Economic Analysis WTP and SCF

36
Analisis Ekonomi Dalam Project Evaluation

Transcript of Economic Analysis WTP and SCF

Page 1: Economic Analysis WTP and SCF

Analisis Ekonomi

Dalam Project Evaluation

Page 2: Economic Analysis WTP and SCF

Pendahuluan

Dalam analisis ekonomi, penilaian suatu projek (project evaluation), ditekankan pada : Kriterianya sebagai barang yang bisa

diperdagangkan (traded goods) dan barang yang tidak bisa diperdangkan (non traded goods)

Kriterianya sebagai input dari sebuah projek atau output dari sebuah project

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Pendahuluan

Traded Goods adalah barang dan jasa yang dipakai/dihasilkan oleh proyek dan mempunyai pengaruh langsung pada neraca perdagangan.

Macam traded goods : Barang/jasa impor → nilainya c.i.f import price Barang/jasa ekspor → nilainya f.o.b export price Substitusi impor → nilainya c.i.f import price Berpeluang untuk ekspor → nilainya f.o.b export price

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Pendahuluan Non Traded Goods adalah barang dan jasa

yang dipakai/dihasilkan proyek yang memiliki pengaruh langsung pada perekonomian dalam negeri dan pengaruh tidak langsung pada neraca perdagangan

Contoh Non traded goods : Barang/jasa yang karena suatu sebab tidak

dapat masuk dalam pasar internasional, seperti domestic transport

Barang/jasa yang karena kebijakan pemerintah tidak bisa diekspor atau diimpor

Barang yang karena bentuk, kualitas dan jenisnya tidak dapat diekspor atau diimpor, seperti tanah

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THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY & FOREIGN EXCHANGE NUMERAIRE

Dalam analisis biaya manfaat, “numeraire” adalah persamaan untuk mengukur biaya dan manfaat.

Jika suatu proyek ingin diketahui apakah memiliki kontibusi untuk efisiensi ekonomi nasional, maka kontribusi tersebut harus diukur dengan common denominator (numeraire).

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THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY & FOREIGN EXCHANGE

NUMERAIRE

Dua yg menonjol dari “numeraire” dalam analisis efisiensi ekonomi adalah :

1. Willingness to pay (WTP) numeraire (consumption numeraire) Adalah sebuah perhitungan dimana semua biaya dan

manfaat dinilai dari pengaruhnya pada konsumsi masyarakat sepanjang waktu.

Adalah “accounting price” untuk setiap unit output yang didasarkan pada kesediaan marginal pasar untuk membayar barang.

“Future Consumption” di diskontokan untuk nilai sekarang dengan menggunakan tingkat diskonto yang mencerminkan tingkat penurunan konsumsi sepanjang waktu.

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THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY & FOREIGN EXCHANGE NUMERAIRE

Willingness to pay numeraire bisa diaplikasikan dengan dua cara, yaitu: “domestic price” level dihitung menggunakan SER (shadow exchange rate) dan “Border price” level dihitung menggunakan SCF (Standard conversion factor)

Rpin price WTP

Rate Exchange Officialat Rpin priceBorder SCF

....1 dollarin priceborder

Rpin pricepay toswillingnes SER

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THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY & FOREIGN EXCHANGE NUMERAIRE

2. Foreign exchange numeraire Adalah sebuah “numeraire” dimana semua biaya

dan manfaat diukur dalam “unit dari devisa”. generic foreign exchange numeraire tidak memperhitungkan siapa didalam masyarakat yang untung atau rugi dari penggunaan unit tambahan devisa.

foreign exchange numeraire mengatakan bahwa “nontraded goods” bisa dinilai dari segi efek tidak langsung pada devisa, sementara “traded goods” bisa dinilai dari segi efek langsung pada devisa

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Traded and Non Traded Goods Pada “shadow pricing traded goods”, langkah

pertama adalah menghapus pajak dan subsidi dari nilai finansial. “traded goods” sekarang berkurang untuk “border values”. Langkah selanjutnya dengan mengubah nilai ini menjadi “willingness to pay term”

Ketika kita berhubungan dengan “traded goods” Pada pendekatan “willingness to pay”, kita sangat berhubungan dengan kenaikan dan penurunan devisa yang tersedia

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Traded and Non Traded Goods

Bagaimana mengubah nontraded goods menjadi sama dengan pengaruh devisa ?

Dalam menggunakan “foreign exchange numeraire”,untuk nontraded project inputs, input proyek akan dirubah menjadi foreign exchange dengan menggunakan “foreign exchange utilized “secara langsung atau tidak langsung dalam memproduksi input proyek

Dalam menggunakan “foreign exchange numeraire”, untuk nontraded project outputs, output proyek akan dirubah menjadi “foreign exchange impacts” dengan menentukan “traded goods” yang disubtitusinya dalam konsumsi domestik.

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THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE TWO NUMERAIRES

shadow exchange rate (SER) adalah variabel yang sangat penting dalam analisis “Willingness To Pay (WTP)”. Ini karena dampak devisa dari “traded goods” harus diubah menjadi nilai konsumsi – i.e menjadi nilai WTP.

The SER menjadi variabel yang lebih penting dalam analisis “willingness to pay” dari pada “generic foreign exchange numeraire”. Alasannya adalah dampak devisa dari “traded goods” harus diubah menjadi nilai konsumsi, berdasarkan pada “willingness to pay” untuk barang. tingkat dimana pengubahan tersebut dibuat sangat penting dalam mempengaruhi nilai dari barang.

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THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE TWO NUMERAIRES

SER menunjukkan kemampuan dari unit devisa untuk membuat nilai konsumsi domestik.

Nilai konsumsi domestik berdasarkan pada WTP untuk barang, asalkan saja dengan mempergunakan unit devisa tambahan tersedia. Sejak tambahan unit devisa bisa digunakan untuk menyediakan bermacam-macam “traded goods”, rata-rata nilai WTP dari semua barang ini mungkin masuk dalam menghitung SER.

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THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE TWO NUMERAIRES

Nilai rata-rata ini dihitung dengan menggunakan rasio rata-rata tertimbang dari nilai domestik traded goods dan rata-rata tertimbang dari “border price” traded goods

Weighted average tarif and subsidy rate (WATR) menunjukkan rata-rata seluruh tarif yang dibayar untuk barang impor dan semua subsidi yang dibayar untuk barang ekspor, setiap timbangan dari proporsi barang tersebut ditunjukkan dalam nilai total perdagangan negara.

Dalam prakteknya, itu dihitung dengan menjumlahkan data bea cukai pada nilai total ekspor dan impor dan total tarif bersih yang dikumpulkan dan pembayaran subsidi.

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THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE TWO NUMERAIRES

Dalam prakteknya, SER tidak dihitung dari persamaan 1, tapi lebih pada penggunaan formula :

WATR) (1 PREMPREM

1 SCF

OER

SER PREM

SCF

OER SER

With,

2 . WATR).OER (1 SER

Where :WATR = Weighted average tarif & subsidy rateOER = Official Exchange RatePREM = Premium on foreign exchange

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THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE TWO NUMERAIRES

Pendekatan WTP untuk “shadow pricing” lebih mudah dimengerti dengan menggunakan perhitungan harga domestik, daripada persamaan “border price”, atau dilain pihak analisis WTP lebih mudah dijelaskan dengan “SER terms” daripada dengan “SCF terms”.

“exchange rate” tidak begitu penting di “generic foreign exchange numeraire” karena semua input dan output proyek (baik itu traded atau nontraded goods) pada akhirnya diubah menjadi dampak devisa. Karena itu nilai relatif dari barang tidak akan dipengaruhi exchange rate.

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THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE TWO NUMERAIRES

“Foreign Exchange Numeraire” adalah cara termudah dalam kasus dimana “traded good” sangat penting dalam proyek dan dalam ekonomi.

“The Willingness to pay” adalah cara termudah dalam kasus dimana mayoritas barangnya adalah “nontraded goods”. Pengubahan dari dampak nontraded goods pada “foreign exchange numeraire” mungkin sulit pada negara yang hanya memiliki sedikit “traded goods”.

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THE EXCHANGE RATE IN THE TWO NUMERAIRES

Barang yang nontradable (in principle) menjadi subyek pada pertidak samaan berikut :CIF > local cost > FOB

Ada 3 nontradable goods (berdasarkan textbook dari international trade and payments) :

Tenaga kerja Tanah Jasa

“Tradable good”, menjadi salah satu subyek persamaan matematik berikut ini :

Barang impor Local cost > CIF Barang expor FOB > Local cost

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THE MEANING OF CONVERSION FACTORS

The objective in deriving economic value (shadow price) are to : Develop a measure of real resources

flows which excludes financial flows that do not represent real resource flows

Show the measure of resource flows in unit of our numerair

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THE MEANING OF CONVERSION FACTORS

conversion factor berhubungan dengan proses shadow pricing dimana harga financial dirubah menjadi perhitungan border price dengan menggunakan WTP numeraire atau dengan foreign exchange numeraire. The term tends to have a somewhat stronger association with border price calculation with border price calculations done in the foreign exchange numeraire than with border price calculations done in the willingness to pay numeraire.

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THE MEANING OF CONVERSION FACTORS

The term conversion factor has tended to be used in applying both the foreign exchange and WTP numeraires in border prices. In these applications, the conversion factor will sometimes be reffered to as the ratio of the economic value over the financial value of the item, and sometimes it will be reffere to as the ratio of the border value ever the financial value of the item

The term shadow price factor is associated with the conversion of financial value into economic value in WTP numeraire calculated at the domestic price level.

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THE MEANING OF CONVERSION FACTORS

Conversion factors umumnya menjelaskan untuk penilaian ekonomi yg dilakukan dengan border price, sementara shadow price factors biasanya menjelaskan penilaian ekonomi yg dilakukan dengan domestic prices. In common usage, the term border pricing may refer to one of the following two applications : The process of deriving a border price for a particular

good or service (i.e, the CIF, FOB, or the good’s equivalent parity price), or

The process of conducting project economic analysis by using either the foreign exchange numeraire or using WTP numerair denominated in border price

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THE MEANING OF CONVERSION FACTORS

We defined a conversion factor (CF) as a ratio of economic value to financial value of a particular item. We indicated that each item in a project cash flow, in principle, has its own CF. Thus, we may define a set of CF as a group which includes CFs for every good and service in the country.

In comparing the two sets of CFs calculated in two different numeraires, the CF for the same item in the two sets would have a different absolute value.

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Conversion Factor in the WTP Analysis

In using the WTP numeraire, foreign exchange may be treated as a commodity which has capability to generate domestic consumption value. That capability may be expressed by the weighted average value of the consumption basket of traded goods that foreign exchange represents. The notion of a basket of goods is the normal sense in which the premium on foreign exchange (PREM) is calculated and used. In project appraisal PREM is used to adjust for the distortions betweenrelative consumption values of traded and nontraded goods, in other word PREM represents an adjustment to financial prices that we must make in dealingwith the distortions caused by trade policies of the government.

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Conversion Factor in the WTP Analysis

There will generally be two sets of adjustment in converting financial prices to economic values :

1. Adjusment to border distortionsThis adjusment would be to the financial prices to correct for systematic distortions between traded and nontraded goods, these distortion occur at the border of the country and are caused by the country’s trade policies. This set of adjusments is made in either of the following two ways in WTP numeraire:

The SER approach (by applying SER to all border prices of traded goods, while using domestic shadow price (WTP values) for nontraded goods.

The SCF approach (by applying the SCF to shadow priced values of nontraded goods, while applying the OER to the border price of traded goods.

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Conversion Factor in the WTP Analysis

2. Adjusment to domestic distortionsThis adjusment would be made to the financial prices to correct for distortions that occur within the country/internal distortions (i.e. the effects of minimum-wage law, monopoly elements on the price of locally mad machinery)

Note :Generally, in applying the foreign exchange numeraire and the WTP numeraire in border prices, the CF will be calculated to include corrections for both the border distortion and the domestic distortions at the same time.

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Example:

MVP of unskilled labor in alternative work = Rp 10000/dayProject wage for unskilled labor - Rp 15000/dayPREM = 1,25OER = Rp. 10000 = $1

SER = PREM x OER = 1,25 x 10000 = 125000 SER : Rp 12500 = $ 1 or SER : Rp 10000 = $ 0,8 SCF = 1/PREM = OER/SER = 0,8 Shadow wage rate (SWR) = MVP = Rp 10000/day Economic border value of unskilled labor = SWR x SCF =

Rp 8000/day Conversion factor for unskilled labor (Cful) = Economic

value/Financial value (Cful) = Rp 8000 / Rp 15000 = 0,56

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Conversion Factor in the WTP Analysis These steps may be shown in more general term as follows :

NB = {(To – Ti) x OER} + ( s . a . NTo – s . b . NTi)

Where :NB = Net benefits from project for year nTo = FOB value of exported project output for year n Ti = CIF value of imported project input for year nNTo = Financial value of non traded project output for year

nNTi = Financial value of non traded project input

for year ns = SCF a = Shadow price factor for NTo b = Shadow price factor for NTi

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Conversion Factor in the WTP Analysis

Shadow price factor is defined as the item’s shadow price in domestic tems, without having been corrected for border distortion (e.g. The MVP of unskilled labor)

Where : Shadow price factor for labor = SWR / financial wage Conversion factor for labor = (SWR /financial wage) x SCF

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Conversion Factor in the WTP Analysis

We may thus define CFs for each of the inputs and each of the outputs as follows:

CFTo = Border price of To / Financial price of To = eT

T

o

o

CFTi = Border price of Ti / Financial price of Ti = tT

T

i

i

CFNTo= Economic value of NTo / Financial value of NTo = asNT

NTas

o

o ...

CFNTi = Economic value of NTi / Financial value of NTi = bsNT

NTbs

i

i ...

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Conversion Factor in the WTP Analysis

Where: CFTo = Conversion factor for traded output CFTi = Conversion factor for traded input CFNTo= Conversion factor for nontraded output CFNTi = Conversion factor for nontraded input e = Export subsidy on traded output (already exclude with other direct

transfers) t = Import tariff on traded input (already exclude with other direct

transfers) Note : - The CF for NT goods will be their domestic shadow price ratios (shadow

price factor) multiplied by SCF - The CF for traded goods will be their CIF and FOB values divided by their

financial price

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Conversion Factor in the Foreign Exchange Numeraire

In applying the foreign exchange numeraire, out objective is to determine the foreign exchange impact of all project inputs and outputs. In the foreign exchange numeraire, the conversion factor would be defined as the ratio of border values to financial values, where the border value of each item would represent the impact that good or service has had on foreign exchange. Generally, for project inputs, the foreign exchange impact would be negative; while, for output, it would be positive.

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Conversion Factor in the Foreign Exchange Numeraire

If the foreign exchange numeraire were denominated in local currency (i.e. in units of foreign exchange which had been converted into local currency at the OER), then each conversion factor would be a ratio of two currency values i.e. the ratio of economic value in local currency divided by the financial price in local currency). However, if the foreign exchange numeraire were denominated in foreign currency (i.e. in units of foreign exchange which had not been converted into local currency), then each conversion factor would be the equivalent of a specific exchange rate for the item whose economic value (i.e. foreign exhange value) was being determined (i.e. the ratio of the economic value in foreign currency divided by the financial value in local currency).

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Decision Tree For Determining Economic Values : Major Steps

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Decision Tree For Determining Economic Values : Direct Transfer Payments

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Decision Tree For Determining Economic Values : Traded Item

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Decision Tree For Determining Economic Values :Non Traded Items

AMVP= Alternative Marginal Value Product