EMULSI [Compatibility Mode]

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EMULSI EMULSI T. N. Saifullah S. T. N. Saifullah S. Laboratorium Teknologi Formulasi Laboratorium Teknologi Formulasi Laboratorium Teknologi Formulasi Laboratorium Teknologi Formulasi Fakultas Farmasi UGM Fakultas Farmasi UGM

Transcript of EMULSI [Compatibility Mode]

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EMULSIEMULSI

T. N. Saifullah S.T. N. Saifullah S.Laboratorium Teknologi FormulasiLaboratorium Teknologi FormulasiLaboratorium Teknologi FormulasiLaboratorium Teknologi Formulasi

Fakultas Farmasi UGMFakultas Farmasi UGM

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DEFINISIDEFINISIDEFINISIDEFINISI

•• AlexanderAlexander : Emulsi adalah suatu dispersi : Emulsi adalah suatu dispersi yang sangat halus dari suatu cairan ke yang sangat halus dari suatu cairan ke dalam suatu cairan yang laindalam suatu cairan yang lain

•• ClaytonClayton : Emulsi adalah suatu system : Emulsi adalah suatu system C aytoC ayto u s ada a suatu systeu s ada a suatu systeyang terdiri dari 2 fase cair, yang satu yang terdiri dari 2 fase cair, yang satu terdispersi dalam yang lain sebagai globul terdispersi dalam yang lain sebagai globul e d spe s da a ya g a sebaga g obue d spe s da a ya g a sebaga g obu(butir(butir--butir kecil)butir kecil)

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•• Mc Bain : Emulsi adalah suatu tetesMc Bain : Emulsi adalah suatu tetes•• Mc. Bain : Emulsi adalah suatu tetesMc. Bain : Emulsi adalah suatu tetes--tetes kecil cairan yang terdispersi dalam tetes kecil cairan yang terdispersi dalam cairan yang lain dan dapat dilihatcairan yang lain dan dapat dilihatcairan yang lain dan dapat dilihat cairan yang lain dan dapat dilihat dibawah mikroskopdibawah mikroskopP B h E l i d l h t tP B h E l i d l h t t•• P. Becher : Emulsi adalah suatu system P. Becher : Emulsi adalah suatu system heterogen terdiri dari 2 cairan yang tidak heterogen terdiri dari 2 cairan yang tidak b t t di i dib t t di i dibercampur, yang satu terdispersi di bercampur, yang satu terdispersi di dalam yang lain dalam bentuk tetesdalam yang lain dalam bentuk tetes--t t k il i di tt t k il i di ttetes kecil yang mempunyai diameter tetes kecil yang mempunyai diameter pada umumnya > 0,1 um pada umumnya > 0,1 um

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•• Dalam Bidang FarmasiDalam Bidang Farmasi : emulsi diartikan: emulsi diartikanDalam Bidang FarmasiDalam Bidang Farmasi : emulsi diartikan : emulsi diartikan sebagai campuran homogen 2 cairan yang sebagai campuran homogen 2 cairan yang dalam keadaan normal tidak dapatdalam keadaan normal tidak dapatdalam keadaan normal tidak dapat dalam keadaan normal tidak dapat bercampur (fase air dan Fase minyak) bercampur (fase air dan Fase minyak) dengan pertolongan suatu bahandengan pertolongan suatu bahandengan pertolongan suatu bahan dengan pertolongan suatu bahan penolong yang disebut emulgator penolong yang disebut emulgator

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AdvantagesAdvantages1 Dapat menutupi bau dan rasa dari obat contoh: castor1 Dapat menutupi bau dan rasa dari obat contoh: castor1. Dapat menutupi bau dan rasa dari obat, contoh: castor 1. Dapat menutupi bau dan rasa dari obat, contoh: castor

oil, codoil, cod--liver oil, dll.liver oil, dll.2. Dapat digunakan 2. Dapat digunakan prolong the release of the drugprolong the release of the drug

//sustained release actionsustained release action//sustained release actionsustained release action..3. 3. Essential nutrients like Essential nutrients like carbohydratescarbohydrates, , fatsfats and and vitaminsvitamins

can all be emulsified and can be administered to bed can all be emulsified and can be administered to bed ridden patients as sterile intravenous emulsionsridden patients as sterile intravenous emulsions..

4. 4. Emulsions provide protection to drugs which are Emulsions provide protection to drugs which are susceptible to susceptible to oxidationoxidation or or hydrolysishydrolysis..pp y yy y

5. 5. Intravenous emulsions of contrast media have been Intravenous emulsions of contrast media have been developed to assist in diagnosisdeveloped to assist in diagnosis..

66 Emulsions are used widely to formulate externally usedEmulsions are used widely to formulate externally used6. 6. Emulsions are used widely to formulate externally used Emulsions are used widely to formulate externally used products like products like lotionslotions, , creamscreams, , linimentsliniments etcetc..

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•• Dalam system dispersi :Dalam system dispersi :y py p–– Cairan yang terdispersiCairan yang terdispersi Fase Fase

dispers/fase interndispers/fase intern–– Cairan dimana terdapat fase dispersCairan dimana terdapat fase dispers

medium dispers/fase eksternmedium dispers/fase eksternF b i d t b i /F b i d t b i /•• Fase berair : dapat berupa air/campuran Fase berair : dapat berupa air/campuran sejumlah substansi hidrofil (alcohol, glikol, sejumlah substansi hidrofil (alcohol, glikol, gula garam mineral garam organik dll )gula garam mineral garam organik dll )gula, garam mineral, garam organik, dll.)gula, garam mineral, garam organik, dll.)

•• Fase organik/berminyak : terdiri dari Fase organik/berminyak : terdiri dari substansi lipofil ( Asam lemak alcoholsubstansi lipofil ( Asam lemak alcoholsubstansi lipofil ( Asam lemak, alcohol substansi lipofil ( Asam lemak, alcohol asam lemak, lilin, zatasam lemak, lilin, zat--zat aktif liposoluble, zat aktif liposoluble, dll.)dll.)dll.) dll.)

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Pharmaceutical applicationsPharmaceutical applications–– Oral administration (oils, vitamins, nutrients, Oral administration (oils, vitamins, nutrients,

drugs and as diagnostic agents)drugs and as diagnostic agents)drugs and as diagnostic agents) drugs and as diagnostic agents) O/W tipeO/W tipe

–– As dermatological vehicles for skin andAs dermatological vehicles for skin and–– As dermatological vehicles for skin and As dermatological vehicles for skin and mucous membranes (lotions, creams, etc.)mucous membranes (lotions, creams, etc.)

–– Parenteral formulation (O/W and W/OParenteral formulation (O/W and W/OParenteral formulation (O/W and W/O, Parenteral formulation (O/W and W/O, depends on the route of injection and the depends on the route of injection and the intended use)intended use)))•• O/W, administered by all the major parenteral O/W, administered by all the major parenteral

routesroutesW/O f i l bW/O f i l b•• W/O, for intramuscular or subcutaneousW/O, for intramuscular or subcutaneous

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•• ExampleExample:: carbohidrates,carbohidrates, fats,fats, vitamins,vitamins, chylomicra,chylomicra,didi ttdiazepam,diazepam, etcetc..

–– ForFor deliverydelivery andand targetingtargeting ofof drugsdrugs(controlled(controlled releasedreleased formulation)formulation)(controlled(controlled--releasedreleased formulation)formulation)

–– ImprovedImproved gastrointestinalgastrointestinal absorptionabsorption bybyemulsificationemulsification ofof drugsdrugs (( sulfonamidessulfonamidesemulsificationemulsification ofof drugsdrugs (( sulfonamides,sulfonamides,phenytoin,phenytoin, griseofulvin,griseofulvin, insulininsulin ?,?, heparinheparin ?)?)

–– InIn cancercancer chemotherapychemotherapy asas vehiclevehicle forforInIn cancercancer chemotherapychemotherapy asas vehiclevehicle forforprolongingprolonging drugdrug releaserelease afterafter intramuscularintramuscular ororintratumoralintratumoral injectioninjection andand enhancingenhancing thethejj ggtransporttransport ofof anticanceranticancer agentsagents viavia thethelymphaticlymphatic systemsystem

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Some Emulsion Products available in USASome Emulsion Products available in USA..

•• 1 Diprivan (Propofol Injectable emulsion)1 Diprivan (Propofol Injectable emulsion)1. Diprivan (Propofol Injectable emulsion)1. Diprivan (Propofol Injectable emulsion)General anaesthetic General anaesthetic

•• 2. LIPOSYN II, III (INTRALIPID). Intravenous fat2. LIPOSYN II, III (INTRALIPID). Intravenous fat2. LIPOSYN II, III (INTRALIPID). Intravenous fat 2. LIPOSYN II, III (INTRALIPID). Intravenous fat emulsion. Caloric agent, Total parenteral nutrition emulsion. Caloric agent, Total parenteral nutrition

•• 3. RESTASIS ophthalmic emulsion. (Cyclosporine) 3. RESTASIS ophthalmic emulsion. (Cyclosporine) 3 S S S op a e u s o (Cy ospo e)3 S S S op a e u s o (Cy ospo e)Keratoconjuctivitis Keratoconjuctivitis

•• 4. EMLA emulsion (Lidocaine and pvicocaine) Apply thick 4. EMLA emulsion (Lidocaine and pvicocaine) Apply thick ( p ) pp y( p ) pp ylayer on intact skin Topical anaesthetic layer on intact skin Topical anaesthetic

•• 5. CYCLOCORT. 5. CYCLOCORT. AmcinonideAmcinonide (Topical lotion and cream), (Topical lotion and cream), ff

( p )( p )Topical Topical steroidsteroid (management of (management of psoriasispsoriasis) )

•• 6. 6. PHISOHEXPHISOHEX (Hexachlorophene) detergent cleanser, (Hexachlorophene) detergent cleanser, B t i t tiB t i t ti ki lki lBacteriostaticBacteriostatic skin cleanserskin cleanser

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•• Tipe emulsi :Tipe emulsi :•• Tipe emulsi :Tipe emulsi :–– Tipe O/WTipe O/W

Tipe W/OTipe W/O–– Tipe W/OTipe W/O–– Tipe W/O/WTipe W/O/W

Tipe O/W/OTipe O/W/O Emulsi multiple (ganda)Emulsi multiple (ganda)–– Tipe O/W/OTipe O/W/O Emulsi multiple (ganda)Emulsi multiple (ganda)–– MikroemulsiMikroemulsi

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Tipe O/WTipe O/WTipe O/W Tipe O/W •• In this emulsion oil is the dispersed phase In this emulsion oil is the dispersed phase

and water is the dispersion medium.and water is the dispersion medium.•• These emulsions are used mainly for These emulsions are used mainly for yy

internal/oral use as bitter or disagreeable internal/oral use as bitter or disagreeable taste and odor of drugs can be masked by taste and odor of drugs can be masked by g yg yemulsification. emulsification.

•• Externally theseExternally these emulsionsemulsions are used forare used forExternally these Externally these emulsionsemulsions are used for are used for formulating non greasy formulating non greasy creamscreams, , lotionslotionsandand linimentslinimentsand and linimentsliniments

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Tipe W/OTipe W/Ope /Ope /O•• In this emulsion water is the dispersed phase or In this emulsion water is the dispersed phase or

the internal phase and oil is the dispersionthe internal phase and oil is the dispersionthe internal phase and oil is the dispersion the internal phase and oil is the dispersion medium or the external phase. medium or the external phase.

•• They are mainly used externally as lotions andThey are mainly used externally as lotions and•• They are mainly used externally as lotions and They are mainly used externally as lotions and creams as the external layer of oil forms an creams as the external layer of oil forms an occlusive layer and prevents the evaporation of occlusive layer and prevents the evaporation of y p py p pmoisture from the surface of the skin. moisture from the surface of the skin.

•• They are also effective as cleansing cream as They are also effective as cleansing cream as y gy gthey solubilize the oil soluble dirt from the they solubilize the oil soluble dirt from the surface. Example: Cold creams surface. Example: Cold creams

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Tipe O/W/O and W/O/WTipe O/W/O and W/O/Wp / / / /p / / / /•• Oil in water in oil (o/w/o) emulsion consists of Oil in water in oil (o/w/o) emulsion consists of

very small droplets of oil dispersed in the watervery small droplets of oil dispersed in the watervery small droplets of oil dispersed in the water very small droplets of oil dispersed in the water globules of water in oil emulsion globules of water in oil emulsion

•• Water in oil in water (w/o/w) emulsion consistsWater in oil in water (w/o/w) emulsion consists•• Water in oil in water (w/o/w) emulsion consists Water in oil in water (w/o/w) emulsion consists of droplets of water dispersed in the oily phase of droplets of water dispersed in the oily phase of oil in water emulsion. of oil in water emulsion.

•• Multiple emulsions are primarily used for Multiple emulsions are primarily used for formulating formulating sustained release dosage formssustained release dosage forms as as gg ggthe drug entrapped in the innermost layer has to the drug entrapped in the innermost layer has to pass through the other two phases before being pass through the other two phases before being

l d f b til d f b tireleased for absorption. released for absorption.

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MicroemulsionsMicroemulsions

•• Microemulsions are thermodynamically Microemulsions are thermodynamically t bl l i t i l ti f il tt bl l i t i l ti f il tstable clear isotropic solution of oil, water stable clear isotropic solution of oil, water

and amphiphile (Emulsifying agent).and amphiphile (Emulsifying agent).•• They are homogeneous in nature. They They are homogeneous in nature. They

contain globules having a diameter contain globules having a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 100 micrometers. ranging from 0.1 to 100 micrometers. These emulsions appear as transparent These emulsions appear as transparent solutionssolutions

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•• STABILISASI BUTIRSTABILISASI BUTIR--BUTIR TETESANBUTIR TETESANDalam emulsi, butirDalam emulsi, butir--butir tetesan (fase butir tetesan (fase

dispers) dapat distabilkan dg :dispers) dapat distabilkan dg :dispers) dapat distabilkan dg :dispers) dapat distabilkan dg :•• Penurunan tegangan antar mukaPenurunan tegangan antar muka•• T b t k l i d li t ikT b t k l i d li t ik•• Terbentuknya lapisan ganda listrikTerbentuknya lapisan ganda listrik•• Terbentuknya film antarmukaTerbentuknya film antarmuka

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EMULGATOREMULGATOREmulgator yang biasa digunakan, dpt Emulgator yang biasa digunakan, dpt

di golongkan :di golongkan :•• SurfaktanSurfaktanSurfaktanSurfaktan•• HidrokoloidHidrokoloid•• Zat Padat halus yang terdispersiZat Padat halus yang terdispersi•• Zat Padat halus yang terdispersiZat Padat halus yang terdispersi

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SURFAKTANSURFAKTANSUSUAdalahAdalah :: suatusuatu zatzat yangyang mempunyaimempunyai

gugusgugus hidrofilhidrofil dandan lipofillipofil sekaligussekaligus dalamdalaml k ll k l AkAk b db d didi kkmolekulnyamolekulnya.. AkanAkan beradaberada didi permukaanpermukaan

cairan/antarmukacairan/antarmuka 22 cairancairan dgdg caracarateradsorpsiteradsorpsi GugusGugus hirofilhirofil beradaberada didi bagbagteradsorpsiteradsorpsi.. GugusGugus hirofilhirofil beradaberada didi bagbag..AirAir sedangsedang gugusgugus lipofillipofil didi bagbag.. MinyakMinyak..

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Berdasarkan muatan yang dihasilkan jika zat iniBerdasarkan muatan yang dihasilkan jika zat iniBerdasarkan muatan yang dihasilkan jika zat ini Berdasarkan muatan yang dihasilkan jika zat ini terhidrolisa dalam air, maka surfaktan dapat di terhidrolisa dalam air, maka surfaktan dapat di bagi jadi 4 Golongan :bagi jadi 4 Golongan :

•• Surfaktan anionikSurfaktan anionik•• Surfaktan anionikSurfaktan anionik–– Contoh : NaContoh : Na--laurillauril--sulfat, Nasulfat, Na--

dioktilsulfosuksinat, ester ortofosfat.dioktilsulfosuksinat, ester ortofosfat.,,•• Surfaktan KationikSurfaktan Kationik

–– Contoh : Cetrimide/CTAB, Dodecy pyridium Contoh : Cetrimide/CTAB, Dodecy pyridium iodideiodideiodideiodide

•• Surfaktan amfoterikSurfaktan amfoterik–– Contoh : Lechitin, NContoh : Lechitin, N--dodecyl alaninedodecyl alanineContoh : Lechitin, NContoh : Lechitin, N dodecyl alaninedodecyl alanine

•• Surfaktan nonSurfaktan non--ionikionik–– Contoh : Gliserol monostearat, Tween, SpanContoh : Gliserol monostearat, Tween, Span

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HIDROKOLOIDHIDROKOLOIDMenstabilkanMenstabilkan emulsiemulsi dengandengan caracara ::

membentukmembentuk lapisanlapisan kaku/rigid,kaku/rigid, bersifatbersifatviskoelastikviskoelastik padapada permukaaanpermukaaan minyakminyak airair ZatZat iniiniviskoelastikviskoelastik padapada permukaaanpermukaaan minyakminyak--airair.. ZatZat iniinibersifatbersifat larutlarut dalamdalam air(menjadiair(menjadi koloidkoloid dengandenganadanyaadanya air,air, dandan membentukmembentuk emulsiemulsi tipetipe O/WO/Wyy ,, pp //PrinsipPrinsip mekanismemekanisme penstabilanpenstabilan emulsiemulsi tersebuttersebut ::

•• Pembentukan lapisan kakuPembentukan lapisan kaku--viskoelastik pada viskoelastik pada pp pppermukaaaan minyakpermukaaaan minyak--airair

•• penaikan viskositas miliupenaikan viskositas miliu•• pembentukan agregat dengan cara adsorpsi pembentukan agregat dengan cara adsorpsi

makromolekul yang sama pada permukaaan makromolekul yang sama pada permukaaan partikel dengan hubungan jembatan hidrokarbonpartikel dengan hubungan jembatan hidrokarbonpartikel dengan hubungan jembatan hidrokarbon partikel dengan hubungan jembatan hidrokarbon

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Contoh emulgator hidrokoloid :Contoh emulgator hidrokoloid :Contoh emulgator hidrokoloid :Contoh emulgator hidrokoloid :

•• GOM : Gom arab tragakanGOM : Gom arab tragakan•• GOM : Gom arab, tragakanGOM : Gom arab, tragakan•• Ganggang laut : AgarGanggang laut : Agar--agar, alginat, agar, alginat,

caragencaragen•• BijiBiji--bijian : Guar Gumbijian : Guar Gum•• Selulosa : CMC, MCSelulosa : CMC, MC•• Collagen : GelatinCollagen : Gelatin•• Collagen : GelatinCollagen : Gelatin•• LainLain--lain : polimer sintetik, proteinlain : polimer sintetik, protein

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ZAT PADAT YANG TERDISPERSIZAT PADAT YANG TERDISPERSIG S SG S SAgarAgar dapatdapat berfungsiberfungsi sebagaisebagai

emulgator,emulgator, padatanpadatan harusharus mempunyaimempunyai ukuranukuranik lik l j hj h l bihl bih k ilk il d id i kk ffpartikelpartikel yangyang jauhjauh lebihlebih kecilkecil daridari ukuranukuran fasefase

dispersdispers dandan mempunyaimempunyai sifatsifat pembasahanpembasahan padapadapermukaanpermukaan 22 cairancairan.. MakinMakin halushalus padatan,padatan,permukaanpermukaan 22 cairancairan.. MakinMakin halushalus padatan,padatan,semakinsemakin baikbaik sifatsifat emulgatornyaemulgatornya..

•• Contoh: Contoh: -- Mg, Al, Ca hidroksidaMg, Al, Ca hidroksida–– Mg. TrisilikatMg. Trisilikat

Cl / h l (b l )Cl / h l (b l )–– Clay/tanah liat (bentonit, veegum, laponite)Clay/tanah liat (bentonit, veegum, laponite)emulsi tipe O/Wemulsi tipe O/W

–– Carbon hitamCarbon hitam emulsiW/OemulsiW/O//

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PEMBUATAN EMULSI :PEMBUATAN EMULSI :CCCara pencampuranCara pencampuran

1. 1. Bila menggunakan surfaktanBila menggunakan surfaktana surfaktan yang larut dalam minyak larutkana surfaktan yang larut dalam minyak larutkana. surfaktan yang larut dalam minyak, larutkan a. surfaktan yang larut dalam minyak, larutkan

dalam minyakdalam minyaksurfaktan yang larut dalam air, larutkan dalam surfaktan yang larut dalam air, larutkan dalam iiair.air.

Campurkan, maka akan terbentuk sabun hasil Campurkan, maka akan terbentuk sabun hasil rx. sebagai emulgatorrx. sebagai emulgatorrx. sebagai emulgatorrx. sebagai emulgator

b. Fase minyak ditambah surfaktan (misal tween, b. Fase minyak ditambah surfaktan (misal tween, ))span)span)dipanaskan 60dipanaskan 60--70 0 C, kemudian fase air 70 0 C, kemudian fase air

ditambahkan porsi perporsi sambil diadukditambahkan porsi perporsi sambil diadukditambahkan porsi perporsi sambil diaduk ditambahkan porsi perporsi sambil diaduk sampai terbentuk emulsi, dan diaduk terus sampai terbentuk emulsi, dan diaduk terus sampai dingin.sampai dingin.

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22.. BilaBila menggunakanmenggunakan hidrokoloidhidrokoloid atauataud td t t di it di ipadatanpadatan yangyang terdispersiterdispersi

a. Metode anglosaxona. Metode anglosaxonDib atDib at m silagom silago anta aanta a em lgatoem lgato dengandenganDibuatDibuat musilagomusilago antaraantara emulgatoremulgator dengandengan

bagianbagian air,air, kemudiankemudian minyakminyak dandan airair ditambahditambahsedikitsedikit demidemi sedikitsedikit secarasecara bergantianbergantian sambilsambilggdiadukdiaduk

b. Metode Continental (4b. Metode Continental (4--22--1)1)MinyakMinyak 44 bagianbagian ditambahditambah gomgom 11 bagianbagiandih kdih k d ld l titi k ik i k dik didihomogenkandihomogenkan dalamdalam motirmotir kering,kering, kemudiankemudianditambahditambah 22 bagianbagian air,air, diadukdiaduk hinggahingga terjaditerjadikorpuskorpus emulsi,emulsi, kemudiankemudian ditambahditambah airair sedikitsedikitpp ,,demidemi sedikitsedikit sampaisampai habishabis sambilsambil diadukdiaduk..

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PENGAWETAN EMULSIPENGAWETAN EMULSIPENGAWETAN EMULSIPENGAWETAN EMULSI

PengawetPengawet sebaiknyasebaiknya mempunyaimempunyai sifatsifat ::PengawetPengawet sebaiknyasebaiknya mempunyaimempunyai sifatsifat ::

toksisitastoksisitas rendah,rendah, stabilstabil (dalam(dalam panaspanas dandan

penyimpanan),penyimpanan), dapatdapat campurcampur dengandengan

bahanbahan alinalin efektifefektif sebagaisebagai antianti mikrobamikrobabahanbahan alin,alin, efektifefektif sebagaisebagai antianti mikrobamikroba..

SelainSelain ituitu emulsiemulsi jugajuga dapatdapat rusakrusak karenakarena

oksidasi,oksidasi, makamaka dapatdapat diberidiberi antioksidanantioksidan..

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ALAT UNTUK PEMBUATAN ALAT UNTUK PEMBUATAN EMULSIEMULSI

SemuaSemua alatalat untukuntuk pembuatanpembuatan emulsiemulsi

mempunyaimempunyai karakteristikkarakteristik ::mempunyaimempunyai karakteristikkarakteristik ::

-- Memperkecil ukuran partikel dan sekaligus Memperkecil ukuran partikel dan sekaligus

menghomogenkan campuranmenghomogenkan campuran

H k il k tik l jH k il k tik l j-- Hanya memperkecil ukuran partikel sajaHanya memperkecil ukuran partikel saja

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Pengaduk (mikser)Pengaduk (mikser)Pengaduk (mikser)Pengaduk (mikser)

JenisnyaJenisnya beragamberagam tergantungtergantung caricaribanyaknyabanyaknya volume,volume, kekentalankekentalan dsbdsb..DapatDapat menghomogenkanmenghomogenkan sekaligussekaligusmemperkecilmemperkecil ukuranukuran partikelpartikel.. EfekEfekmenghomogenkanmenghomogenkan lebihlebih dominan,dominan,penegcilanpenegcilan partikelpartikel terjaditerjadi karenakarenabenturanbenturan antaraantara partikelpartikel dengandengan partikelpartikelyangyang lainlain sertaserta dengandengan dindingdinding dandanpengadukpengaduk..

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•• Terjadinya buih: Terjadinya buih: ProblemaProblema•• Cara mengatasi ?Cara mengatasi ?•• Untuk menghindari ini bisa dilakukanUntuk menghindari ini bisa dilakukan•• Untuk menghindari ini bisa dilakukan Untuk menghindari ini bisa dilakukan

a.l. :a.l. :a. Dengan memasang 4 buffle dengan posisi a. Dengan memasang 4 buffle dengan posisi

90o masing90o masing--masing mempunyai lebar masing mempunyai lebar ++ 1/12 1/12 diameter tempat pencampurandiameter tempat pencampurandiameter tempat pencampuran.diameter tempat pencampuran.

b. Dengan memasang sudip yang ditaruh b. Dengan memasang sudip yang ditaruh didinding (untuk volume kecil)didinding (untuk volume kecil)didinding (untuk volume kecil).didinding (untuk volume kecil).

c. Pengaduk ditempatkan ketepi atau c. Pengaduk ditempatkan ketepi atau dimiringkandimiringkandimiringkan.dimiringkan.

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Bl dBl dBlenderBlender1.1. Mekanisme Pengecilan ukuran partikel ?Mekanisme Pengecilan ukuran partikel ?g pg p2.2. Efektivitas penghomogenanEfektivitas penghomogenan

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HomogenizerHomogenizerHomogenizerHomogenizer

MempunyaiMempunyai karakteristikkarakteristik memperkecilmemperkecilukuranukuran partikelpartikel yangayanga sangatsangat efektif,efektif,

tid ktid k h kh knamunnamun tidaktidak menghomogenkanmenghomogenkan..PengecilanPengecilan ukuranukuran partikelpartikel krnkrn.. CairanCairanditekanditekan dandan dipaksadipaksa melaluimelalui suatusuatu celahcelahditekanditekan dandan dipaksadipaksa melaluimelalui suatusuatu celahcelahyangyang sempit,sempit, kemudiankemudian dibenturkandibenturkankedindingkedinding atauatau ditumbukkanditumbukkan padapada penitipeniti--kedindingkedinding atauatau ditumbukkanditumbukkan padapada penitipenitipenitipeniti metalmetal yangyang adaada dalamdalam celahcelahtersebuttersebut.. BisaBisa didapatdidapat partikelpartikel dengandenganpp pp ggdiameterdiameter << 11 umum

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Colloid millColloid millColloid millColloid millPrinsipPrinsip kerjakerja alatalat iniini adalahadalah dengandengan

menggilasmenggilas partikelpartikel sehinggasehingga didapatdidapatukuranukuran yangyang lebihlebih kecilkecil.. KalauKalau daridariy gy gprinsipprinsip kerjakerja alatalat iniini tdktdk efektifefektif untukuntukmenghomogenkanmenghomogenkan cairancairan tetapitetapi dalamdalammenghomogenkanmenghomogenkan cairan,cairan, tetapitetapi dalamdalampraktekpraktek bagianbagian rotorrotor alatalat iniini dilengkapidilengkapidengandengan sejenissejenis balingbaling nalingnaling shgshgdengandengan sejenissejenis balingbaling--nalingnaling shg,shg,menaikkanmenaikkan efektifitasefektifitas pengadukanpengadukan cairancairan

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Contoh : Ultra Turrax Contoh : Ultra Turrax

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UltrasonikUltrasonikUltrasonikUltrasonikPrinsipPrinsip kerjakerja alatalat iniini adalahadalah dengandengan

caracara memberikanmemberikan gelombanggelombang ultrasonikultrasonikmelaluimelalui cairan,cairan, dgdg frekfrek.. 2020--5050melaluimelalui cairan,cairan, dgdg frekfrek.. 2020 5050kilocycles/dtkkilocycles/dtk.. DenganDengan adanyaadanya

l bl b bb ik lik l hhgelombanggelombang tersebuttersebut partikelpartikel pecahpecahmenjadimenjadi ukuranukuran yangyang lebihlebih kecilkecil.. AlatAlat iniinijj y gy gcocokcocok untukuntuk pembuatanpembuatan emulsiemulsi yangyang caircairatauatau dgdg viskositasviskositas menengahmenengahatauatau dgdg.. viskositasviskositas menengahmenengah

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KETIDAKSTABILAN EMULSIKETIDAKSTABILAN EMULSIKETIDAKSTABILAN EMULSIKETIDAKSTABILAN EMULSIKetidakstabilanKetidakstabilan yangyang dimaksuddimaksud adalahadalah::KetidakstabilanKetidakstabilan yangyang dimaksuddimaksud adalahadalah::

suatusuatu peristiwaperistiwa perubahanperubahan fisikfisik daridari emulsiemulsiyangyang terjaditerjadi sewaktusewaktu pembuatanpembuatan atauatauyangyang terjaditerjadi sewaktusewaktu pembuatanpembuatan atauatausetelahsetelah penyimpanan,penyimpanan, yaituyaitu ::

•• Emulsi pecahEmulsi pecah•• Emulsi pecahEmulsi pecah•• CreamingCreaming•• InversiInversi

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EMULSI PECAH/EMULSI PECAH/BREAKINGBREAKINGEMULSI PECAH/EMULSI PECAH/BREAKINGBREAKING

PenyebabPenyebab:: KarenaKarena terjaditerjadi penurunanpenurunanluasluas antarmukaantarmuka antaraantara fasefase dispersdispers dandan

didi didi l tifl tif tt ttmediummedium dispersdispers yangyang relatifrelatif sangatsangat cepatcepatsampaisampai suatusuatu luasluas antarantar mukamuka minimal,minimal,sehinggaterjadisehinggaterjadi 22 fasefase yangyang memisahmemisah totaltotalsehinggaterjadisehinggaterjadi 22 fasefase yangyang memisahmemisah totaltotal(peristiwa(peristiwa koalesensi)koalesensi).. PeristiwaPeristiwa iniini akibatakibatupayaupaya penurunanpenurunan energienergi bebasbebasupayaupaya penurunanpenurunan energienergi bebasbebaspermukaanpermukaan karenakarena tegangantegangan antarantar mukamukayangyang sangatsangat tinggitinggi.. KebanyakanKebanyakany gy g gg gggg yyirreversibleirreversible..

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CREAMINGCREAMINGCREAMINGCREAMINGYaituYaitu :: peristiwaperistiwa emulsiemulsi terbagiterbagi 22,, yangyang satusatu

l bihl bih b kb k dd ff i ti t ddlebihlebih banyakbanyak mengandungmengandung fasefase internintern sedangsedangyangyang lainlain lebihlebih banyakbanyak fasefase eksternekstern..

•• Masih bersifat reversibleMasih bersifat reversible•• Masih bersifat reversible.Masih bersifat reversible.•• Peristiwa Peristiwa creamingcreaming merupakan peristiwa merupakan peristiwa

flokulasi kalau berlanjut terjadi koalesensiflokulasi kalau berlanjut terjadi koalesensiflokulasi, kalau berlanjut terjadi koalesensi flokulasi, kalau berlanjut terjadi koalesensi (pecah)(pecah)

•• FlokulasiFlokulasi :: o oo o oooo•• Flokulasi Flokulasi :: o oo o oooo•• KoalesensiKoalesensi :: o oo o oooo OO

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INVERSIINVERSIINVERSIINVERSIYaitu : peristiwa pembalikan tipe Yaitu : peristiwa pembalikan tipe l il iemulsiemulsi

•• Penyebab : suhu, komposisi bahan Penyebab : suhu, komposisi bahan penyusun, dll.penyusun, dll.

•• Umumnya terjadi bila menggunakan Umumnya terjadi bila menggunakan y j ggy j ggsurfaktan pada emulgator, dan pada suatu surfaktan pada emulgator, dan pada suatu HLB yang dekat dg perubahan sifat hidrofil HLB yang dekat dg perubahan sifat hidrofil y g g py g g pdan lipofil. Pada emulsi dg emulgator dan lipofil. Pada emulsi dg emulgator hidrokoloid jarang terjadi, karena hidrokoloid jarang terjadi, karena j g j ,j g j ,hidrokoloid lebih bersifat hidrofil.hidrokoloid lebih bersifat hidrofil.

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KONTROL EMULSIKONTROL EMULSIKONTROL EMULSIKONTROL EMULSI•• Dimaksudkan utk mengetahui sifat fisikaDimaksudkan utk mengetahui sifat fisika•• Dimaksudkan utk mengetahui sifat fisika Dimaksudkan utk mengetahui sifat fisika

dari emulsi dari emulsi digunakan utk evaluasi digunakan utk evaluasi kestabilan emulsi terdiri dari:kestabilan emulsi terdiri dari:kestabilan emulsi, terdiri dari:kestabilan emulsi, terdiri dari:

–– Determinasi tipe emulsi Determinasi tipe emulsi Distribusi granulometrikDistribusi granulometrik–– Distribusi granulometrikDistribusi granulometrik

–– Determinasi sifat rheologiDeterminasi sifat rheologiT t i di tT t i di t–– Test penyimpanan yang dipercepatTest penyimpanan yang dipercepat

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DETERMINASI TIPE EMULSIDETERMINASI TIPE EMULSI1. Metode pengenceran (1. Metode pengenceran (Dilution testDilution test))

TabungTabung emulsiemulsi berisiberisi airair diteteskanditeteskanTabungTabung emulsiemulsi berisiberisi air,air, diteteskanditeteskanbeberapabeberapa tetestetes emulsiemulsi.. BilaBila campurancampuranhomogen/terencerkanhomogen/terencerkan ??

•• If the emulsion is If the emulsion is o/w typeo/w type and it is diluted and it is diluted with water, it will remain stable as water is the with water, it will remain stable as water is the ,,dispersion medium but if it is diluted with oil, dispersion medium but if it is diluted with oil, the emulsion will break as oil and water are the emulsion will break as oil and water are not miscible with each other.not miscible with each other. Oil in waterOil in waternot miscible with each other. not miscible with each other. Oil in water Oil in water emulsion can easily be diluted with an aqueous emulsion can easily be diluted with an aqueous solvent whereas water in oil emulsion can be solvent whereas water in oil emulsion can be diluted with a oily liquiddiluted with a oily liquiddiluted with a oily liquiddiluted with a oily liquid

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2. Metode pewarnaan2. Metode pewarnaanl / dl / dEmulsi tipe o/w terwarnai dg ?Emulsi tipe o/w terwarnai dg ?

Emulsi tipe w/o terwarnai dg ?Emulsi tipe w/o terwarnai dg ?

InIn thisthis test,test, whenwhen anan emulsionemulsion isis mixedmixed withwith aa waterwaterl bll bl dd hh hh dd b db d dd hhsolublesoluble dyedye suchsuch asas amaranthamaranth andand observedobserved underunder thethe

microscopemicroscope,, ifif thethe continuouscontinuous phasephase appearsappears red,red, thenthen ititmeansmeans thatthat thethe emulsionemulsion isis o/wo/w typetype asas waterwater isis thethe// ypypexternalexternal phasephase andand thethe dyedye willwill dissolvedissolve inin itit toto givegivecolorcolor butbut ifif thethe scatteredscattered globulesglobules appearappear redred andandcontinuouscontinuous phasephase colorlesscolorless thenthen itit isis w/ow/o typetype SimilarlySimilarlycontinuouscontinuous phasephase colorless,colorless, thenthen itit isis w/ow/o typetype.. SimilarlySimilarlyifif anan oiloil solublesoluble dyedye suchsuch asas ScarletScarlet redred CC oror SudanSudan IIIIII isisaddedadded toto anan emulsionemulsion andand thethe continuouscontinuous phasephase appearsappears

dd thth itit // l il ired,red, thenthen itit w/ow/o emulsiemulsi

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3. Konduktifitas listrik3. Konduktifitas listrikThisThis testtest isis basedbased onon thethe basicbasic principleprinciple

thatthat waterwater isis aa goodgood conductorconductor ofofthatthat waterwater isis aa goodgood conductorconductor ofofelectricityelectricity.. ThereforeTherefore inin casecase ofof o/wo/wemulsionemulsion ,, thisthis testtest willwill bebe positivepositive asasemulsionemulsion ,, thisthis testtest willwill bebe positivepositive asaswaterwater isis thethe externalexternal phasephase

TipeTipe o/wo/w ?? TipeTipe w/ow/o ??TipeTipe o/wo/w ?? TipeTipe w/ow/o ??BilaBila emulgatornyaemulgatornya surfaktansurfaktan nonnon ionikionik ??

+kan+kan NaClNaCl+kan+kan NaClNaCl

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4. Cobalt Chloride Test4. Cobalt Chloride TestWhenWhen aa filterfilter paperpaper soakedsoaked inin cobaltcobalt chloridechloride

solutionsolution isis addedadded toto anan emulsionemulsion andand dried,dried, itittt ff blbl tt i ki k i di tii di ti th tth t ththturnsturns fromfrom blueblue toto pink,pink, indicatingindicating thatthat thetheemulsionemulsion isis o/wo/w typetype..

5. Fluorescence Test5. Fluorescence TestIfIf l il i tt ltlt i l ti l tIfIf anan emulsionemulsion onon exposureexposure toto ultraultra--violetviolet

radiationsradiations showsshows continuouscontinuous florescenceflorescence underundermicroscopemicroscope thenthen itit isis w/ow/o typetype andand ifif itit showsshowsmicroscopemicroscope,, thenthen itit isis w/ow/o typetype andand ifif itit showsshowsonlyonly spottyspotty fluorescence,fluorescence, thenthen itit isis OilOil inin o/wo/wtypetypeypyp

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DISTRIBUSI GRANULOMETRIKDISTRIBUSI GRANULOMETRIKDISTRIBUSI GRANULOMETRIKDISTRIBUSI GRANULOMETRIKUtkUtk mengetahuimengetahui distribusidistribusi

g an lomet ikg an lomet ik da ida i pa tikelpa tikel fasefase dispe sdispe sgranulometrikgranulometrik daridari partikelpartikel fasefase dispersdispersdptdpt digunakandigunakan utkutk mengevaluasimengevaluasikestabilankestabilan emulsiemulsikestabilankestabilan emulsiemulsi

1. Mikroskopik1. Mikroskopik2 Optik :dengan alat difraksi sinar2 Optik :dengan alat difraksi sinar2. Optik :dengan alat difraksi sinar2. Optik :dengan alat difraksi sinar3. Elektronik : Dg 3. Elektronik : Dg Coulter counterCoulter counter

ff4. Sentrifugasi : berdasarkan rumus hukum 4. Sentrifugasi : berdasarkan rumus hukum stokes, dg menghitung perbedaan bj tiap stokes, dg menghitung perbedaan bj tiap fraksi emulsifraksi emulsifraksi emulsifraksi emulsi

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DETERMINASI SIFAT RHEOLOGIDETERMINASI SIFAT RHEOLOGIDETERMINASI SIFAT RHEOLOGIDETERMINASI SIFAT RHEOLOGI

•• PerubahanPerubahan konsistensikonsistensi dptdpt disebabkandisebabkan•• PerubahanPerubahan konsistensikonsistensi dptdpt disebabkandisebabkanprosesproses pabrikasipabrikasi dandan penyimpananpenyimpanan

•• DapatDapat mempengaruhimempengaruhi :: ketepatanketepatan•• DapatDapat mempengaruhimempengaruhi :: ketepatanketepatanpengambilanpengambilan dosis,dosis, muda/tidaknyamuda/tidaknyadigunakandigunakan perper parenteralparenteral kemudahankemudahandigunakandigunakan perper--parenteral,parenteral, kemudahankemudahanpengisian,pengisian, dapatdapat MempengaruhiMempengaruhipengendapanpengendapan terjadinyaterjadinya creamingcreamingpengendapan,pengendapan, terjadinyaterjadinya creamingcreaming..

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Faktor yang mempengaruhi sifat alir emulsiFaktor yang mempengaruhi sifat alir emulsiy g p gy g p g

•• FaseFase internintern :: fraksifraksi volume,volume, interaksiinteraksipartikelpartikel (flokulasi,(flokulasi, koalesensi),koalesensi), ukuranukuranpartikel,partikel, viskositasviskositas fasefase intern,intern, jenisjenis kimiakimia

•• FaseFase eksternekstern :: viskositas,viskositas, adanyaadanyapengental,pengental, elektrolit,elektrolit, pHpHp gp g pp

•• EmulgatorEmulgator :: jenisjenis kimia,kimia, konsentrasi,konsentrasi,ketebalanketebalan dandan sifatsifat rheologirheologi drdr filmfilm antarantarketebalanketebalan dandan sifatsifat rheologirheologi drdr filmfilm antarantarmukamuka keduakedua fasefase

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TEST PENYIMPANAN YANG DIPERCEPATTEST PENYIMPANAN YANG DIPERCEPATTEST PENYIMPANAN YANG DIPERCEPATTEST PENYIMPANAN YANG DIPERCEPAT

kk d kd k b lb l ll ll•• UtkUtk memprediksimemprediksi stabilitasstabilitas suatusuatu emulsiemulsi.. PerluPerludicaridicari korelasikorelasi dengandengan kondisikondisinormal/sesungguhnyanormal/sesungguhnya/ gg y/ gg yAdaAda beberapabeberapa caracara ::

11.. TemperaturTemperatur 4040--6060ooCC :: suhusuhu tinggitinggi akanakanmenurunkan/menaikkanmenurunkan/menaikkan viskositasviskositas akanakanmenurunkan/menaikkanmenurunkan/menaikkan viskositas,viskositas, akanakanmempengaruhimempengaruhi kestabilankestabilan

22.. SentrifugasiSentrifugasi ::gg33.. ShockShock termiktermik :: disimpandisimpan padapada suhusuhu tinggitinggi dandan

rendahrendah secarasecara bergantian,bergantian, diamkandiamkan satusatu hari,hari,bacabaca hasilhasilbacabaca hasilhasil

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HLB (HLB (HIDROPHILEHIDROPHILE LYPOPHILE BALANCELYPOPHILE BALANCE))HLB (HLB (HIDROPHILEHIDROPHILE--LYPOPHILE BALANCELYPOPHILE BALANCE))

SuatuSuatu karakterkarakter yangyang dimililikidimililiki oleholehSuatuSuatu karakterkarakter yangyang dimililikidimililiki oleholehsurfaktansurfaktan nono--ionik,ionik, ygyg menunjukkanmenunjukkanhidrofilisitashidrofilisitas suatusuatu surfaktansurfaktan MakinMakinhidrofilisitashidrofilisitas suatusuatu surfaktansurfaktan.. MakinMakintinggitinggi HLB,HLB, makinmakin hidrofilhidrofil..

•• Perhitungan HLB :Perhitungan HLB :•• Perhitungan HLB :Perhitungan HLB :–– GriffinGriffin

P d k b i hid fil t di i d i PEOP d k b i hid fil t di i d i PEO–– Produk yg bagian hidrofil terdiri dari PEO Produk yg bagian hidrofil terdiri dari PEO (poli(poli--etilenoksida)etilenoksida)

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KELARUTAN SURFAKTAN DALAM AIRKELARUTAN SURFAKTAN DALAM AIR

•• Kelarutan surfaktan tgt. Hidrosilisitasnya. Sifat Kelarutan surfaktan tgt. Hidrosilisitasnya. Sifat e a uta su a ta tgt d os s tas ya S ate a uta su a ta tgt d os s tas ya S atatau dispersinya dalam air dapat digunakan utk atau dispersinya dalam air dapat digunakan utk memperkirakan HLB surfaktanmemperkirakan HLB surfaktan

HLBHLBHLBHLB1.1. Tak terdispersi dalam airTak terdispersi dalam air 1 1 -- 4422 T di i d kT di i d k 33 662.2. Terdispersi dengan kasarTerdispersi dengan kasar 3 3 -- 663.3. Seperti susu dengan penggojokanSeperti susu dengan penggojokan 5 5 -- 8844 Dispersi seperti susu yang stabilDispersi seperti susu yang stabil 88 10104.4. Dispersi seperti susu yang stabilDispersi seperti susu yang stabil 8 8 --10105.5. Terjadi dispersi yang translusidTerjadi dispersi yang translusid 10 10 -- 131366 Terjadi larutan jernihTerjadi larutan jernih > 13> 136.6. Terjadi larutan jernihTerjadi larutan jernih > 13> 13

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HLB CAMPURAN SURFAKTAN HLB CAMPURAN SURFAKTAN

•• JikaJika 22 surfaktansurfaktan dicampur,dicampur, MakaMaka nilainilai HLBHLBcampurancampuran merupakanmerupakan jumlahjumlah daridari masingmasingcampurancampuran merupakanmerupakan jumlahjumlah daridari masingmasing--masingmasing HLB,HLB, sesuaisesuai dengandengan proporsiproporsicampurannyacampurannya..campurannyacampurannya..

Misal : Misal : 70 bagian tween 80 (HLB = 15,0)70 bagian tween 80 (HLB = 15,0)30 bagian span 80 (HLB = 4 3)30 bagian span 80 (HLB = 4 3)30 bagian span 80 (HLB = 4,3)30 bagian span 80 (HLB = 4,3)

jadi HLB campuran : jadi HLB campuran : T 80T 80 70/100 15 070/100 15 0 10 510 5Tween 80Tween 80 = 70/100 x 15,0= 70/100 x 15,0 = 10,5= 10,5Span 80Span 80= 30/100 x 4,3= 30/100 x 4,3 = 1,3= 1,3

HLB campuranHLB campuran = 11,8= 11,8

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PERBANDINGAN SURFAKTAN PADA SUATU PERBANDINGAN SURFAKTAN PADA SUATU HLBHLB•• Bila kita ingin menggunakan suatu campuran Bila kita ingin menggunakan suatu campuran

s faktan pada s at nilai HLB te tents faktan pada s at nilai HLB te tentsurfaktan pada suatu nilai HLB tertentu surfaktan pada suatu nilai HLB tertentu (menghitung berapa perbandingan surfaktan (menghitung berapa perbandingan surfaktan yang harus digunakan:yang harus digunakan:y g gy g g

•• Contoh : akan dibuat emulsi pada HLB 12,0; dg Contoh : akan dibuat emulsi pada HLB 12,0; dg surfaktan campuran tween 80 & span 80surfaktan campuran tween 80 & span 80

(X(X--HLB span 80)HLB span 80)% Tween 80 = % Tween 80 = x 100x 100

(HLB tween 80(HLB tween 80--HLB span 80)HLB span 80)% Span 80 = 100 % Span 80 = 100 -- % Tween 80% Tween 80

XX il i HLB dii i kil i HLB dii i kX X = nilai HLB yang diinginkan= nilai HLB yang diinginkan

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METODE EKSPERIMENTAN UNTUK METODE EKSPERIMENTAN UNTUK DETERMINASI HLBDETERMINASI HLB•• Beberapa surfaktan tidak menunjukkan hub dgBeberapa surfaktan tidak menunjukkan hub dgBeberapa surfaktan tidak menunjukkan hub dg Beberapa surfaktan tidak menunjukkan hub dg

komposisinya (tidak spt. Surfaktan non ionik), komposisinya (tidak spt. Surfaktan non ionik), misal derivat propilen oksida, butilen oksida dan misal derivat propilen oksida, butilen oksida dan nitrogen atau surfur., jadi formula tsb. Tidak nitrogen atau surfur., jadi formula tsb. Tidak cocok.cocok.

•• CaraCara : dg mencampurkan pada komposisi yg : dg mencampurkan pada komposisi yg telah diketahui dg surfaktan nontelah diketahui dg surfaktan non--ionik yg telah ionik yg telah diketahui HLBnya kemudian digunakan utkdiketahui HLBnya kemudian digunakan utkdiketahui HLBnya, kemudian digunakan utk diketahui HLBnya, kemudian digunakan utk mengemulsikan suatu minyak dimana harga HLB mengemulsikan suatu minyak dimana harga HLB optimumnya telah diketahuioptimumnya telah diketahuioptimumnya telah diketahuioptimumnya telah diketahui

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CARA PEMILIHAN SURFAKTAN DALAM CARA PEMILIHAN SURFAKTAN DALAM FORMULASI EMULSIFORMULASI EMULSI

•• Tahap ITahap I : Pemilihan HLB yg diperkirakan: Pemilihan HLB yg diperkirakan•• T h IIT h II P ilih HLB id lP ilih HLB id l•• Tahap IITahap II : Pemilihan HLB ideal: Pemilihan HLB ideal•• Tahap IIITahap III : Pemilihan surfaktan ideal : Pemilihan surfaktan ideal

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•• Tahap I :Tahap I :Buat suatu seri emulsi, dengan variabel Buat suatu seri emulsi, dengan variabel

bebas nilai HLB, variable terkendali minyak, air bebas nilai HLB, variable terkendali minyak, air dan surfaktan.dan surfaktan.Misal : 6,0Misal : 6,0 8,08,0 10,010,0 12,012,0 14,014,0

•• Tahap IITahap IIEmulsiEmulsi yangyang stabilstabil padapada tahaptahap satusatu misalmisalEmulsiEmulsi yangyang stabilstabil padapada tahaptahap satu,satu, misalmisal

HLBHLB 1010 dandan 1212.. buatbuat percobaanpercobaan sptspt.. TahapTahap II dgdg..JarakJarak HLBHLB ygyg lebihlebih sempitsempitygyg ppMisal;10,0 10,4 10,8 11,2Misal;10,0 10,4 10,8 11,2 11,611,6 12,0 12,0

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•• Tahap III. Tahap III. ppMisal diperoleh HLB ideal tahap II : 10,8Misal diperoleh HLB ideal tahap II : 10,8KitaKita buatbuat suatusuatu seriseri formulaformula dgdg HLBHLB 1010 88KitaKita buatbuat suatusuatu seriseri formulaformula dgdg HLBHLB 1010,,88dgdg berbagaiberbagai campurancampuran surfaktansurfaktan–– Tween 80Tween 80 –– Span 80Span 80Tween 80 Tween 80 Span 80Span 80–– Tween 60 Tween 60 –– Span 60Span 60–– Tween 40 Tween 40 –– Span 40 Span 40 pp–– Tween 20 Tween 20 -- Span 20 dstSpan 20 dstAmatiAmati emulsiemulsi ygyg palingpaling stabilstabil,, berartiberartiygyg p gp g ,,merupakanmerupakan surfaktansurfaktan idealideal utkutk emulsiemulsitersebuttersebut

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Points to be considered during formulations Points to be considered during formulations of emulsionsof emulsionsof emulsionsof emulsions

•• Stability of the active ingredientStability of the active ingredientSt bilit f th i i tSt bilit f th i i t•• Stability of the excipientsStability of the excipients

•• Visual appearanceVisual appearance•• ColorColor•• Odor (development of pungent odor/loss of Odor (development of pungent odor/loss of

f )f )fragrance)fragrance)•• Viscosity, extrudabilityViscosity, extrudability•• Loss of water and other volatile vehicle Loss of water and other volatile vehicle

componentscomponentsC t ti f l ifiC t ti f l ifi•• Concentration of emulsifierConcentration of emulsifier

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•• Order of addition of ingredientsOrder of addition of ingredients•• Particle size distribution of dispersed phasesParticle size distribution of dispersed phases•• pHpH•• Temperature of emulsificationTemperature of emulsification•• Temperature of emulsificationTemperature of emulsification•• Type of equipmentType of equipment•• Method and rate of coolingMethod and rate of cooling•• Texture, feel upon application (stiffness, grittiness, Texture, feel upon application (stiffness, grittiness,

greasiness, tackiness, spreadibility)greasiness, tackiness, spreadibility)•• Microbial contamination/sterility (in the unopenedMicrobial contamination/sterility (in the unopened•• Microbial contamination/sterility (in the unopened Microbial contamination/sterility (in the unopened

container and under conditions of use)container and under conditions of use)•• Release/bioavailability (percutaneous absorption)Release/bioavailability (percutaneous absorption)•• Phase distribution, Phase Inversion (homogeneity/phase Phase distribution, Phase Inversion (homogeneity/phase

separation, bleedingseparation, bleeding

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Packaging, Labelling And Storage Of Packaging, Labelling And Storage Of E l iE l iEmulsionsEmulsions

•• Depending on the use, emulsions shouldDepending on the use, emulsions shouldDepending on the use, emulsions should Depending on the use, emulsions should be packed in suitable containers. be packed in suitable containers. –– Emulsions meant for oral use are usuallyEmulsions meant for oral use are usuallyEmulsions meant for oral use are usually Emulsions meant for oral use are usually

packed in well filled bottles having an air tight packed in well filled bottles having an air tight closure. closure.

–– Light sensitive products are packed in amber Light sensitive products are packed in amber coloured bottles. coloured bottles.

–– For viscous emulsions, wide mouth bottles For viscous emulsions, wide mouth bottles should be used. should be used.

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–– The label on the emulsion should mentionThe label on the emulsion should mentionThe label on the emulsion should mention The label on the emulsion should mention that these products have to be shaken that these products have to be shaken thoroughly before use. thoroughly before use.

–– External use products should clearly mention External use products should clearly mention on their label that they are meant for external on their label that they are meant for external use only. use only.

–– Emulsions should be stored in a cool place but Emulsions should be stored in a cool place but f h ld b d d h lf h ld b d d h lrefrigeration should be avoided as this low refrigeration should be avoided as this low

temperature can adversely effect the stability temperature can adversely effect the stability of preparationof preparationof preparationof preparation

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Preservation Of EmulsionsPreservation Of Emulsions•• Preservation from microorganisms:Preservation from microorganisms:

–– It is necessary to preserve the emulsions fromIt is necessary to preserve the emulsions fromIt is necessary to preserve the emulsions from It is necessary to preserve the emulsions from microorganismsmicroorganisms as these can proliferate easily in as these can proliferate easily in emulsified systems with high emulsified systems with high waterwater content, content, particularly ifparticularly if carbohydratescarbohydrates proteinsproteins or steroidalor steroidalparticularly if particularly if carbohydratescarbohydrates, , proteinsproteins or steroidal or steroidal materials are also present.materials are also present.

–– Examples of antimicrobial preservatives : Examples of antimicrobial preservatives : p pp pparahydroxybenzoate esters (methyl, propyl and butyl parahydroxybenzoate esters (methyl, propyl and butyl parabens), organic acids (parabens), organic acids (ascorbic acidascorbic acid and and benzoic benzoic acidacid) organic mercurials (phenylmercuric acetate and) organic mercurials (phenylmercuric acetate andacidacid), organic mercurials (phenylmercuric acetate and ), organic mercurials (phenylmercuric acetate and phenylmercuric nitrate), quarternary ammonium phenylmercuric nitrate), quarternary ammonium compounds (cetrimide), cresol derivatives compounds (cetrimide), cresol derivatives ( hl l) d i ll t ( di( hl l) d i ll t ( di(chlorocresol) and miscellaneous agents (sodium (chlorocresol) and miscellaneous agents (sodium benzoate, chloroform and phenoxyethanol).benzoate, chloroform and phenoxyethanol).

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•• Preservation from oxidation:Preservation from oxidation:Preservation from oxidation:Preservation from oxidation:–– AntioxidantsAntioxidants can be used to prevent the can be used to prevent the

changes occurring due to atmospheric oxygenchanges occurring due to atmospheric oxygeng g p ygg g p yg–– Some of the commonly used antixidants for Some of the commonly used antixidants for

emulsified systems include alkyl gallate such emulsified systems include alkyl gallate such y y gy y gas ethyl, propyl or dodecyl gallate, butylated as ethyl, propyl or dodecyl gallate, butylated sshydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated sshydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated h d l (BHT)h d l (BHT)hydroxytoluene (BHT) hydroxytoluene (BHT)

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Quality control tests for EmulsionsQuality control tests for EmulsionsQuality control tests for EmulsionsQuality control tests for Emulsions

1 Determination of particle size and1 Determination of particle size and1. Determination of particle size and 1. Determination of particle size and particle count:particle count: Determination of Determination of changes in the average particle size or thechanges in the average particle size or thechanges in the average particle size or the changes in the average particle size or the size distribution of droplets is an important size distribution of droplets is an important parameter used for the evaluation of parameter used for the evaluation of ppemulsions. It is performed by optical emulsions. It is performed by optical microscopy, sedimentation by using microscopy, sedimentation by using A d t d C lt tA d t d C lt tAndreasen apparatus and Coulter counter Andreasen apparatus and Coulter counter apparatus.apparatus.

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2. Determination of viscosity:2. Determination of viscosity: Determination of Determination of viscosity is done to assess the changes that might takeviscosity is done to assess the changes that might takeviscosity is done to assess the changes that might take viscosity is done to assess the changes that might take place during aging. Emulsions exhibit nonplace during aging. Emulsions exhibit non--newtonian newtonian type of flow characterstics. The viscometers which type of flow characterstics. The viscometers which should be used include cone and plate viscometersshould be used include cone and plate viscometersshould be used include cone and plate viscometers. should be used include cone and plate viscometers. Capillary and falling sphere type of viscometrs should be Capillary and falling sphere type of viscometrs should be avoided. For viscous emulsions, the use of penetrometer avoided. For viscous emulsions, the use of penetrometer is recommended as it helps in the determination ofis recommended as it helps in the determination ofis recommended as it helps in the determination of is recommended as it helps in the determination of viscosity with age. In case of o/w emulsions, flocculation viscosity with age. In case of o/w emulsions, flocculation of globules causes an immediate increase in viscosity. of globules causes an immediate increase in viscosity. After this change the consistency of the emulsionAfter this change the consistency of the emulsionAfter this change, the consistency of the emulsion After this change, the consistency of the emulsion changes with time. In case of w/o emulsions, , the changes with time. In case of w/o emulsions, , the dispersed phase particles flocculate quite rapidly dispersed phase particles flocculate quite rapidly resulting in a decrease in viscosity which stabilizes afterresulting in a decrease in viscosity which stabilizes afterresulting in a decrease in viscosity, which stabilizes after resulting in a decrease in viscosity, which stabilizes after 5 to 15 days. As a rule, a decrease in viscosity with age 5 to 15 days. As a rule, a decrease in viscosity with age reflects an increase of particle size due to coalescence.reflects an increase of particle size due to coalescence.

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•• 3. Determination of phase 3. Determination of phase titiseparation:separation:

This is another parameter used for assessing This is another parameter used for assessing th t bilit f th f l ti Phth t bilit f th f l ti Phthe stability of the formulation. Phase the stability of the formulation. Phase separation may be observed visually or by separation may be observed visually or by measuring the volume of the separated phasmeasuring the volume of the separated phasmeasuring the volume of the separated phasmeasuring the volume of the separated phas

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•• 4 Determination of electrophoretic4 Determination of electrophoretic•• 4. Determination of electrophoretic 4. Determination of electrophoretic properties:properties:DeterminationDetermination ofof electrophoreticelectrophoreticDeterminationDetermination ofof electrophoreticelectrophoretic

propertiesproperties likelike zetazeta potentialpotential isis usefuluseful forforassessingassessing flocculationflocculation sincesince electricalelectricalassessingassessing flocculationflocculation sincesince electricalelectricalchargescharges onon particlesparticles influenceinfluence thethe raterate ofofflocculationflocculation.. O/WO/W emulsionemulsion havinghaving aa finefineparticleparticle sizesize willwill exhibitexhibit lowlow resistanceresistance butbutifif thethe particleparticle sizesize increase,increase, thenthen ititi di ti di t ii ff ilil d l td l t titiindicatesindicates aa signsign ofof oiloil dropletdroplet aggregationaggregationandand instabilityinstability..