DEPARTEMEN EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA & LINGKUNGAN

FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN MANAJEMEN

INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR

Penentuan HargaPRICE DETERMINATION

Struktur PasarMARKET STRUCTURE

a. Seberapa besar/banyaknya penjual & pembeli atau

besar/kecilnya pasar

b. Pangsa masing-masing pasar

c. Seberapa besar/banyaknya produk yang terdiferensiasi atau

homogen

c. Mudahnya/sulitnya suatu firms masuk ke pasar

d. Informasi pasar

Klasifikasi PasarBehubungan dengan perilaku pasar pada setiap pasar adalah berbeda-beda

Pasar

Persaingan

Sempurna

Pasar

Monopoli

Monopolistic

Competition

Oligopolistic

(few firms)

PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA

(Perpect Competition Market)

PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA

(Perpect Competition Market)

Banyak penjual dan pembeli

Pangsa pasar < uang di pasar

Homogen produknya

Tidak ada barrier

Mudah dan murahnya informasi pasar

Terbentuknya:

Kurva; Pasar Persaingan Sempurna

P

Q

P*

P

Q

P*

D

S

Penambahan Output tidak mengubah harga perusahaan

Kurva penawaran &

permintaan di Pasar

Kurva Perusahaan

XYZ

Secara Matematis :

TR = PQ

MR = dTR/dQ = d(PQ)/dQ =

P dQ/dQ + Q (dP)/dQ

Catatan : dP tetap = 0, maka

MR = P + 0

MR = MC = P

Q*

Memaksimumkan Keuntungan:

MC

AVC

AC

P *

AC*

Keuntungan

(TR > TC)

Q*

Memaksimumkan keuntungan

P = MC

MC

AVC

AC

P *

AC*

Kerugian (TR < TC)

Jika VC < TR < TC -----> Terus

Jika TR < VC ------> Tutup

Q*

MR= P

TR = P* Q*

TC = AC* Q*

Kurva I

Kurva II

Terbentuknya MR pada keuntungan maksimum

л = TR – TC

л max = d η/dQ = 0

dл/dQ = dTR/dQ - dTC/dC = 0

TR = P . Q

MR = dTR/dQ = P dQ/dQ + Q dP/dQ = 0

Tetap = 0

Jadi MR =MC = P

PASAR MONOPOLI

(Monopoly Market)

Pasar Monopoli

Price Setter

Produknya unik/ terdiferensiasi

Barrier (sudah ditentukan), meliputi ; modal yg

besar, teknologi, economic of scale (skala

ekonomi)

Informasi pasar sulit di didapat

Demand

P

Q

Berslope negatif

Ilustrasi Penetapan harga pada pasar monopoli

Marginal Cost

Average Cost

Demand

Marginal Revenue (MR)

P*

0 Q*

P

Q

Memaksimumkan KeuntunganMC

AVC

AC

P*

P

QQ*

AC

Keuntungan

AVC

AC

DemandDemand

MCP

Q

P*

AC

Kerugian

MRMR

Q*

Terbentuknya MR Pada Keuntungan Maksimum

Secara Matematis:

TR = P. Q

MR = dTR/dQ = P dQ/dQ + Q dP/dQ

dP negatif jika dQ positif atau

dP positif jika dQ negatif

MR = P - Q P > MR q = f(P) P = a - bqP

Q

a

-b

Demand

TR = P.q = (a – bq) . Q

= aq – bq2

dTR/dQ = MR = a – 2bq

-b-2b

a

P

QMR Demand

1. Perfect Price Discrimination (1st);

2. Second Degree Price Discrimination

(2nd);

3. Different Prices to Different Groups

(3rd)

Types of Price Discrimination :

First Degree Price Discrimination

Charge a separate price to each

customer : the maximum price

they are willing to pay.

Examples of imperfect price

discrimination where the seller

has the ability to segregate the

market to some extent and

charge different prices for the

same product :

1. Lawyers, doctors,

accountants

2. Car salesperson (15% profit

margin)

3. Colleges and universities

Why would a producer have difficulty in achieving first-degree price discrimination?

Answer

1) Too many customers (impractical)

2)Could not estimate the maximum price for

each customer

Third Degree Price Discrimination

1) Divides the market into two-groups.

2) Each group has its own demand function.

Third-degree price discrimination is feasible when the

seller can separate his/her market into groups who

have different price elasticities of demand.

MC = MR1

MC = MR2

∏ = TR1 + TR2 – TC(q1+q2)

3rd Degree of PD$

Q2 Q1

p2

p1

MC

MR1MR2

Quantity, Group2, Q2 Quantity, Group1, Q1

Second-Degree Price Discrimination

Quantity

$/Q

D

MR

MC

AC

P0

Q0

Without discrimination: P = P0

and Q = Q0. With second-degree

discrimination there are three

prices P1, P2, and P3.

(e.g. electric utilities)

P1

Q1

1st Block

P2

Q2

P3

Q3

2nd Block 3rd Block

Second-degree price

discrimination is pricing

according to quantity

consumed--or in blocks.

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