Epilepsi-UNHAS 2007

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EPILEPSI Bagian Ilmu Penyakit Saraf FK. Universitas Muslim Indonesia Makassar

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Epilepsi-UNHAS 2007

Transcript of Epilepsi-UNHAS 2007

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EPILEPSIBagian Ilmu Penyakit Saraf

FK. Universitas Muslim Indonesia

Makassar

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KEGAGALAN PENANGANAN EPILEPSI

INTRACTABLE EPILEPSI

DIAGNOSE < TEPAT

PENANGANAN TIDAK OPTIMAL

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Seizure / Epileptic Seizure : Manifestasi klinik Disfungsi Serebral Imbalance sistem eksitasi dan inhibisi

Pelepasan muatan listrik sel-sel neuron korteks serebral :

Paroxysmal Hypersinkron

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Manifestasi klinik epileptic Seizure

Berupa gangguan : Kesadaran Kelakuan / emosi Fungsi motorik Persepsi/sensasi

Bisa tunggal / kombinasi

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Epileptic Seizure

Non recurrent seizure Recurrent seizure

• Non epileptic seizure• Reactive seizure Epilepsy

ILAE, 1989ICES, ILAE, 1981

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Non Epileptic Seizure Non recurrent seizure Provoked seizure/reactive seizure Acut symptomatic seizure

Suatu episode epileptic seizure tetapi bukan epilepsi

Epilepsy : Kelainan abnormal primer di otak Recurrent seizure ( > 2 seizure) Unprovoked seizure

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Sindroma Epilepsi meliputi :(Klasifikasi ILAE,1989) Seizure type Onset umur Penemuan neurologis/EEG/Neuroimejing

Pendekatan terbaik : Seleksi pengobatan Prognosa Penilaian resiko genetik

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Psychogenic Seizure (Pseudo seizure) :Mirip epileptic seizureKadang-kdang bentuk anehCetusan emosiJarang melukai diriJarang terjadi pd waktu tidur

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Psychogenic seizure Epileptic seizure

Remaja atau dewasa Semua umur

Tidak terjadi serangan pada waktu tidur serangan waktu malam dapat terjadi, penderita tidak merasa / tidak tahu

Gigitan lidah jarang dijumpai, bila ada di pipi atau di ujung lidah

Sering dijumpai gigitan lidah

Tidak ngompol Sering ngompol

Tidak dijumpai luka di tubuh sering dijumpai luka-luka di tubuh

Aura macam-macam pembauan dan penglihatan

“perasaan aneh” dan sensasi di abdomen

Ada konflik yang mendasarinya dan penderita tidak menyadarinya

Penderita sadar bahwa konflik dapat mencetuskan kejang

EEG normal EEG abnormal

Tidak sembuh dengan OAE Sembuh dengan OAE

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International Classification of Epileptic Seizures (ICES)ILAE, 1981

I. Generalized Seizures A. 1. Absence Seizures 2. Atypical Absence B. Myoclonic Seizures : myoclonic jerks (simple or multiple) C. Clonic Seizures D. Tonic Seizures E. Tonic-Clonic Seizures F. Atonic Seizures (astatic)

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International Classification of Epileptic Seizures (ICES) ILAE, 1981

II. Partial seizures A. Simple partial seizures (consciuosness not impaired) B. Compelx partial seizures (consciousness impaired, may some times begin with simple sympto- matology) C. Partial seizures evolving to secondarily generalized seizures (This may be generalized tonic-clonic, tonic, or clonic)III. Unclassified epileptic seizures

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Serangan umum :Cetusan epilepsi mengenai ke 2 belahan otak

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Serangan parsial :Cetusan terlokalisasi

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Serangan umum sekunder :

Cetusan epilepsi pada mulanya terlokalisasi dan kemudian menyebar dan mengakibatkan serangan umum

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Seizure Classification (Luders, 1993)1. Auras : a. somatosensory aura b. visual aura c. olfactory aura d. gustatory aura e. auditory aura f. psychic aura g. autonomic aura h. abdominal aura2. Absence seizure3. Psychomotor seizure

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Seizure Classification (Luders, 1993)4. Hypermotor seizure 5. Motor seizure :

a. myoclonic seizuresb. clonic seizuresc. tonic seizured. tonic-clonic seizuree. atonic seizuref. versive seizure

6. Unclassified epileptic seizure7. Unclassified event

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Cerebral and systemic insults that may result in epileptic seizures

Fever Renal failure Drugs (e.g. solvents)Hypoxia Hepatic failure Drug with drawalHypoglycemia Porphyria ToxinsHypocalcemia TraumaElectrolyte imbalanceInborn errors of metabolism

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Nonepileptic events simulating epileptic seizures

A. Breath-holding spells Classic PallidB. Reflex syncope (postural, psychogenic, carotid sinus syncope, micturition, valsava)C. Cardiac syncope [ Dysrhytmias (heart blocks, tachycardias)], valvular disease, (especially aortic stenosis), cardio-myopathies, shuntsD. Perfusion failure (hypovalemia, autonomic failure)E. Migraine, especially acute confusionalF. Benign paroxysmal vertigoG.Tics

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Nonepileptic events simulating epileptic seizures

H. Paroxysmal choreoathetosis / dystonia I. Shuddering spells J. Sleep disordersK. Psychogenic attacks (pseudoseizures, panic attacks, hyperventilation, night terrors)L. Transient ischemic attacksM. NarcolepsyN. HypoglycemiaO. Other neurological disorders : Brainstem distortion (Amold Chiari), Third ventricle tumors

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International Classification of Epileptic Syndromes (1989)1. Localization related (focal, local, partial) epilepsies and syndromes 1.1. Idiopathic (with age-related onset) 1.2. Symptomatic 1.3. Cryptogenic (presumed symptomatic but etiology unknown)2. Generalized epilepsies and syndromes 2.1. Idiopathic (with age-related onset, listed in order of age) 2.2. Cryptogenic or symptomatic (in order of age) 2.3. Symptomatic

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International Classification of Epileptic Syndromes (1989)

3. Epilepsies and syndromes undetermined, whether focal or generalized 3.1. With both generalized and focal seizures 3.2. Without unequivocal generalized or focal features4. Special Syndromes 4.1. Situation-related seizures * Febrile convulsions * Reflex epilepsy

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Reflex epilepsies :• Photosensitive epilepsy (flicker or flash-induced and pattern-induced)• Reading epilepsy• Startle epilepsy• Musicogenic epilepsy• Eating-induced epilepsy• Immersion (hot or cold water)-induced epilepsy• Mathematic or calculation-induced epilepsy

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Idiopathic epilepsies yang sering dijumpai :Absence Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)Generalized Tonic-clonic Seizure

(GTCS)

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Diagnosa :1. Anamnese :

Tipe dari epileptik seizure / non epileptik seizure Lama dan frekuensi Onset umur

Tumors, sporadic infections & metabolic dis.

Malignant tumours

Congenital & genetic conditions

HS, trauma, genetic predisposition alcohol/drug

abuse

CVD

0 8020 40 60Age (years)

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Faktor Pencetus Riwayat keluarga Penyakit sebelumnya

2. Pemeriksaan fisik Interna & neurologis3. Pemeriksaan tambahan :

EEG interictal dan monitoring EEGAudiovisualLaboratorium neuroimejing

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Hal-hal yg perlu diperhatikan dalam pengobatan epilepsi : Tujuan pengobatan : membebaskan penderita

dari serangan epilepsi dengan dosis yang memadai tanpa menimbulkan gejala toksik

pengobatan epilepsi : sifat individual dan berlangsung lama, minimal 2-3 thn bebas serangan

Sekitar 75% kasus dapat ditanggulangi baik dengan satu / kombinasi obat

Dianjurkan pengobatan dengan satu jenis obat

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Kegagalan pengobatan tergantung dari beberapa faktor:Faktor penderita :

ketidak mampuan dalam :minum obathidup teratur akibat faktor :

keluarga lingkungan pendidikan

Cegah faktor provokasiJenis epilepsiJenis / dosisobat yg tak tepat / optimal

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KADAR TERAPEUTIK & WAKTU PARUH Kadar terapeutik :

Kadar obat dalam darah / plasma efek terapeutik Waktu paruh

Waktu yg dibutuhkan tubuh untuk menyingkirkan obat dari darah sehingga menjadi separuh dari kadar puncaknya

Obat dianggap habis tersingkirkan10 x waktu paruh

Obat mencapai kadar tetap dalam5 x waktu paruh

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Beberapa sifat Farmakokinetik dari beberapa obat anti epilepsi

OBAT Dosis mg/Kg BB

per hari

Kadar terapeutik mikrogram

per mil

waktu paruh jam

Peng-ikatan protein

waktu u/ pemcapai

kadar tetap

Difenil H D : 3 - 5 A : 5 - 10

10 - 20 24 + 12 90% 5 - 10

Fenobarbital D : 2 - 3 A : 3 - 5

15 - 40 96 + 12 40-50%

14 - 21

Karbamazepin 10 - 20 5 - 12 12 + 3 70% 2 - 4

As.Valproat 20 - 60 40 12 + 6 90% 2 - 4 Etosuksimid 20 - 40 40 30 + 6 0% 5 - 8

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Penutup : Ketepatan diagnoasa sangat menunjang

keberhasilan pengobatan epilepsi Setiap seizure harus dapat dibedakan :

Epileptic seizure/ non epileptic seizure Epilepsi Psychogenic seizure

Provoked epileptic seizure seyogyanya tidak didiagnose epilepsi.

Pemeriksaan tambahan awal EEGPemeriksaan CT/ MRI bila ada indikasi.

Kemungkinan diagnose intractable epilepsy menjadi meningkat bila penegakan diagnose tak tepat.