Japan,South Korea, Germany,and Australia. While the absolute number of such migrs are not large, the economic

implications of such very skilled workers are significant.

Sometimes, citizens of countries with heavily urbanized areas have migrated to more agrarian

countries in order to find jobs as farmers and such. For more on this, see migrant workers.

In certain less tolerant nations, foreign workers may be abused and treated as second-class

citizens by the governments and/or lack of unions to assert worker rights, although a

counterargument could be made in that foreigners do not deserve to be treated as full citizens as

long as they are accorded basic human rights and civil liberties. For instance, in many Asian

nations, it is common for employers to withhold passports from their employees, thus preventing

the foreign worker from returning home.[citation needed] In conjunction with the withholding of

salaries, it is meant to put the foreign workers in very difficult situation (particularly because the

laws of these countries are typically not sympathetic to foreigners in practice). In the UK,

organisations such as Kalayaan protect the rights of UKmigrant domestic workers. (The term

"migrant domestic worker" is a standardized term, where the word "domestic" is taken to mean"within the home," rather than its more prevalent meaning of being of or belonging to a particular

sovereign state.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-class_citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-class_citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan_(charity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_domestic_workershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-1B_visahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_drainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-class_citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-class_citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan_(charity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_domestic_workers


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BEING YOUNGSomeone once said, the only thing worse than getting older was the alternative. Getting

older is inevitable but it does indeed beat the alternative. Being young is definitely better thangetting old. There some advantages to getting older: you can finally eat dinner at four oclock,

your investment in health insurance is finally beginning to pay off, and kidnappers are not veryinterested in you. Other that these, the advantages of youth far outweigh the advantages of aging.

Young people have better mental abilities, physical abilities, and virtually no responsibilities.

The mental abilities of youth are sometimes amazing. Young people can drive a car, listen to loud

music and talk on a cell phone all at the same time without killing themselves or those around

them. By comparison, I've noticed that after I turned forty, I am less and less able to stay in my

lane while shifting my attention to other things on the side of the road

Being a teenager comes with a lot of responsibilities and expectations. You need to have regular

mood swings, attention cravings and anger outbursts.

Along with all that, you have to deal with peer pressure. Peer pressure is not really pressure. It

is just the way some most teens put it. However it is not like that.

During this growing stage, the teen wants to be in control of everything-friends, family and

studies. So in order to make everything perfect they get stressed, which is put as pressure. I can

understand how you might be wondering how balancing such simple things can be so stressful.

But trust me, it is. In school, if you are caught talking in class by a teacher, you are commented

on the same to be easily distracted. If you keep quiet, you are called an introvert and are told to be

friendlier. So what is the kid supposed to do? Both ways she is at fault.

At home, you have to balance your homework and time with your parents. Mostly, it is preferredthat parent time be converted into alone time. But it is not well understood by the parents. So

parents, you have to realize that after a hard day in school and extra-curricular your children

would want to relax. The ideal ways are to either watch television, talk on the phone with their

friends, or just going to sleep. Now, you would say if they can talk to friends, they can talk to you

too. Have you ever realised how frustrating it can be for you child when you repeatedly ask them

about school, friends, whether they have completed homework etc.? When all that the child wants

to do is unwind. And if they would talk to friends, it would take worries off their shoulders for

some time.

Parents, I agree that along with not wanting to frustrate your child, you also want to be a part of

their life. You dont want to be completely disconnected from them. You have to take time out

from your schedule to spend it with them. Now youll be thinking how that is possible when

youre leading such a hectic life everyday. At this moment, hopefully, you would have realised

what your child feels like when you expect them to do the same. And yes, the life of a student can

be as hectic or even more than that of his parents. What do most jobs have as a daily routine?

Meetings, files, touring, research and presentations. What do most students have to do? Meetings

(with teachers and friends), Notebooks (loads of them), going from one tuition to another,

research and presentations on vast subjects, learning new things on a day to day basis. All this

along with confused hormones and diverse body changes. Weighing the two routines, that of theteen is more difficult. Now you will say that a child is capable of handling all this but parents

have to handle much more such as the household and in-laws. You really think so? A teenager

gets more pressurised than anybody else in the house.

Having a regular and secure job, you have to focus only on one subject. Whereas the child has to

focus on various subjects and do equally well in all of them. Have you ever recently gone through

the chemistry book of your child? No? Go ahead, do it. And see if you understand a word beyond

the first chapter. Where a mature, intelligent adult has difficulty grasping the subject, what do you

expect of a child half, sometimes 1/3rd, your age?


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Most parents live in the illusion that things have not changed since their time. Things have

tremendously changed since when you were a teenager. What you were taught in college 2nd

year, we have to learn in 10th std. Gone have the times when bell-bottoms were a trend. Open

your eyes. Its about time you did that.

Make an effort to understand your child. Dont think that life is all rainbows and candies forthem. They go through as many emotional roller coasters in a day as you do in one month. So

retreat with the lectures (read nagging) and come back with the comforting smile.The best thing you can do to comfort us is just hear us out when we want to talk. Its not required

that we want to hear your experiences on the same topic. Just listen to us. Its nothing much that

were asking for.

We realize that when you sometimes reprimand us or pressurise us, it is for our own good.

However, you also have to be aware of the fact that there are two types of pressure- good and

bad. Bad pressure is when your child is afraid to even relax in front of you. When youre always

forcing him to study, study and study is bad pressure. Good pressure is when the child himself

has the will-power to miss his favourite TV show if hes doing homework. Children do know

their boundaries. They know when do draw a line. If they watch a lot of TV one weekend, or if

they sleep a lot on holidays, they eventually will make an extra effort to catch up with the time

theyve spent otherwise. Underestimation is the mistake most parents commit.

Optimistically, your eyes have been opened wide at this point of time. Now you know the amountof responsibilities a teenager has. And you have realised what you have to do. It must be dj vu

for you all at present because youve already heard the same facts from your own child, but as

usual never paid attention to them. Dont you think its time you acknowledge the fact that your

13 year old can be wiser than you are? It is not the way it was in your time, when you simplyaccepted that your parents are god-like humans, who can never be wrong. In todays world,

children are more aware and can argue about whats good and whats bad for them. You should

be proud of them, their sense of responsibility and independence.After all, times are

changing,with flow.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Being a Teenager

Teenage is a stage in life that everyone goes through. When people think about teenage, theythink about energy, life, hope and beauty. Conversely speaking, when people think about

old age, they think about illness, despair and frailty. The question then arises: What are

the advantages and disadvantages of being a teenager?

The answer to this question depends on the context in which it is asked. In manycircumstances, teenagers can be viewed as an advantage.

In the workforce, employers tend to view teenagers as an advantage. Younger workers

are more energetic, more willing to commit and easier to mould. To these employers,

teenagers are assets that they wish to capitalise on. They also view younger workforce asmore creative and more willing to try out new things. As such, in the workforce context,

teenager is definitely an advantage.

Teenagers can also be an asset where learning is concerned. Everyone can learn, but

when one is younger, one is more likely to pick things up faster. This is especially sowhen the teenagers of today are more exposed to cutting edge technology and therefore

are more open to new and unfamiliar things. With this exposure, and their natural

propensity to learn faster, they would find the mastery of a new skill relatively easier.

However, in situations where maturity is called for, teenagers can be a stumbling block.

When handling over power and responsibility, people in positions of power tend to view

those who are more matured as being more trustworthy. This is especially so when the

young ones are still in the process of discovering themselves, and therefore are deemed as

more unstable in their handling of matters. This is evident in the real estate circles, where

sellers of mega properties are more likely to trust a more matured person to handle their


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transactions.

At the end of the day, though whether being a teenager is an advantage or a disadvantage

should not be a question at all.

VIOLENCE AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN

Youth Violence

Youth violence refers to harmful behaviors that can start early and continue into young

adulthood. The young person can be a victim, an offender, or a witness to the violence.

Youth violence includes various behaviors. Some violent actssuch as bullying, slapping, or

hittingcan cause more emotional harm than physical harm. Others, such as robbery and assault

(with or without weapons) can lead to serious injury or even death.

The ultimate goal is to stop youth violence before it starts. Several prevention strategies have

been identified.

Risk Factors for the Perpetration of Youth Violence

Research on youth violence has increased our understanding of factors that make some

populations more vulnerable to victimization and perpetration. Risk factors increase the

likelihood that a young person will become violent. However, risk factors are not direct causes of

youth violence; instead, risk factors contribute to youth violence (Mercy et al. 2002; DHHS2001).

Research associates the following risk factors with perpetration of youth violence (DHHS 2001;

Lipsey and Derzon 1998; Resnick et al. 2004):

Individual Risk Factors

History of violent victimization

Attention deficits, hyperactivity or learning disorders History of early aggressive behavior

Involvement with drugs, alcohol or tobacco

Low IQ

Poor behavioral control

Deficits in social cognitive or information-processing abilities

High emotional distress

History of treatment for emotional problems

Antisocial beliefs and attitudes

Exposure to violence and conflict in the family

Family Risk Factors

Authoritarian childrearing attitudes

Harsh, lax or inconsistent disciplinary practices

Low parental involvement

Low emotional attachment to parents or caregivers

Low parental education and income

Parental substance abuse or criminality

Poor family functioning

Poor monitoring and supervision of children

Peer/Social Risk Factors

Association with delinquent peers


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Involvement in gangs

Social rejection by peers

Lack of involvement in conventional activities

Poor academic performance

Low commitment to school and school failure

Community Risk Factors

Diminished economic opportunities

High concentrations of poor residents

High level of transiency

High level of family disruption

Low levels of community participation

Socially disorganized neighborhoods

Youth Violence: Prevention Strategies

On this Page

Effective and Promising Programs

Guidelines and Planning Tools

Other Resources

Youth violence is a serious problem that can have lasting harmful effects on victims and their

family, friends, and communities. The goal for youth violence prevention is simpleto stop

youth violence from happening in the first place. But the solutions are as complex as the problem.

Prevention efforts should aim to reduce factors that place youth at risk for perpetrating violence,

and promote factors that protect youth at risk for violence. In addition, prevention should address

all types of influences on youth violence: individual, relationship, community, and society.

Effective prevention strategies are necessary to promote awareness about youth violence and to

foster the commitment to social change.

Youth violence preventionone of the oldest fields in violencecontinues to advance rapidly.

Many prevention tools have been developed and implemented; many of these prevention

programs and strategies have been evaluated, and found to be effective at preventing violence and

related behaviors among youth. Such evidence-based programs have shown positive effects in

rigorous evaluations.

Peer pressure

Peer pressure is influence that apeer group, observers or individual exerts that encourages

others to change theirattitudes,values, orbehaviors to conformto group norms. Social groups

affected include membership groups, in which individuals are "formally" members (such

aspolitical parties andtrade unions), or social cliquesin which membership is not clearly

defined. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to these groups. Theymay also recognize dissociative groups with which they would notwish to associate, and thus

they behave adversely concerning that group's behaviors.[citation needed]

Peer pressure is most commonly associated with youth, in part because most youth spend large

amounts of time inschools and other fixed groups that they do not choose and are seen as lacking

the maturity to handle pressure from friends. Also, young people are more willing to behave

negatively towards those who are not members of their own peer groups.[citation needed]

Peer pressure can also have positive effects when people are pressured toward positive behavior,

such as volunteering for charity or excelling in academics or athletics, by their peers. This is most
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/prevention.html#1http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/prevention.html#2http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/prevention.html#3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(ethics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(ethics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/prevention.html#1http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/prevention.html#2http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/prevention.html#3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(ethics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed


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commonly seen in youths who are active in sports or other extracurricular activities where

conformity with one's peer group is strongest.[c

Risk behavior[edit]

While socially accepted kids often have the most opportunities and the most positive experiences,

research shows that being in the popular crowd may also be a riskfactor for mild to moderatedeviant behavior.[citation needed] Popularadolescents are the most socialized into their peer groups and

thus are vulnerable to peer pressures, such as behaviors usually reserved for those of a greater

maturity and understanding. Socially accepted kids are often accepted for the sheer fact that they

conform well to the norms of teen culture, good and bad aspects included. Popular adolescentsare more strongly associated with their peer groups' likes such asalcohol,tobacco and drugs.

Some studies also show that many popular students also make lower grades than less socially

accepted kids. This is possibly due to the fact that popular students may spend more time

worrying about their social life rather than studying. Although there are a few risk factors

correlated with popularity, deviant behavior is often only mild to moderate. Regardless, social

acceptance provides more overall protective factors than risk factors.[1]

TYPES OF PEER PRESSURE

Positive Peer Pressure - When someone urges youto do something that is good for you.

Friendly Peer Pressure - When someone who is

your friend tries to get you to do something you may

or may not want to do.

Indirect/Tempting - When someone tries to

persuade or convince you to do something you do not

want to do.

Teasing - When someone makes fun of you to try to

get you to do something you do not want to do.

Heavy Peer Pressure/ Bullying - When someone

threatens you, physically or verbally, in an attempt to

get you to do something you do not want to do.

The effects of peer pressure have been a problem since the beginning of time, throughout historypeer pressure has lead to bullying, murder, hate, judgment and persecution. Youth peer pressure

is found to be a huge issue frequently, because of the need to fit into a particular social group or

circle. Being that peers are the people you spend most of your time with, generally in children

and

teens they are usually in the same age group, with adults it more of a common interests. It is

found that most people that fall prey to peer pressure have a lack of self esteem and confidence,

this makes them easy prey for others to manipulate and influence. The negative effects of peer

pressure can lead to dangerous habits like smoking, drinking, drugs or criminal behavior. There is

also positive peer pressure with youth, in situations like a study groups, sports and other positive

activities peer pressure can lead to one excelling.

The causes of peer pressure can be difficult to pinpoint when observing a social group. Peerpressure is sometimes caused by the vulnerability of a certain class or age of person. Teens are

most likely to be vulnerable to this type of pressure. Other causes include a great desire to be

loved or respect that forces a person to change their personal habits and personality. The viewing

of this change can cause other people to pressure that person.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_pressure&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_pressure#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peer_pressure&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaccohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_pressure#cite_note-1


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Modern inventions

I think that modern inventions make people lazy beacuse they make everything easier.

The car, for instance, allows people to travel long distances without having any physical strain on

their body. The television is something that people sit in front of for hours on end until they have

made an imprint of their butt on their couch and 7 hours a day of channel 35 is second nature. Thefact that people can now watch TV shows in high definition and record, pause, rewind, or fast

forward through their favorite programs isn't helping.

Video games also play a large part in laziness. For some people, video games can be just as

addictive as drugs. I recently dealt with a customer at Gamestop that sold every single one of his

games, and mentioned selling some of his articles of clothing, just so he could pay for hissubscription to World of Warcraft. People have adapted to making the simple things simpler, and

forms of entertainment such as participation in sports seems far fetched to many.

But modern technology also shares the blame with work. People have little free time in recent

years because most of us spend most that time working. Such a dedication for the next paycheckbrings more work home. when the work is finished, the only thing people want to do is lazily

relax. Fast food restaurants are used more frequently to fit into a busy schedule, and exercise is a

painful thought for many who just returned home from a long day.

With the advent of industralisation and modern technology, people's living standards have been

promoted to a new level. People's life has become more convinient and advanced due to the

introduction of different modern inventions such as Internet, public transport, globalisation and so

on. However, it causes negative effects at the same time. From my perspective, the advantages

outweigh the disadvantages.

Modern inventions have brought about more benefits than we expected. Firstly, internet enables

people to have access to abundant resources and it has been widely used in different aspects such

as education. For instance, every student has different intellectual capacity. Therefore intellient

students maybe tied to a slow advance in their study due to others' incapacity of understanding. In

this way, students could progress in their aquisition of knowledge at their own pace usingcomputer rather than learning from teachers. Secondly, public transport has made people's daily

life very convinient. Compared with the old time while people took days to travel from one place

to another, it only takes few hours for people to reach their destination by public transport.

Thirdly, globalisation is now playing a pivotal role in the development of economy and

technology. It not only promotes culture exchange between different countries, but also enables

people worldwide get to know each other better.

On the other hand, environment has been negatively affected as a result of the excessive

exploration of natural rescources. Air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution in industrial

process and so on is deteriorating our planet on a daily basis. In addition to that, people are now

living a sedentary lifestyle due to the convinient public

transport and use of internet. They do not have to take one step outside their room to geteverything done by computer. Consequently, they will get heart diseases, obesity that is

commonly seen nowdays. Moreoever, culture assimilation

MASS MEDIA

The mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience

by mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place varies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(communication)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_communication


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Broadcast media such as radio, recorded music, film and televisiontransmit their information

electronically. Print media use a physical object such as a newspaper, book,pamphlet orcomics,[1]to distribute their information. Outdoor media is a form of mass media that

comprises billboards, signs or placards placed inside and outside of commercial buildings, sports

stadiums, shops and buses. Other outdoor media include flying billboards (signs in tow ofairplanes),blimps, and skywriting.[2]Public speaking and event organising can also be considered

as forms of mass media.[3] The digital media comprises both Internet and mobile masscommunication. Internet media provides many mass media services, such

asemail, websites, blogs, and internet based radio and television. Many other mass media outlets

have a presence on the web, by such things as having TV ads that link to a website, or distributing

a QR Code in print or outdoor media to direct a mobile user to a website. In this way, they can

utilise the easy accessibility that the Internet has, and the outreach that Internet affords, as

information can easily be broadcast to many different regions of the world simultaneously and

cost-efficiently.

The organizations that control these technologies, such as television stations or publishing

companies, are also known as the mass media.[4][5][need quotation to verify]

Purposes

A panel in theNewseum in Washington, D.C., shows the September 12 headlines in America and

around the world

Mass media encompasses much more than just news, although it is sometimes misunderstood in

this way. It can be used for various purposes:

Advocacy, both for business and social concerns. This can

include advertising,marketing,propaganda,public relations, andpolitical communication.

Entertainment , traditionally through performances ofacting, music, sports, and TV

shows along with light reading; since the late 20th century also through video and computer

games.

Public service announcements and emergency alerts (that can be used as political device

to communicate propaganda to the public).

Definition of Mass Media Mass media consists of the various means by which information

reaches large numbers of people, such as television, radio, movies, newspapers, and the

Internet. Sociologists study mass media especially to see how it shapes people's values,beliefs, perceptions, and behavior. For example, mass media contributes to socialization,

including gender socialization, as when movies implicitly teach young people that it is

wrong for females to have many sexual partners. Mass media also affects social movements;

for example, news coverage of the U.S.-Vietnam War helped spark the 1960s anti-war

movement. Another topic is the relation between media and social power. For example, if

mass media powerfully influences beliefs and behavior, and it is controlled by relatively few

individuals, those individuals have significant power even in democratic societies.

Mass Media and Its Importance.

Media is one of the most useful essence of human life. We speak of mass media, of media

revolution and of living in a media society. We are overloaded with all these letters, sounds and

films, pixels, headlines, jingles. When we use the term media in this context we speak of print

and electronic media, the so called mass media. Media affect our modern life in nearly every way.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blimphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-Mass_Media-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-Mass_Media-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-buzzle-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-dictionary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-dictionary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-Arguing_for_a_general_framework_for_mass_media_scholarship-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-Arguing_for_a_general_framework_for_mass_media_scholarship-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newseumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_and_computer_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_and_computer_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blimphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-Mass_Media-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-buzzle-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Websitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_Codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-dictionary-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#cite_note-Arguing_for_a_general_framework_for_mass_media_scholarship-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newseumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagandahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_showhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_and_computer_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_and_computer_gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement


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With a turn of a magazine page or an easy flip of the TV channel there at our disposal is a huge

array of potential identity replicas. In contemporary society, identity is continuously unstable; it

must be selected, constructed and created with reference to inevitable surrounding media

traditions. There are a variety of mediums from which people can pick and access information

from such as radio, TV, Internet, or even cell phones. Consequently, the media holds a verypowerful capacity to set a social issue for mass audience to assume and talk about. Often, media

do not intentionally set the agenda and resolve the pros and cons of that particular matter, so itrepeatedly causes terrible consequences towards public as well as establishes moral panics,

which can sometimes direct to mob violence. This writing will argue that identity is a social

construction, managed primarily by the contemporary media and created in relation. An

individuals identity is formed by society in which media plays a predominant role. There is a

daily interactive relationship between the subject and the object, that is, human agents and the

conditions of their subsistence, respectively. Theories of the individual emphasize on differences

between people and deem these differences as natural. Individuals are constituted as the

possessors of positions throughout the effects of social relations. Alternatively, other theories of

the topic concentrate on peoples general experiences in society through watching TV, surfing the

internet or reading the newspaper. It is these general experiences that are the most significant way

of distinguishing who we are. Thus, subject identity is a social construction, not an ordinary one.

When we connect with the media, we act and are acted upon, use and are used by the system. Thefollowing text deals with the importance of media to politics and society.

Main work of media is to inform the people. This relates to our form of government: In a

democracy the demos should know what goes on in the world as it is the one, that decides. A

modern democracy cannot work without the media which are an agent between public and state,the Latin word medius describes a status in the middle and that is exactly where we can find

media: between two entities of communication. You could counter that nor the ancient Greeks for

example needed the media in their democracy, and it was a really excellent type of democracy,

when we look at its structure. Something like that is unimaginable for modern polity. Since we

cannot organize a meeting between 50 million people to inform them orally, we need an

instrument, the media. That is the precondition for political participation of the people.

Information as a main task of media sounds easy but in my opinion it is not that simple at all.

Information is always a balancing act between objectivity and subjectivity. On the one handmedia have to inform about all important happenings and keep the information as neutral as

possible. On the other hand media should also be a platform for groups and organizations that are

not mainstream. It should control and criticize not only political parties but also society.

Concerning this control function it is important to have a variety of media horizontal and vertical,

both different types of media such as TV and newspapers and different providers of information.

Due to the control function we call media the forth force in a contemporary democracy.Media have also an economic side. The German TV system consists of public and private

stations. In my opinion it is necessary to have both, for both have advantages and disadvantages.

Private TV stations can decide freely what they want to present. As they live on advertisement

fees and earn the more the higher their ratings are, a market arises. That has the inescapableconsequence of a reign of markets rules: We are talking about the law of supply and demand. To

reach good ratings private TV stations broadcast what people want, some problems can resultfrom this point: There is the danger of delivering stereotypes or superficiality and indifference in

general, TV becomes a dumping machine, as some people claim. Infotainment instead of

information, politainment instead of policy. Besides there are public TV stations, and the main

difference is that they are not really free, their program is created under a certain standard and the

directors are from different groups such as political parties or labour unions.

But then they do not have to look on ratings and can really achieve medias aim of political

education. We need both, public TV stations not to become too superficial, and private ones to be

aware of a state TV monopoly which might exist in dictatorships for example, a historic example

is the Third Reich, where the Nazis most important propaganda machine was the Rundfunk,


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controlled by propaganda minister Goebbels in person; a contemporary example could be the

situation in Tibet, where both internal and external media have no permission to film and no

access at all respectively. Not for nothing one of the basic principles of democracy is freedom of

press.

Media have two further important tasks: entertainment and creating topics of conversation. Itsounds sarcastic but this is a main reason why people for example watch TV: to be able to have

conversations with lots of people, even if they have no other similar hobbies. Furthermore itraises your status if you are informed, to be subscriber. Sociologists warn against a so called

knowledge gap. This means that a gap develops between people who are informed and take part

in cultural and perhaps intellectual life and people who are not.

Perhaps you could compare this knowledge gap to the often recited poverty gap. Mass media

have big influence on our all day life, whether we want it or not. They set trends and spread them,

they influence our way of thinking in an enormous way and they have a long arm in political

issues.

These characteristics are more positive than negative as long as some conditions are fulfilled: first

a wide diversity of media, second no oligopolies/monopolies and of course freedom of press,

third fulfillment of medias main tasks information, political education and control.

In former times politicians made policy and the media reported on it. Today media makes policy

and the politicians put it into execution. In this manner mass media has many needs andimportance too in peoples daily life:

Mass media has become an integral part of our lives and can not be separated from our life.

Particularly for the urban people, the need for information is more important than ever. Our

values and way of life in the society in this information era are strongly influenced by the massmedia like newspapers, TV, radio, video, and the internet. Mass medias influence on peoples

lives is even greater and deeper than many kinds of state indoctrination or priests sermons from

the pulpit in the church .The full range of unfiltered media is now available to most of us by using

a parabola and satellite transmission. We can buy many kinds of videos freely. Access to the

internet is easy and inexpensive almost everywhere. We can find many kinds of information

using the internet technology..It is worth remembering that there have been three important

revolutions in recent history, i.e. agrarian revolution in farming, industry revolution in mass

production and information revolution that provides global access.We are now in the midst of the information revolution. Due to continuing developments in media

technology, we are flooded by a huge volume of non-stop information. Most of this information

comes to us without a filter or censor. The information can be positive and negative. It is

important for all, and particularly teenagers, to be able to look critically at the information and the

sources and make positive choices. Having a critical attitude means that we can distinguish

between positive and negative information and make choices that will give us information thatwill benefit us and our society.

Media is the most powerful tool of communication. It helps promoting the right things on right

time. It gives a real exposure to the mass audience about what is right or wrong. Even though

media is linked with spreading fake news like a fire, but on the safe side, it helps a lot to informus about the realities as well.

The seven mass media in order of their introduction are:

1. Print (books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, etc.) from the late 15th century

2. Recordings (gramophone records, magnetic tapes, cassettes, cartridges, CDs, DVDs)

from the late 19th century

3. Cinema from about 1900

4. Radio from about 1910

5. Television from about 1950

6. Internet from about 1990
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo-Pakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphlethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recordinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_recordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo-Pakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcastinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet


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7. Mobile phones from about 2000Each mass medium has its own content types, its own creative artists and technicians, and its own

business model. The sixth and seventh media, internet and mobile, are often called collectively

as digital media; and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, asbroadcast media.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_mediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_media

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