Presented by :

Sugeng JadmokoPT. INDOSAT Tbk.

Jakarta, Indosat Building 17th FloorJl. Medan Merdeka Barat 21

IP/MPLS SERVICES TRAINING

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AgendaDay 1 session 1

- IP Routing Overview- Break- Lab 1 : Building IP Core NetworkObjective :Peserta mengerti tentang cara setting ip address di interface,menjalankan routing protocol static dan ospf, dan tekniktroubleshootingdasar

Day 1 session 2- Introduction to MPLS- Break- Lab 2 : Enabling MPLS Network (On top of IP Core Network)Objective :Peserta mengerti tentang konsep dasar dari MPLS, cara membangunjaringan MPLS sederhana, dan teknik troubleshooting dasar

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AgendaDay 1 session 3

- Introduction to MPLS Virtual Private Network (VPN)- Break- Lab 3 : Building MPLS-VPN enabled NetworkObjective :Peserta mengerti tentang setting P dan PE router, menjalankanrouting protocol MP-BGP dan teknik troubleshooting dasar

Day 2- Lab 4 : Creating MPLS L2VPN & L3VPN Services- Break- Continue Lab 4Objective :Peserta mengerti tentang konsep dasar dari MPLS-VPN, caramembangun layanan MPLS-VPN sederhana, mengerti cara setting router P, PE dan CE, dan teknik troubleshooting dasar

IP ROUTINGOVERVIEW

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KONSEP JARINGAN DATA

LAN (Local Area Network) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) WAN (Wide Area Network)

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PERANGKAT JARINGAN

HOST (PC, SERVER, VOIP GATEWAY, DLL)

ROUTER ETHERNET HUB ETHERNET SWITCH ETHERNET BRIDGE

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Struktur 7 layer OSI

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TCP/IP VS 7 LAYER OSI

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IP PACKET (IP DATAGRAM)

4 byte (32 bit)

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To route, a router needs to do the following: Know the destination address Identify the sources it can learn from Discover possible routes Select the best route Maintain and verify routing information

What Is Routing?

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Routers must learn destinations that are not directly connected.

What Is Routing? (Cont.)

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Static Route Uses a route that a

network administrator enters into the router manually

Dynamic RouteUses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes

Static and Dynamic Routes

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Static Routes

Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub network to allow communications to occur.

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Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet or host

Router(config)#ip route network [mask] {address | interface}[distance] [permanent]

Static Route Configuration

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Static Route Example

This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction.

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Default Routes

This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A.

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Verifying the Static Route

router#show ip routeCodes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP

D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter areaE1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGPi - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate defaultU - per-user static route

Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.010.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets

C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0

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Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables.

Once the path is determined, a router can route a routed protocol.

What Is a Routing Protocol?

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An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain.

IGPs operate within an autonomous system. EGPs connect different autonomous systems.

Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols

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Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes

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Classes of Routing Protocols

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Classful Routing Overview

Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet mask with the route advertisement.

Within the same network, consistency of the subnet masks is assumed.

Summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks.

Examples of classful routing protocols: RIP Version 1 (RIPv1) IGRP

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Classless Routing Overview

Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with the route advertisement.

Classless routing protocols support variable-length subnet masking (VLSM).

Summary routes can be manually controlled within the network.

Examples of classless routing protocols: RIP Version 2 (RIPv2) EIGRP OSPF IS-IS

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Routing Protocol Comparison Chart

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Using the IP classless Command

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Routers pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and accumulate distance vectors.

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

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Routers discover the best path to destinations from each neighbor.

Sources of Information and Discovering Routes

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Selecting the Best Route with Metrics

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Updates proceed step-by-step from router to router.

Maintaining Routing Information

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Each node maintains the distance from itself to each possible destination network.

Inconsistent Routing Entries

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Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing.

Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

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Router C concludes that the best path to network 10.4.0.0 is through router B.

Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

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Router A updates its table to reflect the new but erroneous hop count.

Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)

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Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity.

Count to Infinity

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Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent infinite loops.

Defining a Maximum

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Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop) between routers B and C.

Routing Loops

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It is never useful to send information about a route back in the direction from which the original information came.

Split Horizon

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Routers advertise the distance of routes that have gone down to infinity.

Route Poisoning

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Poison reverse overrides split horizon.

Poison Reverse

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The router keeps an entry for the networks possible downstate, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this topology change.

Holddown Timers

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The router sends updates when a change in its routing table occurs.

Triggered Updates

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Distance Vector Operation

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Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)

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After initial flood, pass small event-triggered link-state updates to all other routers

Link-State Routing Protocols

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Minimizes routing table entries Localizes impact of a topology change within

an area

Link-State Network Hierarchy Example

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Link-State Routing Protocol Algorithms

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Benefits of Link-State Routing

Fast convergence: changes are reported immediately by the source affected.

Robustness against routing loops: Routers know the topology. Link-state packets are sequenced and

acknowledged. By careful (hierarchical) network design, you

can utilize resources optimally.

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Caveats of Link-State Routing

Significant demands for resources: Memory (three tables: adjacency, topology, forwarding) CPU (Dijkstras algorithm can be intensive, especially

when a lot of instabilities are present.) Requires very strict network design (when more

areasarea routing) Problems with partitioning of areas Configuration generally simple but can be complex

when tuning various parameters and when the design is complex

Troubleshooting easier than in distance vector routing

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Drawbacks to Link-State Routing Protocols

Initial discovery may cause flooding. Memory- and processor-intensive.

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Shares attributes of both distance vector and link-state routing

Balanced Hybrid Routing

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Maximum is 6 paths (default = 4) Hop-count metric selects the path Routes update every 30 seconds

RIP Overview

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Router configuration Select routing protocols. Specify networks or

interfaces.

IP Routing Configuration Tasks

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Defines an IP routing protocol

Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]

Mandatory configuration command for each IP routing process

Identifies the physically connected network that routing updates are forwarded to

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Dynamic Routing Configuration

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Starts the RIP routing process

Router(config)#router rip

Router(config-router)#network network-number Selects participating attached networks Requires a major classful network number

RIP Configuration

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RIP Configuration Example

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Verifying the RIP Configuration

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Displaying the IP Routing Table

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debug ip rip Command

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More scalable than RIP Sophisticated metric Multiple-path support

Introducing IGRP

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Configuring IGRP

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Selects participating attached networks

Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system

Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol

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BandwidthDelayReliabilityLoadingMTU

IGRP Composite Metric

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Maximum 6 paths (default = 4) Within metric variance Next-hop router closer to destination

IGRP Unequal Multiple Paths

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Configuring IGRP (cont.)

Router(config-router)#traffic-share {balanced | min}

Controls how load-balanced traffic is distributed

Router(config-router)#variance multiplier

Controls IGRP load balancing

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IGRP Configuration Example

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Verifying the IGRP Configuration

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Displaying the IP Routing Table

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debug ip igrp transaction Command

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debug ip igrp events Command

RouterA#debug ip igrp eventsIGRP event debugging is onRouterA#00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 200:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 100:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial200:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2

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Updating Routing Information Example

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Updating Routing Information Example (Cont.)

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Updating Routing Information Example (Cont.)

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Updating Routing Information Example (Cont.)

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Introducing EIGRP

EIGRP supports: Rapid convergence Reduced bandwidth usage Multiple network-layer protocols

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EIGRP Terminology

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Comparing EIGRP and IGRP

Similar metric Same load balancing Improved convergence time Reduced network overhead

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Configuring EIGRP

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Selects participating attached networks

Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system

Defines EIGRP as the IP routing protocol

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EIGRP Configuration Example

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Verifying the EIGRP Configuration

Router#show ip protocols

Router#show ip route eigrp

Router#show ip eigrp traffic

Router#show ip eigrp neighbors

Router#show ip eigrp topology Displays the neighbors discovered by IP EIGRP

Displays the IP EIGRP topology table

Displays the number of IP EIGRP packets sent and received

Displays current EIGRP entries in the routing table

Displays the parameters and current state of the active routing protocol process

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debug ip eigrp Command

Router#debug ip eigrpIP-EIGRP: Processing incoming UPDATE packetIP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM 360960 -256000 104960IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM 360960 -256000 104960IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM 360960 -256000 104960IP-EIGRP: 172.69.43.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1IP-EIGRP: Ext 172.69.43.0 255.255.255.0 metric 371200 - 256000 115200IP-EIGRP: 192.135.246.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.135.246.0 255.255.255.0 metric 46310656 - 45714176 596480IP-EIGRP: 172.69.40.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1IP-EIGRP: Ext 172.69.40.0 255.255.255.0 metric 2272256 - 1657856 614400IP-EIGRP: 192.135.245.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.135.245.0 255.255.255.0 metric 40622080 - 40000000 622080IP-EIGRP: 192.135.244.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1

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Introducing OSPF

Open standard Shortest path first (SPF) algorithm Link-state routing protocol (vs. distance vector)

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OSPF as a Link-State Protocol

OSPF propagates link-state advertisements rather than routing table updates.

LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area.

The OSPF link-state database is pieced together from the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers.

OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to a destination.

Link = router interface State = description of an interface and its

relationship to neighboring routers

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OSPF Hierarchical Routing

Consists of areas and autonomous systems Minimizes routing update traffic

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Shortest Path First Algorithm

Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost

Cost = 108/bandwidth (bps)

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Configuring Single Area OSPF

Router(config-router)#network address mask area area-id

Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area

Router(config)#router ospf process-id

Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol

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OSPF Configuration Example

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Configuring Loopback Interfaces

Router ID: Number by which the router is known to OSPF Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at

the moment of OSPF process startup Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP

address of any active loopback interface

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Router#show ip ospf interface

Verifying the OSPF Configuration

Displays area-ID and adjacency information

Router#show ip protocols Verifies that OSPF is configured

Router#show ip route Displays all the routes learned by the router

Router#show ip ospf neighbor Displays OSPF-neighbor information on a per-interface basis

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OSPF debug commands

Router#debug ip ospf eventsOSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0hello interval received 10 configured 10net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0dead interval received 40 configured 30Router# debug ip ospf packetOSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117

aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:Router#debug ip ospf packetOSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116

aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0

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Variable-Length Subnet Masks

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What Is a Variable-Length Subnet Mask?

Subnet 172.16.14.0/24 is divided into smaller subnets: Subnet with one mask (/27) Then further subnet one of the unused /27 subnets into multiple /30

subnets

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Calculating VLSMs

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A Working VLSM Example

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What Is Route Summarization?

Routing protocols can summarize addresses of several networks into one address

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Summarizing Within an Octet

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Summarizing Addresses in a VLSM-DesignedNetwork

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Implementation Considerations

Multiple IP addresses must have the same highest-order bits.

Routing decisions are made based on the entire address.

Routing protocols must carry the prefix (subnet mask) length.

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Route Summarization Operation in Cisco Routers

Supports host-specific routes, blocks of networks, default routes

Routers use the longest match

192.16.5.33 /32 Host192.16.5.32 /27 Subnet192.16.5.0 /24 Network192.16.0.0 /16 Block of Networks0.0.0.0 /0 Default

192.16.5.33 /32 Host192.16.5.32 /27 Subnet192.16.5.0 /24 Network192.16.0.0 /16 Block of Networks0.0.0.0 /0 Default

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Summarizing Routes in a DiscontiguousNetwork

RIPv1 and IGRP do not advertise subnets, and therefore cannot support discontiguous subnets.

OSPF, EIGRP, and RIPv2 can advertise subnets, and therefore can support discontiguous subnets.