ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… ·...

189
ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3 DRH AULIA FIRMAWATI, M.VET

Transcript of ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… ·...

Page 1: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3

DRH AULIA FIRMAWATI, M.VET

Page 2: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

ENDOKRIN

Dianggap sebagai bagian dari sistem komunikasi

hewan

Sistem saraf menggunakan struktur fisik untuk

komunikasi

Sistem endokrin menggunakan cairan tubuh untuk

mengangkut pesan (hormon)

disebut sebagai kontrol humerus versus saraf

Page 3: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

FUNGSI HORMON :

Function of endocrine system is to maintain the

body via:

1) Homeostasis - acute regulation of the

thermoneutral stability of the body

2) Homeorhesis - chronic regulation of

body, operates in union with

homeostasis

Page 4: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The Endocrine system helps to maintain homeostasis by

coordinating and regulating the activities of cells, tissues,

organs, and systems throughout the body

The Endocrine System helps to control and integrate:

1- Reproduction

2- Growth

3- Development

4- Defense against stress

5- Water, electrolyte and nutrient balance

6- Energy balance

7- Cellular metabolism

4

Page 5: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormon memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai

berikut:

1. Disekresikan ke dalam darah oleh sel kelenjar

endokrin dalam jumlah sangat kecil

2. Mengadakan interaksi dengan reseptor khusus

yang terdapat di sel target

3. Memiliki pengaruh mengaktifkan enzim khusus

4. Memiliki pengaruh tidak hanya terhadap satu sel

target, tetapi dapat juga mempengaruhi

beberapa sel target belainan.

Page 6: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Struktur Kelenjar Endokrin

Kelenjar endokrin mensekresi substansi kimia yang langsung dikeluarkan ke dalam pembuluh darah. Sekresinya disebut hormon.

Mekanisme kerjanya :

Hormon

dilepas

dari sel2

khusus

Ke dalam

aliran

darah

Hormon

dibawa ke

sel2 target

(responsie

cells)

Terjadi

efek

hormon

Page 7: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones are Activated By 7

Hormonal

Humoral

Neural

Page 8: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure 1. A Structural Classification of Hormones

Page 9: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Categories of Glands

Central: Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Peripheral: Thyroid Pineal

Adrenals Gonads

Parathyroids Pancreas

Thymus Others

Page 10: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones can be

Freely circulating

Rapidly removed from bloodstream

Bound to transport proteins

Page 11: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Mechanisms of hormone action

Receptors for catecholamines, peptide hormones,

eicosanoids are in the cell membranes of target cells

Thyroid and steroid hormones cross the membrane and

bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Page 12: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Karakteristik Sistem Endokrin

Sekresi Diurnal pola naik-turun dalam periode 24 jam. Contoh : Kortisol kadarnya akan meningkat di pagi hari, dan menurun di malam hari.

Sekresi hormonal pulsatif & siklik naik-turun sepanjang waktu tertentu (siklus birahi) Contoh : Estrogen merupakan dgn puncak pada fase estrus & lembahnya menyebabkan fase anestrus/diestrus pada betina.

Sekresi hormonal variabel berubah dan tergantung pada kadar subtrat lainnya. Contoh : paratiroid disekresi dlm berespon thdp kadal Ca serum.

Page 13: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Karakteristik Sistem Endokrin

Hormon bekerja dalam sistem umpan balik (memungkinkan tubuh untuk dipertahankan dalam situasi

lingkungan optimal

Hormon mengontrol laju aktivitas selular

Hormon tidak mengawali perubahan biokimia tapi hanya mempengaruhi sel-sel yg mengandung reseptor yg sesuai

(yg melakukan fungsi spesifik)

Hormon punya fungsi dependen & interdependen suatu pelepasan hormon dari 1 kelenjar sering merangsang pelepasan hormon dari kelenjar lainnya

Hormon bekerja bekerja secara konstan di reactivated oleh hepar / mekanisme lain & diekskresi oleh ginjal

Page 14: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hypophysis

Releases nine important peptide hormones

All nine bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic

AMP as a second messenger

Page 15: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure.G Proteins and Hormone Activity

Page 16: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure. Hormone Effects on Gene

Activity

Page 17: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Mekanisme sekresi dan distribusi

hormon

Page 18: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

Page 19: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

19

Page 20: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Sistem Kontrol Sekresi Hormon

Page 21: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Control Systems

Interaction with external environment

Rapid response

Nervous

e.g. Electrolyte balance

Growth and development

Reproduction

Activities requiring duration

Endocrine

Control Systems

Page 22: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure. Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Page 23: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure. Feedback control of Endocrine Secretion

Page 24: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Short And Long Loop Feedback Mechanisms

Target tissue

Hormone 3

Target endocrine gland

Hormone 2

Anterior pituitary

Hormone 1

Hypothalamus

Short-Loop

Negative

Feedback

Mechanism

Long-Loop

Negative

Feedback

Mechanism

Page 25: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Mekanisme Sekresi dan Distribusi Hormon

Page 26: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Kelenjar Endokrin

Page 27: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Endocrine Tissues

Located at base of brain

(Testis in Male)

Adrenal Gland Ovary

Kidney

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Pankreas

Uterus Placenta

Mammae

Pineal

Page 28: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

1. Hypothalamus

Page 29: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hypothalamus

Extends from Hypothalamus-behind sphenoid bone

“Master Gland” of body

Has a two distinct part :

Anterior- Portal network (adenohyphophysa)

Posterior- Neural-contains axons of Hypothalamus

neurons (neurohypophysa)

Connected to the brain by the hypothalamus

and a portal blood supply

Page 30: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Brain Diagram of Endocrine Glands

Page 31: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hypothalamus

Hypothalamic Nuclei

Page 32: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

HIPOTHALAMUS

HIPOFISIS

H. Anterior Pars Intermedia H. Posterior

= Adenohypofisis = Rudimenter = Neurohypofisis

Kecuali Hewan

Page 33: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Kelenjar Hipofisis

Kelenjar Pituitary

Kelenjar seukuran kelereng terletak di bagian basal otak

Dikendalikan atau diatur oleh CNS melalui hypothalamus

Terdiri dari 3 lobus :

1. Neurohipofisis (posterior)

2. Pars intermedia

3. Adenohipofisis (anterior)

Page 34: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

SEKRESI HORMON

a. Hipofisis Posterior

1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

2. Oxcytocin

b. Hipofisis Anterior

1. Growth Hormone (GH)

2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH, Adrenocorticotropin)

3. Tyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH, Thyrotropin)

4. Prolactin (LTH = Luteotropic Hormone)

5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropic Hormone

Page 35: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

c. Pars Intermedia

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Pada Ikan, Reptil dan Amfibi

Manusia Tidak ada MSH

Page 36: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Testes / ovari

Tulang

Korteks adrenal

Kelenjar mammae

Tiroid

Otot uterus

Tubulus ginjal

HIPOTALAMUS

antr post

HIPOFISIS

Page 37: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hypothalamus

Anatomy and Microanatomy

Page 38: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The Anatomy and Orientation of the

Pituitary Gland

Page 39: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

HIPOTHALAMUS

Sekresi Hormon Sekresi

RH (Releasing Hormone)

IH (Inhibitory Hormone)

Tractus Hypothalamico Hypothalamic Hypophyseal

Hypophysialis Portal Vessels

Hipofisis Posterior Hipofisis Anterior

Hormon Disimpan Produksi Hormon

Page 40: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Schematic representation of the pituitary

1. Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal circulation and the pathway followed by the hypothalamic-hypophysiotropic hormones (releasing and inhibiting) in reaching the

anterior pituitary (left).

2. Pathway by which the posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone) reach the capillaries of the posterior lobe (right). Hormone-

containing blood leaves each lobe of the pituitary through a number of hypophyseal veins. The orange arrows indicate the direction of blood flow; the black arrowheads indicate the path taken by the hormones

involved.

Page 41: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

KELENJAR HYPOTHALAMUS

(master gland)

Hyphothalamus

mengkoordinasikan

aktivitas kelenjar pituitary

melalui sekresi peptida dan

amino untuk menghasilkan:

1. Tropic hormon (ex:

corticotropin), yang akan

mempengaruhi produksi

suatu hormon (ex: cortisol)

oleh target gland

2. Hormon yang langsung

memberikan efek pada

jaringan (ex: PRL)

Page 42: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis
Page 43: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

HYPOTHALAMUS

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

(CRH): corticotropes komponen

molekul family dari pro-

opiomelocortin

Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

↑↑

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

(GnRH)gonadotrope FSH & LH

↑↑

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

thyrotrope TSH (Thyroid

Stimulating Hormone) ↑↑

Dopamine precursor catecolamine

dari epinephrine

menghambat lactotrope PRL

(prolactin) ↓↓

Menghambat thyrotrope TSH

(Thyroid Stymulating Hormone)

↓↓

Somatostatin menghambat

somatotrope GH (growth

hormone) ↓↓

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

(GHRH) somatotrope GH

(growth hormone) ↑↑

Page 44: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure. Three Methods of Hypothalamic Control over the

Endocrine System

Page 45: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis
Page 46: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

2. Hipofisa Anterior

Page 47: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hipofisa

Page 48: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Kelenjar Hipofisa

Page 49: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

Subdivided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia and

pars tuberalis

At the median eminence, neurons release regulatory

factors through fenestrated capillaries

Releasing hormones

Inhibiting hormones

Page 50: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Cells of the

Anterior Pituitary

• LH • FSH • Prolactin • STH • TSH • ACTH

Hypothalamus

Nerve

Cells

Superior

hypophyseal

artery

Hypophyseal

portal vessels

Capillary

plexus

Posterior

pituitary

Capillary plexus

Preoptic nuclei

cell

Page 51: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Anterior Pituitary

GH- Growth Hormone

Prolactin

TSH- Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic

FSH- Follicle Stimulating Hormone

LH- Luteinizing Hormone

Page 52: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones of the adenohypophysis

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Triggers the release of thyroid hormones

Thyrotropin releasing hormone promotes the release of

TSH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal

gland

Corticotrophin releasing hormone causes the secretion of

ACTH

Page 53: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones of the adenohypophysis

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in

females and sperm production in males

Leutinizing hormone (LH)

Causes ovulation and progestin production in females and

androgen production in males

• Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) promotes the

secretion of FSH and LH

Page 54: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones of the adenohypophysis

Prolactin (PH)

Stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk

production

Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin)

Stimulates cell growth and replication through release of

somatomedins or IGF

Growth-hormone releasing hormone

(GH-RH)

Growth-hormone inhibiting hormone

(GH-IH)

Page 55: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hypophysis

Releases 6 important peptide hormones

All 6 bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic AMP

as a second messenger

Page 56: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis
Page 57: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Macam fungsi hormon yg dihasilkan kelenjar Hipofisis Lobus Anterior & Gangguannya

Page 58: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

BETINA

JANTAN

Page 59: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure.The Hypophyseal Portal System

Page 60: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

3. Pineal Gland/Epise

Page 61: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

PINEAL GLAND

Menghasilkan

1. Hormon Melatonin

(diproduksi tinggi saat

intensitas cahaya

rendah)

2. Hormon Serotonin

(diproduksi tinggi saat

intensitas cahaya

tinggi)

Page 62: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Pineal gland

Contains pinealocytes

Synthesize melatonin

Suggested functions include inhibiting reproductive

function, protecting against damage by free radicals,

setting circadian rhythms

Page 63: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Pineal

Pineal diketahui menghasilkan melatonin, suatu hormon yang

berkaitan dengan serotonin yang memiliki efek

antigonadotrofik.

Melatonin disintesis dari serotonin melalui aksi katalitik enzim

hidroindol-O-metil transferase (HIOMT). Gelap merangsang

sistesis dan pelepasan melatonin dari glandula pineal,

sementara cahaya akan menekan aksi katalitik enzim HIOMT

yang selanjutnya menekan sintesis dan pelepasannya.

Pineal berfungsi sebagai biological clock yang mengatur

variasi tahunan (musiman) dan harian aktivitas gonad.

Melatonin diperkirakan bekerja pada hipotalamus dengan

mengontrol sintesis dan pelepasan gonadotrophic

hormone-releasing factors.

Page 64: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Pineal

Pada kuda melatonin memiliki efek anti-

gonadotopin, pada musim dimana siang lebih

panjang maka akan mempengaruhi sistem

reproduksi kuda (long-day breeding).

Pada domba melatonin meningkatkan kerja

gonadotropin

Page 65: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

4. Tiroid

Page 66: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

THYROID

Embriologi:

Dari invaginasi tuber (endoderm) dari dasar lidah

(foramen caecum) → tumbuh ke bawah, di muka

trachea dan tulang rawan thyroid

Fisiologi:

Mempertahankan derajat metabolisme lebih tinggi

Merupakan alat tubuh yg sensitif dan dapat bereksi

terhadap berbagai rangsangan

Page 67: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

TARGET GLAND

1. TIROID GLAND

Terdiri atas 2 lobus, terletak di

kiri dan kanan trachea,

dihubungkan oleh isthmus.

Menghasilkan hormone tiroksin

+ triiodo tironin (T4 dan T3) dan

Calcitonin

Mempengaruhi hampir setiap

sel tubuh.

Page 68: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure. The Thyroid Gland

Figure 18.11a

Page 69: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure 18.11 The Thyroid Gland

Figure 18.11b,

c

Page 70: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Thyroid follicles and thyroid hormones

Thyroid gland contains numerous follicles

Release several hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and

triiodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid hormones end up attached to thyroid binding

globulins (TBG)

Some are attached to transthyretin or albumin

Page 71: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Cells of the thyroid gland

C cells produce calcitonin

Helps regulate calcium concentration in body

fluids

Page 72: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The Thyroid Follicles

Figure 18.12a

Page 73: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The Thyroid Follicles

Figure 18.12b

Page 74: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Thyroid Hormones Thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3-triiodothyronine (T3)

Formed from 2 iodinnated tyrosines precursers

Lipid soluble

Page 75: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

hormone tiroksin + triiodo tironin

(T4 dan T3).

Page 76: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Thyroid hormones

Held in storage, bound to mitochondria, thereby

increasing ATP production

Bound to receptors activating genes that control

energy utilization

Exert a calorigenic effect

Page 77: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Fungsi Tyroid pada sistem Metabolisme :

Pengaruh terhadap metabolisme lemak:

Meningkatkan Lipogenesis & Lipolisis

Meningkatkan penggunaan asam lemak oleh

jaringan

Pengaruh terhadap metabolisme karbohidrat:

Meningkatkan glukoneogenesis

Page 78: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Fungsi tyroid ats pengaruh Hipofisis

Fungsi thyroid dipengaruhi oleh hipofisis melalui TSH.

Apabila TSH negatif (ex: pada hipopituitarisme) → thyroid atropi

Apabila TSH meningkat → hormon thyroid juga meningkat → menekan hungsi hipofisis, dan sebaliknya

Apabila thyroid menurun → merangsang hipofisis mengeluarkan TSH lebih banyak.

Menyebabkan hiperplasi dan pembesaran kelenjar thyroid seperti pada penderita kekurangan jodium pada penyakit gondok.

Page 79: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis
Page 80: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Regulasi Hormon Tiroid

Page 81: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Jenis Penyakit Tiroid :

Hipertiroidisme

Hipotiroidisme

Hyperthyroidism / thyrotoxicosis, hormon tiroid T3 dan T4 didapati lebih tinggi daripada orang biasa

Kretinisme = kelainan fisik dan mental yang menyebabkan anak tumbuh kerdil dan idiot krn kekurangan iodium yg menyebabkan kekurangan tiroksin

Gigantisme = pertumbuhan raksasa kelebihan tiroid

(hipertiroidisme)

Akromegali = pertumbuhan tak seimbang pd tulang, jari, rahang,

hidung

Page 82: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

5. Parathyroid

Page 83: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The Parathyroid Glands

Thyroid gland, posterior view

Parathyroid

glands Parathyroid

glands

Page 84: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

PARATIROID GLAND

Sapi mempunyai 4 kelenjar paratiroid.

Terletak berdekatan dengan kel.tiroid.

Menghasilkan parathormone yang bekerja terhadap

ginjal dan tulang, berfungsi sebagai mobilisator kalsium

dari tulang ke darah.

Mempunyai peranan penting dalam milk fever.

Page 85: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure 18.14 The Parathyroid Glands

Figure 18.14

Page 86: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Fungsi parathyroid hormone:

Meningkatkan absorbsi Ca oleh usus, dengan bantuan vit. D

Membantu reabsorbsi phosphat oleh ginjal

Bersifat antagonis terhadap thyrocalcitonin

Meningkatkan kecepatan reabsorbsi tulang oleh osteoclas

Meningkatkan reabsorbsi Ca oleh tubulus ginjal

Gangguan:

Hiper: Osteotis fibrosa cystica (tulang mudah patah)

Hipo: Tetany (kejang-kejang)

Page 87: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The Parathyroid Hormone

It increases calcium blood levels by

targeting bone and kidneys

1- In bones

[Calcium]

in blood

Parathyroid

hormone is

released by

parathyroid

gland

Stimulates the

osteoclasts to

resorb bone,

releasing calcium

to the blood

[Calcium]

in blood

2- In kidneys

- It increases calcium reabsortion

- It increases formation and

secretion of calcitriol Increases absorption of calcium and

phosphate from the intestines

Page 88: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure 18.15

Figure The Homeostatic Regulation of Calcium

Ion Concentrations

Page 89: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

6. Pankreas

Page 90: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

3. PANKREAS GLAND

Terletak pada pertemuan saluran

empedu dengan usus halus.

Menghasilkan hormone insulin dan glucagon yang berpengaruh terhadap metabolisme CH2O.

Pada sapi, peranan kedua hormon di atas tidak begitu besar, karena sumber energi pada ruminansia lebih penting dari asam lemak terbang (volatile fatty acid).

Page 91: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

PANKREAS GLAND

Terletak pada pertemuan saluran empedu dengan

usus halus.

Menghasilkan hormone insulin dan glucagon yang

berpengaruh terhadap metabolisme CH2O.

Pada sapi, peranan kedua hormone di atas tidak

begitu besar, karena sumber energy pada

ruminansia lebih penting dari asam lemak terbang

(volatile fatty acid).

Page 92: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The pancreatic islets

Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas called

Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets

Alpha cells secrete glucagons

Beta cells secrete insulin

Delta cells secrete GH-IH

F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Page 93: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Pancreas

Page 94: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure 18.18 The Endocrine Pancreas

Page 95: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Anatomi Pankreas

Page 96: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Kelenjar Pankreas

Page 97: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Insulin and glucagon

Insulin lowers blood glucose by increasing the rate of

glucose uptake and utilization

Glucagon raises blood glucose by increasing the rates

of glycogen breakdown and glucose manufacture by

the liver

Page 98: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

HORMON INSULIN

Berperan menurunkan kadar glukosa dalam darah

melalui mekanisme:

Meningkatkan uptake glukosa oleh jaringan

Menginduksi glikogenesis

Menginduksi lipogenesis (trigliserid)

Menginduksi sintesis protein

Menghambat lipolisis sel lemak

Page 99: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Pancreatic axis

Insulin

β cells secrete due to high blood glucose levels

Glucose uptake into tissues increases

Glucagon

α cells secrete when blood glucose is low

Glucose is released from tissues back into blood

(Figure 9-43)

Page 100: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The Regulation of Blood Glucose

Concentrations

Page 101: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Kerja Pankreas

Kadar glukosa tinggi dlm darah rangsangan untuk sekresi insulin.(Terjadi setelah makan, maka insulin tinggi. Disisi lain ketika kadar glukosa darah naik krn tubuh dapatkan glukosa dari pemecahan makanan tsb.

Kekurangan hormon insulin menyebabkan penyakit DM.

Insulin berperan ubah glukosa jadi glikogen menurunkan kadar gula darah.Jika seseorang tidak dapat memproduksi insulin, maka glukosa dalam darah terus bertambah karena glukosanya tidak bisa dirubah menjadi glikogen.

Akibatnya urine yang dikeluarkannyapun mengandung glukosa.

Peningkatan glukosa darah diatas (90mg/100ml) merangsang pankreas sekresi insulin sel –sel targetnya untuk mengambil kelebihan glukosa dari darah. Ketika kelebihan itu telah dikeluarkan atau ketika konsentrasi glukosa turun dibawah titik pasang, maka pancreas akan merespons dengan cara mensekresikan glukagon, yang mempengaruhi hati untuk menaikkan kadar glukosa darah.

Page 102: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis
Page 103: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

7. Intestine

Page 104: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The intestines

Produce hormones important to the coordination of

digestive activities

Page 105: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Intestine

Antrum mukosa lambung menghasilkan hormon

gastrin ke dalam sirkulasi darah. Gastrin

merangsang fundus labung untuk menghasilkan

lebih banyak getah lambung (gastric joice). Asam

lemak yang masuk ke duodenum merangsang sel

mukosa untuk menyekresi hormon enterogastron.

Hormon ini berfungsi menurunkan motilitas lambung

dan memberi kesempatan untuk pencernaan lemak

dalam usus.

Page 106: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormon di intestine

Bolus makanan masuk ke duodenum, merangsang pelepasan hormon polipeptida (sekretin) oleh mukosa doudenum. Sekretin merangsang pankreas untuk memproduksi getah (cairan) yang kaya bikarbonat untuk menetralisir asam dari lambung.

Bolus makanan masuk ke duodenum, merangsang pelepasan hormon polipeptida (sekretin) oleh mukosa doudenum. Sekretin merangsang pankreas untuk memproduksi getah (cairan) yang kaya bikarbonat untuk menetralisir asam dari lambung.

Page 107: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormon pankreozimin juga merangsang pankreas untuk melepaskan enzim-enzimnya ke asinus. Hormon kolesistokinin dihasilkan saat lemak atau asam masuk usus halus.

Kolesistokinin meningkatkan toksisitas lapisan otot kantung empedu sehingga menimbulkan otot spinter duktus koledokus terbuka. Peristaltik duodenum merangsang pengosongan kantung empedu karena setiap gelombang peristaltik akan menghambat spinter Oddi, yang membiarkan tekanan dalam kantong empedu untuk mendorong empedu ke duodenum.

Page 108: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

8. Cor

Page 109: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The heart

Specialized muscle cells produce natriuretic peptides

when blood pressure becomes excessive

Generally oppose actions of angiotensin II

Page 110: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in

the lungs

Stimulates adrenal production of aldosterone

Stimulates pituitary gland release of ADH

Promotes thirst

Elevates blood pressure

Page 111: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

9. Thymus

Page 112: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The thymus

Produces thymosins

Help develop and maintain normal immune defenses

Page 113: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

10. Kidney/ Ren

Page 114: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

ADRENAL GLAND

Terdiri atas:

Kortek Adrenal, menghasilkan hormon steroid yang dikelompokan menjadi:

Mineralo Kortikoid Hormon (aldosteron).

Glukokortikoid Hormon (kortisol dan kortikosteron).

Hormon kortikoid sangat esensial untuk hidup.

Medula Adrenal, menghasilkan ephineprin dan norephineprin yang disekresikan dalam keadaan stres.

Page 115: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The kidneys

Produce calcitriol and erythropoietin (EPO) and the enzyme rennin

Calcitriol = stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract

EPO stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow

Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Page 116: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Adrenals

Zona Reticularis

Sex steroids (androgens)

Zona Fasciculata

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Glucose homeostasis and many

others

Zona Glomerulosa

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Na+, K+ and water homeostasis

Medulla: “Catecholamines”

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, dopamine

CORTEX

Page 117: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The Adrenal Gland

Figure 18.16

Page 118: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Adrenal Glands

Page 119: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Mineralocorticoids

(Aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids

(Cortisol, Cortisone and

Corticosterone)

Sex hormones

( androgens)

Medulla (It is considered

part of Sympathetic

Autonomic nervous System)

Catecholamines

(Epinephrine and

Norepinephrine)

119

Page 120: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Adrenal cortex

Manufactures steroid hormones

(corticosteroids)

Cortex divided into three layers

Zona glomerulosa (produces mineralocorticoids)

Zona fasciculate (produces glucocorticoids)

Zona reticularis (produces androgens)

Page 121: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Seven adrenocortical hormones are recognized as

secretions of the adrenal cortex.

Page 122: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

CORTISOL DAN GLUKOKORTIKOID

Cortisol menghambat uptake dan penggunaan glukosa pada jaringan perifer kadar glukosa darah meningkat.

Meningkatkan pemecahan protein otot dan trigliserid jaringan lemak substrat untuk glukoneogenesis

Glukokortikoid meningkatkan sintesis hormon glukoneogenic

Meningkatkan kecepatan metabolisme protein ekskresi nitrogen dalam urin meningkat menginduksi enzim dalam siklus urea

Page 123: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Diagram Representatif Adrenal

Keterangan gambar :

A. Penampang kelenjar adrenal yang menunjukkan penampilan korteks dan medula yang kontras.

B. Pembesaran area kotak-dalam di A yang menunjukkan berbagai tipe sel yang terkait dengan tiga zona korteks.

Page 124: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Adrenal medulla

Produces epinephrine (~75 - 80%)

Produces norepinephrine (~25-30%)

Page 125: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormon Medula adrenal

Hormon medula adrenal termasuk dalam kelas amina dan dikenal sebagai epinefrin dan nor-epinefrin

Hormon-hormon ini disebut sebagai katekolamin dan berasal dari asam amino tirosin.

Epinefrin disekresikan oleh medula adrenal, tetapi norepinefrin juga disekresikan oleh neuron simpatis post-ganglionik.

Katekolamin memiliki efek metabolisme yang jelas.

Katekolamin juga dikaitkan dengan respons pertarungan atau penerbangan

Dua jenis reseptor dikaitkan dengan katekolamin pengikat

reseptor alfa

stimulasi, kecuali pada otot polos usus tempat mereka dihambat

reseptor beta

penghambatan, kecuali pada otot jantung di mana mereka bersifat stimulasi

Page 126: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormon yang dihasilkan oleh Adrenal

medulla

Page 127: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

HORMON EPHINEFRIN

Meningkatkan produksi dan pelepasan glukosa oleh

hati melalui 2 mekanisme:

1. Stimulasi langsung glikogenolisis hati

2. Mengaktifkan gluconeogenesis di hati

Page 128: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Three mechanisms of Hypothalamic Control over

Endocrine Function

128

Page 129: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

1- Mineralocorticoides (Aldosterone)

-It increases sodium ion and water reabsortion in kidneys

-It increases potassium secretion in kidneys

Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotencin mechanism

Blood pressure or

plasma solute

concentration

Renin-angiotencin

mechanism

Aldosterone

secretion

2- Glucocorticoids (Corticosterone and Cortisol)

-They help the body to resist stressors

-They depress the immune system and the inflammatory response

129

Page 130: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

3- Gonadocorticoids or Sex Hormones (Androgens)

-They are masculinizing hormones.

- In females they stimulate sexual drive. After menopause they are converted to

estrogens.

4- Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)

-Blood glucose levels They increase:

-Cardiac activity -Blood pressure

-Glycogen breakdown

-Triglyceride breakdown

Page 131: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Adrenals

Kidney

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary Gland

ACTH

Stress Circadian

rhythm

CRH

(-)

Glucocorticoids, Catecholamines, etc..

Glucocorticoids, Catecholamines, etc..

Muscle: Net loss of amino Acids (glucose)

Liver: Deamination of

proteins into amino acids,

gluconeogenesis (glucose)

Fat Cells: Free fatty

acid mobilization

Heart rate: Increased

Immune system: altered

Hypothalamopituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

131

Page 132: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys

Page 133: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys

Figure 18.20b

Page 134: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis
Page 135: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

11. Gonad

Page 136: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The gonads

Interstitial cells of the testes produce testosterone

Most important sex hormone in males

In females, oocytes develop in follicles

Follicle cells produce estrogens

After ovulation, the follicle cells form a corpus

luteum that releases a mixture of estrogens and

progesterone

Page 137: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Testes

Sel Leydig (sel interstitial) hormon testosteron:

berperan dalam spermatogenesis dan menstimulus munculnya ciri sex kelamin sekunder

Page 138: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Testis Testis pada mammalia terdiri dari tubulus yang

dilapisi oleh sel – sel benih (sel germinal), tubulus

ini dikenal dengan tubulus seminiferus.

Testis mensekresikan hormon testosterone yang berfungsi merangsang pematangan sperma (spermatogenesisi) dan pembentukan tanda – tanda kelamin pria, misalnya pertumbuhan kumis, janggut, bulu dada, jakun, dan membesarnya suara.

Sekresi hormon tersebut dirangsang oleh ICTH

yang

dihasilkan oleh hipofisis bagian anterior.

Sewaktu pubertas, hipofisis anterior memproduksi

gonadotrofin, yaitu hormone FSH dan LH.

Se

kresi kedua hormone ini dipengaruhi oleh GnRF

(Gonadotropin Releasing Factor) yang berasal dari

hipotalamus

Page 139: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

OVARIUM

Folikel Hormone Estrogen : tanda-tanda estrus.

Corpus Luteum Hormon Progesteron: mempertahankan kebuntingan

Page 140: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Ovarium

Merupakan kelenjar kelamin betina yang berfungsi menghasilkan sel telur, hormone estrogen dan hormone progesterone.

Sekresi estrogen dihasilkan oleh folikel de Graaf dan dirangsang oleh FSH

Estrogen berfungsi menimbulkan dan mempertahankan tanda – tanda kelamin sekunder pada wanita, misalnya perkembangan pinggul, payudara, serta kulit menjadi halus.

Progesteron dihasilkan oleh korpus luteum dan dirangsang oleh LH

Progesteron berfungsi mempersiapkan dinding uterus agar dapat menerima sel telur yang sudah dibuahi.

Page 141: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Perkembangan Ovum di Ovarium

FSH dikeluarkan hipofisis merangsang perkembangan folikel2 di ovarium folikel yg berkembang bisa 1 atau lebih jadi folikel de graaf yg membuat estrogen estrogen menekan produksi FSH hipofisis mengeluarkan hormon kedua yaitu LH.

Produksi hormon LH / FSH dibawah pengaruh Releasing hormone yg

disalurkan hipotalamu ke hipofisis.

Penyaluran RH dipengaruhi mekanisme umpan balik estrogen thdp

hipotalamus.

Produksi hormon gonad (FSH & LH) pematangan dari folikel de graaf yg mengandung estrogen estrogen mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dari endometrium pengaruh LH, folikel de graaf jadi matang sampe terjadi ovulasi setelah ovulasi terjadi, dibentuklah corpus rubrum korpus luteum dbawah pengaruh LH dan LTH (luteotropic hormones)

Page 142: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Uterus

Mengghasilkan Prostaglandin

Yang berfungsi untuk :

1.Melisiskan Corpus luteum

2. Kontraksi uterus saat partus

Page 143: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

12. Adipose Tissue

Page 144: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Adipose tissues secrete

Leptin, a feedback control for appetite

Resistin, which reduces insulin sensitivity

Page 145: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

13. Growth Hormone

Page 146: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones and growth

Normal growth requires the interaction of several

endocrine organs

Six hormones are important

GH

Thyroid hormones

Insulin

PTH

Calcitriol

Reproductive hormones

Page 147: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Growth Control

Increase cell divisionIncrease protein synthesisIncrease bone synthesis

Somatomedins(IGF1 and IGFII)

Liver Metabolic actions unrelated to growth* Increase fat breakdown* Increase blood glucose

Growth Hormone

Anterior Pituitary

GHRH

Hypothalamus

Page 148: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones and behavior

Many hormones affect the CNS

Changes in the normal mixture of hormones

significantly alters intellectual capabilities, memory,

learning and emotional states

Page 149: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones and stress

Stress = any condition that threatens homeostasis

GAS (General Adaptation Syndrome) is our bodies

response to stress-causing factors

Three phases to GAS

Alarm phase (immediate, fight or flight, directed by the

sympathetic nervous system)

Resistance phase (dominated by glucocorticoids)

Exhaustion phase (breakdown of homeostatic regulation and

failure of one or more organ systems)

Page 150: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The General Adaptation Syndrome

Page 151: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The General Adaptation Syndrome

Page 152: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Figure The General Adaptation Syndrome

Figure 18.21

Page 153: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Macam fungsi hormon yg dihasilkan kelenjar Hipofisis Lobus Anterior & Gangguannya

Page 154: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

BETINA

JANTAN

Page 155: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hipofisa PARS INTERMEDIA

Page 156: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

May be secreted by the pars intermedia during fetal

development, early childhood, pregnancy or certain

diseases

Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

Page 157: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hipofisis Pars Media

Page 158: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hipofisa Posterior

(Hormon Neurohipofisa)

Page 159: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

HipofisaPosterior

Page 160: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Neurohipofisis

Bagian kelenjar hipofisis ini berasal dari lanjutan jaringan otak

Hormon yang dihasilkan :

1. Vasopressin (ADH) mengatur kontraksi otot2 arteri kecil sehingga dapat meningkatkan tekanan darah (pituirin) merangsang pipa2 nefron dlm ginjal utk menyerap kembali air yang disaring, shg urine menjadi pekat.

2. Oksitosin mengatur kontraksi otot2 dinding uterus dan pengeluaran air susu

Keduanya dikendalikan oleh nuclei di hipotalamus

Neuroendocrine reflexes

Page 161: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The posterior lobe of the pituitary

gland (neurohypophysis)

Contains axons of hypothalamic nerves

neurons of the supraoptic nucleus manufacture

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys

Elevates blood pressure

Page 162: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

The posterior lobe of the pituitary

gland (neurohypophysis)

Neurons of the paraventricular nucleus manufacture

oxytocin

Stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands

Stimulates smooth muscle cells in uterus

Page 163: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND HORMONE

Page 164: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Posterior pituitary hormones: ADH (AVP) and Oxytocin (hypothalamic hormones)

Both are synthesized in the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons

ADH: supraoptic nucleus

Oxytocin: paraventricular nucleus

Both are synthesized as preprohormones and processed into nonapeptides (nine amino acids).

They are released from the termini in response to an action potential which travels from the axon body in the hypothalamus

Page 165: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Posterior Pituitary

ADH- Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

Page 166: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Structures of ADH and oxytocin

Page 167: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Cells of the

Posterior Pituitary

• ADH

• Oxitocin

Hypothalamus

Nerve Cells

Superior

hypophyseal artery

Hypophyseal portal

vessels

Capillary

plexus

Posterior

pituitary

Capillary plexus

Preoptic nuclei cell

Page 168: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Banyak sedikitnya cairan yang masuk dalam sel akan di deteksi oleh

hipotalamus. Jika cairan (plasma) dalam darah sedikit, maka hipofisis akan

mensekresikan ADH untuk melakukan reabsorpsi (penyerapan kembali)

sehingga darah mendapatkan asupan cairan dari hasil reabsorpsi tersebut.

Dengan demikian kadar cairan (plasma) dalam darah dapat kembali seimbang.

Selain itu, karena cairan pada ginjal sudah diserap, maka urinenya kini bersifat

pekat. Jika seseorang buang air kecil terus menerus, diperkirakan hipofisis

posteriornya mengalami gangguan sebab ADH tidak berfungsi dengan baik.

Nama penyakit ini disebut diabetes insipidus.

Page 169: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormones produced by the Hypothalamus and released

by the posterior pituitary

169

Page 170: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

1. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH atau VASOPRESIN)

a. Sekresi : Hipotalamus

Hipofisis Posterior Tempat Penyimpanan

b. Efek :

· Menurunkan Volume Urine

· ADH berperan dalam mengatur regulasi air (Menghemat Air

dan Mengatur Tekanan Osmotik Cairan Tubuh, ang berada pada

pulmo, jaringan lemak, feces dan urine )

· ADH pada Konsentasi Sedang dan Tinggi Mempunyai

Pressor Effect VASOPRESIN

Page 171: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Vasopressin (ADH) Secretion :

Faktor yang dapat menghambat dan pemicu sekresi :

1.Pendarahan

2.Penurunan tekanan darah

3.Rasa sakit, cemas, trauma, dan stress (ADH

meningkat)

4.Obat (Morphine. Nikotine, Tranquilizer)

5.Alkohol (ADH menurun)

Osmolaritas

Page 172: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Posterior Pituitary (ADH) : Regulation of Osmolality

•Plasma osmolality is monitored by osmoreceptors in the

hypothalamus

•Increases in plasma osmolality stimulates secretion of vasopressin

•Small changes above the normal plasma osmotic pressure (285

mosm/kg) stimulate release of vasopressin

Page 173: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Osmolality

• Refers to the amount of solutes in a solution

• Loss or gain of water without solutes (free water

gain or loss) changes the osmolality

• Must be regulated to maintain normal cell activity

Page 174: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Vasopressin Activity

Decreases water excretion by kidneys (V2 receptors)

Constricts blood vessels (V1 receptors)- arteriolar smooth

muscle

Increases adrenocorticortropin hormone (V1B receptors)

secretion from the anterior pituitary

Page 175: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Pengaruh Hormon pada Keseimbangan

Cairan dan Elektrolit

Menurunnya volume plasma menyebabkan

dikeluarkannya aldosterone yang meningkatkan

reabsorpsi Na+ and H2O oleh ginjal dan tubulus

ginjal.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) dikeluarkan dari pituitary

posterior saat dehidrasi dirasakan oleh osmoreceptor,

kemudian air direabsorbsi oleh ginjal.

Page 176: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Cairan Ekstrasel Hipertonik

Air Keluar Supraoptic Nuclei (OSMORECEPTOR)

Menkerut & Terangsang

Merangsang Hipofisis Posterior

Sekresi ADH

Meningkatkan Permiabilitas Distal Tubule, Collecting Tubule dan Collecting Ductus

terhadap Air

Reabsorbsi Air

Urine

Page 177: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Tekanan Darah Rendah (Perdarahan)

Tekanan Atrium Rendah Baroreceptor

- Sinus Caroticus

Stretch Receptor - Aorta

Di Atrium Relaksasi - Sekitar Pulmonal

Sekresi ADH

Vasokontriksi

Tekanan Darah

Page 178: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Alkohol

Dilatasi Afferen Arteriol Sekresi ADH

GFR (glomerulo filtration rate)

Diuresis

DIABETES (Diuresis : 15 kali/hari)

Page 179: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

OXYTOCIN

FUNGSI : a. Pengeluaran ASI (Milk Ejection = Milk Letdown)

b. Kontraksi Uterus : * Partus

* Fertilisasi Ovum

Alveoli Kelenjar Mamae Myoepithelial

Kontraksi

Oxytocin

Page 180: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

a. Oxytocin: milk ejection from lactating mammary gland

suckling is major stimulus for release.

sensory receptors in nipple connect with

nerve fibers to the spine, then impulses are

relayed through brain to PVN where

cholinergic synapses fire on oxytocin

neurons and stimulate release.

Page 181: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

RANGSANGAN/HISAPAN BAYI PADA PAPILA/AEROLA MAMAE

Medula Spinalis

HIPOTHALAMUS Emosi

Hipofisis Posterior Hipofisis Anterior

Oxytocin Prolaktin Produksi ASI

Myooepithelial Cells GnRH

Kontraksi

MILK EJECTION FSH & LH

0,5-1 menit setelah rangsangan OVULASI

1,5 l/hari

KB

Page 182: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Calf Stimulation of Mammary

Gland

Hypothalamus

Neuroendocrine Cells

Synthesis of Oxytocin Axons

Oxytocin released

into circulation

Oxytocin stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells for milk letdown

Capillaries

Neural Pathway

to Hypothalamus

Spinal

Cord

Posterior Pituitary

Oxytocin stored in PP,

released into capillaries

Aveoli - Milk production of mammary gland

Page 183: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

b. Oxytocin: uterine contractions

Reflexes originating in the cervical, vaginal and

uterus stimulate oxytocin synthesis and release

via neural input to hypothalamus

Increases in plasma at time of ovulation,

parturition, and coitus

Estrogen increases synthesis and lowers threshold

for release

Page 184: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

GRAVIDITAS

Uterus : Receptor Oxytocin Lebih Peka

Akhir Gravit : Sekresi Oxytocin

Rangsangan/Iritasi/Stretching pada Cervic Uteri, Uterus

dan Vagina Oxytocin PARTUS LANCAR

Hipofisektomi PARTUS LAMA

Page 185: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

RANGSANGAN/IRITASI/STRETCHING

(CERVIC UTERI, UTERUS, VAGINA)

Medula Spinalis

Hipotalamus Emosi

Hipofisis Posterior

Oxytosin

PARTUS POMPA HISAP

1. Bayi

2. Placenta SPERMATOZOA LEBIH

3. Stop Bleeding CEPAT SAMPAI DI TUBAFALLOPII

FERTILISASI

Page 186: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

THANK YOU

Page 187: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis

Hormon Utama

Page 188: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis
Page 189: ENDOKRINOLOGI 2 DAN 3vlm.ub.ac.id/pluginfile.php/44205/mod_resource/content/1/ppt kuliah.… · FUNGSI HORMON : Function of endocrine system is to maintain the body via: 1) Homeostasis